CHAPTER 4

MATTER AND SUBSTANCE / JIRIM DAN BAHAN

4.1 Analysing Changes in the States of Matter / Perubahan Keadaan Jirim

1 Which of the following A, B, C or D represent gas particles?

Antara A, B, C dan D yang manakah mewakili zarah gas?

A C

B D

SPM 2005
2 Diagram 1 shows a change in the state of matter.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim.

Gas Process X Liquid

Gas Proses X Cecair

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

A Melting C Boiling
Peleburan Pendidihan
B Condensation D Sublimation
Kondensasi Pemejalwapan
SPM 2006

3 Diagram 2 shows the arrangement of particles which undergo process X

Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan zarah yang melalui proses X

Process X
 Proses X

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

A Boiling C Melting
Pendidihan Peleburan
B Sublimation D Condensation
Pemejalwapan Kondensasi
SPM 2007

4 Choose the correct match between the change in the state of matter and its process.
Pilih pasangan yang betul tentang perubahan keadaan jirim dan prosesnya.
Change in the state of matter Process
Perubahan keadaan jirim Proses

A Solid Liquid Boiling

Pepejal Cecair Pendidihan

B Liquid Solid Freezing

Cecair Pepejal pembekuan

C Gas Liquid Sublimation

Gas Cecair Pemejalwapan

D Solid Gas Condensation

Pepejal Gas Kondensasi

SPM 2008

5 Diagram 3 shows change in the state of matter.

Which of the following, A, B, C or D, represents condensation?
Rajah 3 menunjukkan perubahan dalam keadaan jirim.
Antara A, B, C atau D, yang manakah mewakili proses kondensasi?

A B
Solid Liquid Gas
Pepejal Cecair gas
D C
 Diagram 3
Rajah 3
SPM 2009

6 Diagram 4 shows a change in a state of matter. What is process M?

Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu perubahan keadaan jirim. Apakah proses M?

Diagram 4
Rajah 4

A Boiling C Melting
Pendidihan Peleburan
B Freezing D Condensation
Pembekuan Kondensasi
SPM 2010

7 Diagram 5 shows the conversion state of matter.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim.

Solid Gas
Pepejal Gas

What is the process involved?

Apakah proses yang terlibat?
A Melting C Sublimation
Peleburan pemejalwapan
B Freezing D Condensation
Penyejukbekuan Kondensasi
SPM 2012
 Kertas 2
BAHAGIAN A

1 A pupil has conducted a laboratory experiment to determine the boiling point of a solution.
The temperature of the solution is recorded every 2 minutes until it boils.
Table 3 shows the result of the experiment.
Seorang murid telah menjalankan eksperimen makmal untuk menentukan takat didih
sejenis larutan. Suhu larutan itu dicatatkan setiap 2 minit sehingga ia mendidih.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu.

Time / minute
0 2 4 6 8 10
Masa / minit
Temperature / oC
28 48 68 88 102 102
Suhu / oC
Table 3
Jadual 3

(a) Based on table 3, draw a graph of temperature against time.

Berdasarkan jadual 3, lukiskan graf suhu melawan masa

Temperature/oC
Suhu / oC
 100

80

60

40

20

Time/ minute
0 2 4 6 8 10 Masa/ minit
[3 marks/ 3 markah]

(b) What is the relationship between the temperature of the solution and time in the 6 minutes?
Apakah hubungan antara suhu larutan itu dengan masa dalam 6 minit pertama?
_________________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/ 3 markah]

(c) Based on the graph in (a), determine the boiling point of the solution.
Mark the boiling point of the solution on the graph.
Berdasarkan graf di (a), tentukan takat didih larutan itu.
Tandakan takat didih larutan itu pada graf.
[ 1 mark/ 1 markah ]
SPM 2005

BAHAGIAN B

1. Diagram 1 shows the changes in the state of matter of a substance.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim bagi satu bahan.
 Based on the Diagram 1,
Berdasarkan Rajah 1,

(a) Name the processes P, Q and R using the following information.

Namakan proses P, Q dan R menggunakan maklumat berikut.

