122 Chapter 3 Differentiation

122 Chapter 3 Differentiation
3q tan q aq sec qbˆ3 sec2 q‰ a3q tan qbaq sec q tan q sec qa1bb
32. p œ q sec q Ê dp
dq œ aq sec qb2
3q sec q q sec q 3q sec q tan q 3q sec q q sec q tan2 q sec q tan q‰
3 ˆ 2
q sec3 q 3q2 sec q tan q q sec q tan2 q sec q tan q
œ aq sec qb2
œ aq sec qb2
33. (a) y œ csc x Ê yw œ csc x cot x Ê yww œ a(csc x) acsc# xb (cot x)(csc x cot x)b œ csc$ x csc x cot# x
œ (csc x) acsc# x cot# xb œ (csc x) acsc# x csc# x 1b œ 2 csc$ x csc x
(b) y œ sec x Ê yw œ sec x tan x Ê yww œ (sec x) asec# xb (tan x)(sec x tan x) œ sec$ x sec x tan# x
œ (sec x) asec# x tan# xb œ (sec x) asec# x sec# x 1b œ 2 sec$ x sec x
34. (a) y œ 2 sin x Ê yw œ 2 cos x Ê yww œ 2(sin x) œ 2 sin x Ê ywww œ 2 cos x Ê yÐ%Ñ œ 2 sin x
(b) y œ 9 cos x Ê yw œ 9 sin x Ê yww œ 9 cos x Ê ywww œ 9(sin x) œ 9 sin x Ê yÐ%Ñ œ 9 cos x
35. y œ sin x Ê yw œ cos x Ê slope of tangent at

x œ 1 is yw (1) œ cos (1) œ "; slope of
tangent at x œ 0 is yw (0) œ cos (0) œ 1; and
slope of tangent at x œ 3#1 is yw ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ cos 3#1
œ 0. The tangent at (1ß !) is y 0 œ 1(x 1),
or y œ x 1; the tangent at (0ß 0) is
y 0 œ 1(x 0), or y œ x; and the tangent at
# ß 1 is y œ 1.
ˆ 31 ‰
36. y œ tan x Ê yw œ sec# x Ê slope of tangent at x œ 13

is sec# ˆ 13 ‰ œ 4; slope of tangent at x œ 0 is sec# (0) œ 1;
1
and slope of tangent at x œ 3 is sec# ˆ 13 ‰ œ 4. The tangent
at ˆ 13 ß tanˆ 13 ‰‰ œ Š 13 ß È3‹ is y È3 œ 4ˆx 13 ‰ ;
the tangent at (0ß 0) is y œ x; and the tangent at ˆ 13 ß tan ˆ 13 ‰‰
œ Š 13 ß È3‹ is y È3 œ 4 ˆx 13 ‰ .
37. y œ sec x Ê yw œ sec x tan x Ê slope of tangent at

x œ 13 is sec ˆ 13 ‰ tan ˆ 13 ‰ œ 2È3 ; slope of tangent
1
at x œ is sec ˆ 14 ‰ tan ˆ 14 ‰ œ È2 . The tangent at the point
4
ˆ 1 ß sec ˆ 1 ‰‰ œ ˆ 1 ß #‰ is y 2 œ #È3 ˆx 1 ‰ ;
3 3 3 3
the tangent at the point ˆ 14 ß sec ˆ 14 ‰‰ œ Š 14 ß È2‹ is y È2

œ È2 ˆx 14 ‰ .
38. y œ 1 cos x Ê yw œ sin x Ê slope of tangent at

È
x œ 13 is sin ˆ 13 ‰ œ #3 ; slope of tangent at x œ 31
#
is sin ˆ 31
#
‰ œ 1. The tangent at the point
ˆ 13 ß " cos ˆ 13 ‰‰ œ ˆ 13 ß 3# ‰
È
is y 3# œ #3 ˆx 13 ‰ ; the tangent at the point
ˆ 3#1 ß " cos ˆ 3#1 ‰‰ œ ˆ 3#1 ß 1‰ is y 1 œ x 3#1
39. Yes, y œ x sin x Ê yw œ " cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 cos x œ 0 Ê cos x œ 1 Ê x œ 1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 123
40. No, y œ 2x sin x Ê yw œ 2 cos x; horizontal tangent occurs where 2 cos x œ 0 Ê cos x œ #. But there
are no x-values for which cos x œ #.
41. No, y œ x cot x Ê yw œ 1 csc# x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 csc# x œ 0 Ê csc# x œ 1. But there
are no x-values for which csc# x œ 1.
42. Yes, y œ x 2 cos x Ê yw œ 1 2 sin x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 2 sin x œ 0 Ê 1 œ 2 sin x
Ê "# œ sin x Ê x œ 16 or x œ 561
43. We want all points on the curve where the tangent

line has slope 2. Thus, y œ tan x Ê yw œ sec# x so
that yw œ 2 Ê sec# x œ 2 Ê sec x œ „ È2
Ê x œ „ 14 . Then the tangent line at ˆ 14 ß "‰ has
equation y 1 œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ ; the tangent line at
ˆ 14 ß "‰ has equation y 1 œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ .
44. We want all points on the curve y œ cot x where

the tangent line has slope 1. Thus y œ cot x
Ê yw œ csc# x so that yw œ 1 Ê csc# x œ 1
Ê csc# x œ 1 Ê csc x œ „ 1 Ê x œ 1# . The
tangent line at ˆ 1# ß !‰ is y œ x 12 .
45. y œ 4 cot x 2 csc x Ê yw œ csc# x 2 csc x cot x œ ˆ sin" x ‰ ˆ 1 sin

2 cos x ‰
x
(a) When x œ 1# , then yw œ 1; the tangent line is y œ x 1
# 2.
1
w
(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y œ 0 Ê 1 2 cos x œ 0 Ê x œ 3 radians. When x œ 13 ,
then y œ % È3 is the horizontal tangent.
È2 cos x 1
46. y œ 1 È2 csc x cot x Ê yw œ È2 csc x cot x csc# x œ ˆ sin" x ‰ Š sin x ‹
(a) If x œ 14 , then yw œ 4; the tangent line is y œ 4x 1 4.
31
(b) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set yw œ 0 Ê È2 cos x 1 œ 0 Ê x œ 4 radians. When
31
xœ 4 , then y œ 2 is the horizontal tangent.
47. lim sin ˆ "x #" ‰ œ sin ˆ #" #" ‰ œ sin 0 œ 0

xÄ2
48. lim È1 cos (1 csc x) œ É1 cos ˆ1 csc ˆ 1 ‰‰ œ È1 cos a1 † a2bb œ È2

x Ä 16 6
sin ) "# È3
49. lim1 ) 16 œ d) asin )b¹)œ 1
d
œ cos )¹ œ cosˆ 16 ‰ œ 2
)Ä 6 6 )œ 16

tan ) 1
50. lim1 ) 14 œ d) atan )b¹)œ 1
d
œ sec2 )¹ œ sec2 ˆ 14 ‰ œ 2
)Ä 4 4 )œ 14
1 ‰ ˆ 1 ‰ ˆ 1 ‰‘ œ sec 1 œ 1
51. lim sec cos x 1 tan ˆ 4 sec x 1 œ sec 1 1 tan 4 sec 0 1 œ œ sec 1 tan 4
‘ ‘
xÄ!
52. lim sin ˆ tan1xtan ˆ 1 tan 0 ‰ ˆ 1‰

2 sec x œ sin tan 0 2 sec 0 œ sin # œ 1
x ‰
xÄ!
53. lim tan ˆ1 sin t ‰

œ tan Š1 lim sin t
t ‹ œ tan (1 1) œ 0
tÄ! t tÄ!
1) ‰ ) " "
54. lim cos ˆ sin
)Ä! ) œ cos Š1 lim ) Ä ! sin )
‹ œ cos Œ1 † lim sin ) œ cos ˆ1 † 1 ‰ œ 1
)Ä! )
55. s œ 2 2 sin t Ê v œ ds ˆ1‰

dt œ 2 cos t Ê a œ dt œ 2 sin t Ê j œ dt œ 2 cos t. Therefore, velocity œ v 4
dv da
œ È2 m/sec; speed œ ¸v ˆ 1 ‰¸ œ È2 m/sec; acceleration œ a ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 m/sec# ; jerk œ j ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 m/sec$ .

4 4 4
56. s œ sin t cos t Ê v œ ds

dt œ cos t sin t Ê a œ dv
dt œ sin t cos t Ê j œ da
dt œ cos t sin t. Therefore
velocity œ v ˆ 14 ‰ œ 0 m/sec; speed œ ¸v ˆ 14 ‰¸ œ 0 m/sec; acceleration œ a ˆ 14 ‰ œ È2 m/sec# ; jerk œ j ˆ 1 ‰ œ 0 m/sec$ .
4
sin# 3x
57. lim f(x) œ lim x# œ lim 9 ˆ sin3x3x ‰ ˆ sin3x3x ‰ œ 9 so that f is continuous at x œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ f(0) Ê 9 œ c.
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
58. lim g(x) œ lim c (x b) œ b and lim b g(x) œ lim b cos x œ 1 so that g is continuous at x œ 0 Ê lim c g(x)
x Ä !c xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
œ lim b g(x) Ê b œ 1. Now g is not differentiable at x œ 0: At x œ 0, the left-hand derivative is
xÄ!
d
dx (x b)¸ x = 0 œ 1, but the right-hand derivative is d
dx (cos x)¸ x=0 œ sin 0 œ 0. The left- and right-hand
derivatives can never agree at x œ 0, so g is not differentiable at x œ 0 for any value of b (including b œ 1).
d*** d%
59. dx*** (cos x) œ sin x because dx%
(cos x) œ cos x Ê the derivative of cos x any number of times that is a
d***
multiple of 4 is cos x. Thus, dividing 999 by 4 gives 999 œ 249 † 4 3 Ê dx*** (cos x)
$ #%*†% $
œ d
dx$
d
’ dx #%* % (cos x)“ œ
†
d
dx$ (cos x) œ sin x.
" (cos x)(0) (1)(sin x)

60. (a) y œ sec x œ cos x Ê dy
dx œ (cos x)# œ sin x
cos# x œ ˆ cos" x ‰ ˆ cos x œ sec x tan x
sin x ‰
Ê d
dx (sec x) œ sec x tan x
" (sin x)(0) (1)(cos x) cos x " ‰ ˆ cos x ‰
(b) y œ csc x œ sin x Ê dy
dx œ (sin x)# œ sin# x œ ˆ sin x sin x œ csc x cot x
Ê d
dx (csc x) œ csc x cot x
(sin x)(sin x) (cos x)(cos x) sin# xcos# x "
(c) y œ cot x œ cos x
sin x Ê dy
dx œ (sin x)# œ sin# x œ sin# x œ csc# x
#
Ê d
dx (cot x) œ csc x
1
61. (a) t œ 0 Ä x œ 10 cosa0b œ 10 cm; t œ 3 Ä x œ 10 cosˆ 13 ‰ œ 5 cm; t œ 341 Ä x œ 10 cosˆ 341 ‰ œ 5È2 cm
1
(b) t œ 0 Ä v œ 10 sina0b œ 0 sec
cm
;tœ 3 Ä v œ 10 sinˆ 13 ‰ œ 5È3 seccm
; t œ 341 Ä v œ 10 sinˆ 341 ‰ œ 5È2 sec
cm
1
62. (a) t œ 0 Ä x œ 3 cosa0b 4 sina0b œ 3 ft; t œ 2 Ä x œ 3 cosˆ 12 ‰ 4 sinˆ 12 ‰ œ 4 ft;
t œ 1 Ä x œ 3 cosa1b 4 sina1b œ 3 ft
1
(b) t œ 0 Ä v œ 3 sina0b 4 cosa0b œ 4 sec
ft
;tœ 2 Ä v œ 3 sinˆ 12 ‰ 4 cosˆ 12 ‰ œ 3 ft
sec ;
t œ 1 Ä v œ 3 sina1b 4 cosa1b œ 4 ft
sec

Section 3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 125
63.
sin (x h) sin x
As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y œ h get
closer and closer to the black curve y œ cos x because d
dx (sin x) œ lim sin (x h)
h
sin x
œ cos x. The same
hÄ!
is true as h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.1.
64.
cos (x h) cos x
As h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y œ h get
closer and closer to the black curve y œ sin x because d
dx (cos x) œ lim cos (x h)
h
cos x
œ sin x. The
hÄ!
same is true as h takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1.
65. (a)
sinax hb sinax hb
The dashed curves of y œ #h are closer to the black curve y œ cos x than the corresponding dashed
curves in Exercise 63 illustrating that the centered difference quotient is a better approximation of the derivative of
this function.
(b)
cosax hb cosax hb
The dashed curves of y œ #h are closer to the black curve y œ sin x than the corresponding dashed
curves in Exercise 64 illustrating that the centered difference quotient is a better approximation of the derivative of
this function.
k0 h k k 0 h k k h k k hk
66. lim œ lim œ lim 0 œ 0 Ê the limits of the centered difference quotient exists even
hÄ! 2h xÄ! 2h hÄ!
though the derivative of f(x) œ kxk does not exist at x œ 0.

67. y œ tan x Ê yw œ sec# x, so the smallest value

yw œ sec# x takes on is yw œ 1 when x œ 0;
yw has no maximum value since sec# x has no
largest value on ˆ 1# ß 1# ‰ ; yw is never negative
since sec# x 1.
68. y œ cot x Ê yw œ csc# x so yw has no smallest

value since csc# x has no minimum value on
(!ß 1); the largest value of yw is 1, when x œ 1# ;
the slope is never positive since the largest
value yw œ csc2 x takes on is 1.
69. y œ x appears to cross the y-axis at y œ 1, since

sin x
lim sin x œ 1; y œ sinx2x appears to cross the y-axis

xÄ! x
at y œ 2, since lim sinx2x œ 2; y œ sinx4x appears to
xÄ!
cross the y-axis at y œ 4, since lim sinx4x œ 4.
xÄ!
However, none of these graphs actually cross the y-axis
since x œ 0 is not in the domain of the functions. Also,
sin (3x)
lim sin 5x
œ 5, lim œ 3, and lim sin kx
xÄ! x xÄ! x xÄ! x
sin (3x)
œ k Ê the graphs of y œ sin 5x
x , yœ x , and
yœ sin kx
x approach 5, 3, and k, respectively, as
x Ä 0. However, the graphs do not actually cross the
y-axis.
sin h ˆ sinh h ‰ ˆ 180 ‰

70. (a) h h 1
1 .017452406 .99994923
0.01 .017453292 1
0.001 .017453292 1
0.0001 .017453292 1
1 ‰
sin ˆh† 180 1 1 ‰
sin ˆh† 180 1 sin )
1 1
lim sin h°
œ lim œ lim 180
1 œ lim 180
œ () œ h † 180 )
hÄ! h xÄ! h hÄ! 180 †h )Ä! ) 180
(converting to radians)
cos h1
(b) h h
1 0.0001523
0.01 0.0000015
0.001 0.0000001
0.0001 0
cos h1
lim h œ 0, whether h is measured in degrees or radians.
hÄ!
sin (x h) sin x (sin x cos h cos x sin h) sin x
(c) In degrees, d
dx (sin x) œ lim h œ lim h
hÄ! hÄ!
cos h 1 ‰
œ lim ˆsin x † h lim ˆcos x † sin h ‰
h œ (sin x) † lim ˆ cos hh 1 ‰ (cos x) † lim ˆ sinh h ‰
hÄ! hÄ! hÄ! hÄ!
1 ‰ 1
œ (sin x)(0) (cos x) ˆ 180 œ 180 cos x

Section 3.6 The Chain Rule 127
cos (x h) cos x (cos x cos h sin x sin h) cos x
(d) In degrees, d
dx (cos x) œ lim h œ lim h
hÄ! hÄ!
(cos x)(cos h 1) sin x sin h cos h 1 ‰
œ lim h œ lim ˆcos x † h lim ˆsin x † sin h ‰
h
hÄ! hÄ! hÄ!
cos h 1 ‰ 1 ‰ 1
œ (cos x) lim ˆ h (sin x) lim ˆ sinh h ‰ œ (cos x)(0) (sin x) ˆ 180 œ 180 sin x
hÄ! hÄ!
d# 1 1 ‰# d$ 1 ‰ # 1 ‰ $
(e) dx# (sin x) œ d
dx
ˆ 180 cos x‰ œ ˆ 180 sin x; dx$ (sin x) œ d
dx Š ˆ 180 sin x‹ œ ˆ 180 cos x;
d# 1 1 ‰# d$ 1 ‰ # 1 ‰ $
dx# (cos x) œ d
dx
ˆ 180 sin x‰ œ ˆ 180 cos x; dx$ (cos x) œ d
dx Š ˆ 180 cos x‹ œ ˆ 180 sin x
3.6 THE CHAIN RULE
"
1. f(u) œ 6u 9 Ê f w (u) œ 6 Ê f w (g(x)) œ 6; g(x) œ # x% Ê gw (x) œ 2x$ ; therefore dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) œ 6 † 2x$ œ 12x$
2. f(u) œ 2u$ Ê f w (u) œ 6u# Ê f w (g(x)) œ 6(8x 1)# ; g(x) œ 8x 1 Ê gw (x) œ 8; therefore dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x)
œ 6(8x 1)# † 8 œ 48(8x 1)#
3. f(u) œ sin u Ê f w (u) œ cos u Ê f w (g(x)) œ cos (3x 1); g(x) œ 3x 1 Ê gw (x) œ 3; therefore dy
œ (cos (3x 1))(3) œ 3 cos (3x 1)
4. f(u) œ cos u Ê f w (u) œ sin u Ê f w (g(x)) œ sin ˆ 3x ‰ ; g(x) œ x

3 Ê gw (x) œ "3 ; therefore dy
œ sin ˆ 3x ‰ † ˆ "
3
‰ œ "3 sin ˆ 3x ‰
5. f(u) œ cos u Ê f w (u) œ sin u Ê f w (g(x)) œ sin (sin x); g(x) œ sin x Ê gw (x) œ cos x; therefore
dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) œ (sin (sin x)) cos x
6. f(u) œ sin u Ê f w (u) œ cos u Ê f w (g(x)) œ cos (x cos x); g(x) œ x cos x Ê gw (x) œ 1 sin x; therefore
dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) œ (cos (x cos x))(1 sin x)
7. f(u) œ tan u Ê f w (u) œ sec# u Ê f w (g(x)) œ sec# (10x 5); g(x) œ 10x 5 Ê gw (x) œ 10; therefore
dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) œ asec# (10x 5)b (10) œ 10 sec# (10x 5)
8. f(u) œ sec u Ê f w (u) œ sec u tan u Ê f w (g(x)) œ sec ax# 7xb tan ax# 7xb ; g(x) œ x# 7x
Ê gw (x) œ 2x 7; therefore dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) œ (2x 7) sec ax# 7xb tan ax# 7xb
9. With u œ (2x 1), y œ u& : dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ 5u% † 2 œ 10(2x 1)%
10. With u œ (4 3x), y œ u* : dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ 9u) † (3) œ 27(4 3x))
)
11. With u œ ˆ1 x7 ‰ , y œ u( : dy
dx œ dy du
du dx œ 7u) † ˆ "7 ‰ œ ˆ" x7 ‰
""
12. With u œ ˆ x# 1‰ , y œ u"! : dy
dx œ dy du
du dx œ 10u"" † ˆ "# ‰ œ 5 ˆ x# 1‰
# # $
13. With u œ Š x8 x "x ‹ , y œ u% : dy
dx œ dy du
du dx œ 4u$ † ˆ x4 1 "‰
x# œ 4 Š x8 x "x ‹ ˆ x4 1 "‰
x#
14. With u œ 3x2 4x 6, y œ u1Î2 : dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ "# u1Î2 † a6x 4b œ 3x 2
È3x2 4x6

15. With u œ tan x, y œ sec u: dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ (sec u tan u) asec# xb œ (sec (tan x) tan (tan x)) sec# x
16. With u œ 1 "x , y œ cot u: dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ acsc# ub ˆ x"# ‰ œ x"# csc# ˆ1 x" ‰
17. With u œ sin x, y œ u$ : dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ 3u# cos x œ 3 asin# xb (cos x)
18. With u œ cos x, y œ 5u% : dy

dx œ dy du
du dx œ a20u& b (sin x) œ 20 acos& xb (sin x)
"
19. p œ È3 t œ (3 t)"Î# Ê dp
dt œ # (3 t)"Î# † d
dt (3 t) œ "# (3 t)"Î# œ "
2È 3 t
"Î3 " 2 Î3 " 2 Î3 2 2r

20. q œ È
3
2r r# œ a2r r# b Ê dq
œ a2r r# b † d
a2r r# b œ a2r r# b (2 2r) œ
dr 3 dr 3 3a2rr# b2Î3
21. s œ 4
31 sin 3t 4
51 cos 5t Ê ds
dt œ 4
31 cos 3t † d
dt (3t) 4
51 (sin 5t) † d
dt (5t) œ 4
1 cos 3t 4
1 sin 5t
œ 4
1 (cos 3t sin 5t)
22. s œ sin ˆ 3#1t ‰ cos ˆ 3#1t ‰ Ê ds

dt œ cos ˆ 3#1t ‰ † d
dt
ˆ 3#1t ‰ sin ˆ 3#1t ‰ † d
dt
ˆ 3#1t ‰ œ 31
2 cos ˆ 3#1t ‰ 31
2 sin ˆ 3#1t ‰
œ 321 ˆcos 3#1t sin 3#1t ‰
csc ) cot ) csc# ) csc ) (cot ) csc )) csc )

23. r œ (csc ) cot ))" Ê dr
d) œ (csc ) cot ))# d
d) (csc ) cot )) œ (csc ) cot ))# œ (csc ) cot ))# œ csc ) cot )
24. r œ 6(sec ) tan ))3Î2 Ê dr

d) œ 6 † 3# asec ) tan )b1Î# d
d) asec ) tan )b œ 9Èsec ) tan )asec ) tan ) sec2 )b
25. y œ x# sin% x x cos# x Ê dy # d % % #

dx œ x dx asin xb sin x † dx ax b x dx acos
d d #
xb cos# x † d
dx (x)
œ x# ˆ4 sin$ x dx
d
(sin x)‰ 2x sin% x x ˆ2 cos$ x † dx
d
(cos x)‰ cos# x
œ x# a4 sin$ x cos xb 2x sin% x xa a2 cos$ xb (sin x)b cos# x
œ 4x# sin$ x cos x 2x sin% x 2x sin x cos$ x cos# x
" " d d ˆ"‰

26. y œ x sin& x x
3 cos$ x Ê yw œ
asin& xb sin& x † dx
x dx
x d $ $
x 3 dx acos xb cos x †
d
dx
ˆ x3 ‰
œ "x a5 sin' x cos xb asin& xb ˆ x"# ‰ 3x a a3 cos# xb (sin x)b acos$ xb ˆ 3" ‰
" "
œ 5x sin' x cos x x# sin& x x cos# x sin x 3 cos$ x
" ( " ‰" ' " ‰# " ‰

27. y œ 21 (3x 2) 4 #x#
ˆ Ê dy
dx œ 21 (3x 2) † dx (3x 2)
7 d
(1) ˆ4 #x # † d
dx
ˆ4 #x#
' " ‰# ˆ " ‰ ' "
œ 21 (3x 2) † 3 (1) 4 #x#
7 ˆ x$ œ (3x 2) $ #
x Š4 "# ‹
#x
% $ $
28. y œ (5 2x)$ "8 ˆ x2 1‰ Ê dy
dx œ 3(5 2x)% (2) 84 ˆ x2 1‰ ˆ x2# ‰ œ 6(5 2x)% ˆ x"# ‰ ˆ x2 1‰
$
Š 2x 1‹
œ 6
(5 2x)%
x#
29. y œ (4x 3)% (x 1)$ Ê dy

dx œ (4x 3)% (3)(x 1)% † d
dx (x 1) (x 1)$ (4)(4x 3)$ † d
dx (4x 3)
% % $ $ % %
œ (4x 3) (3)(x 1) (1) (x 1) (4)(4x 3) (4) œ 3(4x 3) (x 1) 16(4x 3) (x 1)$ $
$ $
(4x 3) (4x 3) (4x 7)
œ (x 1)%
c3(4x 3) 16(x 1)d œ (x 1)%

' & '
30. y œ (2x 5)" ax# 5xb Ê dy
dx œ (2x 5)" (6) ax# 5xb (2x 5) ax# 5xb (1)(2x 5)# (2)
'
& 2 ax# 5xb
œ 6 ax# 5xb (2x 5)#
31. h(x) œ x tan ˆ2Èx‰ 7 Ê hw (x) œ x dx d ˆ

tan ˆ2x"Î# ‰‰ tan ˆ2x"Î# ‰ † dx
d
(x) 0
# ˆ "Î# ‰ d ˆ "Î# ‰ "Î# ‰ "
œ x sec 2x † dx 2x tan 2x
ˆ œ x sec 2 x † È tan 2Èx‰ œ Èx sec# ˆ2Èx‰ tan ˆ2Èx‰
#ˆ È ‰ ˆ
x
32. k(x) œ x# sec ˆ "x ‰ Ê kw (x) œ x# dx d ˆ

sec x" ‰ sec ˆ x" ‰ † dx
d
ax# b œ x# sec ˆ x" ‰ tan ˆ x" ‰ † d
dx
ˆ x" ‰ 2x sec ˆ x" ‰
œ x# sec ˆ "x ‰ tan ˆ x" ‰ † ˆ x"# ‰ 2x sec ˆ x" ‰ œ 2x sec ˆ x" ‰ sec ˆ x" ‰ tan ˆ x" ‰
33. faxb œ È7 x sec x Ê f w axb œ "# a7 x sec xb1Î2 ax † asec x tan xb asec xb † "b œ x sec x tan x sec x
#È7x sec x
ax 7b4 ˆsec2 3x†$‰ atan 3xb4ax 7b3 †1 ax 7b3 ˆ$ax 7bsec2 3x 4tan 3x‰
34. gaxb œ tan 3x
ax 7 b 4
Ê gw axb œ ax 7b4 ‘2
œ ax 7 b 8
ˆ$ax 7bsec2 3x 4tan 3x‰
œ ax 7 b5
# (1 cos ))(cos )) (sin ))(sin ))

35. f()) œ ˆ 1 sincos) ) ‰ Ê f w ()) œ 2 ˆ 1 sincos) ) ‰ † d
d)
ˆ 1 sincos) ) ‰ œ 2 sin )
1 cos ) † (1 cos ))#
(2 sin )) acos ) cos# ) sin# )b (2 sin )) (cos ) 1) 2 sin )
œ (1 cos ))$ œ (1 cos ))$ œ (1 cos ))#
" a1 sin 3tba2b a3 2tba3 cos 3tb

36. g(t) œ ˆ 1 sin 3t ‰
3 2t œ 3 2t
1 sin 3t Ê gw (t) œ a1 sin 3tb2
œ 2 2sin 3t 9 cos 3t 6t cos 3t
a1 sin 3tb2
37. r œ sin a)# b cos (2)) Ê dr

d) œ sin a)# b (sin 2)) d
d) (2)) cos (2)) acos a)# bb † d
d) a) # b
œ sin a)# b (sin 2))(2) (cos 2)) acos a)# bb (2)) œ 2 sin a)# b sin (#)) 2) cos (2)) cos a)# b
38. r œ Šsec È)‹ tan ˆ ") ‰ Ê dr

d) œ Šsec È)‹ ˆ sec# ") ‰ ˆ )"# ‰ tan ˆ ") ‰ Šsec È) tan È)‹ Š "
‹
#È )
tan È) tan ˆ ") ‰ sec# ˆ )" ‰
œ )"# sec È) sec# ˆ ") ‰ "
tan ˆ ") ‰ sec È) tan È) œ Šsec È)‹ ” )# •
#È ) #È )
Èt 1 (1)t † d ˆÈ t 1 ‰
39. q œ sin Š Ètt 1 ‹ Ê dq
dt œ cos Š Ètt 1 ‹ † d
dt Š Ètt 1 ‹ œ cos Š Ètt 1 ‹ † dt
#
ˆÈ t 1 ‰
Èt 1
È
t
1) t
œ cos Š Ètt 1 ‹ † t1
2 t 1
œ cos Š Ètt 1 ‹ Š 2(t
2(t 1)$Î#
‹ œ Š 2(tt1)2$Î# ‹ cos Š Ètt 1 ‹
40. q œ cot ˆ sint t ‰ Ê dq

dt œ csc# ˆ sint t ‰ † d
dt
ˆ sint t ‰ œ ˆcsc# ˆ sint t ‰‰ ˆ t cos tt# sin t ‰
41. y œ sin# (1t 2) Ê dy

dt œ 2 sin (1t 2) † d
dt sin (1t 2) œ 2 sin (1t 2) † cos (1t 2) † d
dt (1t 2)
œ 21 sin (1t 2) cos (1t 2)
42. y œ sec# 1t Ê dy
dt œ (2 sec 1t) † d
dt (sec 1t) œ (2 sec 1t)(sec 1t tan 1t) † d
dt (1t) œ 21 sec# 1t tan 1t
43. y œ (1 cos 2t)% Ê dy

dt œ 4(1 cos 2t)& † d
dt (1 cos 2t) œ 4(1 cos 2t)& (sin 2t) † d
dt (2t) œ 8 sin 2t
(1 cos 2t)&
# $ $
44. y œ ˆ1 cot ˆ #t ‰‰ Ê dy
dt œ 2 ˆ1 cot ˆ #t ‰‰ † dˆ
dt 1 cot ˆ #t ‰‰ œ 2 ˆ1 cot ˆ #t ‰‰ † ˆcsc# ˆ #t ‰‰ † dˆt‰
dt #
csc# ˆ #t ‰
œ $
ˆ1 cot ˆ t ‰‰
#

45. y œ at tan tb10 Ê dy

dt œ 10at tan tb9 at † sec2 t 1 † tan tb œ 10 t9 tan9 tat sec2 t tan tb œ 10 t10 tan9 t sec2 t 10 t9 tan10 t
4 Î3 4asin tb1Î3 cos t asin tb4Î3

46. y œ ˆt3Î4 sin t‰ œ t1 asin tb4Î3 Ê dy
dt œ t1 ˆ 34 ‰asin tb1Î3 cost t2 asin tb4Î3 œ 3t t2
asin tb1Î3 a4t cos t 3cos tb
œ 3t2
3 2 ˆt3 4t‰a2tb t2 ˆ3t2 4‰ 3t4 ˆt4 4t2 ‰ 3t2 ˆt2 4‰

2 2
3t4 2t4 8t2 3t4 4t2
47. y œ Š t3 t 4t ‹ Ê dy
dt œ 3Š t3 t 4t ‹ † at3 4tb2
œ at3 4tb2
† at3 4tb2
œ t4 at2 4b4
œ at2 4b4
4‰ 5 4‰ 6 a5t 2b†3 a3t 4b†5 2‰ 6 15t 6 15t 20 5t 2b 6

48. y œ ˆ 3t
5t 2 Ê dy
dt œ 5ˆ 3t
5t 2 † a5t 2b2
œ 5ˆ 5t
3t 4 † a5t 2b2
œ 5 aa3t 4 b6
† 26
a5t 2b2
130a5t 2b4
œ a3t 4b6
49. y œ sin acos (2t 5)b Ê dy

dt œ cos (cos (2t 5)) † d
dt cos (2t 5) œ cos (cos (2t 5)) † (sin (2t 5)) † d
dt (2t 5)
œ 2 cos (cos (2t 5))(sin (2t 5))
50. y œ cos ˆ5 sin ˆ 3t ‰‰ Ê dy dt œ sin 5 sin 3

ˆ ˆ t ‰‰ † d
dt
ˆ5 sin ˆ 3t ‰‰ œ sin ˆ5 sin ˆ 3t ‰‰ ˆ5 cos ˆ 3t ‰‰ † d
dt
ˆ 3t ‰
œ 53 sin ˆ5 sin ˆ 3t ‰‰ ˆcos ˆ 3t ‰‰
$ % ˆ t ‰‘# d #
51. y œ 1 tan% ˆ 1t# ‰‘ Ê dt œ 3 1 tan
dy 1# † dt 1 tan% ˆ 1t# ‰‘ œ 3 1 tan% ˆ 1t# ‰‘ 4 tan$ ˆ 1t# ‰ † d
dt tan ˆ 1t# ‰‘
% ˆ t ‰‘# $ˆ t ‰ #ˆ t ‰ " ‘ #
œ 12 1 tan 1# tan 1# sec 1# † 1# œ 1 tan% ˆ 1t# ‰‘ tan$ ˆ 1t# ‰ sec# ˆ 1t# ‰‘
" $ # #
52. y œ 6 c1 cos# (7t)d Ê dy
dt œ 3
6 c1 cos# (7t)d † 2 cos (7t)(sin (7t))(7) œ 7 c1 cos# (7t)d (cos (7t) sin (7t))
"Î# " "Î# " "Î#

53. y œ a1 cos at# bb Ê dy
dt œ # a1 cos at# bb † d
dt a1 cos at# bb œ # a1 cos at# bb ˆsin at# b † d
dt a t# b ‰
"Î# #
œ "# a1 cos at# bb asin at# bb † 2t œ È1t sin at b
cos at# b
"
54. y œ 4 sin ŒÉ1 Èt Ê dy
dt œ 4 cos ŒÉ1 Èt † d
dt ŒÉ1 Èt œ 4 cos ŒÉ1 Èt † † d
dt
ˆ1 Èt‰
# É 1 È t
2 cos ŒÉ1 Èt cos ŒÉ1 Èt

œ œ
É1 Èt†2Èt Ét tÈt
55. y œ tan2 asin3 tb Ê dy

dt œ 2 tanasin3 tb † sec2 asin3 tb † a3sin2 t † acos tbb œ 6 tanasin3 tbsec2 asin3 tbsin2 t cos t
56. y œ cos4 asec2 3tb Ê dy

dt œ 4 cos3 asec2 a3tbbasinasec2 a3tbb † 2 aseca3tbbaseca3tb tana3tb † 3bb
œ 24 cos3 asec2 a3tbbsinasec2 a3tbbsec2 a3tb tana3tb
4 3 4 3 3
57. y œ 3ta2t2 5b Ê dy
dt œ 3t † 4a2t2 5b a4tb 3 † a2t2 5b œ 3a2t2 5b ’16t2 2t2 5“ œ 3a2t2 5b a18t2 5b
1 Î2 1 Î2
58. y œ Ê3t É2 È1 t Ê dy
dt œ "# Œ3t É2 È1 t "
Œ3 # Š2 È1 t‹
"
# a1 tb1Î2 a1b
" " 1 " 12È1tÉ2È1t " 12È1tÉ2È1t "

œ 3 † #È 1 t
œ œ
#Ê3tÉ2È1t #É2È1t #Ê3tÉ2È1t 4È1tÉ2È1t 8È1tÉ2È1tÊ3tÉ2È1t

$ # #
59. y œ ˆ1 "x ‰ Ê yw œ 3 ˆ1 x" ‰ ˆ x"# ‰ œ x3# ˆ1 x" ‰ Ê yww œ ˆ x3# ‰ † d
dx
ˆ1 x" ‰# ˆ1 x" ‰# † d
dx
ˆ x3# ‰
#
œ ˆ x3# ‰ ˆ2 ˆ1 x" ‰ ˆ x"# ‰‰ ˆ x6$ ‰ ˆ1 x" ‰ œ 6
x%
ˆ1 x" ‰ 6
x$
ˆ1 x" ‰# œ 6
x$
ˆ1 x" ‰ ˆ x" 1 x" ‰
œ x6$ ˆ1 x" ‰ ˆ1 2x ‰
" #
60. y œ ˆ1 Èx‰ Ê yw œ ˆ1 Èx‰ ˆ "# x"Î# ‰ œ "
#
ˆ1 Èx‰# x"Î#
" # $
Ê yww œ # ’ˆ1 Èx‰ ˆ "# x$Î# ‰ x"Î# (2) ˆ1 Èx‰ ˆ "# x"Î# ‰“
" # $ $
œ # ’ "
# x
$Î# ˆ
1 Èx‰ x" ˆ1 Èx‰ “ œ "
# x" ˆ1 Èx‰ "# x"Î# ˆ1 Èx‰ 1‘
œ "
#x
ˆ1 Èx‰$ Š "
"
# 1‹ œ "
#x
ˆ1 Èx‰$ Š 3# "
‹
#È x #Èx
"
61. y œ 9 cot (3x 1) Ê yw œ 9" csc# (3x 1)(3) œ 3" csc# (3x 1) Ê yww œ ˆ 32 ‰ (csc (3x 1) † d
dx csc (3x 1))
#
œ 2
3 csc (3x 1)(csc (3x 1) cot (3x 1) † d
dx (3x 1)) œ 2 csc (3x 1) cot (3x 1)
62. y œ 9 tan ˆ x3 ‰ Ê yw œ 9 ˆsec# ˆ x3 ‰‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 3 sec# ˆ x3 ‰ Ê yww œ 3 † 2 sec ˆ x3 ‰ ˆsec ˆ x3 ‰ tan ˆ x3 ‰‰ ˆ "3 ‰ œ 2 sec# ˆ 3x ‰ tan ˆ 3x ‰
63. y œ xa2x 1b4 Ê yw œ x † 4a2x 1b3 a2b 1 † a2x 1b4 œ a2x 1b3 a8x a2x 1bb œ a2x 1b3 a10x 1b
Ê yww œ a2x 1b3 a10b 3a2x 1b2 a2ba10x 1b œ 2a2x 1b2 a5a2x 1b 3a10x 1bb œ 2a2x 1b2 a40x 8b
œ 16a2x 1b2 a5x 1b
5 4 5 4 4
64. y œ x2 ax3 1b Ê yw œ x2 † 5ax3 1b a3x2 b 2xax3 1b œ xax3 1b ’15x3 2ax3 1b“ œ ax3 1b a17x4 2xb
4 3 3
Ê yww œ ax3 1b a68x3 2b 4ax3 1b a3x2 ba17x4 2xb œ 2ax3 1b ’ax3 1ba34x3 1b 6x2 a17x4 2xb“
3
œ 2ax3 1b a136x6 47x3 1b
" "
65. g(x) œ Èx Ê gw (x) œ #È x
Ê g(1) œ 1 and gw (1) œ # ; f(u) œ u& 1 Ê f w (u) œ 5u% Ê f w (g(1)) œ f w (1) œ 5;
"
therefore, (f ‰ g)w (1) œ f w (g(1)) † gw (1) œ 5 † # œ 5
#
" " " "

66. g(x) œ (1 x)" Ê gw (x) œ (1 x)# (1) œ (1x)# Ê g(1) œ # and gw (1) œ 4 ; f(u) œ 1 u
"
Ê f w (u) œ u# Ê f w (g(1)) œ f w ˆ #" ‰ œ 4; therefore, (f ‰ g)w (1) œ f (g(1))gw (1) œ 4 † w "
4 œ1
67. g(x) œ 5Èx Ê gw (x) œ 5

#È x
Ê g(1) œ 5 and gw (1) œ #5 ; f(u) œ cot ˆ 110u ‰ Ê f w (u) œ csc# ˆ 110u ‰ ˆ 10
1‰
œ 1
10 csc# ˆ 110u ‰
1 # ˆ1‰ 1 1
Ê f w (g(1)) œ f w (5) œ 10 csc # œ 10 ; therefore, (f ‰ g)w (1) œ f w (g(1))gw (1) œ 10 † 5# = 14
68. g(x) œ 1x Ê gw (x) œ 1 Ê g ˆ "4 ‰ œ 14 and gw ˆ 4" ‰ œ 1; f(u) œ u sec# u Ê f w (u) œ 1 2 sec u † sec u tan u
œ 1 2 sec# u tan u Ê f w ˆg ˆ "4 ‰‰ œ f w ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1 2 sec# 14 tan 14 œ 5; therefore, (f ‰ g)w ˆ 4" ‰ œ f w ˆg ˆ 4" ‰‰ gw ˆ 4" ‰ œ 51
au# 1b(2) (2u)(2u)

69. g(x) œ 10x# x 1 Ê gw (x) œ 20x 1 Ê g(0) œ 1 and gw (0) œ 1; f(u) œ 2u
u # 1 Ê f w (u) œ au # 1 b #
2u# 2
œ au # 1 b #
Ê f w (g(0)) œ f w (1) œ 0; therefore, (f ‰ g)w (0) œ f w (g(0))gw (0) œ 0 † 1 œ 0
" #
70. g(x) œ w
x# 1 Ê g (x) œ x$ Ê g(1) œ 0 and
2
gw (1) œ 2; f(u) œ ˆ uu
1
1‰
Ê f w (u) œ 2 ˆ uu
1
1‰ d
du
ˆ uu
1
1‰
1 ‰ (u 1)(1) (u 1)(1)
œ 2 ˆ uu
1 † (u 1)# œ 2(u(u1)(2) 4(u 1)
1)$ œ (u 1)$ Ê f w (g(1)) œ f w (0) œ 4; therefore,
w w w
(f ‰ g) (1) œ f (g(1))g (1) œ (4)(2) œ 8

71. y œ fagaxbb, f w a3b œ 1, gw a2b œ 5, ga2b œ 3 Ê y w œ f w agaxbbg w axb Ê y w ¹ œ f w aga2bbgw a2b œ f w a3b † 5
x œ2
œ a1b † 5 œ 5
72. r œ sinafatbb, fa0b œ 13 , f w a0b œ 4 Ê dr

dt œ cosafatbb † f w atb Ê dr
dt ¹tœ0 œ cosafa0bb † f w a0b œ cosˆ 13 ‰ † 4 œ ˆ "# ‰ † 4 œ 2
73. (a) y œ 2f(x) Ê dy

dx œ 2f w (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=2 œ 2f w (2) œ 2 ˆ "3 ‰ œ 2
3
(b) y œ f(x) g(x) Ê dy

dx œ f w (x) gw (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=3 œ f w (3) gw (3) œ 21 5
(c) y œ f(x) † g(x) Ê dy

dx œ f(x)gw (x) g(x)f w (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=3 œ f(3)gw (3) g(3)f w (3) œ 3 † 5 (4)(21) œ 15 81
g(x)f w (x) f(x)gw (x) g(2)f w (2) f(2)gw (2) (2) ˆ "3 ‰ (8)(3)
(d) y œ f(x)
g(x) Ê dy
dx œ [g(x)]# Ê dy
dx ¹ x=2 œ [g(2)]# œ ## œ 37
6
"
(e) y œ f(g(x)) Ê dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=2 œ f w (g(2))gw (2) œ f w (2)(3) œ 3 (3) œ 1
" w w ˆ "3 ‰ " " È2
(f) y œ (f(x))"Î# Ê dy
dx œ # (f(x))"Î# † f w (x) œ f (x)
#Èf(x)
Ê dy
dx ¹ x=2 œ f (2)
#Èf(2)
œ #È 8
œ 6È 8
œ 1 #È 2
œ 24
(g) y œ (g(x))# Ê dy
dx œ 2(g(x))$ † gw (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=3 œ 2(g(3))$ gw (3) œ 2(4)$ † 5 œ 5
3#
"Î# " "Î#
(h) y œ a(f(x))# (g(x))# b Ê dy
dx #œ a(f(x))# (g(x))# b a2f(x) † f w (x) 2g(x) † gw (x)b
" # "Î# " "Î# "
Ê dy
dx ¹ x=2 œ # a(f(2))# (g(2)) b a2f(2)f w (2) 2g(2)gw (2)b œ # a8# 2# b ˆ2 † 8 † 3 2 † 2 † (3)‰ œ 3È517
74. (a) y œ 5f(x) g(x) Ê dy

dx œ 5f w (x) gw (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x=1 œ 5f w (1) gw (1) œ 5 ˆ 3" ‰ ˆ 38 ‰ œ 1
(b) y œ f(x)(g(x))$ Ê dy
dx œ f(x) a3(g(x))# gw (x)b (g(x))$ f w (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 0 œ $f(0)(g(0))# gw (0) (g(0))$ f w (0)
œ 3(1)(1)# ˆ 3" ‰ (1)$ (5) œ 6
(g(x) 1)f w (x) f(x) gw (x) (g(1) 1)f w (1) f(1)gw (1)
(c) y œ f(x)
g(x) 1 Ê dy
dx œ (g(x) 1)# Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 1 œ (g(1) 1)#
(4") ˆ "3 ‰(3) ˆ 83 ‰
œ (41)# œ1
(d) y œ f(g(x)) Ê dy
dx œ f w (g(x))gw (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 0 œ f w (g(0))gw (0) œ f w (1) ˆ "3 ‰ œ ˆ "3 ‰ ˆ 3" ‰ œ 9"
(e) y œ g(f(x)) Ê dy
dx œ gw (f(x))f w (x) Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 0 œ gw (f(0))f w (0) œ gw (1)(5) œ ˆ 83 ‰ (5) œ 40
3
# $
(f) y œ ax"" f(x)b Ê dy
dx œ 2 ax"" f(x)b a11x"! f w (x)b Ê dy
dx ¹ x=1 œ 2(1 f(1))$ a11 f w (1)b
œ 2(1 3)$ ˆ11 "3 ‰ œ ˆ 42$ ‰ ˆ 32 "
3 œ 3
‰
(g) y œ f(x g(x)) Ê dy
dx œ f w (x g(x)) a1 gw (x)b Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 0 œ f w (0 g(0)) a1 gw (0)b œ f w (1) ˆ1 "3 ‰
œ ˆ "3 ‰ ˆ 43 ‰ œ 49
d)
75. ds
dt œ ds
d) † dt : s œ cos ) Ê ds
d) œ sin ) Ê ds ¸
d) ) = 321 œ sin ˆ 3#1 ‰ œ 1 so that ds
dt œ ds
d) † d)
dt œ 1†5œ 5
"
76. dy
dt œ dy
dx † dx
dt : y œ x# 7x 5 Ê dy
dx œ 2x 7 Ê dy
dx ¹ x = 1 œ 9 so that dy
dt œ dy
dx † dx
dt œ9† 3 œ3
77. With y œ x, we should get dy

dx œ 1 for both (a) and (b):
" "
(a) y œ u
5 7 Ê dy
du œ 5 ; u œ 5x 35 Ê du
dx œ 5; therefore, dx œ du
dy dy
† dx œ 5
du
† 5 œ 1, as expected
(b) y œ 1 "u Ê dy
du œ "
u# ; u œ (x 1) "
Ê du
dx œ (x 1) (1) œ # "
(x 1)# ; therefore dy
dx œ dy
du † du
dx
œ " "
u# † (x 1)# œ "
a(x 1) " b#
† "
(x 1)# œ (x 1)# † "
(x 1)# œ 1, again as expected

78. With y œ x$Î# , we should get dy

dx œ 3
# x"Î# for both (a) and (b):
" " # "
(a) y œ u$ Ê dy
du œ 3u# ; u œ Èx Ê du
dx œ #È x
; therefore, dy
dx œ dy
du † du
dx œ 3u# † #È x
œ 3 ˆÈx‰ † #Èx
œ 3
#
Èx,
as expected.
" " "
(b) y œ Èu Ê dy
œ #È u
; u œ x$ Ê du
œ 3x# ; therefore, dy
œ dy
† du
œ #Èu
† 3x# œ † 3x# œ 3
# x"Î# ,
du dx dx du dx #È x $
again as expected.
ax 1b†1 ax 1b†1
œ 2 aaxx 4 ax 1 b
2 2
79. y œ ˆ xx
1
1‰
and x œ 0 Ê y œ ˆ 00
1
1‰
œ a1b2 œ 1. yw œ 2ˆ xx
1 †
1‰
ax 1 b 2
1b
1 b ax 1 b 2 œ
2
ax 1 b 3
4 a0 1 b 4
yw ¹ œ a0 1 b 3
œ 13 œ 4 Ê y 1 œ 4ax 0b Ê y œ 4x 1
xœ0
1 Î2
80. y œ Èx2 x 7 and x œ 2 Ê y œ Éa2b2 a2b 7 œ È9 œ 3. y w œ "# ax2 x 7b a2x 1b œ 2x 1
2 È x 2 x 7
2 a2 b 1 "
y w¹ œ œ 3
6 œ # Ê y 3 œ "# ax 2b Ê y œ "# x 2
xœ2 2 É a2 b 2 a 2 b 7
81. y œ 2 tan ˆ 14x ‰ Ê dy

dx œ ˆ2 sec# 1x ‰ ˆ 1 ‰
4 4 œ 1
# sec# 1x
4
1
(a) dy
dx ¹ x = 1 œ # sec# ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê slope of tangent is 2; thus, y(1) œ 2 tan ˆ 14 ‰ œ 2 and yw (1) œ 1 Ê tangent line is
given by y 2 œ 1(x 1) Ê y œ 1x 2 1
(b) yw œ 1# sec# ˆ 14x ‰ and the smallest value the secant function can have in # x 2 is 1 Ê the minimum
value of yw is 1# and that occurs when 1# œ 1# sec# ˆ 14x ‰ Ê 1 œ sec# ˆ 14x ‰ Ê „ 1 œ sec ˆ 14x ‰ Ê x œ 0.
82. (a) y œ sin 2x Ê yw œ 2 cos 2x Ê yw (0) œ 2 cos (0) œ 2 Ê tangent to y œ sin 2x at the origin is y œ 2x;
y œ sin ˆ x# ‰ Ê yw œ "# cos ˆ x# ‰ Ê yw (0) œ "# cos 0 œ "# Ê tangent to y œ sin ˆ x# ‰ at the origin is
y œ "# x. The tangents are perpendicular to each other at the origin since the product of their slopes is 1.
(b) y œ sin (mx) Ê yw œ m cos (mx) Ê yw (0) œ m cos 0 œ m; y œ sin ˆ mx ‰ Ê yw œ m" cos ˆ mx ‰
Ê yw (0) œ m" cos (0) œ m" . Since m † ˆ m" ‰ œ 1, the tangent lines are perpendicular at the origin.
(c) y œ sin (mx) Ê yw œ m cos (mx). The largest value cos (mx) can attain is 1 at x œ 0 Ê the largest value
yw can attain is kmk because kyw k œ km cos (mx)k œ kmk kcos mxk Ÿ kmk † 1 œ kmk . Also, y œ sin ˆ mx ‰
Ê yw œ m" cos ˆ mx ‰ Ê kyw k œ ¸ " ˆ x ‰¸ Ÿ ¸ m" ¸ ¸cos ˆ mx ‰¸ Ÿ km" k Ê the largest value yw can attain is ¸ m" ¸ .
m cos m
(d) y œ sin (mx) Ê yw œ m cos (mx) Ê yw (0) œ m Ê slope of curve at the origin is m. Also, sin (mx) completes
m periods on [0ß 21]. Therefore the slope of the curve y œ sin (mx) at the origin is the same as the number
of periods it completes on [0ß 21]. In particular, for large m, we can think of “compressing" the graph of
y œ sin x horizontally which gives more periods completed on [0ß 21], but also increases the slope of the
graph at the origin.
83. s œ A cos (21bt) Ê v œ ds

dt œ A sin (21bt)(21b) œ 21bA sin (21bt). If we replace b with 2b to double the
frequency, the velocity formula gives v œ 41bA sin (41bt) Ê doubling the frequency causes the velocity to
# #
double. Also v œ #1bA sin (21bt) Ê a œ dv dt œ 41 b A cos (21bt). If we replace b with 2b in the
acceleration formula, we get a œ 161# b# A cos (41bt) Ê doubling the frequency causes the acceleration to
quadruple. Finally, a œ 41# b# A cos (21bt) Ê j œ da $ $
dt œ 81 b A sin (21bt). If we replace b with 2b in the jerk
formula, we get j œ 641$ b$ A sin (41bt) Ê doubling the frequency multiplies the jerk by a factor of 8.
21 21 21 ‰ 741 21
84. (a) y œ 37 sin 365 (x 101)‘ 25 Ê yw œ 37 cos 365 (x 101)‘ ˆ 365 œ 365 cos 365 (x 101)‘ .
The temperature is increasing the fastest when yw is as large as possible. The largest value of
21 21
cos 365 (x 101)‘ is 1 and occurs when 365 (x 101) œ 0 Ê x œ 101 Ê on day 101 of the year
( µ April 11), the temperature is increasing the fastest.

741 21 741 741
(b) yw (101) œ 365 cos 365 (101 101)‘ œ 365 cos (0) œ 365 ¸ 0.64 °F/day
"
85. s œ (" 4t)"Î# Ê v œ ds
dt œ # (1 4t)"Î# (4) œ 2(1 4t)"Î# Ê v(6) œ 2(" % † 6)"Î# œ 2
5 m/sec;
"Î# " $Î# $Î#
v œ 2(" 4t) Ê aœ dv
dt œ † 2(1 4t)
# (4) œ 4(1 4t) Ê a(6) œ 4(1 4 † 6)$Î# œ 14#5 m/sec#
86. We need to show a œ dv

dt is constant: a œ dv
dt œ dv
ds † ds
dt and dv
ds œ d
ds
ˆkÈs‰ œ k
2È s
Ê aœ dv
ds † ds
dt œ dv
ds †v
#
œ k
2È s
† kÈs œ k
# which is a constant.
"
87. v proportional to Ès Ê vœ k
Ès for some constant k Ê dv
ds œ 2sk$Î# . Thus, a œ dv
dt œ dv
ds † ds
dt œ dv
ds †v
#
œ 2sk$Î# † k
Ès œ k# ˆ s"# ‰ Ê acceleration is a constant times "
s# so a is inversely proportional to s# .
88. Let dx
dt œ f(x). Then, a œ dv
dt œ dv
dx † dx
dt œ dv
dx † f(x) œ d
dx dt † f(x) œ
ˆ dx ‰ d
dx (f(x)) † f(x) œ f w (x)f(x), as required.
" " 1 1 1 1 kÈ L "

89. T œ 21É Lg Ê dT
dL œ 21 † † g œ œ ÈgL . Therefore, dT
du œ dT
dL † dL
du œ ÈgL † kL œ Èg œ # † 21kÉ Lg
#É Lg gÉ Lg
œ kT
2 , as required.
90. No. The chain rule says that when g is differentiable at 0 and f is differentiable at g(0), then f ‰ g is
differentiable at 0. But the chain rule says nothing about what happens when g is not differentiable at 0 so
there is no contradiction.
sin 2(xh)sin 2x
91. As h Ä 0, the graph of y œ h
approaches the graph of y œ 2 cos 2x because
sin 2(xh)sin 2x
lim h œ d
dx (sin 2x) œ 2 cos 2x.
hÄ!
cos c(x h)# dcos ax# b

92. As h Ä 0, the graph of y œ h
#
approaches the graph of y œ 2x sin ax b because
cos c(x h)# dcos ax# b
lim h œ d
dx ccos ax# bd œ 2x sin ax# b.
hÄ!

Section 3.7 Implicit Differentiation 135
93. (a)
(b) df
dt œ 1.27324 sin 2t 0.42444 sin 6t 0.2546 sin 10t 0.18186 sin 14t
(c) The curve of y œ df
dt approximates y œ dg
dt
the best when t is not 1, 1# , 0, 1# , nor 1.
94. (a)
(b) dh
dt œ 2.5464 cos (2t) 2.5464 cos (6t) 2.5465 cos (10t) 2.54646 cos (14t) 2.54646 cos (18t)
(c)
3.7 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
1. x# y xy# œ 6:
Step 1: Šx# dy
dx y † 2x‹ Šx † 2y dy
dx y# † 1‹ œ 0
Step 2: x# dy
dx 2xy dy
dx œ 2xy y#
Step 3: dy
dx ax# 2xyb œ 2xy y#
2xy y#
Step 4: dy
dx œ x# 2xy
6y x#
2. x$ y$ œ 18xy Ê 3x# 3y# dy
dx œ 18y 18x dy
dx Ê a3y# 18xb dy
dx œ 18y 3x# Ê dy
dx œ y# 6x
3. 2xy y# œ x y:
Step 1: Š2x dy
dx 2y‹ 2y dy
dx œ1 dy
dx
Step 2: 2x dy
dx 2y dy
dx dy
dx œ 1 2y

Step 3: dy
dx (2x 2y 1) œ " 2y
1 2y
Step 4: dy
dx œ 2x 2y 1
y 3x#
4. x$ xy y$ œ 1 Ê 3x# y x dy
dx 3y# dy
dx œ 0 Ê a3y# xb dy
dx œ y 3x# Ê dy
dx œ 3y# x
5. x# (x y)# œ x# y# :
Step 1: x# ’2(x y) Š1 dy
dx ‹“ (x y)# (2x) œ 2x 2y dy
dx
Step 2: 2x# (x y) dy
dx 2y dy
dx œ 2x 2x# (x y) 2x(x y)#
Step 3: dy
dx c2x# (x y) 2yd œ 2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d
2x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d x c1 x(x y) (x y)# d x a1 x# xy x# 2xy y# b
Step 4: dy
dx œ 2x# (x y) 2y œ y x# (x y) œ x# y x$ y
x 2x$ 3x# y xy#
œ x# y x$ y
6. (3xy 7)# œ 6y Ê 2(3xy 7) † Š3x dy

dx 3y‹ œ 6 dy
dx Ê 2(3xy 7)(3x) dy
dx 6 dy
dx œ 6y(3xy 7)
#
y(3xy 7) 3xy 7y
Ê dy
dx [6x(3xy 7) 6] œ 6y(3xy 7) Ê dy
dx œ x(3xy 7) 1 œ 1 3x# y 7x
x" (x 1) (x 1) "
7. y# œ x1 Ê 2y dy
dx œ (x 1)# œ 2
(x 1)# Ê dy
dx œ y(x 1)#
2x y
8. x3 œ x 3y Ê x4 3x3 y œ 2x y Ê 4x3 9x2 y 3x3 y w œ 2 y w Ê a3x3 1by w œ 2 4x3 9x2 y
2 4x3 9x2 y
Ê yw œ 3x3 1
"
9. x œ tan y Ê 1 œ asec# yb dy
dx Ê dy
dx œ sec# y œ cos# y
# # #
10. xy œ cot axyb Ê x dy
dx y œ csc (xy)Šx dx y‹ Ê x dx x csc (xy) dx œ y csc (xy) y
dy dy dy
y csc# (xy) "‘

Ê dy
dx x x csc# (xy)‘ œ y csc# (xy) "‘ Ê dy
dx œ x" csc# (xy)‘
œ yx
" y sec# (xy)

11. x tan (xy) œ ! Ê 1 csec# (xy)d Šy x dy
dx ‹ œ 0 Ê x sec# (xy) dy
dx œ 1 y sec# (xy) Ê dy
dx œ x sec# (xy)
1 cos# (xy) cos# (xy) y
œ x sec# (xy) y
x œ x y
x œ x
3x2 y2 4x3
12. x4 sin y œ x3 y2 Ê 4x3 (cos y) dy
dx œ 3x2 y2 x3 † 2y dy
dx Ê acos y 2x3 yb dy
dx œ 3x2 y2 4x3 Ê dy
dx œ cos y 2x3 y
13. y sin Š "y ‹ œ 1 xy Ê y ’cos Š y" ‹ † (1) "

y# † dy
dx “ sin Š y" ‹ † dy
dx œ x dy
dx y Ê
y y #
dy
dx ’ "y cos Š "y ‹ sin Š y" ‹ x“ œ y Ê dy
dx œ œ
"y cos Š "y ‹ sin Š "y ‹ x y sin Š "y ‹ cos Š "y ‹ xy
14. x cosa2x 3yb œ y sin x Ê x sina2x 3yba2 3y w b cosa2x 3yb œ y cos x y w sin x
Ê 2x sina2x 3yb 3x y w sina2x 3yb cosa2x 3yb œ y cos x y w sin x
cosa2x 3yb 2x sina2x 3yb y cos x
Ê cosa2x 3yb 2x sina2x 3yb y cos x œ asin x 3x sina2x 3ybby w Ê y w œ sin x 3x sina2x 3yb
" 2È r Èr
15. )"Î# r"Î# œ 1 Ê # )"Î# "# r"Î# † dr
d) œ0 Ê dr
d)
"
’ #È “œ "
Ê dr
d) œ œÈ
r #È ) 2È ) )
16. r 2È) œ 3
# )#Î$ 34 )$Î% Ê dr
d) )"Î# œ )"Î$ )"Î% Ê dr
d) œ )"Î# )"Î$ )"Î%

" r cos (r ))
17. sin (r )) œ # Ê [cos (r ))] ˆr ) dr ‰
d) œ0Ê dr
d) [) cos (r ))] œ r cos (r )) Ê dr
d) œ ) cos (r )) œ )r , cos (r )) Á 0
#
csc )
18. cos r cot ) œ r ) Ê (sin r) dr
d) csc# ) œ r ) dr
d) Ê dr
d) [sin r )] œ r csc# ) Ê dr
d) œ rsin r)
d# y
19. x# y# œ 1 Ê 2x 2yyw œ 0 Ê 2yyw œ 2x Ê dy
dx œ yw œ xy ; now to find dx# , d
dx ayw b œ d
dx Š xy ‹
y(1) xyw y x Š xy ‹ d# y y # x # y# a" y# b "

Ê yww œ y# œ y# since yw œ xy Ê dx# œ yww œ y$ œ y$ œ y$
"Î$ "Î$
20. x#Î$ y#Î$ œ 1 Ê 2
3 x"Î$ 23 y"Î$ dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx
23 y"Î$ ‘ œ 23 x"Î$ Ê yw œ dy
dx œ yx "Î$ œ ˆ yx ‰ ;
"Î$
x"Î$ †ˆ "3 y #Î$ ‰ Œ y"Î$ y"Î$ ˆ "3 x #Î$ ‰
x"Î$ †ˆ 3" y #Î$ ‰ yw y"Î$ ˆ "3 x #Î$ ‰
Differentiating again, yww œ œ
x
x#Î$ x#Î$
d# y " " "Î$ %Î$ "Î$
"
Ê dx# œ 3 x#Î$ y"Î$ 3 y x œ 3x y
%Î$ 3y"Î$ x#Î$
2x 2 x1 y (x 1)yw y (x 1) Š x y 1 ‹
21. y# œ x# 2x Ê 2yyw œ 2x 2 Ê yw œ 2y œ y ; then yww œ y# œ y#
d# y ww y# (x 1)#
Ê dx# œy œ y$
"
22. y# 2x œ 1 2y Ê 2y † yw 2 œ 2yw Ê yw (2y 2) œ 2 Ê yw œ y1 œ (y 1)" ; then yww œ (y 1)# † yw
d# y "
œ (y 1)# (y 1)" Ê dx# œ yww œ (y 1)$
" Èy
23. 2Èy œ x y Ê y"Î# yw œ 1 yw Ê yw ˆy"Î# 1‰ œ 1 Ê dy
dx œ yw œ y "Î# 1
œ Èy 1 ; we can
"
differentiate the equation yw ˆy"Î# 1‰ œ 1 again to find yww : yw ˆ y$Î# yw ‰ ˆy"Î# 1‰ yww œ 0 #
#
" " $Î#
" w # $Î# d# y # Œy "Î# 1 y " "
Ê ˆy"Î# 1‰ yww œ cy d y Ê œ yww œ ay "Î# 1b
œ $ œ $
# dx# 2y$Î# ay "Î# 1b # ˆ1 È y ‰
y d# y
24. xy y# œ 1 Ê xyw y 2yyw œ 0 Ê xyw 2yyw œ y Ê yw (x 2y) œ y Ê yw œ (x2y) ; dx# œ yww
y
(x 2y) ’ (x 2y) “ y ’1 2 Š (x 2y) ‹“
y " cy(x 2y) y(x 2y) 2y# d
(x 2y)yw y(1 2yw ) (x 2y)
œ (x 2y)# œ (x 2y)# œ (x 2y)#
2y(x 2y) 2y# 2y# 2xy 2y(x y)
œ (x 2y)$ œ (x 2y)$ œ (x 2y)$
#
25. x$ y$ œ 16 Ê 3x# 3y# yw œ 0 Ê 3y# yw œ 3x# Ê yw œ xy# ; we differentiate y# yw œ x# to find yww :
#
x# 2x%
2x 2y Š ‹ 2x
# ww w w # ww w # ww y# y$
y y y c2y † y d œ 2x Ê y y œ 2x 2y cy d Ê y œ y# œ y#
2xy$ 2x% d# y 32 32
œ y& Ê dx# ¹ (2ß2) œ 32 œ 2
y (x 2y) ayw b (y) a1 2yw b

26. xy y# œ 1 Ê xyw y 2yyw œ 0 Ê yw (x 2y) œ y Ê yw œ (x2y) Ê yww œ (x 2y)# ;
(2) ˆ "# ‰ (1)(0)
since yw k (0 ß 1)
œ "# we obtain yww k (0ß 1)
œ 4 œ 4"
27. y# x# œ y% 2x at (#ß ") and (#ß 1) Ê 2y dx 2x

dy
œ 4y$ dy
dx 2 Ê 2y dy
dx 4y$ dy
dx œ 2 2x
x"
Ê dy
dx a2y 4y$ b œ 2 2x Ê dy
dx œ #y $ y Ê dy
dx ¹ ( 2ß1) œ 1 and dy
dx ¹ ( 2ß 1) œ1

#
28. ax# y# b œ (x y)# at ("ß !) and ("ß 1) Ê 2 ax# y# b Š2x 2y dy
dx ‹ œ 2(x y) Š1 dy
dx ‹
2x ax# y# b (x y)
Ê dy
dx c2y ax# y# b (x y)d œ 2x ax# y# b (x y) Ê dy
dx œ 2y ax# y# b (x y) Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß0) œ 1
and dy
dx ¹ (1ßc1) œ1
2x y
29. x# xy y# œ 1 Ê 2x y xyw 2yyw œ 0 Ê (x 2y)yw œ 2x y Ê yw œ 2y x ;
"
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (2 3) œ ß
7
4 Ê the tangent line is y 3 œ 7
4 (x 2) Ê y œ 7
4 x #
(b) the normal line is y 3 œ 47 (x 2) Ê y œ 47 x 29
7
30. x# y# œ 25 Ê 2x 2yyw œ 0 Ê yw œ xy ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (3 œ xy ¹ œ 3
Ê the tangent line is y 4 œ 3
(x 3) Ê y œ 3
x 25
(3ß 4)
ß 4) 4 4 4 4
(b) the normal line is y 4 œ 43 (x 3) Ê y œ 43 x
31. x# y# œ 9 Ê 2xy# 2x# yyw œ 0 Ê x# yyw œ xy# Ê yw œ yx ;

(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ( 1ß3) œ yx ¸ ( 1ß3) œ 3 Ê the tangent line is y 3 œ 3(x 1) Ê y œ 3x 6
(b) the normal line is y 3 œ "3 (x 1) Ê y œ 3" x 8
3
"
32. y# 2x 4y " œ ! Ê 2yyw 2 4yw œ 0 Ê 2(y 2)yw œ 2 Ê yw œ y# ;
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ( 2ß1) œ 1 Ê the tangent line is y 1 œ 1(x 2) Ê y œ x 1
(b) the normal line is y 1 œ 1(x 2) Ê y œ x 3
33. 6x# 3xy 2y# 17y 6 œ 0 Ê 12x 3y 3xyw 4yyw 17yw œ 0 Ê yw (3x 4y 17) œ 12x 3y
Ê yw œ 3x
12x 3y
4y 17 ;
"2x 3y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ( 1ß0) œ 3x 4y 17 ¹ ( 1ß0) œ 6
7 Ê the tangent line is y 0 œ 6
7 (x 1)
Ê yœ 6
7 x 6
7
(b) the normal line is y 0 œ 76 (x 1) Ê y œ 76 x 7
6
È3y 2x
34. x# È3xy 2y# œ 5 Ê 2x È3xyw È3y 4yyw œ 0 Ê yw Š4y È3x‹ œ È3y 2x Ê yw œ 4y È3x
;
È3y 2x
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ŠÈ3 2‹ œ ß
¹
4y È3x ŠÈ3ß2‹
œ 0 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2
(b) the normal line is x œ È3
2y
35. 2xy 1 sin y œ 21 Ê 2xyw 2y 1(cos y)yw œ 0 Ê yw (2x 1 cos y) œ 2y Ê yw œ 2x 1 cos y ;
2y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ˆ1 12 ‰ œ ß 2x 1 cos y ¹ ˆ1ß 1 ‰ œ 1# Ê the tangent line is
2
1
y # œ 1# (x 1) Ê y œ 1# x 1
1 1
(b) the normal line is y # œ 2
1 (x 1) Ê y œ 2
1 x 2
1 #
36. x sin 2y œ y cos 2x Ê x(cos 2y)2yw sin 2y œ 2y sin 2x yw cos 2x Ê yw (2x cos 2y cos 2x)
sin 2y 2y sin 2x
œ sin 2y 2y sin 2x Ê yw œ cos 2x 2x cos 2y ;
sin 2y 2y sin 2x 1
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k ˆ 14 ß
1‰ œ cos 2x 2x cos 2y ¹ ˆ 1 ß 1 ‰ œ 1 œ 2 Ê the tangent line is
2 #
4 2
1
y # œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ Ê y œ 2x
1
(b) the normal line is y # œ "# ˆx 14 ‰ Ê y œ "# x 51
8

21 cos (1x y)
37. y œ 2 sin (1x y) Ê yw œ 2 [cos (1x y)] † a1 yw b Ê yw [1 2 cos (1x y)] œ 21 cos (1x y) Ê yw œ 1 # cos (1x y) ;
21 cos (1x y)
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (1 0) œ ß
1 2 cos (1x y) ¹(1ß0) œ 21 Ê the tangent line is
y 0 œ 21(x 1) Ê y œ 21x 21
(b) the normal line is y 0 œ #"1 (x 1) Ê y œ 2x1 "
#1
38. x# cos# y sin y œ 0 Ê x# (2 cos y)(sin y)yw 2x cos# y yw cos y œ 0 Ê yw c2x# cos y sin y cos yd
2x cos# y
œ 2x cos# y Ê yw œ 2x# cos y sin y cos y ;
2x cos# y
(a) the slope of the tangent line m œ yw k (0 1) œ ß 2x# cos y sin y cos y ¹ (0ß1) œ 0 Ê the tangent line is y œ 1
(b) the normal line is x œ 0
39. Solving x# xy y# œ 7 and y œ 0 Ê x# œ 7 Ê x œ „ È7 Ê ŠÈ7ß !‹ and ŠÈ7ß !‹ are the points where the
curve crosses the x-axis. Now x# xy y# œ 7 Ê 2x y xyw 2yyw œ 0 Ê (x 2y)yw œ 2x y
y 2x y 2 È 7
Ê yw œ 2x È È
x 2y Ê m œ x 2y Ê the slope at Š 7ß !‹ is m œ È7 œ 2 and the slope at Š 7ß !‹ is
È
m œ 2È77 œ 2. Since the slope is 2 in each case, the corresponding tangents must be parallel.
y2
40. xy 2x y œ 0 Ê x dy
dx y2 dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 1x ; the slope of the line 2x y œ 0 is 2. In order to be
parallel, the normal lines must also have slope of 2. Since a normal is perpendicular to a tangent, the slope of
the tangent is "# . Therefore, y1 "
x œ # Ê 2y 4 œ 1 x Ê x œ 3 2y. Substituting in the original equation,
2
y(3 2y) 2(3 2y) y œ 0 Ê y# 4y 3 œ 0 Ê y œ 3 or y œ 1. If y œ 3, then x œ 3 and

y 3 œ 2(x 3) Ê y œ 2x 3. If y œ 1, then x œ 1 and y 1 œ 2(x 1) Ê y œ 2x 3.
41. y% œ y# x# Ê 4y$ yw œ 2yyw 2x Ê 2 a2y$ yb yw œ 2x Ê yw œ y x2y$ ; the slope of the tangent line at
È È
È3 " È
Š 43 ß #3 ‹ is y x2y$ ¹ È3 È3 œ È3 4 6È3 œ " 4 3 œ # " 3 œ 1; the slope of the tangent line at Š 43 ß #" ‹
# Œ4 4 ß
2 # 8
È3
2È 3
is x
y2y$ ¹ È3 œ "
4
28
œ 42 œ È3
Œ 4 ß
1
2
#
y# 3x# y# 3x#
42. y# (2 x) œ x$ Ê 2yyw (2 x) y# (1) œ 3x# Ê yw œ 2y(2 x) ; the slope of the tangent line is m œ 2y(2 x) ¹ (1ß1)
œ 4
# œ 2 Ê the tangent line is y 1 œ 2(x 1) Ê y œ 2x 1; the normal line is y 1 œ "# (x 1) Ê y œ "# x 3
#
4x$ 18x 2x$ 9x

43. y% 4y# œ x% 9x# Ê 4y$ yw 8yyw œ 4x$ 18x Ê yw a4y$ 8yb œ 4x$ 18x Ê yw œ 4y$ 8y œ 2y$ 4y
x a2x# 9b (3)(18 9)
œ y a2y# 4b œ m; (3ß 2): m œ 2(8 4) œ 27
8 ; ($ß #): m œ
27
8 ; (3ß #): m œ 27
8 ; (3ß #): m œ 27
8
9y 3x# 3y x#
44. x$ y$ 9xy œ 0 Ê 3x# 3y# yw 9xyw 9y œ 0 Ê yw a3y# 9xb œ 9y 3x# Ê yw œ 3y# 9x œ y# 3x
(a) yw k (4 2) œ
ß
5
4 and yw k (2 4) œ ß
4
5 ;
# $
3y x x# # #
(b) yw œ 0 Ê y# 3x œ 0 Ê 3y x# œ 0 Ê y œ 3 Ê x$ Š x3 ‹ 9x Š x3 ‹ œ 0 Ê x' 54x$ œ 0
Ê x$ ax$ 54b œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ $È54 œ 3 $È2 Ê there is a horizontal tangent at x œ 3 $È2 . To find the
corresponding y-value, we will use part (c).
$
y# 3x
(c) dx
dy œ0 Ê 3y x# œ 0 Ê y# 3x œ 0 Ê y œ „ È3x ; y œ È3x Ê x$ ŠÈ3x‹ 9xÈ3x œ 0
Ê x$ 6È3 x$Î# œ 0 Ê x$Î# Šx$Î# 6È3‹ œ 0 Ê x$Î# œ 0 or x$Î# œ 6È3 Ê x œ 0 or x œ È

3
108 œ 3 È
3
4.
Since the equation x$ y$ 9xy œ 0 is symmetric in x and y, the graph is symmetric about the line y œ x. That is, if

"
(aß b) is a point on the folium, then so is (bß a). Moreover, if yw k (a b) œ m, then yw k (b a) œ ß ß m . Thus, if the folium has a
horizontal tangent at (aß b), it has a vertical tangent at (bß a) so one might expect that with a horizontal tangent at
xœÈ 3
54 and a vertical tangent at x œ 3 $È4, the points of tangency are ŠÈ 3
54ß 3 È
3
4‹ and Š3 È 3
4ß È3
54‹,
respectively. One can check that these points do satisfy the equation x$ y$ 9xy œ 0.
xy
45. x# 2xy 3y# œ 0 Ê 2x 2xyw 2y 6yyw œ 0 Ê yw (2x 6y) œ 2x 2y Ê yw œ 3y x Ê the slope of the tangent
xy
line m œ yw k (1 1) œ ß 3y x ¹ (1ß1) œ 1 Ê the equation of the normal line at (1ß 1) is y 1 œ 1(x 1) Ê y œ x 2. To find
where the normal line intersects the curve we substitute into its equation: x# 2x(2 x) 3(2 x)# œ 0
Ê x# 4x 2x# 3 a4 4x x# b œ 0 Ê 4x# 16x 12 œ 0 Ê x# 4x 3 œ 0 Ê (x 3)(x 1) œ 0
Ê x œ 3 and y œ x 2 œ 1. Therefore, the normal to the curve at (1ß 1) intersects the curve at the point (3ß 1).
Note that it also intersects the curve at (1ß 1).
46. Let p and q be integers with q 0 and suppose that y œ Èxp œ xpÎq . Then yq œ xp . Since p and q are integers and
q
pxp 1
Ê qyq 1 dy p1 xp 1
assuming y is a differentiable function of x, d q
dx ay b œ d p
dx ax b dx œ px Ê dy
dx œ qyq 1 œ p
q † yq 1
xp
xp 1ap pÎqb œ qp a p Îq b 1
1
xp 1
œ p
† œ p
† xp pÎq
œ p
† †x
axpÎq b
q q 1 q q
" y" 0
47. y# œ x Ê dy
dx œ #y . If a normal is drawn from (aß 0) to (x" ß y" ) on the curve its slope satisfies x" a œ 2y"
Ê y" œ 2y" (x" a) or a œ x" "# . Since x" 0 on the curve, we must have that a "
# . By symmetry, the two
Èx Èx
points on the parabola are ˆx" ß Èx" ‰ and ˆx" ß Èx" ‰ . For the normal to be perpendicular, Š x" "a ‹ Š a x"" ‹ œ 1
" # "
Ê x"
(a x" )# œ 1 Ê x" œ (a x" )# Ê x" œ ˆx" # x" ‰ Ê x " œ 4 and y" œ „ #" . Therefore, ˆ 4" ß „ #" ‰ and a œ 3
4 .
48. 2x# 3y# œ 5 Ê 4x 6yyw œ 0 Ê yw œ 2x w

3y Ê y k (1 1) œ 3y ¹
2x
œ 23 and yw k (1 œ 2x
3y ¹ œ 2
; also,
(1ß1) (1ß 1)
ß ß 1) 3
3x# 3x# 3x#

y# œ x$ Ê 2yyw œ 3x# Ê yw œ 2y Ê yw k (1 1) œ
ß 2y ¹ (1ß1) œ 3
# and yw k (1 ß 1)
œ 2y ¹ (1ß 1) œ #3 . Therefore the
tangents to the curves are perpendicular at (1ß 1) and (1ß 1) (i.e., the curves are orthogonal at these two points of
intersection).
49. (a) x2 y2 œ 4, x2 œ 3y2 Ê a3y2 b y2 œ 4 Ê y2 œ 1 Ê y œ „ 1. If y œ 1 Ê x2 a1b2 œ 4 Ê x2 œ 3

Ê x œ „ È3. If y œ 1 Ê x2 a1b2 œ 4 Ê x2 œ 3 Ê x œ „ È3.
x2 y2 œ 4 Ê 2x 2y dy
dx œ 0 Ê m1 œ
dy
dx œ xy and x2 œ 3y2 Ê 2x œ 6y dy
dx Ê m2 œ
dy
dx œ x
3y
È3 È3 È3 È3
At ŠÈ3ß 1‹: m1 œ dy
dx œ 1 œ È3 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3 a1 b œ 3 Ê m1 † m2 œ ŠÈ3‹Š 3 ‹ œ 1
È È3 È È
dx œ a13b œ È3 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3 a 1 b œ 33 Ê m1 † m2 œ ŠÈ3‹Š 33 ‹ œ 1
ŠÈ3‹ È 3 È3 È3
dx œ 1 œ È3 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3 a1 b œ 3 Ê m1 † m2 œ ŠÈ3‹Š 3 ‹ œ 1
ŠÈ3‹ ŠÈ3‹ È3 È3
dx œ a 1 b œ È3 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3 a 1 b œ 3 Ê m1 † m2 œ ŠÈ3‹Š 3 ‹ œ 1
È3 È3 È3 2
(b) x œ 1 y2 , x œ 13 y2 Ê ˆ 13 y2 ‰ œ 1 y2 Ê y2 œ 3
4 Êyœ „ 2 . If y œ 2 Êxœ1Š 2 ‹ œ 41 . If
È3 È3 2
yœ 2 Ê x œ 1 Š 2 ‹ œ 14 . x œ 1 y2 Ê 1 œ 2y dy
dx Ê m1 œ
dy
dx œ 2y
1
and x œ 13 y2
Ê 1 œ 23 y dx
dy
Ê m2 œ dy
dx œ 3
2y
È3
At Š 14 ß 2 ‹: m1 œ dy
dx œ 1
œ È13 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3
œ 3
È3 Ê m1 † m2 œ Š È13 ‹Š È33 ‹ œ 1
2ŠÈ3Î2‹ 2ŠÈ3Î2‹
È3
At Š 14 ß 2 ‹: m1 œ dy
dx œ 1
œ 1
È3 and m2 œ dy
dx œ 3
œ È33 Ê m1 † m2 œ Š È13 ‹Š È33 ‹ œ 1
2ŠÈ3Î2‹ 2ŠÈ3Î2‹

2
3x2 2
x2 2
50. y œ 13 x b, y2 œ x3 Ê dy
dx œ 13 and 2y dx
dy
œ 3x2 Ê dy
dx œ 2y Ê ˆ 13 ‰Š 3x
2y ‹ œ 1 Ê 2 œ y Ê Š x2 ‹ œ x3
x4 a0b2 2
Ê 4 œ x3 Ê x4 4x3 œ 0 Ê x3 ax 4b œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 4. If x œ 0 Ê y œ 2 œ ! and ˆ 13 ‰Š 3x
2y ‹ œ 1 is
a4 b 2
indeterminant at a0, 0b. If x œ 4 Ê y œ 2 œ 8. At a4ß 8b, y œ 31 x b Ê 8 œ 31 a4b b Ê b œ 28
3 .
y$ 2xy
51. xy$ x# y œ 6 Ê x Š3y# dy
dx ‹ y$ x# dy
dx 2xy œ 0 Ê dy
dx a3xy# x# b œ y$ 2xy Ê dy
dx œ 3xy# x#
$
y 2xy $ # # $
œ 3xy # x# ; also, xy x y œ 6 Ê x a3y b y
dx
dy x# y Š2x dx
dy ‹ œ0 Ê dx
dy ay$ 2xyb œ 3xy# x#
# #
x "
Ê dx
dy œ 3xy
y$ 2xy ; thus
dx
dy appears to equal dy . The two different treatments view the graphs as functions
dx
symmetric across the line y œ x, so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points
(aß b) and (bß a).
3x#
52. x$ y# œ sin# y Ê 3x# 2y dy
dx œ (2 sin y)(cos y) dy
dx Ê dy
dx (2y 2 sin y cos y) œ 3x# Ê dy
dx œ 2y 2 sin y cos y
3x# 2 sin y cos y 2y
œ 2 sin y cos y 2y ; also, x$ y# œ sin# y Ê 3x# dx
dy 2y œ 2 sin y cos y Ê dx
dy œ 3x# ; thus dx
dy
"
appears to equal dy . The two different treatments view the graphs as functions symmetric across the line
dx
y œ x so their slopes are reciprocals of one another at the corresponding points (aß b) and (bß a).
53-60. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
q1 := x^3-x*y+y^3 = 7;
pt := [x=2,y=1];
p1 := implicitplot( q1, x=-3..3, y=-3..3 ):
p1;
eval( q1, pt );
q2 := implicitdiff( q1, y, x );
m := eval( q2, pt );
tan_line := y = 1 + m*(x-2);
p2 := implicitplot( tan_line, x=-5..5, y=-5..5, color=green ):
p3 := pointplot( eval([x,y],pt), color=blue ):
display( [p1,p2,p3], ="Section 3.7 #57(c)" );
Mathematica: (functions and x0 may vary):
Note use of double equal sign (logic statement) in definition of eqn and tanline.
<<Graphics`ImplicitPlot`
Clear[x, y]
{x0, y0}={1, 1/4};
eqn=x + Tan[y/x]==2;
ImplicitPlot[eqn,{ x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 3}]
eqn/.{x Ä x0, y Ä y0}
eqn/.{ y Ä y[x]}
D[%, x]
Solve[%, y'[x]]
slope=y'[x]/.First[%]
m=slope/.{x Ä x0, y[x] Ä y0}
tanline=y==y0 m (x x0)
ImplicitPlot[{eqn, tanline}, {x, x0 3, x0 3},{y, y0 3, y0 + 3}]

3.8 RELATED RATES
1. A œ 1r# Ê dA
dt œ 21r dr
dt
2. S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt œ 81r dr
dt
3. y œ 5x, dx
dt œ2Ê dy
dt œ 5 dx
dt Ê
dy
dt œ 5a2b œ 10
4. 2x 3y œ 12, dy
dt œ 2 Ê 2 dx
dt 3 dt œ 0 Ê 2 dt 3a2b œ 0 Ê
dy dx dx
dt œ3
5. y œ x2 , dx
dt œ3Ê dy
dt œ 2x dx
dt ; when x œ 1 Ê
dy
dt œ 2a1ba3b œ 6
6. x œ y3 y, dy
dt œ5Ê dx
dt œ 3y2 dy
dt
dy
dt ; when y œ 2 Ê dx
dt œ 3a2b2 a5b a5b œ 55
7. x2 y2 œ 25, dx
dt œ 2 Ê 2x dx
dt 2y dt œ 0; when x œ 3 and y œ 4 Ê 2a3ba2b 2a4b dt œ 0 Ê
dy dy dy
dt œ 32
"
8. x2 y3 œ 27 , dt œ # Ê 3x y dt 2x y dt œ 0;
4 dy 2 2 dy 3 dx
when x œ 2 Ê a2b2 y3 œ 4
27 Ê y œ 13 . Thus
2 3
3a2b2 ˆ 13 ‰ ˆ "# ‰ 2a2b ˆ 13 ‰ dx
dt œ 0 Ê dt œ 2
dx 9
dy
dt y dt
x dx
9. L œ Èx2 y2 , dx
dt œ 1, dy
dt œ3Ê dL
dt œ 1
2È x2 y2
Š2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt ‹ œ È x2 y2 ; when x œ 5 and y œ 12
a5ba1b a12ba3b
Ê dL
dt œ œ 31
13
Éa5b2 a12b2
2
10. r s2 v3 œ 12, dr
dt œ 4, ds
dt œ 3 Ê dt 2s dt
dr ds
3v2 dv
dt œ 0; when r œ 3 and s œ 1 Ê a3b a1b v œ 12 Ê v œ 2
3
Ê 4 2a1ba3b 3a2b2 dv
dt œ0Ê dt œ 6
dv 1
m2
11. (a) S œ 6x2 , dt œ 5 min Ê dt œ 12x dt ; when x œ 3 Ê dt œ 12a3ba5b œ 180 min
dx m dS dx dS
2 m3
(b) V œ dt œ 5 min Ê dt œ 3x dt ; when x œ 3 Ê dt œ 3a3b a5b œ 135 min
x3 , dx m dV 2 dx dV
2
12. S œ 6x2 , dS
dt œ 72 sec
in
Ê dt œ
dS
dt Ê 72 œ 12a3b dt Ê
12x dx dx dx
dt œ2 in
sec ; V œ x3 Ê dV
dt œ 3x2 dx
dt ; when x œ 3
in3
Ê dV
dt œ 3a3b2 a2b œ 54 sec
13. (a) V œ 1r# h Ê dV

dt œ 1 r# dh
dt (b) V œ 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 21rh dr
dt
(c) V œ 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 1r# dh
dt 21rh dr
dt
14. (a) V œ "3 1r# h Ê dt œ

dV " # dh
3 1r dt (b) V œ "3 1r# h Ê dV
dt œ 23 1rh dr
dt
" # dh
(c) dV
dt œ 3 1r dt 3 1rh
2 dr
dt
"
15. (a) dV
dt œ 1 volt/sec dt œ 3 amp/sec
(b) dI
" ˆ dV " ˆ dV
(c) dV
dt œ R ˆ dI
dt I dt
‰ ˆ dR ‰ Ê dR
dt œ I dt R dt
dI ‰
Ê dRdt œ I dt I dt
V dI ‰
(d) dR
dt œ "# 1 12 ˆ " ‰‘ œ ˆ #" ‰ (3) œ 3# ohms/sec, R is increasing
# 3
16. (a) P œ RI# Ê dP

dt œ I# dR
dt 2RI dI
dt
2 ˆ PI ‰ dI
(b) P œ RI# Ê 0 œ dP
dt œ I# dR
dt 2RI dI
dt Ê dR
dt œ 2RI
I#
dI
dt œ I# dt œ 2P
I$
dI
dt

Section 3.8 Related Rates 143
"Î#
17. (a) s œ Èx# y# œ ax# y# b Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx# y# dt
"Î#
(b) s œ Èx# y# œ ax# y# b Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx# y# dt y dy
Èx# y# dt
(c) s œ Èx# y# Ê s# œ x# y# Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê 2s † 0 œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê dx
dt œ yx dy
dt
18. (a) s œ Èx# y# z# Ê s# œ x# y# z# Ê 2s ds

dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt 2z dz
dt
Ê ds
dt œ x dx
Èx# y# z# dt y dy
Èx# y# z# dt z dz
Èx# y# z# dt
(b) From part (a) with dx

dt œ0 Ê ds
dt œ y dy
Èx# y# z# dt z dz
Èx# y# z# dt
(c) From part (a) with ds

dt œ 0 Ê 0 œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt 2z dz
dt Ê dx
dt y dy
x dt z dz
x dt œ0
" " d) " " d)

19. (a) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt (b) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt "# b sin ) da
dt
" " d)
(c) A œ # ab sin ) Ê dA
dt œ # ab cos ) dt "# b sin ) da
dt "# a sin ) db
dt
" ‰
20. Given A œ 1r# , dr
dt œ 0.01 cm/sec, and r œ 50 cm. Since dA
dt œ 21r dr
dt , then dA ¸
dt r=50 œ 21(50) ˆ 100 œ 1 cm# /min.
dj
21. Given dt œ 2 cm/sec,
dt œ 2 cm/sec, j œ 12 cm and w œ 5 cm.
dw
dj #
(a) A œ jw Ê dt œ j dw
dA
dt w dt Ê dt œ 12(2) 5(2) œ 14 cm /sec, increasing
dA
dj
(b) P œ 2j 2w Ê dP
dt œ 2 dt 2 dt œ 2(2) 2(2) œ 0 cm/sec, constant
dw
dj
"Î# " # "Î# ˆ dj ‰ dt j dt
w dw
(c) D œ Èw# j# œ aw# j# b Ê dD #
dt œ # aw j b dt 2j dt
2w dw Ê dD
dt œ Èw# j#
(5)(2) (12)(2)
œ È25 144 œ 14
13 cm/sec, decreasing
22. (a) V œ xyz Ê dV

dt œ yz dx
dt xz dy
dt xy dz
dt Ê dV ¸
dt (4ß3ß2) œ (3)(2)(1) (4)(2)(2) (4)(3)(1) œ 2 m$ /sec
(b) S œ 2xy 2xz 2yz Ê dS dt œ (2y 2z) dt (2x 2z)
dx dy
dt (2x 2y) dz
dt
Ê dS
dt
¸ œ (10)(1) (12)(2) (14)(1) œ 0 m# /sec
(4ß3ß2)
"Î# dj
(c) j œ Èx# y# z# œ ax# y# z# b Ê dt œ x dx
Èx# y# z# dt y dy
Èx# y# z# dt z dz
Èx# y# z# dt
dj ¸
Ê dt (4ß3ß2) œ Š È429 ‹ (1) Š È329 ‹ (2) Š È229 ‹ (1) œ 0 m/sec
23. Given: dx
dt œ 5 ft/sec, the ladder is 13 ft long, and x œ 12, y œ 5 at the instant of time
(a) Since x# y# œ 169 Ê dy
dt œ xy dx
dt œ ˆ 12
5 (5) œ 12 ft/sec, the ladder is sliding down the wall
‰
"
(b) The area of the triangle formed by the ladder and walls is A œ # xy Ê dA
dt œ ˆ "# ‰ Šx dy
dt y dx
dt ‹ . The area
" #
is changing at # [12(12) 5(5)] œ 119
# œ 59.5 ft /sec.
d) " d) "
(c) cos ) œ x
13 Ê sin ) dt œ 13 † dx
dt Ê dt œ 13 sin ) †
dx
dt œ ˆ 5" ‰ (5) œ 1 rad/sec
" "
24. s# œ y# x# Ê 2s ds
dt œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê ds
dt œ s Šx dx
dt y dy
dt ‹ Ê ds
dt œ È169 [5(442) 12(481)] œ 614 knots
25. Let s represent the distance between the girl and the kite and x represents the horizontal distance between the girl and kite
Ê s# œ (300)# x# Ê ds
dt œ x dx
s dt œ 400(25)
500 œ 20 ft/sec.
" #
dt œ 3000 in/min. Also V œ 61r Ê
26. When the diameter is 3.8 in., the radius is 1.9 in. and dr œ 121r
dV dr
dt dt
Ê dV ˆ " ‰
dt œ 121(1.9) 3000 œ 0.00761. The volume is changing at about 0.0239 in /min.
$

" # " # 161h$ 161h# dh

27. V œ 3 1r h, h œ 8 (2r) œ 4 Ê r œ 3 Ê
3 3r 4h
Vœ 3 1 ˆ 4h
3
‰ hœ 27 Ê dV
dt œ 9 dt
dt h = 4 œ 1614# (10) œ 2561 ¸ 0.1119 m/sec œ 11.19 cm/sec

dh ¸ ˆ 9 ‰ 90
(a)
(b) r œ 4h3 Ê dt œ 3 dt œ 3 2561 œ 321
dr 4 dh 4 ˆ 90 ‰ 15
¸ 0.1492 m/sec œ 14.92 cm/sec
" " # 751h$ 2251h# dh 4(50) 8

28. (a) V œ 3 1r# h and r œ 15h
# Ê Vœ 3 1 ˆ 15h
#
‰ hœ 4 Ê dV
dt œ 4 dt Ê dh ¸
dt h = 5 œ 2251(5)# œ 2251
¸ 0.0113 m/min œ 1.13 cm/min
8 ‰ 4
(b) r œ 15h
# Ê dt œ # dt Ê dt h = 5 œ #
dr 15 dh dr ¸ ˆ 15 ‰ ˆ 225 1 œ 151 ¸ 0.0849 m/sec œ 8.49 cm/sec
1 1 " dV
29. (a) V œ 3 y# (3R y) Ê dV
dt œ 3 c2y(3R y) y# (1)d dy
dt Ê dy
dt œ 13 a6Ry 3y# b‘ dt Ê at R œ 13 and
" "
y œ 8 we have dy
dt œ 1441 (6) œ 241 m/min
(b) The hemisphere is on the circle r (13 y)# œ 169 Ê r œ È26y y# m
#
"Î# " "Î# 13 y 13 8

(c) r œ a26y y# b Ê dr
dt œ # a26y y# b (26 2y) dy
dt Ê dr
dt œ dy
È26y y# dt Ê dr ¸
dt y = 8 œ È26†8 64
ˆ #"
41
‰
5
œ 2881 m/min
30. If V œ 4
3 1r$ , S œ 41r# , and dV
dt œ kS œ 4k1r# , then dV
dt œ 41r# dr
dt Ê 4k1r# œ 41r# dr
dt Ê dr
dt œ k, a constant.
Therefore, the radius is increasing at a constant rate.
$ $ # dr
31. If V œ 3 1r , r œ 5, and dt œ 1001 ft /min, then dt œ 41r dt Ê dt
4 dV dV dr
œ 1 ft/min. Then S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt
#
œ 81r dt œ 81(5)(1) œ 401 ft /min, the rate at which the surface area
dr
is increasing.
32. Let s represent the length of the rope and x the horizontal distance of the boat from the dock.
(a) We have s# œ x# 36 Ê dx
dt œ s ds
x dt œ s ds
Ès# 36 dt . Therefore, the boat is approaching the dock at
dx ¸
dt s = 10 œ 10
È10# 36 (2) œ 2.5 ft/sec.
d) d)
(b) cos ) œ 6
r Ê sin ) dt œ r6# dr
dt Ê dt œ 6 dr
r# sin ) dt . Thus, r œ 10, x œ 8, and sin ) œ 8
10
d)
Ê dt œ 6
10# ˆ 10
8 ‰ † (2) œ 20
3
rad/sec
33. Let s represent the distance between the bicycle and balloon, h the height of the balloon and x the horizontal
distance between the balloon and the bicycle. The relationship between the variables is s# œ h# x#
" ˆ dh "
Ê dsdt œ s h dt x dt
dx ‰
Ê ds
dt œ 85 [68(1) 51(17)] œ 11 ft/sec.
34. (a) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. Since the radius of the pot is 3, the volume of the coffee is
" dV
V œ 91h Ê dV dt œ 91 dt Ê the rate the coffee is rising is dt œ 91 dt œ 91 in/min.
dh dh 10
"
(b) Let h be the height of the coffee in the pot. From the figure, the radius of the filter r œ h
# Ê Vœ 3 1r# h
$
1h
œ 1# , the volume of the filter. The rate the coffee is falling is dh
dt œ 4 dV
1h# dt œ 4
#5 1 (10) œ 581 in/min.
"
35. y œ QD" Ê dy
dt œ D" dQ
dt QD# dD
dt œ 41 (0) 233
(41)# (2) œ 466
1681 L/min Ê increasing about 0.2772 L/min
36. Let P(xß y) represent a point on the curve y œ x# and ) the angle of inclination of a line containing P and the
x# # d) d)
origin. Consequently, tan ) œ y
x Ê tan ) œ x œ x Ê sec ) dt œ dx
dt Ê dt œ cos# ) dx
dt . Since dx
dt œ 10 m/sec
# #
# " d) ¸
and cos )kx=3 œ x
y # x # œ 3
9 # 3 # œ 10 , we have dt x=3 œ 1 rad/sec.

Section 3.8 Related Rates 145
" "Î#
37. The distance from the origin is s œ Èx# y# and we wish to find ds ¸
dt (5ß12) œ # ax# y# b Š2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt ‹¹ (5ß12)
(5)(1) (12)(5)
œ È25 144 œ 5 m/sec
d) " ds
38. Let s œ distance of car from foot of perpendicular in the textbook diagram Ê tan ) œ s
13# Ê sec# ) dt œ 13# dt
d) cos# ) ds d)
Ê dt œ 132 dt ; ds
dt œ 264 and ) œ 0 Ê dt œ 2 rad/sec. A half second later the car has traveled 132 ft
ˆ "# ‰
right of the perpendicular Ê k)k œ 14 , cos# ) œ "# , and ds
dt œ 264 (since s increases) Ê d)
dt œ 132 (264) œ 1 rad/sec.
39. Let s œ 16t# represent the distance the ball has fallen, h the
distance between the ball and the ground, and I the distance
between the shadow and the point directly beneath the ball.
Accordingly, s h œ 50 and since the triangle LOQ and
#
triangle PRQ are similar we have I œ 5030h
h Ê h œ 50 16t
30 a50 16t# b
and I œ 50 a50 16t# b œ 1500
16t# 30 Ê dI
dt œ 1500
8t$
Ê dI ¸
dt t= 12 œ 1500 ft/sec.
d) x# sec# ) d)
40. When x represents the length of the shadow, then tan ) œ 80
x Ê sec# ) dt œ 80
x#
dx
dt Ê dx
dt œ 80 dt . We are
# #
d) 31 x sec ) d) 31
given that dt œ 0.27° œ #000 rad/min. At x œ 60, cos ) œ 3
5 Ê ¸ dx
dt œ ¹
¸ 80 dt ¹¹ Š d) = 31
œ 16 ft/min
dt 2000 and sec ) = 35 ‹
¸ 0.589 ft/min ¸ 7.1 in./min.
5
41. The volume of the ice is V œ 4
3 1r$ 43 14$ Ê dV
dt œ 41r# dr
dt Ê dr ¸
dt r=6 œ 721 in./min when dV
dtœ 10 in$ /min, the
5 ‰
thickness of the ice is decreasing at 5
721 in/min. The surface area is S œ 41r# Ê dS
dt œ 81r dr
dt Ê dS
dt
¸ œ 481 ˆ 72
r=61
#
œ 10
3 in /min, the outer surface area of the ice is decreasing at
10
3 in# /min.
42. Let s represent the horizontal distance between the car and plane while r is the line-of-sight distance between the car and
plane Ê 9 s# œ r# Ê ds dt œ È #
r
dt Ê dt r=5 œ È16 (160) œ 200 mph Ê speed of plane speed of car
dr ds ¸ 5
r 9
œ 200 mph Ê the speed of the car is 80 mph.
43. Let x represent distance of the player from second base and s the distance to third base. Then dx
dt œ 16 ft/sec
# #
(a) s œ x 8100 Ê 2s œ 2x Ê ds
dt
dx
dt
ds
dt œ xs dx
dt . When the player is 30 ft from first base, x œ 60
È 32
Ê s œ 30 13 and dt œ 30È13 (16) œ
ds 60
È13 ¸ 8.875 ft/sec
d)" d)"
(b) sin )" œ 90
s Ê cos )" dt œ 90
s# †
ds
dt Ê dt œ s# cos
90
)" †
ds
dt œ s90†x † ds
dt . Therefore, x œ 60 and s œ 30È13
d)" 32 d)# d)#
Ê dt œ 90
† ŠÈ ‹œ 8
65 rad/sec; cos )# œ 90
s Ê sin )# dt œ 90
s# †
ds
dt Ê dt œ 90
s# sin )# † ds
dt
Š30È13‹ (60) 13
d)# 32
œ 90
s†x † ds
dt . Therefore, x œ 60 and s œ 30È13 Ê dt œ 90
† ŠÈ ‹ œ 65
8
rad/sec.
Š30È13‹ (60) 13
d)" d)"
(c) œ s# cos
90
)" †
ds
œ ˆs90
#† x ‰ †
ˆ xs ‰ † ˆ dx
dt œ s# dt œ x# 8100
‰ ˆ 90 ‰ ˆ dx ‰ ˆ 90 ‰ dx
Ê lim
dt dt s
dt xÄ! dt
" d)#
œ lim ˆ x# 908100 ‰ (15) œ rad/sec; œ 90
s# sin )# † ds
œ Š s90
#† x ‹ dt œ s#
ˆ xs ‰ ˆ dx ‰ ˆ 90 ‰ ˆ dx ‰
xÄ! 6 dt dt s dt
œ ˆ x# 908100 ‰ dx
Ê lim d)# œ "6 rad/sec
dt x Ä ! dt
44. Let a represent the distance between point O and ship A, b the distance between point O and ship B, and D the distance
"
between the ships. By the Law of Cosines, D# œ a# b# 2ab cos 120° Ê dD dt œ #D 2a dt 2b dt a dt b dt .
da db db da ‘
When a œ 5, da
dt œ 14, b œ 3, and db
dt œ 21, then dD
dt œ 413
2D where D œ 7. The ships are moving dD
dt œ 29.5 knots apart.

3.9 LINEARIZATION AND DIFFERENTIALS
1. f(x) œ x$ 2x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (2)(x 2) f(2) œ 10(x 2) 7 Ê L(x) œ 10x 13 at x œ 2
"Î# "Î#
2. f(x) œ Èx# 9 œ ax# 9b Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ ax# 9b (2x) œ x
È x# 9 Ê L(x) œ f w (4)(x 4) f(4)
œ 45 (x 4) 5 Ê L(x) œ 45 x 9
5 at x œ 4
"
3. f(x) œ x x Ê f w (x) œ 1 x# Ê L(x) œ f(1) f w (1)(x 1) œ # !(x 1) œ #
" " "

4. f(x) œ x"Î$ Ê f w (x) œ $x#Î$
Ê L(x) œ f w (8)ax a8bb fa8b œ 1# (x 8) 2 Ê L(x) œ 1# x 4
3
5. f(x) œ tan x Ê f w axb œ sec2 x Ê Laxb œ fa1b f w a1bax 1b œ 0 1ax 1b œ x 1
6. (a) f(x) œ sin x Ê f w axb œ cos x Ê Laxb œ fa0b f w a0bax 0b œ x Ê Laxb œ x

(b) f(x) œ cos x Ê f w axb œ sin x Ê Laxb œ fa0b f w a0bax 0b œ 1 Ê Laxb œ 1
(c) f(x) œ tan x Ê f w axb œ sec2 x Ê Laxb œ fa0b f w a0bax 0b œ x Ê Laxb œ x
7. f(x) œ x# 2x Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2 Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 2(x 0) 0 Ê L(x) œ 2x at x œ 0
8. f(x) œ x" Ê f w (x) œ x# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ (1)(x 1) 1 Ê L(x) œ x 2 at x œ 1
9. f(x) œ 2x# 4x 3 Ê f w (x) œ 4x 4 Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ 0(x 1) (5) Ê L(x) œ 5 at x œ 1
10. f(x) œ 1 x Ê f w (x) œ 1 Ê L(x) œ f w (8)(x 8) f(8) œ 1(x 8) 9 Ê L(x) œ x 1 at x œ 8
11. f(x) œ È
3
x œ x"Î$ Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "3 ‰ x#Î$ Ê L(x) œ f w (8)(x 8) f(8) œ "
1# (x 8) 2 Ê L(x) œ "
1# x 4
3 at x œ 8
(1)(x 1) (")(x) " " "

12. f(x) œ x
x1 Ê f w (x) œ (x 1)# œ (x 1)# Ê L(x) œ f w (1)(x 1) f(1) œ 4 (x 1) #
" "
Ê L(x) œ 4 x 4 at x œ 1
13. f w axb œ ka" xbk" . We have fa!b œ " and f w a!b œ k. Laxb œ fa!b f w a!bax !b œ " kax !b œ " kx
'
14. (a) faxb œ a" xb' œ " axb‘ ¸ " 'axb œ " 'x
# "
(b) faxb œ " x œ #" axb‘ ¸ #" a"baxb‘ œ # #x
"Î#
(c) faxb œ a" xb ¸ " ˆ "# ‰x œ " x
#
"Î#
x# " x# x#
(d) faxb œ È2 x# œ È#Š" #‹ ¸ È#Š" # #‹ œ È#Š" %‹
$x ‰"Î$
(e) faxb œ a% $xb"Î$ œ %"Î$ ˆ" % ¸ %"Î$ ˆ" " $x ‰
$ % œ %"Î$ ˆ" x% ‰
2Î$
" ‰2Î$
(f) faxb œ ˆ" #x œ ’" ˆ # " x ‰“ ¸ " $# ˆ # " x ‰ œ " #
' $x
15. (a) (1.0002)&! œ (1 0.0002)&! ¸ 1 50(0.0002) œ 1 .01 œ 1.01

(b) È3
1.009 œ (1 0.009)"Î$ ¸ 1 ˆ " ‰ (0.009) œ 1 0.003 œ 1.003
3
16. f(x) œ Èx 1 sin x œ (x 1)"Î# sin x Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# cos x Ê Lf (x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0)
œ 3 (x 0) 1 Ê Lf (x) œ 3 x 1, the linearization of f(x); g(x) œ Èx 1 œ (x 1)"Î# Ê gw (x)
# #

Section 3.9 Linearization and Differentials 147
œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# Ê Lg (x) œ gw (0)(x 0) g(0) œ "

# (x 0) 1 Ê Lg (x) œ "
# x 1, the linearization of g(x);
w w
h(x) œ sin x Ê h (x) œ cos x Ê Lh (x) œ h (0)(x 0) h(0) œ (1)(x 0) 0 Ê Lh (x) œ x, the linearization of
h(x). Lf (x) œ Lg (x) Lh (x) implies that the linearization of a sum is equal to the sum of the linearizations.
17. y œ x$ 3Èx œ x$ 3x"Î# Ê dy œ ˆ3x# #3 x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ Š3x# 3

2È x
‹ dx
"Î# "Î# "Î#

18. y œ xÈ1 x# œ x a1 x# b Ê dy œ ’(1) a1 x# b (x) ˆ "# ‰ a1 x# b (2x)“ dx
"Î# a1 2x# b
œ a1 x# b ca1 x# b x# d dx œ È 1 x# dx
#
19. y œ 2x
1 x # Ê dy œ Š (2) a1 a1xb x# b(2x)(2x)
# ‹ dx œ 2 2x#
a1 x # b #
dx
2È x 2x"Î# x "Î# ˆ3 ˆ1 x"Î# ‰‰ 2x"Î# ˆ #3 x "Î# ‰ 3x "Î# 3 3

20. y œ œ 3 a1 x"Î# b
Ê dy œ Š # ‹ dx œ # dx
3 ˆ1 È x ‰ 9 a1 x"Î# b 9 a1 x"Î# b
"
Ê dy œ # dx
3 È x ˆ1 È x ‰
1y
21. 2y$Î# xy x œ 0 Ê 3y"Î# dy y dx x dy dx œ 0 Ê ˆ3y"Î# x‰ dy œ (1 y) dx Ê dy œ 3 È y x dx
22. xy# 4x$Î# y œ 0 Ê y# dx 2xy dy 6x"Î# dx dy œ 0 Ê (2xy 1) dy œ ˆ6x"Î# y# ‰ dx

6È x y#
Ê dy œ 2xy 1 dx
5 cos ˆ5Èx‰
23. y œ sin ˆ5Èx‰ œ sin ˆ5x"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ ˆcos ˆ5x"Î# ‰‰ ˆ 5# x"Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ 2È x
dx
24. y œ cos ax# b Ê dy œ csin ax# bd (2x) dx œ 2x sin ax# b dx
$ $ $
25. y œ 4 tan Š x3 ‹ Ê dy œ 4 Šsec# Š x3 ‹‹ ax# b dx Ê dy œ 4x# sec# Š x3 ‹ dx
26. y œ sec ax# 1b Ê dy œ csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd (2x) dx œ 2x csec ax# 1b tan ax# 1bd dx
27. y œ 3 csc ˆ1 2Èx‰ œ 3 csc ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ 3 ˆcsc ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰‰ cot ˆ1 2x"Î# ‰ ˆx"Î# ‰ dx
Ê dy œ È3 csc ˆ1 2Èx‰ cot ˆ1 2Èx‰ dx
x
28. y œ 2 cot Š È"x ‹ œ 2 cot ˆx"Î# ‰ Ê dy œ 2 csc# ˆx"Î# ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ˆx$Î# ‰ dx Ê dy œ "
È x$ csc# Š È"x ‹ dx
29. f(x) œ x# 2x, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x 2

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ 3.41 3 œ 0.41
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [2(1) 2](0.1) œ 0.4
(c) k?f df k œ k0.41 0.4k œ 0.01
30. f(x) œ 2x# 4x 3, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 4x 4

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(.9) f(1) œ .02
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [4(1) 4](.1) œ 0
(c) k?f df k œ k.02 0k œ .02

31. f(x) œ x$ x, x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 1

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ .231
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ [3(1)# 1](.1) œ .2
(c) k?f df k œ k.231 .2k œ .031
32. f(x) œ x% , x! œ 1, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 4x$

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(1.1) f(1) œ .4641
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ 4(1)$ (.1) œ .4
(c) k?f df k œ k.4641 .4k œ .0641
33. f(x) œ x" , x! œ 0.5, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ x#

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(.6) f(.5) œ "3
" ‰
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ (4) ˆ 10 œ 52
(c) k?f df k œ ¸ "3 25 ¸ œ "
15
34. f(x) œ x$ 2x 3, x! œ 2, dx œ 0.1 Ê f w (x) œ 3x# 2

(a) ?f œ f(x! dx) f(x! ) œ f(2.1) f(2) œ 1.061
(b) df œ f w (x! ) dx œ (10)(0.10) œ 1
(c) k?f df k œ k1.061 1k œ .061
35. V œ 4
3 1r$ Ê dV œ 41r!# dr 36. V œ x$ Ê dV œ 3x!# dx
37. S œ 6x# Ê dS œ 12x! dx
"Î# "Î# "Î#

38. S œ 1rÈr# h# œ 1r ar# h# b , h constant Ê dS
dr œ 1 ar# h# b 1r † r ar# h# b
1 a r # h # b 1 r# 1 a2r#! h# b
Ê dS
dr œ È r# h # Ê dS œ dr, h constant
Ér#! h#
39. V œ 1r# h, height constant Ê dV œ 21r! h dr 40. S œ 21rh Ê dS œ 21r dh
41. Given r œ 2 m, dr œ .02 m

(a) A œ 1r# Ê dA œ 21r dr œ 21(2)(.02) œ .081 m#
1‰
41 (100%) œ 2%
(b) ˆ .08
"
42. C œ 21r and dC œ 2 in. Ê dC œ 21 dr Ê dr œ 1 Ê the diameter grew about 2
1 in.; A œ 1r# Ê dA œ 21r dr
œ 21(5) ˆ 1" ‰ œ 10 in.#
43. The volume of a cylinder is V œ 1r# h. When h is held fixed, we have dV

dr œ #1rh, and so dV œ #1rh dr. For h œ $! in.,
r œ ' in., and dr œ !Þ& in., the volume of the material in the shell is approximately dV œ #1rh dr œ #1a'ba$!ba!Þ&b
œ ")!1 ¸ &'&Þ& in$ .
44. Let ) œ angle of elevation and h œ height of building. Then h œ $!tan ), so dh œ $!sec# ) d). We want ldhl !Þ!%h,
which gives: l$!sec# ) d)l !Þ!%l$!tan )l Ê cos"# ) ld)l !Þ!% sin ) &1 &1
cos ) Ê ld)l !Þ!%sin ) cos ) Ê ld)l !Þ!%sin "# cos "#
œ !Þ!" radian. The angle should be measured with an error of less than !Þ!" radian (or approximatley !Þ&( degrees),
which is a percentage error of approximately !Þ('%.

Section 3.9 Linearization and Differentials 149
ˆ dr ‰
45. The percentage error in the radius is dt
r ‚ 100 Ÿ 2%.
ˆ dC ‰
(a) Since C œ 21 r Ê dt œ 21 dt . The percentage
dC dr
error in calculating the circle's circumference is dt
C ‚ 100
ˆ21 dr ‰ ˆ dr ‰
œ dt
21 r ‚ 100 œ r ‚ 100 Ÿ 2%.
dt
ˆ dA ‰
(b) Since A œ 1 r2 Ê dA
dt œ 21 r dr
dt . The percentage error in calculating the circle's area is given by
dt
A ‚ 100
ˆ21 r dr ‰ ˆ dr ‰
œ 1 r2
dt
‚ 100 œ 2 dt
r ‚ 100 Ÿ 2a2%b œ 4%.
ˆ dx ‰
46. The percentage error in the edge of the cube is dt
x ‚ 100 Ÿ 0.5%.
ˆ dS ‰ ˆ12x dx ‰
(a) Since S œ 6x Ê 2 dS
dt œ 12x dx
dt . The percentage error in the cube's surface area is dt
S ‚ 100 œ 6x2
dt
‚ 100
ˆ dx ‰
œ 2 dtx ‚ 100 Ÿ 2a0.5%b œ 1%
ˆ dV ‰ ˆ3x2 dx ‰
(b) Since V œ x3 Ê dV
dt œ 3x2 dx
dt . The percentage error in the cube's volume is
dt
V ‚ 100 œ x3
dt
‚ 100
ˆ dx ‰
œ 3 dtx ‚ 100 Ÿ 3a0.5%b œ 1.5%
(1) a1h$ b (1) a1h$ b

47. V œ 1h$ Ê dV œ 31h# dh; recall that ?V ¸ dV. Then k?Vk Ÿ (1%)(V) œ 100 Ê kdVk Ÿ 100
(1) a1h$ b "
Ê k31h# dhk Ÿ 100 Ê kdhk Ÿ 300 h œ ˆ 3" %‰ h. Therefore the greatest tolerated error in the measurement
"
of h is 3 %.
# 1D#i h 51D#i
48. (a) Let Di represent the interior diameter. Then V œ 1r# h œ 1 ˆ D#i ‰ h œ 4 and h œ 10 Ê V œ # Ê
" ‰ 5 1 Di # 1Di#
dV œ 51Di dDi . Recall that ?V ¸ dV. We want k?Vk Ÿ (1%)(V) Ê kdVk Ÿ ˆ 100 Š # ‹ œ 40
1D#i
Ê 51Di dDi Ÿ 40 Ê dDi
Di Ÿ 200. The inside diameter must be measured to within 0.5%.
(b) Let De represent the exterior diameter, h the height and S the area of the painted surface. S œ 1De h Ê dS œ 1hdDe
Ê dSS œ De . Thus for small changes in exterior diameter, the approximate percentage change in the exterior diameter
dDe
is equal to the approximate percentage change in the area painted, and to estimate the amount of paint required to
within 5%, the tanks's exterior diameter must be measured to within 5%.
$ 1 D$ 1 1 10% 1
49. Given D œ 100 cm, dD œ 1 cm, V œ 4
3 1 ˆ D# ‰ œ 6 Ê dV œ # D# dD œ # (100)# (1) œ # . Then dV
V (100%)
10% 1 10' 1
#
œ” #
10' 1 • a10 %b œ ”
#
10' 1 • % œ 3%
6 6
$ 1 D$ 1 D# 3 ‰ 1D $
50. V œ 4
3 1 r$ œ 4
3 1 ˆ D# ‰ œ 6 Ê dV œ # dD; recall that ?V ¸ dV. Then k?Vk Ÿ (3%)V œ ˆ 100 Š 6 ‹
1 D$ 1 D$ #
1 D$
œ 200 Ê kdVk Ÿ 200 Ê ¹ 1D# dD¹ Ÿ #00 Ê kdDk Ÿ D
100 œ (1%) D Ê the allowable percentage error in
measuring the diameter is 1%.
b dg
Š ‹ #
(5.2)#
51. W œ a b
g œ a bg" Ê dW œ bg# dg œ bgdg
# Ê dWmoon
dWearth œ b dg œ ˆ 5.2
32 ‰
œ 37.87, so a change of
Š # ‹
(32)
gravity on the moon has about 38 times the effect that a change of the same magnitude has on Earth.
"Î#
52. (a) T œ 21 Š Lg ‹ Ê dT œ 21ÈL ˆ "# g$Î# ‰ dg œ 1ÈL g$Î# dg
(b) If g increases, then dg 0 Ê dT 0. The period T decreases and the clock ticks more frequently. Both
the pendulum speed and clock speed increase.
(c) 0.001 œ 1È100 ˆ980$Î# ‰ dg Ê dg ¸ 0.977 cm/sec# Ê the new g ¸ 979 cm/sec#

53. E(x) œ f(x) g(x) Ê E(x) œ f(x) m(x a) c. Then E(a) œ 0 Ê f(a) m(a a) c œ 0 Ê c œ f(a). Next
f(x) m(x a) c
we calculate m: xlim
Äa
œ 0 Ê xlim
E(x)
xa Äa xa œ 0 Ê xlim
Äa
’ f(x)x
a m“ œ 0 (since c œ f(a))
f(a)
Ê f w (a) m œ 0 Ê m œ f w (a). Therefore, g(x) œ m(x a) c œ f w (a)(x a) f(a) is the linear approximation,
as claimed.
54. (a) i. Qaab œ faab implies that b! œ faab.

ii. Since Qw axb œ b" #b# ax ab, Qw aab œ f w aab implies that b" œ f w aab.
ww
iii. Since Qww axb œ #b# , Qww aab œ f ww aab implies that b2 œ f aa b
# .
ww
In summary, b! œ faab, b" œ f w aab, and b2 œ f aa b

# .
(b) faxb œ a" xb" ; f w axb œ "a" xb# a"b œ a" xb# ; f ww axb œ #a" xb$ a"b œ #a" xb$
Since fa!b œ ", f w a!b œ ", and f ww a!b œ #, the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ ", b# œ ## œ ". The quadratic
approximation is Qaxb œ " x x# .
(c) As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
indistinguishable. They appear to be identical.
(d) gaxb œ x" ; gw axb œ "x# ; gww axb œ #x$

#
Since ga"b œ ", gw a"b œ ", and gww a"b œ # , the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ ", b# œ # œ ". The quadratic
#
approximation is Qaxb œ " ax "b ax "b .
As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
(e) haxb œ a" xb"Î# ; hw axb œ "# a" xb"Î# ; hww axb œ "% a" xb$Î#
"%
Since ha!b œ ", hw a!b œ "# , and hww a!b œ "% , the coefficients are b! œ ", b" œ "# , b# œ 2 œ "8 . The quadratic
#
approximation is Qaxb œ " x
# x
8 .
As one zooms in, the two graphs quickly become
(f) The linearization of any differentiable function uaxb at x œ a is Laxb œ uaab uw aabax ab œ b! b" ax ab, where
b! and b" are the coefficients of the constant and linear terms of the quadratic approximation. Thus, the linearization
for faxb at x œ ! is " x; the linearization for gaxb at x œ " is " ax "b or # x; and the linearization for haxb at
x œ ! is " x# .

Chapter 3 Practice Exercises 151
55-58. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with(plots):
a:= 1: f:=x -> x • 3 x • 2 2*x;
plot(f(x), x=1..2);
diff(f(x),x);
fp := unapply (ww ,x);
L:=x -> f(a) fp(a)*(x a);
plot({f(x), L(x)}, x=1..2);
err:=x -> abs(f(x) L(x));
plot(err(x), x=1..2, title = #absolute error function#);
err(1);
Mathematica: (function, x1, x2, and a may vary):
Clear[f, x]
{x1, x2} = {1, 2}; a = 1;
f[x_]:=x3 x2 2x
Plot[f[x], {x, x1, x2}]
lin[x_]=f[a] f'[a](x a)
Plot[{f[x], lin[x]}, {x, x1, x2}]
err[x_]=Abs[f[x] lin[x]]
Plot[err[x], {x, x1,x 2}]
err//N
After reviewing the error function, plot the error function and epsilon for differing values of epsilon (eps) and delta (del)
eps = 0.5; del = 0.4
Plot[{err[x], eps},{x, a del, a del}]
CHAPTER 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. y œ x& 0.125x# 0.25x Ê dy

dx œ 5x% 0.25x 0.25
2. y œ 3 0.7x$ 0.3x( Ê dy
dx œ 2.1x# 2.1x'
3. y œ x$ 3 ax# 1# b Ê dy
dx œ 3x# 3(2x 0) œ 3x# 6x œ 3x(x 2)
"
4. y œ x( È7x 1 1 Ê dy
dx œ 7x' È7
5. y œ (x 1)# ax# 2xb Ê dy

dx œ (x 1)# (2x 2) ax# 2xb (2(x 1)) œ 2(x 1) c(x 1)# x(x 2)d
œ 2(x 1) a2x# 4x 1b
6. y œ (2x 5)(4 x)" Ê dy

dx œ (2x 5)(1)(4 x)# (1) (4 x)" (2) œ (4 x)# c(2x 5) 2(4 x)d
œ 3(4 x)#
$ #
7. y œ a)# sec ) 1b Ê dy
d) œ 3 a)# sec ) 1b (2) sec ) tan ))
#
csc ) )# csc ) )# ˆ csc ) cot ) )#
8. y œ Š1 # 4‹ Ê dy
d) œ 2 Š1 # 4‹ # #) ‰ œ Š1 csc )
# 4 ‹ (csc ) cot ) ))

" "
Èt ˆ1 Èt‰† Èt Èt Š #Èt ‹ ˆ1 Èt‰ Èt "
9. s œ 1 Èt
Ê ds
dt œ #
# œ # œ #
ˆ1 Èt‰ 2Èt ˆ1 Èt‰ #Èt ˆ1 Èt‰
"
"
ˆÈt 1‰ (0) 1 Š Èt ‹ "
10. s œ Èt 1 Ê ds
dt œ #
#
œ #
ˆÈ t 1 ‰ 2 È t ˆÈ t 1 ‰
11. y œ 2 tan# x sec# x Ê dy

dx œ (4 tan x) asec# xb (2 sec x)(sec x tan x) œ 2 sec# x tan x
"
12. y œ sin# x 2
sin x œ csc# x 2 csc x Ê dy
dx œ (2 csc x)(csc x cot x) 2( csc x cot x) œ (2 csc x cot x)(1 csc x)
13. s œ cos% (1 2t) Ê ds

dt œ 4 cos$ (1 2t)(sin (1 2t))(2) œ 8 cos$ (1 2t) sin (1 2t)
14. s œ cot$ ˆ 2t ‰ Ê ds
dt œ 3 cot# ˆ 2t ‰ ˆcsc# ˆ 2t ‰‰ ˆ t#2 ‰ œ 6
t# cot# ˆ 2t ‰ csc# ˆ 2t ‰
15. s œ (sec t tan t)& Ê ds

dt œ 5(sec t tan t)% asec t tan t sec# tb œ 5(sec t)(sec t tan t)&
16. s œ csc& a1 t 3t# b Ê ds

dt œ 5 csc% a1 t 3t# b acsc a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# bb (1 6t)
œ 5(6t 1) csc& a1 t 3t# b cot a1 t 3t# b
" ) cos ) sin )

17. r œ È2) sin ) œ (2) sin ))"Î# Ê dr
d) œ # (2) sin ))"Î# (#) cos ) 2 sin )) œ È2) sin )
18. r œ 2)Ècos ) œ 2) (cos ))"Î# Ê dr

d) œ 2) ˆ "# ‰ (cos ))"Î# (sin )) 2(cos ))"Î# œ ) sin )
Ècos ) 2Ècos )
2 cos ) ) sin )
œ Ècos )
cos È2)
19. r œ sin È2) œ sin (2))"Î# Ê dr
d) œ cos (2))"Î# ˆ "# (2))"Î# (2)‰ œ È 2)
" 2È)"1
20. r œ sin Š) È) 1‹ Ê dr
d) œ cos Š) È) 1‹ Š1 2È ) 1
‹ œ #È ) "
cos Š) È) 1‹
" "
21. y œ # x# csc 2
x Ê dy
dx œ # x# ˆcsc 2
x cot x2 ‰ ˆ x#2 ‰ ˆcsc x2 ‰ ˆ "# † 2x‰ œ csc 2
x cot 2
x x csc 2
x
" sin Èx
22. y œ 2Èx sin Èx Ê dy
dx œ 2Èx ˆcos Èx‰ Š 2È x
‹ ˆsin Èx‰ Š 2È
2
x
‹ œ cos Èx Èx
23. y œ x"Î# sec (2x)# Ê dx œ x

dy "Î#
sec (2x)# tan (2x)# (2(2x) † 2) sec (2x)# ˆ "# x$Î# ‰
œ 8x"Î# sec (2x)# tan (2x)# "# x$Î# sec (2x)# œ "# x"Î# sec (2x)# c16 tan (2x)# x# d or #x"$Î# seca#xb2 16x# tana2xb# "‘
24. y œ Èx csc (x 1)$ œ x"Î# csc (x 1)$

Ê dy
dx œ x"Î# acsc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$ b a3(x 1)# b csc (x 1)$ ˆ "# x"Î# ‰
csc (x 1)$ " Èx csc (x 1)$ x" 6(x 1)# cot (x 1)$ ‘
œ 3Èx (x 1)# csc (x 1)$ cot (x 1)$ 2È x
œ #
"
or #È x
csc(x 1)$ c1 6x(x 1)# cot (x 1)$ d
25. y œ 5 cot x# Ê dy
dx œ 5 acsc# x# b (2x) œ 10x csc# ax# b
26. y œ x# cot 5x Ê dy
dx œ x# acsc# 5xb (5) (cot 5x)(2x) œ 5x# csc# 5x 2x cot 5x

27. y œ x# sin# a2x# b Ê dy

dx œ x# a2 sin a2x# bb acos a2x# bb (4x) sin# a2x# b (2x) œ 8x$ sin a2x# b cos a2x# b 2x sin# a2x# b
28. y œ x# sin# ax$ b Ê dy

dx œ x# a2 sin ax$ bb acos ax$ bb a3x# b sin# ax$ b a2x$ b œ 6 sin ax$ b cos ax$ b 2x$ sin# ax$ b
# $ $
29. s œ ˆ t 4t 1 ‰ Ê ds
dt œ 2 ˆ t 4t 1 ‰ Š (t 1)(4) (4t)(1)
(t 1)# ‹ œ 2 ˆ t 4t 1 ‰ 4
(t 1)# œ (t 8t$1)
" " "

30. s œ 15(15t 1)$ œ 15 (15t 1)$ Ê ds
dt œ 15 (3)(15t 1)% (15) œ 3
(15t 1)%
Èx # Èx
"
(x 1) Š #È ‹ ˆÈx‰ (1) (x 1) 2x 1x
31. y œ Š x 1 ‹ Ê dy
dx œ 2 Šx1‹ † x
(x 1)# œ (x 1)$ œ (x 1)$
2È x # 2È x ˆ2Èx 1‰ Š È" ‹ ˆ2Èx‰ Š È" ‹ 4Èx Š È"x ‹

32. y œ Š 2Èx 1 ‹ Ê dy
dx œ 2 Š 2È x 1 ‹ x
ˆ2 È x 1 ‰ #
x
œ ˆ2 È x 1 ‰ $
œ 4
ˆ2 È x 1‰$
"Î#
#
33. y œ É x x# x œ ˆ1 "x ‰ Ê dy
œ "
#
ˆ1 "x ‰"Î# ˆ x"# ‰ œ "
dx "
#x # É 1 x
"Î# "Î#
34. y œ 4xÉx Èx œ 4x ˆx x"Î# ‰ Ê dy
dx œ 4x ˆ "# ‰ ˆx x"Î# ‰ ˆ1 "# x"Î# ‰ ˆx x"Î# ‰"Î# (4)
"Î# " "Î# 6x 5Èx
œ ˆx Èx‰ ’2x Š1 #È x
‹ 4 ˆx Èx‰“ œ ˆx Èx‰ ˆ2x Èx 4x 4Èx‰ œ
É x Èx
#
œ 2 ˆ cossin) ) 1 ‰ ’ (cos ) 1)(cos )) (sin ))(sin )) #
) cos ) sin# )
35. r œ ˆ cossin) ) 1 ‰ Ê dr
d) (cos ) 1)# “ œ 2 ˆ cossin) ) " ‰ Š cos (cos ) ")# ‹
(2 sin )) (1 cos )) 2 sin )
œ (cos ) 1)$ œ (cos ) ")#
# 1 ‰ (1 cos ))(cos )) (sin ) ")(sin )) 2(sin ) ")

36. r œ ˆ 1sin )cos
1 ‰
) Ê dr
d) œ 2 ˆ 1sin )cos ) ’ (1 cos ))# “œ (1 cos ))$ acos ) cos# ) sin# ) sin )b
2(sin ) 1)(cos ) sin ) 1)
œ (1 c os ))$
37. y œ (2x 1) È2x 1 œ (2x 1)$Î# Ê dy

dx œ 3
# (2x 1)"Î# (2) œ 3È2x 1
" ‰
38. y œ 20(3x 4)"Î% (3x 4)"Î& œ 20(3x 4)"Î#! Ê dy
dx œ 20 ˆ 20 (3x 4)"*Î#! (3) œ 3
(3x 4)"*Î#!
$Î# &Î# 9(5x cos 2x)

39. y œ 3 a5x# sin 2xb Ê dy
œ 3 ˆ 3# ‰ a5x# sin 2xb [10x (cos 2x)(2)] œ
dx a5x# sin 2xb&Î#
"Î$ %Î$ 3 cos# 3x sin 3x

40. y œ a3 cos$ 3xb Ê dy
œ "3 a3 cos$ 3xb a3 cos# 3xb (sin 3x)(3) œ
dx a3 cos$ 3xb%Î$
41. xy 2x 3y œ 1 Ê axyw yb 2 3yw œ 0 Ê xyw 3yw œ 2 y Ê yw (x 3) œ 2 y Ê yw œ yx

3
2
42. x# xy y# 5x œ 2 Ê 2x Šx dy
dx y‹ 2y dy
dx 5œ!Êx dy
dx 2y dy
dx œ 5 2x y Ê dy
dx (x 2y) œ 5 2x y
5 2x y
Ê dy
dx œ x 2y
43. x$ 4xy 3y%Î$ œ 2x Ê 3x# Š4x dy

dx 4y‹ 4y"Î$ dy
dx œ 2 Ê 4x dy
dx 4y"Î$ dy
dx œ 2 3x# 4y
ˆ4x 4y"Î$ ‰ œ 2 3x# 4y Ê 2 3x# 4y
Ê dy
dx
dy
dx œ 4x 4y"Î$

44. 5x%Î& 10y'Î& œ 15 Ê 4x"Î& 12y"Î& dy

dx œ 0 Ê 12y"Î& dy
dx œ 4x"Î& Ê dy
dx œ "3 x"Î& y"Î& œ 3(xy)
"
"Î&
"
45. (xy)"Î# œ 1 Ê # (xy)"Î# Šx dy
dx y‹ œ 0 Ê x"Î# y"Î# dy
dx œ x"Î# y"Î# Ê dy
dx œ x" y Ê dy
dx œ yx
46. x# y# œ 1 Ê x# Š2y dy
dx ‹ y# (2x) œ 0 Ê 2x# y dy
dx œ 2xy# Ê dy
dx œ yx
(x 1)(1) (x)(1) "

47. y# œ x
x 1 Ê 2y dy
dx œ (x 1)# Ê dy
dx œ #y(x 1)#
"Î# (1 x)(1) (1 x)Ð")

48. y# œ ˆ 11
x
x‰
Ê y% œ "x
1x Ê 4y$ dy
dx œ (" x)# Ê dy
dx œ "
2y$ (1 x)#
49. p$ 4pq 3q# œ 2 Ê 3p# dp

dq 4 Šp q dp
dq ‹ 6q œ 0 Ê 3p# dp
dq 4q dp
dq œ 6q 4p Ê dp
dq a3p# 4qb œ 6q 4p
6q 4p
Ê dp
dq œ 3p# 4q
$Î# &Î# &Î#

50. q œ a5p# 2pb Ê 1 œ 3# a5p# 2pb Š10p dp
dq 2 dp
dq ‹ Ê 23 a5p# 2pb œ dp
dq (10p 2)
# &Î#
Ê dp
dq œ a5p3(5p 2p1)b
51. r cos 2s sin# s œ 1 Ê r(sin 2s)(2) (cos 2s) ˆ ds

dr ‰
2 sin s cos s œ 0 Ê dr
ds (cos 2s) œ 2r sin 2s 2 sin s cos s
2r sin 2s sin 2s (2r 1)(sin 2s)
Ê dr
ds œ cos 2s œ cos 2s œ (2r 1)(tan 2s)
" 2s 2r
52. 2rs r s s# œ 3 Ê 2 ˆr s dr ‰
ds dr
ds 1 2s œ 0 Ê dr
ds (2s 1) œ 1 2s 2r Ê dr
ds œ 2s 1
dy
# d# y y# (2x) ax# b Š2y dx ‹
53. (a) x$ y$ œ 1 Ê 3x# 3y# dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ yx# Ê dx# œ y%
x# 2x%
d# y 2xy# a2yx# b Š ‹ 2xy# 2xy$ 2x%
y#
Ê dx# œ y%
œ y%
y
œ y&
" " d# y #
(b) y# œ 1 2
x Ê 2y dy
dx œ 2
x# Ê dy
dx œ yx# Ê dy
dx œ ayx# b Ê dx# œ ayx# b ’y(2x) x# dy
dx “
"
d# y 2xy x# Š ‹ 2xy# 1
yx#
Ê dx# œ y# x%
œ y$ x%
54. (a) x# y# œ 1 Ê 2x 2y dy
dx œ 0 Ê 2y dy
dx œ 2x Ê dy
dx œ x
y
d# y y(1) x
dy y x Š xy ‹ y# x# "
(b) dy
dx œ x
y Ê dx# œ y#
dx
œ y# œ y$ œ y$ (since y# x# œ 1)
55. (a) Let h(x) œ 6f(x) g(x) Ê hw (x) œ 6f w (x) gw (x) Ê hw (1) œ 6f w (1) gw (1) œ 6 ˆ "# ‰ a%b œ (
(b) Let h(x) œ f(x)g# (x) Ê hw (x) œ f(x) a#g(x)b gw (x) g# (x)f w (x) Ê hw (0) œ #f(0)g(0)gw (0) g# (0)f w (0)
œ #(1)(1) ˆ "# ‰ (1)# ($) œ #
(g(x) 1)f (x) f(x)g (x) (g(1) ")f (1) f(1)g (1) (& 1) ˆ "# ‰ 3 a%b &
Ê hw (x) œ Ê hw (1) œ
w w w w
(c) Let h(x) œ f(x)

g(x) 1 (g(x) 1)# (g(1) 1)# œ (& 1)# œ "#
(d) Let h(x) œ f(g(x)) Ê hw (x) œ f (g(x))g (x) Ê hw (0) œ w w
f (g(0))g (0) œ f (1) ˆ # ‰ œ ˆ # ‰ ˆ "# ‰ œ "%
w w w " "
(e) Let h(x) œ g(f(x)) Ê hw (x) œ gw (f(x))f w (x) Ê hw (0) œ g (f(0))f (0) œ g (1)f (0) œ a%b ($) œ "# w w w w
(f) Let h(x) œ (x f(x))$Î# Ê hw (x) œ 3# (x f(x))"Î# a1 f w (x)b Ê hw (1) œ 3# (1 f(1))"Î# a1 f w (1)b
œ 3# (1 3)"Î# ˆ1 "# ‰ œ *#
(g) Let h(x) œ f(x g(x)) Ê hw (x) œ f w (x g(x)) a1 gw (x)b Ê hw (0) œ f w (g(0)) a1 gw (0)b
œ f w (1) ˆ1 "# ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ $# ‰ œ $%

" "
56. (a) Let h(x) œ Èx f(x) Ê hw (x) œ Èx f w (x) f(x) † #È x
Ê hw (1) œ È1 f w (1) f(1) † #È 1
œ 5" (3) ˆ #" ‰ œ 13
10
" " "
(b) Let h(x) œ (f(x))"Î# Ê hw (x) œ # (f(x))"Î# af w (x)b Ê hw (0) œ # (f(0))"Î# f w (0) œ # (9)
"Î#
(2) œ 3"
" " " " "
(c) Let h(x) œ f ˆÈx‰ Ê hw (x) œ f w ˆÈx‰ † #È x
Ê hw (1) œ f w ŠÈ1‹ † œ † # œ
#È 1 5 10
(d) Let h(x) œ f(1 5 tan x) Ê hw (x) œ f w (1 5 tan x) a5 sec# xb Ê h (0) œ f w (1 5 tan 0) a5 sec# 0b w
œ f w (1)(5) œ "5 (5) œ 1

(2 cos x)f (x) f(x)(sin x)
Ê hw (x) œ Ê hw (0) œ (2 1)f(2(0) f(0)(0)
œ 3(9 2) œ
w w
(e) Let h(x) œ f(x)

2 cos x (2 cos x)# 1)# 32
(f) Let h(x) œ 10 sin ˆ 1#x ‰ f # (x) Ê hw (x) œ 10 sin ˆ 1#x ‰ a2f(x)f w (x)b f # (x) ˆ10 cos ˆ 1#x ‰‰ ˆ 1# ‰
Ê hw (1) œ 10 sin ˆ 1# ‰ a2f(1)f w (1)b f # (1) ˆ10 cos ˆ 1# ‰‰ ˆ 1# ‰ œ 20(3) ˆ "5 ‰ ! œ 12
57. x œ t# 1 Ê dx
dt œ 2t; y œ 3 sin 2x Ê dy
dx œ 3(cos 2x)(2) œ 6 cos 2x œ 6 cos a2t# 21b œ 6 cos a2t# b ; thus,
dy
dt œ dy
dx † dx
dt œ 6 cos a2t# b † 2t Ê dy
dt ¹ t = 0 œ 6 cos (0) † 0 œ 0
"Î$ " #Î$ #Î$

58. t œ au# 2ub Ê dt
du œ 3 au# 2ub (2u 2) œ 2
3 au
#
2ub (u 1); s œ t# 5t Ê ds
dt œ 2t 5
"Î$ "Î$ #Î$
œ 2 au# 2ub 5; thus ds
du œ ds
dt † dt
du œ ’2 au# 2ub 5“ ˆ 32 ‰ au# 2ub (u 1)
"Î$ #Î$
Ê ds ¸
du u=2 œ ’2 a2# 2(2)b 5“ ˆ 23 ‰ a2# 2(2)b (2 1) œ 2 ˆ2 † 8"Î$ 5‰ ˆ8#Î$ ‰ œ 2(2 † 2 5) ˆ 4" ‰ œ 9
#
59. r œ 8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ Ê dr
ds œ 8 cos ˆs 16 ‰ ; w œ sin ˆÈr 2‰ Ê dw
dr
"
œ cos ˆÈr 2‰ Š #È r
‹
cos É8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ 2 cos ŠÉ8 sin ˆs 16 ‰ 2‹
œ 1‰
; thus, dw
œ dw
† dr
œ † 8 cos ˆs 16 ‰‘
2É8 sin ˆs 6
ds dr ds
# É8 sinˆ s 16 ‰
cos ŠÉ8 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 2‹†8 cos ˆ 16 ‰ (cos 0)(8) Š

È3 ‹
#
Ê dw ¸
œ œ œ È3
ds s = 0
2É8 sin ˆ 16 ‰ 2È4
d ) ‰‰ d) d) d) ) # "Î$
60. )# t ) œ 1 Ê ˆ)# t ˆ2) dt dt œ0 Ê dt (2)t 1) œ )# Ê dt œ 2)t1 ; r œ a)# 7b
" # #Î$ #Î$ d) ¸ 1
Ê d ) œ 3 a)
dr
7b (2)) œ 2
3 ) a)# 7b ; now t œ 0 and )# t ) œ 1 Ê ) œ 1 so that dt t= 0, ) = 1 œ 1 œ 1
" d) ¸ ˆ 6" ‰ (1) "
and d) ) = 1 œ 3
dr ¸ 2
(1 7)#Î$ œ 6 Ê dr ¸
dt t = 0 œ dr ¸
d) t = 0 † dt t = 0 œ œ 6
2 sin x
61. y$ y œ 2 cos x Ê 3y# dy
dx dy
dx œ 2 sin x Ê dy
dx a3y# 1b œ 2 sin x Ê dy
dx œ 3y# 1 Ê dy
dx ¹ (0ß1)
2 sin (0) d# y a3y# 1b (2 cos x) (2 sin x) Š6y dy

dx ‹
œ 3 1 œ 0; dx# œ a3y# 1b #
d# y (3 1)(2 cos 0) (2 sin 0)(6†0)

Ê dx# ¹ (0ß1) œ (3 1)# œ #"
#Î$
" y#Î$
62. x"Î$ y"Î$ œ 4 Ê 3 x#Î$ 3" y#Î$ dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ yx#Î$ Ê dy
dx ¹ (8ß8) œ 1; dy
dx œ x#Î$
ˆx#Î$ ‰ Š 23 y "Î$ dy ˆ #Î$ ‰ ˆ 23

dx ‹ y x "Î$ ‰ ˆ8#Î$ ‰ 23 †8 "Î$ †(1)‘ ˆ8#Î$ ‰ ˆ 23 †8 "Î$ ‰
d# y d# y
Ê œ # Ê dx# ¹ (8ß8) œ 8%Î$
dx# ax#Î$ b
"
"3 2
"
œ 3
8#Î$
œ 3
4 œ 6
"
"
63. f(t) œ " "
2t 1 and f(t h) œ #(t h) 1 Ê
f(t h) f(t)
h œ #(t h) 1h #t 1 œ (2t 2t 1 (2t 2h 1)
2h 1)(2t 1)h
2h 2 f(t h) f(t)
œ w
(2t 2h 1)(2t 1)h œ (2t 2h 1)(2t 1) Ê f (t) œ hlim h œ lim (2t 2h 21)(#t 1)
Ä! hÄ!
#
œ (2t 1) #

g(x h) g(x) a2x# 4xh 2h# 1b a2x# 1b
64. g(x) œ 2x# 1 and g(x h) œ 2(x h)# 1 œ 2x# 4xh 2h# 1 Ê h œ h
4xh 2h# g(x h) g(x)
œ h œ 4x 2h Ê gw (x) œ lim h œ lim (4x 2h) œ 4x
hÄ! hÄ!
65. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x# œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b x# œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0. Since lim f(x) œ 0 œ f(0) it
x Ä !c xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is continuous at x œ 0.
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c (2x) œ 0 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b (2x) œ 0 Ê lim f w (x) œ 0. Since this limit exists, it
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is differentiable at x œ 0.
66. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b tan x œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0. Since lim f(x) œ 0 œ f(0), it
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c 1 œ 1 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b sec# x œ 1 Ê lim f w (x) œ 1. Since this limit exists it
xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
follows that f is differentiable at x œ 0.
67. (a)
(b) lim f(x) œ lim c x œ 1 and lim b f(x) œ lim b (2 x) œ 1 Ê lim f(x) œ 1. Since lim f(x) œ 1 œ f(1), it
x Ä "c xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ"
(c) lim c f w (x) œ lim c 1 œ 1 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b 1 œ 1 Ê lim c f w (x) Á lim b f w (x), so lim f w (x) does
xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ" xÄ1
not exist Ê f is not differentiable at x œ 1.
68. (a) lim f(x) œ lim c sin 2x œ 0 and lim b f(x) œ lim b mx œ 0 Ê lim f(x) œ 0, independent of m; since
x Ä !c xÄ! xÄ! xÄ! xÄ!
f(0) œ 0 œ lim f(x) it follows that f is continuous at x œ 0 for all values of m.
xÄ!
(b) lim f w (x) œ lim c (sin 2x)w œ lim c 2 cos 2x œ 2 and lim b f w (x) œ lim b (mx)w œ lim b m œ m Ê f is
differentiable at x œ 0 provided that lim c f w (x) œ lim b f w (x) Ê m œ 2.
xÄ! xÄ!

" " " "
69. y œ x
# #x 4 œ # x (2x 4)" Ê dy
dx œ # 2(2x 4)# ; the slope of the tangent is 3# Ê 3# œ # 2(2x 4)#
"
Ê 2 œ 2(2x 4)# Ê 1 œ # #
(2x 4)# Ê (2x 4) œ 1 Ê 4x 16x 16 œ 1 Ê 4x 16x 15 œ 0
#
Ê (2x 5)(2x 3) œ 0 Ê x œ 5# or x œ 3# Ê ˆ 5# ß 49 ‰ and ˆ 3# ß 4" ‰ are points on the curve where the slope is 3# .
" " " " "

70. y œ x 2x Ê dy
dx œ1 2
(2x)# œ1 #x# ; the slope of the tangent is 3 Ê 3 œ 1 #x# Ê 2œ #x # Ê x# œ 4
"
Ê xœ „ # Ê ˆ "# ß "# ‰ and ˆ " "‰
# ß # are points on the curve where the slope is 3.
71. y œ 2x$ 3x# 12x 20 Ê dy

dx œ 6x# 6x 12; the tangent is parallel to the x-axis when dy
dx œ0
Ê 6x# 6x 12 œ 0 Ê x# x 2 œ 0 Ê (x 2)(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 2 or x œ 1 Ê (#ß !) and ("ß #7) are
points on the curve where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.
72. y œ x$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x# Ê dy
dx ¹ ( 2ß 8) œ 12; an equation of the tangent line at (#ß )) is y 8 œ 12(x 2)
Ê y œ 12x 16; x-intercept: 0 œ 12x 16 Ê x œ 43 Ê ˆ 43 ß !‰ ; y-intercept: y œ 12(0) 16 œ 16 Ê (0ß 16)
73. y œ 2x$ 3x# 12x 20 Ê dy

dx œ 6x# 6x 12
(a) The tangent is perpendicular to the line y œ 1 x
24 when dy
dx œ Š ˆ" " ‰ ‹ œ 24; 6x# 6x 12 œ 24
#4
Ê x# x 2 œ 4 Ê x# x 6 œ 0 Ê (x 3)(x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 2 or x œ 3 Ê (#ß 16) and ($ß 11) are

points where the tangent is perpendicular to y œ 1 24
x
.
(b) The tangent is parallel to the line y œ 2 12x when dx œ 12 Ê 6x# 6x 12 œ 12 Ê x# x œ 0
È dy
Ê x(x 1) œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or x œ 1 Ê (!ß 20) and ("ß () are points where the tangent is parallel to
y œ È2 12x.
1 sin x x(1 cos x) (1 sin x)(1) 1 # 1#

74. y œ x Ê dy
dx œ x# Ê m" œ dy
dx ¹ x=1 œ 1# œ 1 and m# œ dy
dx ¹ x=c1 1# œ 1. Since m" œ m"# the
tangents intersect at right angles.
75. y œ tan x, 1# x 1
# Ê dy
dx œ sec# x; now the slope
of y œ is "# Ê the normal line is parallel to
x
#
# "
yœ x# when dy
dx œ 2. Thus, sec x œ 2 Ê cos# x œ 2
Ê cos# x œ "# Ê cos x œ È „"
2
Ê x œ 14 and x œ 14
for 1# x 1
# Ê ˆ 14 ß 1‰ and ˆ 14 ß "‰ are points
where the normal is parallel to y œ x# .
76. y œ 1 cos x Ê dy
dx œ sin x Ê dy
dx ¹ ˆ 1 ß1‰ œ 1
2
Ê the tangent at ˆ 1# ß 1‰ is the line y 1 œ ˆx 1# ‰

Ê y œ x 1# 1; the normal at ˆ 1# ß 1‰ is
y 1 œ (1) ˆx 1# ‰ Ê y œ x 1
# 1
" "
77. y œ x# C Ê dy
dx œ 2x and y œ x Ê dy
dx œ 1; the parabola is tangent to y œ x when 2x œ 1 Ê x œ # Êyœ # ; thus,
"
# œ ˆ "# ‰# CÊCœ "
4

78. y œ x$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x# Ê dy
dx ¹ x œ a œ 3a# Ê the tangent line at aaß a$ b is y a$ œ 3a# (x a). The tangent line
intersects y œ x$ when x$ a$ œ 3a# (x a) Ê (x a) ax# xa a# b œ 3a# (x a) Ê (x a) ax# xa 2a# b œ 0
Ê (x a)# (x 2a) œ 0 Ê x œ a or x œ 2a. Now dy
dx ¹ x œ c2a œ 3(2a)# œ 12a# œ 4 a3a# b, so the slope at
x œ 2a is 4 times as large as the slope at aaß a$ b where x œ a.
3 (2)
79. The line through a0ß 3b and a5ß 2b has slope m œ 05 œ 1 Ê the line through a0ß 3b and a5ß 2b is
c c
y œ x 3; y œ c
x1 Ê dy
dx œ (x 1)# , so the curve is tangent to y œ x 3 Ê dy
dx œ 1 œ (x 1)#
Ê (x 1)# œ c, x Á 1. Moreover, y œ c
x1 intersects y œ x 3 Ê c
x 1 œ x 3, x Á 1
#
Ê c œ (x 1)(x 3), x Á 1. Thus c œ c Ê (x 1) œ (x 1)(x 3) Ê (x 1)[x 1 (x 3)]
œ !, x Á 1 Ê (x 1)(2x 2) œ 0 Ê x œ 1 (since x Á 1) Ê c œ 4.
80. Let Šbß „ Èa# b# ‹ be a point on the circle x# y# œ a# . Then x# y# œ a# Ê 2x 2y dy

dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ xy
b „È a # b #
Ê dy
dx ¹ x œ b œ Ê normal line through Šbß „ Èa# b# ‹ has slope Ê normal line is
„È a # b # b
„È a # b # „È a # b # È a# b#
y Š „ Èa# b# ‹ œ b (x b) Ê y … Èa# b# œ b x … Èa# b# Ê y œ „ b x
which passes through the origin.
81. x# 2y# œ 9 Ê 2x 4y dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y
x
Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß2) œ "4 Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 "4 (x 1)
œ "4 x 9
4 and the normal line is y œ 2 4(x 1) œ 4x 2.
3x# 3
82. x$ y# œ 2 Ê 3x# 2y dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) œ #3 Ê the tangent line is y œ 1 # (x 1)
œ 3# x 5
# and the normal line is y œ 1 32 (x 1) œ 2
3 x 3" .
y 2
83. xy 2x 5y œ 2 Ê Šx dy
dx y‹ 2 5 dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx (x 5) œ y 2 Ê dy
dx œ x 5 Ê dy
dx ¹ (3ß2) œ2
1
Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 2(x 3) œ 2x 4 and the normal line is y œ 2 # (x 3) œ "# x 7# .
1yx
84. (y x)# œ 2x 4 Ê 2(y x) Š dy
dx 1‹ œ 2 Ê (y x)
dy
dx œ 1 (y x) Ê dy
dx œ yx Ê dy
dx ¹ (6ß2) œ 3
4
Ê the tangent line is y œ 2 34 (x 6) œ 3

4 x 5
# and the normal line is y œ 2 43 (x 6) œ 43 x 10.
" 2Èxy y 5
85. x Èxy œ 6 Ê 1 #Èxy Šx dy
dx y‹ œ 0 Ê x dy
dx y œ 2Èxy Ê dy
dx œ x Ê dy
dx ¹ (4ß1) œ 4
Ê the tangent line is y œ 1 54 (x 4) = 54 x 6 and the normal line is y œ " 45 (x 4) œ 4

5 x 11
5 .
x"Î#
86. x$Î# 2y$Î# œ 17 Ê 3
2 x"Î# 3y"Î# dy
dx œ0 Ê dy
dx œ 2y"Î#
Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß4) œ "4 Ê the tangent line is
y œ 4 "4 (x 1) œ 4" x 17
4 and the normal line is y œ 4 4(x 1) œ 4x.
87. x$ y$ y# œ x y Ê ’x$ Š3y# dy

dx ‹ y$ a3x# b“ 2y dy
dx œ1 dy
dx Ê 3x$ y# dy
dx 2y dy
dx dy
dx œ " 3x# y$
1 3x# y$
Ê dy
dx a3x$ y# 2y 1b œ 1 3x# y$ Ê dy
dx œ 3x$ y# 2y 1 Ê dy
dx ¹ (1ß1) œ 24 , but dy
dx ¹ (1ßc1) is undefined.
Therefore, the curve has slope "# at ("ß ") but the slope is undefined at ("ß 1).

88. y œ sin (x sin x) Ê dy

dx œ [cos (x sin x)](1 cos x); y œ 0 Ê sin (x sin x) œ 0 Ê x sin x œ k1,
k œ 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 (for our interval) