CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Manual – 1st Edition

Experiment No. 6
ANALYSIS OF FLOW LOSSES DURING DISCHARGE INTO THE OPEN THROUGH AN APERTURE

Objective(s)
The objective of this experiment is to introduce the basic principle and the application of the flow losses
during discharge into the open through an aperture.

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of the meeting the student shall be able to:
a) Discuss the principle of discharge jet diameter and velocity.
b) Differentiate the flow rate for various water head.
c) Evaluate the discharge coefficient and the comparison of experimental value and calculated
values.

Discussion
Different discharge nozzles can be fitted in the base of the tank for the experiments. The contraction of
the discharge jet is measured with a measuring device. The velocity of the jet can be measured with a pitot
tube. The water column of the jet velocity and the water column of the static head are indicated on a two-
tube manometer.
These values permit determination of the contraction and edge deceleration of the discharge jet.The
basic principles set out in the following make no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
In contrast to the system losses in pipes, the losses when a flow is discharged through an aperture into
the open are not pressure losses, but rather volume losses as the kinetic energy decreases. Discharge
losses are encountered wherever the discharge cross-section is smaller than the preceding flow cross-
section. Discharge losses are caused by two different discharge phenomena:
• Losses due to jet deflection in discharge zone
• Losses due to wall friction; the wall flow is decelerated.

Losses Due to Jet Deflection

The constriction of the cross-section on discharge means that the wall
flow has to be deflected in the jet direction. As a result of the mass inertia
of the fluid particles, this deflection does not take place at a sharp angle,
but rather gradually, i.e. the jet constricts and shortly downstream of the
outlet assumes a smaller cross-section than the aperture cross-section.
This phenomenon is referred to as jet contraction.

A sharp-edged aperture in the bottom of a tank allows particularly

good observation of the con traction of the discharge jet.

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Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Manual – 1st Edition
In this equationis the contraction coefficient.

Losses Due to Wall Friction

Constriction of the jet in the outlet produces additional friction in the wall zone and decelerates the wall flow.
Consequently, the mean velocity of the discharge jet is less than it would be without additional friction. On discharge
from a constricted cross-section,the energy loss due to friction takes the form of a loss of kinetic energy. The drop in
pressure in the outlet is fixed by the specified discharge pressure and cannot be influenced by flow phenomena.

is the velocity coefficient

The discharge velocity of the jet is calculated in accordance with the equation below:

and as follows for the jet measured with the pitot tube:

Discharge Coefficient

Contraction and edge deceleration of the discharge jet combine to produce a situation where the volumetric flow
actually discharged is less than it would be without the two flow phenomena.

It is standard practice to combine the two flow coefficients and into a single value, namely the discharge
coefficient

Rearrangement of the formulas yields the following for calculations

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Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Manual – 1st Edition

Technical Data

Dimensions

Lenght x width x height: 400 mm x 400mm x 870 mm

Weight: approx. 18 kg

Tank
Contents approx.. 13 L
Height of overflow 400mm
Flow rate max 14 L/min

Two-tube manometer
Measurement range 0..500mm

Micrometer
Measurement range 0…10mm

Adjusting aid
Diameter in lower section 12mm

Nozzles
1 x channel
1 x nozzle outlet: cone
1 x nozzle inlet: orifice
1 x nozzle inlet: cone
1 x nozzle inlet: rounded

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Resource(s)
HM 150.12 Orifice Discharge Apparatus
HM 150 Fluid Mechanics Based Module

