Final Report of IoT Bassed Substation

A Project Report
On
“IOT BASED SENSING SYSTEM FOR SUBSTATION AUTOMATION AND
MONITORING”
Submitted By
SATHE RUSHIKESH BABURAO (4101)
BAKLE SHRIRAM BALASAHEB (4107)
BHITE DHANASHREE SAMPAT (4109)
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
Under the Guidance of

PROF. GANESH LOHOTE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

JSPM’S BHIVARABAI SAWANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH, WAGHOLI, PUNE - 4122 07
Academic Year: 2018 - 2019
Affiliated To
Savitribai Phule Pune University

JSPM’s
BHIVARABAI SAWANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH,
WAGHOLI, PUNE, 412207
Department of Electrical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “IOT BASED SENSING SYSTEM FOR
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION AND MONITORING” submitted by
1. Sathe Rushikesh Baburao (B150732592)
2. Bakle Shriram Balasaheb (B150732506)
3. Bhite Dhanashree Sampat (B150732507)
is a record of bonafide work carried out by them in the Department of Electrical

Engineering, BHIVARABAI SAWANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
RESEARCH, WAGHOLI, PUNE, under the guidance and supervision of Prof. GANESH
LOHOTE in the partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electrical Engineering as prescribed by the Savitribai Phule Pune
University, in the academic year 2018-2019.
Place: Pune
Date:
PROF.GANESH LOHOTE PROF. S. V. NARKHEDE

PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT COORDINATOR
DR. N. N. GHUGE DR. T. K. NAGARAJ

HOD PRINCIPAL
DECLARATION
We, hereby declare that the Project titled “IOT BASED SENSING SYSTEM FOR
SUBSTATION AUTOMATION AND MONITORING” submitted here in has been
carried out by us in the Department of Electrical Engineering of JSPM’S BHIVRABAI
SAWANT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH WAGHOLI, PUNE. The
work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any
degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University. We also hereby assign to
BSIOTR, PUNE all rights under copyright that may exist in and to the above work and any
revised or expanded derivatives works based on the work as mentioned. Other work copied
from references, manuals etc. are disclaimed.
SATHE RUSHIKESH BABURAO (4101)

BAKLE SHEIRAM BALASAHEB (4107)
BHITE DHANASHREE SAMPAT (4109)
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every project is successful largely due to the effort of a number of wonderful people
who have always given their valuable advice or lent a helping hand. We sincerely appreciate
the inspiration; support and guidance of all those people who have been instrumental in
making this project a success.
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude and regards to our Project Guide,
Prof.Ganesh Lohote, Department of Electrical Engineering, for being the corner stone of
our project. It was her incessant motivation and guidance during periods of doubts and
uncertainties that has helped us to carry on with this project.
We would like to thank Dr. N. N. Ghuge, Head of the Department, Electrical

Engineering for providing necessary guidance, support,motivation and inspiration without
which this project would not have been possible.
We would like to extend our special thanks to Dr. T. K. Nagaraj, Principal of

Bhivrabai Sawant Institute of Technology and Research for encouragement and valuable
advice.
We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to the Management of Bhivarabai
Sawant Institute of Technology and Researchfor providing all the necessary infrastructure
and laboratory facilities.
We appreciate all the help extended by the Faculty members of Electrical