 Freezin  Conde  Meltin

g nsation g
Pembekuan Kondensasi Peleburan

(b) What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles in the substance during process P?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada tenaga kinetic zarah-zarah dalam bahan itu semasa
proses P?

[1mark / 1 markah]
© What happens to the movement of the particles in the substance during process Q?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada pergerakan zarah-zarah dalam bahan itu semasa proses
Q?

[1 mark / 1 markah]

(d) Draw the particle arrangement in X in the box provided below.

Lukis susunan zarah-zarah dalam X pada petak yang disediakan di bawah.
 [1 mark / 1 markah]
SPM 2010

4.2 Atomic Structure / Struktur atom

4.3 Proton Number and Nucleon Number / Nombor Proton dan Nombor Nukleon

1. The diagram shows the structure of an atom. Which of the following A, B, C or D is a

proton?
Gambarajah menunjukkan struktur satu atom. Antara A, B, C atau D yang manakah
proton?

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

SPM 2005

2. Diagram 2 shows the structure of an atom.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur atom.
Which of the following A, B, C and D represents a proton
Antara A, B, C dan D yang manakah mewakili proton?

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
SPM 2006
3. Diagram 3 shows the nucleus of an atom.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan nukleus bagi satu atom.

Diagram 3
Rajah 3

How many electrons are in this atom?

Berapakah bilangan elektron dalam atom ini?

A 1
B 3
C 4
D 7 SPM 2007

4. Table 1 shows the proton and the number of neutrons of an atom.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi suatu atom

Proton number Number of neutron

Nombor proton Bilangan neutron

8 9

Table 1
Jadual 1

What is the nucleon number of the atom?

Berapakah nombor nukleon bagi atom itu?

A 8
B 9
C 17
D 72 SPM 2008
5 The following information shows the proton number and the number of neutron for
an atom.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan nombor proton dan bilangan neutron bagi suatu
atom

Proton number = 5
Nombor proton

Number of neutron = 6
Bilangan neutron

What is nucleon number for the atom?

Berapakah nombor nukleon bagi atom itu?

A1 B5
C6 D 11
SPM 2009

6 Table 2 shows the number of subatomic particles of atoms X dan Y

Jadual 2 menunjukkan bilangan zarah subatom bagi atom X dan Y

Atom Number of neutrons Nucleon number

Atom Bilangan neutron Nombor nukleon
X 6 12
Y 7 13

Table 2
Jadual 2

What is the proton number of X and Y?

Apakah nombor proton bagi X dan Y

X Y

A 6 6
B 6 7
C 7 6
D 7 7
 SPM 2010

7 Diagram 4 shows the structure of an atom.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan stuktur satu atom

Diagram 4
Rajah 4

Which of A, B, C or D is an electon?
Antara A, B, C atau D yang manakah elektron? SPM 2011

8. Diagram 5 shows the nucleus of an atom Y

Rajah 5 menunjukkan nukleus bagi satu atom Y

Diagram 5
Rajah 5

Which of the following is the isotope for atom Y

antara berikut, yang manakah isotop bagi atom Y
 SPM 2012

STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
SECTION B / BAHAGIAN B

1. Diagram 5.1 shows the structure of an atom

Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan struktur suatu atom

Diagram 5.1
Rajah 5.1

(a) X and Y are subatomic particles. Name X and Y

X dan Y adalah zarah subatom. Namakan X dan Y

X : ________________________________________
Y : ________________________________________
[2 marks]
[2 markah]
(b) What is the charge of X?
Apakah cas bagi X?

____________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(c) What is the nucleon number of this atom?

Berapakah nombor nukleon bagi atom ini?

___________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

(d) Diagram 5.2 shows the structure of three atoms?

Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan struktur bagi tiga atom

i) Which atom are isotopes?

Mark (√) your answer in the box provided in diagram 6.2
Atom yang manakah adalah isotop?
Tandakan (√) bagi jawapan anda dalam kotak yang disediakan di rajah 6.2

Diagram 5.2
Rajah 5.2
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

ii) Based on diagram 5.2, complete the sentence below.

 Isotopes are atoms of an element which have different number of nucleons but
the same number of
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.2, lengkapkan ayat dibawah.
Isotop adalah atom-atom bagu suatu unsur yang mempunyai bilangan nukleon
yang berlainan tetapi sama bilangan

____________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
[1 markah]

SPM 2009

4.4 Periodic Table / Jadual Berkala

1. The diagram shows an incomplete periodic table

Gambarajah menunjukkan jadual berkala yang tidak lengkap.

What type of element is in the shaded area?

Apakah jenis unsur dalam kawasan berlorek?

A Metal
Logam
B Inert gas
Gas adi
C Non-metal
Bukan logam
D Semi-metal
Separuh logam
SPM 2005

2. Diagram shows an incomplete periodic table.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan jadual berkala yang tidak lengkap.
 Group Kumpulan
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
X

What is element X?
Apakah unsur X?

Metal Inert gas

A B
Logam Gas adi
Non-metal Semi-metal
C D
Bukan logam Separuh logam
SPM 2006

3. Diagram shows an incomplete Periodic Table.

Rajah menunjukkan Jadual Berkala yang tidak lengkap.
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII

Which of the following is a correct property of Q?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sifat Q yang betul?

A Dull
Pudar

B Ductile
Mulur

C Low melting point

Takat lebur rendah

D Low tensile strength

Kekuatan regangan rendah
SPM 2007

4. Diagram shows an incomplete Periodic Table. Which element, A, B, C or D, is a non-

metal.
 Rajah menunjukkan Jadual Berkala yang tidak lengkap. Antara unsur A,B,C atau D,
yang manakah bukan logam?

A
B
C D

SPM 2009

5. Diagram shows an incomplete Periodic Table.

Rajah menunjukkan Jadual Berkala yang tidak lengkap.

I VIII
W II III IV V VI VII
X
Y Z

Which element has the biggest proton number?

Unsur manakah yang mempunyai nombor proton terbesar?

A W B X
C Y D Z
SPM 2010

6. Diagram 7 shows an element in the Periodic Table.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan unsur di dalam Jadual Berkala.

19

F
Fluorine
Florin
9
Diagram 7
Rajah 7

What is the number of neutrons in an atom of the element?

Berapakah elemen neutron dalam dalam satu atom unsur itu?
 A 9
B 10
C 19
D 28 SPM 2011

7. Diagram shows an incomplete Periodic Table. Which element, A, B, C or D, is a

metal?
Rajah menunjukkan Jadual Berkala yang tidak lengkap. Antara unsur A,B,C atau D,
yang manakah logam?

I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
A B C D

SECTION B / BAHAGIAN B

1. Diagram shows an incomplete Periodic Table.

Rajah menunjukkan Jadual Berkala yang tidak lengkap.

I VIII
II III IV V VI VII
R U
P S
Q
T

(a) How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?

Bagaimanakah unsur-unsur disusun dalam Jadual Berkala?

..................................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)

(b) Using the letters P to U, name

Menggunakan huruf P hingga U, namakan

(i) two elements in the same group.

dua elemen dalam kumpulan yang sama.
 ..........................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)

(ii) a noble gas

gas adi

..........................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)
(iii) an alkali metal
logam alkali

..........................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)

(iv) the element with the largest proton number

unsur dengan nombor proton terbesar.

..........................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)

(c) Element R has an isotope with a nucleon number of 15 and a proton number
of 7. State the number of neutrons of the isotope.
Unsur R mempunyai isotop dengan nombor nukleon 15 dan nombor proton 7.
Nyatakan bilangan neutron dalam isotop.

..................................................................................................................
(1 mark/ 1 markah)

4.5 The Properties of Substance / Sifat Bahan

1. The following information shows the properties of substance X.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan sifat-sifat bahan X.

 Shiny
Berkilau
 Malleable
Boleh ditempa
 Ductile
Mulur
What is X ?
Apakah X?

A Aluminium B Chlorine
Aluminium Klorin

C Sulfur D Carbon
Sulfur Karbon

SPM 2008

2. Which substance is made of ions?

Bahan manakah terbina daripada ion?

A Salt B Iron
Garam Besi

C Silver D Sugar
Perak Gula

SPM 2010

3. Which of the following is an ionic compound ?

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah sebatian ion?
 A Water B Ethanol
Air Etanol
C Carbon dioxide D Sodium chloride
Karbon dioksida Natrium klorida SPM 2012

SECTION A / BAHAGIAN A

1. Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 shows an experiment to study the electrical
conductivity of lead(II) bromide.
Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kekonduksian
elektrik plumbum(II) bromida.

Carbon
Carbon electrode electrode
Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon
Solid lead(II) bromide
Pepejal plumbun(II) bromida

Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1

Panaskan

Carbon
Carbon electrode electrode
Elektrod karbon Elektrod karbon bromide
Molten lead(II)
Leburan plumbun(II) bromida

Heat

Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2

(a)(i) Based on Diagram 1.2, what is your observation on the needle of the ammeter?
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, apakah pemerhatian anda pada jarum ammeter?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...
 [1 mark] / [1 markah]

(ii) What is the reading of the ammeter in Diagram 1.2?

Apakah bacaan ammeter pada Rajah 1.2?
........................... A
[1 mark] / [1 markah]

(b) State the variables in this experiment.

Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini.

(i) Manipulated variable:

Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi:
………………………………….........……………………………………………………
[1 mark] / [1 markah]
(ii) Responding variable:
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas::
……………………………….........…………………………………………….........……
[1 mark] / [1 markah]
(c) State one inference for this experiment.
Nyatakan satu inferens bagi eksperimen ini.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
..........................................................................................................................................
[1 mark] / [1 markah]

(d) Lead(II) bromide is an ionic compound. State the operational definition for an ionic
compound.
Plumbum(II) bromida adalah sebatian ion. Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi
sebatian ion.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
..........................................................................................................................
[1 mark] / [1 markah]

SPM 2006

4.6 Metal and Non Metals / Logam dan Bukan Logam

 1. The following information shows the characteristics and uses of material Y.
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan ciri dan kegunaan bahan Y.

 Light weight
Ringan

 Shiny surface
Permukaan berkilat


Used as a food wrapper
Digunakan sebagai pembungkus
makanan

 Good heat conductor

Konduktor haba yang baik
What material Y?
Apakah bahan Y?

A Zinc B Plastic
Zink Plastik

C Carbon D Aluminium
Karbon Aluminium SPM 2006

2. Table 1 shows physical properties of four elements.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan sifat fizik bagi empat unsur.

Elements Properties
Unsur Sifat
Shiny surface
P
Permukaan berkilat
Heat insulator
Q
Penebat haba
Low tensile strength
R
Kekuatan regangan rendah
Ductile
S
Mulur

Table 1 / Jadual 1

What of the elements in Table 1 are metals?

Antara unsur dalam Jadual 1, yang manakah logam?
 A P and Q B R and S
P dan Q R dan S

C Q and R D P and S
Q dan R P dan S SPM 2007

3. What is the characteristic of gold that makes it suitable to be used as

jewellery?
Apakah ciri emas yang menjadikannya sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai
barang kemas ?

A Dull B Brittle
Kusam Rapuh

C Reactive D Malleable
Reaktif Boleh ditempa SPM 2010

4. Substance M is used to cut glass. What is M?

Bahan M digunakan untuk memotong kaca. Apakah M?

A Iron B Sulphur
Besi Sulfur

C Diamond D Magnesium
Intan Magnesium SPM 2011

5. Diagram 5 shows the uses of metal as a decoration item.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan kegunaan logam sebagai barang hiasan.
What are characteristics of the metal used to make this decoration item?
Apakah ciri-ciri logam itu yang digunakan untuk membuat barang hiasan ini?

A Shiny and ductile B Ductile and strong

Berkilat dan mulur Mulur dan kuat

C Malleable and shiny D Strong and thermal conductor

Boleh ditempa dan berkilat Kuat dan pengalir haba

SPM
2012

Bahagian C (Soalan Esei)

10. Study the following statement :
Kaji pernyataan berikut:

Electricity conductivity of metals and non-metals are different.

Kekonduksian elektrik bagi logam dan bukan logam adalah berbeza.

You are given a copper rod and a glass rod of the same size, one dry cell and
a bulb.
Anda dibekalkan dengan rod kuprum dan rod kaca yang sama saiz, satu sel
kering dan sebiji mentol.

a) Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement.

Cadangkan satu hipothesis untuk menyiasat pernyataan di atas
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]

b) Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis in 10 (a) based on the

following criteria.
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menguji hipotesis di 10 (a) berdasarkan
kriteria berikut:
i) Aim of the experiment
Tujuan eksperimen
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]
ii) Identification of variables
Mengenalpasti pembolehubah
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]
iii) List of apparatus and materials
Senarai radas dan bahan
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]

iv) Procedure or method

Prosedur atau Kaedah
[ 4 marks ] [ 1 markah ]
v) Tabulation of data
 Penjadualan data
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]
SPM 2008

11. a) Diagram 11.1 shows clay pots which are made of non-metals.
State four physical properties of non-metals.
Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan pasu tembikar yang diperbuat daripada bukan
logam.
Nyatakan empat sifat fizikal bagi bukan logam.

( 4 marks) (4 markah)

b) Diagram 11.2 shows the objects made of different metals.

Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan objek-objek diperbuat daripada logam yang berbeza.
Study the information in Diagram 11.2 and construct the concept of metals.
Your answer should be based on the following aspects:
Kaji maklumat dalam Rajah 11.2 dan bina konsep logam.
Jawapan anda hendaklah berdasarkan aspek-aspek berikut:

( i ) Identify three common characteristics

Kenal pasti tiga ciri sepunya [ 3 marks ] [ 3 markah ]

( ii ) Give one other example of metal

Beri satu contoh lain bagi logam [ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]

( iii ) Give one other example of non-metal

Beri satu contoh lain bagi bukan logam [ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]

( iv ) Relate the common characteristics to construct the concept of metals.

 Hubungkaitkan ciri sepunya untuk membina konsep logam
[ 1 mark ] [ 1 markah ]

SPM 2012

4.7 Methods of Purifying / Kaedah Penulenan Bahan

Soalan Objektif

1 Pure water can be produced from polluted water by

Air tulen boleh dihasilkan daripada air yang tercemar dengan cara

A Evaporation
Penyejatan
B Boiling
Pendidihan
C Distillation
Penyulingan
D Crystallization
Penghabluran SPM 2005

2 Diagram 1 shows a container used by a seller to keep ice creams.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan bekas yang digunakan oleh penjual untuk menyimpan
ais-krim.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

What is the reason for putting common salt on top of the ice?
Apakah tujuan meletakkan garam biasa di atas ais tersebut?

A To improve the taste of the ice cream

 Untuk menyedapkan lagi rasa ais-krim
B To increase the melting point of the ice-cream
Untuk meningkatkan takat lebur ais-krim
C To slow down the freezing of ice cream
Untuk memperlahankan pembekuan ais-krim
D To prevent the ice cream from melting quickly
Untuk mengelakkan ais-krim daripada cepat cair SPM 2006

3 Which substance can be purified by crystallization?

Bahan yang manakah boleh ditulenkan melalui penghabluran?

A Common salt B Petroleum

Garam biasa Petroleum

C Tin ore D Ethanol

Bijih timah Etanol SPM 2008

4 What is the process used to obtain pure solid copper (II) sulphate from its
solution?
Apakah proses yang digunakan untuk memperoleh pepejal kuprum (II) sulfat
tulen daripada larutannya?

A Crystallization
Penghabluran
B Evaporation
Penyejatan
C Distillation
Penyulingan
D Boiling
Pendidihan SPM 2009

5 Diagram 2 shows the stages in the crystallization process.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan peringkat-peringkat dalam proses penghabluran.
 Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Which sequence is correct?
Urutan manakah yang betul?

A R, S, T, U B S, T, R, U
C T, U, S, R D U, R, T, S SPM 2011

Structure Questions / Soalan Struktur

1 Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of impurities on boiling point of

 distilled water.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan bendasing ke atas takat didih
air suling.

Diagram 1
Rajah 1

DIAGRAM 1 The result of the experiment are recorded are in Table 1.

Keputusan ekperimen direkodkan dalam Jadual 1.

Substances Boiling point/ 0 C

(Bahan) (Takat didih / 0 C)
Distilled water
100
(Air suling)
Distilled water + common
salt ……………
(Air suling + garam biasa)
Table 1
Jadual 1

a) Based on the above experiment, what is the thermometer reading in Diagram 1?

Berdasarkan eksperimen di atas, apakah bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 1?

[1 mark/ 1 markah]

b) Give a reason for your answer in (a)

Berikan sebab bagi jawapan anda di (a)
[1 mark/ 1 markah]
 .......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

c) State the variables that are

Nyatakan pembolehubah-pembolehubah yang
(i) fixed:......................................................................................................................
dimalarkan
(ii) manipulated:..........................................................................................................
dimanipulasikan
(iii) responding:............................................................................................................
bergerak balas
[3 marks/ 3 markah]

d) Write one suitable hypothesis for this experiment.

Tuliskan satu hipotesis yang sesuai untuk eksperimen ini.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
[1 mark/ 1 markah]

e) Based on this experiment, state the operational definition for distilled water.
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi air suling.

.......................................................................................................................................
[1 mark/ 1 markah]

2 Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of
ethanol
Rajah 2 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat didih
etanol.
Thermometer
Termometer
Distilled water
Air suling

Pure ethanol
Etanol tulen

Diagram 2
Rajah 2

The results of the experiment are recorded in Table 2.

Keputusan eksperimen direkodkan dalam Jadual 2.

Substances Boiling point/ 0 C

(Bahan) (Takat didih / 0 C)
Pure ethanol
78
Etanol tulen
Pure ethanol + distilled
water ……………
Etanol tulen + air suling

Table 2
Jadual 2

a) Based on the above experiment, what is the thermometer reading in Diagram 2?

Berdasarkan eksperimen di atas, apakah bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 2?
[1 mark/ 1 markah]

b) Write down one inference based on the results of this experiment.

Tuliskan satu inferens berdasarkan keputusan eksperimen ini.
 .......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
[1 mark/ 1 markah]

c) State the variables that are

Nyatakan pembolehubah-pembolehubah yang
(i) fixed:......................................................................................................................
dimalarkan
(ii) manipulated:..........................................................................................................
dimanipulasikan
(iii) responding: ...........................................................................................................
bergerak balas
[3 marks/ 3 markah]

d) Write one suitable hypothesis for this experiment.

Tuliskan satu hipotesis yang sesuai untuk eksperimen ini.

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.......................................................................................................................................
[1 mark/ 1 markah]

e) Based on this experiment, state the operational definition for pure ethanol.
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini, nyatakan definisi secara operasi etanol tulen

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[1 mark/ 1 markah]

Soalan Esei

(Percubaan Kelantan 2012)

1. (a) State two methods of purification. Describe one of the methods.
Nyatakan dua kaedah penulenan. Terangkan satu daripada kaedah
tersebut.
[ 4 marks ]
[ 4 markah]

(b) A student finds that the distilled water in a container has accidentally put
some salt and dissolve to form salt solution.
Explain how to obtain pure water from the salt solution.
Your explanation should include the following :
Seorang pelajar mendapati air suling yang disimpan dalam bikar secara
tak sengaja telah dimasukkan garam dan membentuk larutan garam.
Terangkan bagaimana untuk mendapatkan air tulen daripada larutan
garam tersebut.
Penerangan anda mestilah mengandungi perkara berikut :

 Problem statement
Penyataan masalah [1 mark] [1 markah]

 Name of the method used

Nama kaedah yang digunakan [1 mark] [1 markah]

 Steps of the method used

Langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakukan dalam kaedah itu
[4 marks] [4 markah]