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Procedure:
Preparing the Experiment
1. Screw the adjusting aid into the base of the tank from underneath.
2. Using the height adjusting screw, adjust the spindle so that the tip is at the height of the
adjusting aid.
3. Loosen the knurled nut.
4. Set the micrometer to 4,00mm.
5. Hold a piece of paper between the tip of the spindle and the adjusting aid and, using the
star screw, adjust the tip so that the sheet of paper is lightly clamped.
6. Hold the micrometer and securely tighten the knurled nut.
7. Using the star screw, turn back the spindle so that the tip of the spindle is no longer
touching the adjusting aid.
8. Unscrew the adjusting aid.
The measuring device is now adjusted so that the radius is determined as follows in the
subsequent experiments:
10,00mm
– Value read on micrometer
= Radius of jet
Performing the Experiment
In this description the water supply comes from the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Bench. Alternatively, the
water supply can come from the laboratory mains.
1. Screw the relevant nozzle and sealing ring into the base of the tank from underneath.
2. Position test set-up on HM 150 such that drain and overflow route water into outlet.
3. Make hose connection between HM 150 and unit.
4. Open drain of HM 150.
5. Close main cock of HM 150.
6. Switch on pump of HM 150.
7. Slowly open main cock and adjust discharge height. The water level
should be below the overflow.
8. Adjust the height of the inlet basket so that it is not immersed in the water.
9. Read off head of water column in tank on left pressure gauge.
10. Rotate pitot tube into centre of jet and read off height of water column on
right pressure gauge.
11. Using the star screw, unscrew the spindle until the tip of the spindle just
touches the water jet. Read off the value on the micrometre
12. Close drain cock of HM150.
13. Determine volumetric flow. To do so, establish time t required to raise the
level in the volumetric tank of the HM 150 from e.g. 20L to 30L.

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Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Manual – 1st Edition
Course: CE 411 Experiment No: 6
Group No.: 6 Section: CE42FA1
Group leader: Soberano, Michael Gerald C Date Performed: September 24, 2019
Group members: Date Submitted: September 25,2019
Tabinas, Kathlyn Instructor: Engr. Brylle Jerald Timbal
Salvador, Alyanna
Tibay, Cristian
Veniegas, Mary Claire

Table and Computations:

Measurement No. 1 sharp edge 2 well rounded 3 sharp edge

Static Head in mm 250 196 200
Total Head in mm 145 175 195
Jet diameter in mm 12.84 12.82 11.6
Flow Rate in 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 2.291 x 10-4 m3/s 2.333 x 10-4 m3/s 1.393 x 10-4 m3/s
Velocity of the jet (𝑾𝒋𝒆𝒕 ) in 1.687 m/s 1.853 m/s 1.956 m/s
m/s
Calculated velocity 2.215 m/s 1.961 m/s 1.981 m/s
(𝑾𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓 ) in m/s
Contraction coefficient, 𝜶 1.138 1.134 0.934
Velocity Coefficient, 𝝋 0.934 0.945 0.987

Discharge Coefficient,𝝁 0.867 1.072 0.922

Time 43.63 sec 42.87 sec 71.78 sec
Micrometer in mm 3.58 10.359 4.2

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Flow Schematic Diagram:

SCREW THE RELEVANT NOZZLE AND

SEALING RING INTO THE BASE OF THE
TANK FROM UNDERNEATH

POSITION TEST SET-UP ON HM 150 SUCH

THAT DRAIN AND OVERFLOW ` WATER
INTO OUTLET.

MAKE HOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN HM

150 UNIT

OPEN DRAIN OF HM 150

CLOSE MAIN COCK OF HM 150

SWITCH ON PUMP OF HM 150

SLOWLY OPEN MAIN COCK AND ADJUST

DISCHARGE HEIGHT.
THE WATER LEVEL SHOUD BE BELOW THE
OVERFLOW

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ADJUST THE HEIGHT OF THE INLET

BASKET SO THAT IT IS NOT IMMERSED IN
THE WATER.

READ OFF HEAD OF WATER COLUMN IN T

ANK ON LEFT PRESSURE GAUGE

ROTATE PITOT TUBE INTO CENTER OF JET

AND READ OFF HEIGHT OF WATER
COLUMN ON RIGHT PRESSURE GAUGE

USING THE STAR SCREW, UNSCREW THE

SPINDLE UNTIL THE SPINDLE JUST
TOUCHES THE WATER JET. READ OFF THE
VALUE ON THE MICROMETER

CLOSE DRAIN COCK OF HM 150

DETERMINE THE VOLUMETRIC FLOW. TO

DO SO, ESTABLISH TIME “t” TO RAISE THE
LEVEL IN THE VOLUMETRIC TANK OF THE
HM 150 FROM e.g. 20L to 30L

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Computation

Jet diameter

trial 1

d = 6.42 x 2 = 12.84 mm

trial 2

d = 6.41 x 2 = 12.82 mm

trial 3

d = 5.8 x 2 = 11.6 mm

Flow rate in m3/s

Q = ∆V/∆T

Q1 = 0.01/43.645 = 2.291 x 10-4 m3/s

Q2 = 0.01/42.87 = 2.333 x 10-4 m3/s

Q3 = 0.01/71.78 = 1.393 x 10-4 m3/s

Velocity of the jet (Wjet) in m/s

Wjet = √2ghtotal

Wjet1 = √(2(9.81)(14.5/100)) = 1.687 m/s

Wjet2 = √(2(9.81)(17.5/100)) = 1.853 m/s

Wjet3 = √(2(9.81)(19.5/100)) = 1.956 m/s

Calculated velocity in m/s

Wtheor = √2ghstat

Wtheor1 = √(2(9.81)(25/100)) = 2.215 m/s

Wtheo2 = √(2(9.81)(19.6/100)) = 1.961 m/s

Wtheor3 = √(2(9.81)(20/100)) = 1.981 m/s

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Contraction coefficient, α

Ajet d ^ 2 jet
α 
Ainlet d ^ 2 jet

A jet = d^2

A jet1 = 12.84^2 = 164.8656 mm2

A jet2 = 12.82^2 = 164.3524 mm2

A jet3 = 11.6^2 = 134.56 mm2

Ainlet = d^2

A jet1 = 12^2 = 144 mm2

A jet2 = 12^2 = 144 mm2

A jet3 = 12^2 = 144 mm2

163.8656
α1= = 1.138
144

163.3524
α2= = 1.134
144

134.56
α3= = 0.934
144

Velocity coefficient, ϕ

Wjet
ϕ
Wtheor
1.687
ϕ1 = = 0.762
2.215

1.853
ϕ2= = 0.945
1.961

1.956
ϕ3 = = 0.987
1.981

Discharge coefficient

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µ=α⃰ϕ

µ1 = 1.138 * 0.762

µ1 = 0.867

µ2 = 1.134 * 0.945

µ2 = 1.072

µ3 = 0.934 * 0.987

µ3 = 0.922

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Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory Manual – 1st Edition
Observation

The experiment that has been conducted made use of the venturi and orifice meters in determining the head loss and coefficient of
discharge for each flowmeters.

SOBERANO, MICHAEL GERALD C

From the experiment, we successfully obtained the head loss and coefficient of discharge with comparison of pressure drop.
Determined values for the coefficient of discharge for the venturi meter and orifice meter did not achieved the desired values on
contrary with the standard values. Error can be accounted with the accuracy of the apparatus, leaks and occasional wearing may
affect the data determined.

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Conclusion

TABINAS KATHLYN

For the venturi meter, the value obtained were closer to the actual this is due to lower pressure drop that results from its streamlined
shape and almost eliminates boundary-layer separation and thus form drag is assumed negligible. It has a converging and a
diverging part, Although, there may be some pressure loss in the converging part of the venturi meter but in a properly designed
venturi meter some percentage of pressure loss is attained back in the diverging part of the meter.

SOBERANO MICHAEL GERALD C.

We therefore conclude that the fluid passing the orifice velocity is higher when there is higher pressure on the top.Thus, making
the flow turbulent and making it straight. Lower pressure will make the flow of the fluid go curve.

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Documentation

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