Engineering department to complete the project successfully.
Last but not the least special thanks to our family for their support and kindness,
Sincere thanks to all our friends, specially, for their friendship and support throughout.
ii
ABSTRACT
Substation Automation is a key concept in Smart Grid Technology. The present work
proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) based system for the monitoring, visualization,
storage and analysis of sensor data in an easy, cost effective and reliable manner. MQ
Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is used to communicate and transfer data
between different sensor nodes using Raspberry Pi 3 as the MQTT broker. The sensor
nodes are capable of wirelessly transferring the sensor data using an Arduino Uno and
ESP8266. The sensor data can be conveniently accessed by any device on the network
from the MQTT broker by subscribing to it. The given sensing system intends to
complement and enhance the capabilities of the present substation automation
environment. It incorporates the possibility of remote accessibility and better data
analysis of the sensor data in the Substation environment. An Arduino a part of the
ongoing implementation of the system which will be described in further works.
Novel electric power systems encompassing of power transmission and distribution grids
consist of copious number of distributed, autonomously managed, capital-intensive
assets. Such assets comprise: 1.) power plants, 2.) transmission lines, 3.) transformers,
and 4.) protection equipment. Electric utility substations are used in both the
transmission and distribution system and operate independently to generate the
electricity. A typical substation facility consists of a small building with a fence din yard
that contains transformers, switches, voltage regulators, and metering equipment that
are used to adjust voltages and monitor circuits. A reliable and efficient process of these
networks alone is not very significant when these electricity systems are pressed to their
parameters of its performance, but also under regular operating conditions.
iii
FIGURE INDEX
FIG. NO. TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE NO.
Fig. No. 3.1 Block Diagram 8

Fig. No. 4.1 Arduino UNO 10
Fig. No. 4.2 IOT Module 16
Fig. No. 4.3 Current sensor 15
Fig. No. 4.4 LCD Display 19
Fig. No. 4.5 LM35 Sensor 22
Fig. No. 4.6 Types of Relay 23
Fig. No. 4.7 Voltage Sensor 25
Fig. No. 5.1 Design and Implementation 26
iv
List of Appendix
TABLE. NO. TITLE OF TABLE PAGE NO.
Table No. 4.2 Parameters 16

Table No. 5.1 Project Coasting 27
v
INDEX
PAGE NO.
DECLARATION i.
CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii.
ABSTRACT iv.
FIGURE INDEX v.
TABLE INDEX vi.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 2
1.3 THESIS STRUCTURE 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6

2.1 BACKGROUND STUDY 6
2.2 RELATED WORK
10
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 10
CHAPTER 4 TOOLS/ PLATFORM

4.1 ARDUINO UNO
4.2 IOT MODULE 13
4.3 CURRENT SENSOR 18
4.4 LCD DISPLAY 20
4.5 TEMPRATURE SENSOR 21
4.6 RELAY 22
4.7 VOLTAGE SENSOR 24
CHAPTER 5 DESIGN& IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM 26
CHAPTER 6 RESULTS 27
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION 28
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE 28
REFERENCES 29
“IOT BASED SENSING SYSTEM FOR SUBSTATION AUTOMATION AND MONITORING”
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. OVERVIEW
Electricity is an extremely handy and useful form of energy. It plays an ever-growing role in
our modern industrialized society. The electrical power systems are highly non-linear,
extremely huge and complex networks. Such electric power systems are unified for economic
benefits, increased reliability and operational advantages. They are one of the most significant
elements of both national and global infrastructure, and when these systems collapse it leads
to major direct and indirect impacts on the economy and national security. A power system
consists of components such as generators, lines, transformers, loads, switches and
compensators. However, a widely dispersed power sources and loads are the general
configuration of modern power systems. Electric power systems can be divided into twosub-
systems, namely, transmission systems and distribution systems. The main process of a
transmission system is to transfer electric power from electric generators to customer area,
whereas a distribution system provides an ultimate link between high voltage transmission
systems and consumer services. In other words, the power is distributed to different customers
from the distribution system through feeders, distributors and service mains. Supplying
electricity to consumers necessitates power generation, transmission, and distribution. Initially
electric power is generated by using electric generators such as: nuclear power generators,
thermal power generators and hydraulic power generators and then transmitted through
transmission systems using high voltage. Novel electric power systems encompassing of
power transmission and distribution grids consist of copious number of distributed,
autonomously managed, capital-intensive assets. Such assets comprise: 1.) power plants, 2.)
transmission lines, 3.) transformers, and 4.) protection equipment. Electric utility substations
are used in both the transmission and distribution system and operate independently to
generate the electricity. It plays an ever-growing role in our modern industrialized society. The
electrical power systems are the highly non-linear, extremely huge and complex network. In
the present scenario electricity still suffers from low power quality and blackouts so the
present work recommends a well-planned design approach for sensor management in
substation using IOT.

1.2. OBJECTIVE
1. The object of the project is to monitor the different parameters like voltage, frequency,
power input and output of 230/12v substation. The project is attached to the input 230v
line,12v output line of substation.
2. The monitoring system continuously monitors different parameters.
3. Mostly substation consists of Transformers, Protective relays, Lightening arrestors,

wave trap, bus bars, Isolators etc.
4. Generally, Transformers used in the substation will damage due to the raise in the oil
temperature i.e., whenever there is a huge amount of current flows through the winding
then that leads to blackouts in the substations.
5. Instead of such blackouts that occurred in microseconds of time that may leads to
collapse the entire substation.
6. So, we have to protect the entire substation & that is done by using ARDUINO UNO
microcontrollers which acts as the heart in controlling the entire system.
7. By sensing the parameters, we can shut down the transformers if any value is crossing
its limit.
1.3. THESIS STRUCTURE
Thesis structure consists of following chapters.
Chapter 1:
This chapter contains introduction about the project which includes overview, objective etc.
Chapter 2:
This chapter explain literature survey. It includes literature review and background study of
our project that is from where we studied about this project.
Chapter 3:
This chapter contains methodology and block diagrams etc.

Chapter 4:
This chapter contains tools and platform
Chapter 5:
This chapter introduces design and implementation
Chapter 6:
This chapter introduces results of project
Chapter 7:
This chapter contains Conclusion and Future scope. Some future improvements that can be made in
our project are explained in this chapter

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1. BACKGROUND STUDY
2.2. RELATED WORK
1. Substation Monitoring and Control Using Microcontroller & GSM

AUTHOR: -Mrs.Krupal Dhimar, 2Mr.JenishPatel, 3Mr.Yasin Shaikh, 4Mr.AnasMusani
The purpose of this project is to acquire the remote electrical parameters like voltage, current
and frequency and send these real time values over GSM network using GSM modem/phone
along with temperature at power station. This project is also designed to protect the electrical
circuitry by operating a relay. This relay gets activated whenever the electrical parameters
exceed the predefined values. The relay can be used to switch off the main electrical supply.
User can send commands in the form of SMS messages to read the remote electrical
parameters. This system also can automatically send the real time electrical parameters
periodically (based on time settings) in the form of SMS. This system can be designed to send
SMS alerts whenever the relay trips or whenever the voltage or current exceeds the predefined
limits. This project makes use of a microcontroller. The controller can efficiently communicate
with the different sensors being used. The controller is provided with some internal memory
to hold the code. This memory is used to dump some set of assembly instructions into the
controller. And the functioning of the controller is dependent on these assembly instructions.
The controller is programmed using embedded c language.
2. Remote Microcontroller Based Monitoring of Substation and Control System

through GSM Modem
AUTHOR: -Dr.Ghous Buksh Narejo, Engr. Shahyan Bharucha, Engr. Danny Zarir Pohwala
As complexity of distribution network has grown, automation of substation has become a

need of every utility company to increase its efficiency and to improve quality of power being
delivered. The proposed project which is GSM cellular network-based controlling of

substation will help the utility companies, by ensuring that their local-substation faults are
immediately realized and reported to their concerned departments via GSM, to ensure that
duration of power interruption is decreased. The measured parameters will be sending in the
form of SMS messages. The microcontroller will interact with the sensors installed at the local
substation and perform task as commanded. Electrical parameters like current, voltage will
be compared continuously to its rated value will help protect the distribution and power
transformer from burning due to overload, short circuit fault, over voltages and surges. Under
such conditions, entire unit is shut down via the control section comprising of relays sensing
it, and immediately turning the circuit breaker off. SMS alerts can also be generated to indicate
this. The use of GSM makes the substation intelligent in the sense that it is able to transmit
alerts and information and receive commands. This enables to reduce labor cost at substation
and saves time. Thus, the monitoring and working efficiency of the sub-station will drastically
increase.
1. Reducing Outages Through Improved Protection, Monitoring, Diagnostics and

Auto restoration in Transmission Substations - (69kV and Above)
AUTHOR: -This paper primarily addresses the subject of reducing outages or reducing the
outage duration, auto restoration applications for transmission substations, (where
“transmission” is defined as 69kV and higher), and the subject of proactively preventing
outages. This paper is a summary of the report of K3-WG for transmission systems. The
contribution of this paper includes presentation of the state-of-the-art, practical techniques and
measures for preventing and reducing outages in transmission substations which if properly
adopted can significantly improve transmission system reliability.
2. State Estimation for Supervisory Monitoring of Substations
AUTHOR: - Sungmin Park, Eunjae Lee, Wonkun Yu, Heungjae Lee, Member, IEEE, and
Jeonghoon Shin, Member, IEEE.
This paper introduces the application of state estimation to double bus double breaker
distribution substations, which are typically used in the Korean power system, to improve the
reliability of substation automation systems. In spite of the recent remarkable progress in the
field of sensors and equipment’s, it is hard to detect device malfunctions or degraded devices
automatically in the supervisory monitoring system. The object of the proposed system is not

the state estimation itself, but its application to the supervisory detection of the malfunction
or degradation of the devices. The supervisory monitoring process consists of a two-step
procedure—topology processing and normal state estimation. In a substation, the on-off states
of the circuit breakers determine the topology. This paper mainly presents the topology
processing expert system including the knowledge representation. The expert system is
operated with a predefined period to identify and correct topological errors in the distribution
substations. The proposed system is now in the field test stage in the Sanchung pilot substation
and it will be applied to the next generation substation automation system in Korea.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
 Here we are using Arduino Uno as a controller in which we are monitoring voltage
which is between under, over, threshold and monitor current and frequency
parameter with temperature monitoring.
 To detects Line to ground fault.
 Maintain voltage profile.
 All data will be updated over IOT. Using online web server.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIG 3.1

CHAPTER 4
TOOLS/ PLATFORM

CHAPTER 4
TOOLS/ PLATFORM
 ARDUINO UNO
 CURRENT SENSOR
 VOLTAGE SENSOR
 FREQUENCY SENSOR
 RELAY
 BUZZER
 LCD
 IOT MODULE
4.1 ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-
to-serial converter.
 MicrocontrollerATmega328
 Operating Voltage 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
 Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
 Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins 6
 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
 Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S
 RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
FIG 4.1
4.2. IOT MODULE
ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module:
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller capability
produced by manufacturer Espressif Systems in Shanghai, China.
The chip first came to the attention of western makers in August 2014 with the ESP-01 module, made
by a third-party manufacturer Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to
a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at
first there was almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted.
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WIFI networking solution; it can be used to host
the application or to offload WIFI networking functions from another application processor. When
ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has integrated cache
to improve the performance of the system in such applications.

FIG.4.2
ESP8266EX is among the most integrated Wi-Fi chip in the industry; it integrates the antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power management
modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including front-end
module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
Features
 802.11 b/g/n
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Supports antenna diversity
 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

 Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
 FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified
Important AT commands
 AT+CWLAP List all the access points
 AT+CWJAP?+CWJAP=“ssid”, ”password” Join Access Point
 AT+CIFSR Get IP Address

Parameters:
Categories Items Values
Certificates FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC
WIFI Protocols 802.11 b/g/n
Frequency Range 2.4G-2.5G (2400M-2483.5M)
802.11 b: +20 dBm
Tx Power 802.11 g: +17 dBm
802.11 n: +14 dBm
802.11 b: -91 dbm (11 Mbps)

WIFI Parameters Rx Sensitivity 802.11 g: -75 dbm (54 Mbps)
802.11 n: -72 dbm (MCS7)
PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector,

Ceramic Chip
Types of Antenna
UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
Peripheral Bus GPIO/PWM
Operating Voltage 3.0~3.6V
Operating Current Average value: 80Ma
Operating Temperature Range -40°~125°
Hardware Ambient Temperature Range Normal temperature

Parameters
Package Size 5x5mm
External Interface N/A
WiFi mode station/softAP/SoftAP+station
Security WPA/WPA2

Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES
Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)
Supports Cloud Server Development / SDK

for custom firmware development
Software Parameters Software Development
Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP
User Configuration AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/

iOS App
TABLE NO.4.2
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
Major fields of ESP8266 applications to Internet-of-Things include:
o Home Appliances
o Home Automation
o Smart Plug and lights
o Mesh Network
o Industrial Wireless Control
o Baby Monitors
o IP Cameras
FIG 4.2

4.3 CURRENT SENSOR
Accurate sensor to measure AC/DC current up to 20A. The sensor can even measure high
AC mains current and is still isolated from the measuring part due to integrated hall sensor.
The board operates on 5V.
FIG 4.3.1
ACS712 current sensor operates from 5V and outputs analog voltage proportional to
current measured on the sensing terminals. You can simple use a microcontroller ADC to
read values.
FIG 4.3.2

Sensing terminal can even measure current for loads operating at high voltages like 230V
AC mains while output sensed voltage is isolated from measuring part.
FEATURES
 100 mV/A output sensitivity

 5.0 V, single supply operation
 Output voltage proportional to AC or DC currents
 Factory-trimmed for accuracy
 Extremely stable output offset voltage
 Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis

 Radiometric output from supply voltage
 Low-noise analog signal path
 Device bandwidth is set via the new FILTER pin
 5 µs output rise time in response to step input current
 80 kHz bandwidth
 Total output error 1.5% at TA = 25°C

4.4. LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are
2 such lines.
1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
FIG 4.4
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation

marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes
up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the
pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
FEATURES:
 High quality STN 16x2 character LCD
 3.3V power supply
 White LED Backlight
 5x8 dot characters
 ST7066 controller
 1/16 duty cycle
Dimensions: 0.34 x 1.4 x 3.2" (8.6 x 36 x 80mm)
4.4. TEMPRATURE SENSOR
Temperature sensors directly connected to microprocessor input and thus capable of direct
and reliable communication with microprocessors. The sensor unit can communicate
effectively with low-cost processors without the need of A/D converters.
An example for a temperature sensor is LM35. The LM35 series are precision integrated-
circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
temperature. The LM35 is operates at -55˚ to +120˚C
Features of LM35 Temperature Sensor:
 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
 Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts

 Low self-heating
OPERATION OF LM35:
The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated circuit temperature
sensors. It can be stuck or established to a surface and its temperature will be within around
the range of 0.01˚C of the surface temperature.
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as the surface
temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature,
the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the
surface temperature and the air temperature.
The temperature sensors have well known applications in environmental and process
control and also in test, measurement and communications. A digital temperature is a sensor,
which provides 9-bit temperature readings. Digital temperature sensors offer excellent precise
accuracy, these are designed to read from 0°C to 70°C and it is possible to achieve ±0.5°C
accuracy. These sensors completely aligned with digital temperature readings in degree
Celsius.
FIG 4.5
4.5. RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state
relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power

signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were
used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in
from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
4.5.1. TYPES OF RELAY

1. Electromagnetic Relays. These relays are constructed with electrical, mechanical and
magnetic components, and have operating coil and mechanical contacts.
2. Solid State Relays.
3. Hybrid Relay.
4. Thermal Relay.
5. Reed Relay.
FI4.6. TYPES OF RELAY

4.6. VOLTAGE SENSOR
This module is based on resistance points pressure principle, and it can make the input
voltage of red terminal reduce 5 times of original voltage. The max Arduino analog input
voltage is 5 V, so the input voltage of this module should be not more than 5 V x 5 = 25 V (
if for 3.3 V system, the input voltage should be not more than 3.3 V x 5 = 16.5 V ).Because
the Arduino AVR chip have 10 bit AD, so this module simulation resolution is 0.00489 V (5
V / 1023), and the input voltage of this module should be more than 0.00489 V x 5 = 0.02445
V.
Features
 Voltage input range: 0-25 V DC

 Voltage detection range: DC0.02445 V-25 V
 Voltage analog resolution: 0.00489 V
 Operating voltage output: 3.3V – 5V MAX
FIG 4.7 VOLTAGE SENSOR

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN
&
IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN&IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 SIMULATION DIAGRAM
FIG5.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTION

COASTING OF PROJECT:
TABLE NO.5.2

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
 To improve quality of power Remote sensing
 To Maintain Continuity of supply
 Real time monitoring

6.1. CURRENT AND VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS
FIG NO: 6.1

6.2 FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE WAVEFORM
FIG 6.2

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1. CONCLUSION
The whole process is monitored by Arduino Uno microcontrollers. The graphically representation
of the parameters are done by IOT module to identify easily. Hence the distribution is made more
secure, reliable and efficient by means of the proposed system.
7.2. FUTURE SCOPE
In future we can monitored all parameter using online web server. This project can be implemented by
using GPRS technology so that capture data can be send anywhere in the world. We can turn it to a Smart
Energy Meter by which electricity parameters along with cost calculation can monitored by the user by GSM
or GPRS so they can minimize their electricity uses to optimum level. This project can be extended by using
GPRS technology, which helps in sending the monitored and controlled data to any place in the world. The
temperature controlling systems like coolant can also use in places where temperature level should be
maintained. By connecting wireless camera in industries, factories etc. we can see the entire equipment’s from
our personal computer only by using GPRS and GPS technology. The monitoring and controlling of the
devices can be done from the personal computer and we can use to handle so many situations. By connecting
temperature sensor, we can get the temperature of dangerous zones in industries and we can use personal
computer itself instead of sending human to there and facing problems at the field.

REFERENCES
[1]. Jyotishman Pathak, Yuan Li, Vasant Honavar and James D. McCalley, "A Service-
Oriented Architecture for Electric Power Transmission System Asset Management", In
ICSOC Workshops, pp: 26-37, 2006.
[2]. B. A. Carreras, V. E. Lynch, D. E. Newman and I. Dobson, "Blackout Mitigation

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HARDWARE MODEL:



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Final Report of IoT Bassed Substation

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A Project Report

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Savitribai Phule Pune University

Department of Electrical Engineering

is a record of bonafide work carried out by them in the Department of Electrical

PROF.GANESH LOHOTE PROF. S. V. NARKHEDE

DR. N. N. GHUGE DR. T. K. NAGARAJ

SATHE RUSHIKESH BABURAO (4101)

We would like to thank Dr. N. N. Ghuge, Head of the Department, Electrical

We would like to extend our special thanks to Dr. T. K. Nagaraj, Principal of

We appreciate all the help extended by the Faculty members of Electrical

Fig. No. 3.1 Block Diagram 8

TABLE. NO. TITLE OF TABLE PAGE NO.

Table No. 4.2 Parameters 16

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 6

CHAPTER 4 TOOLS/ PLATFORM

CHAPTER 5 DESIGN& IMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 1

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 2

3. Mostly substation consists of Transformers, Protective relays, Lightening arrestors,

1.3. THESIS STRUCTURE

Thesis structure consists of following chapters.

This chapter contains methodology and block diagrams etc.

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 3

This chapter contains tools and platform

This chapter introduces design and implementation

This chapter introduces results of project

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 4

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 5

2.2. RELATED WORK

1. Substation Monitoring and Control Using Microcontroller & GSM

2. Remote Microcontroller Based Monitoring of Substation and Control System

As complexity of distribution network has grown, automation of substation has become a

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 6

1. Reducing Outages Through Improved Protection, Monitoring, Diagnostics and

2. State Estimation for Supervisory Monitoring of Substations

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 7

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 8

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 9

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 10

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 11

4.1 ARDUINO UNO

4.2. IOT MODULE

ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module:

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 13

 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

 Integrated 10-bit ADC

 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

 Supports antenna diversity

 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

Department of Electrical Engineering JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune. 14

 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode

 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

 FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified

 AT+CWLAP List all the access points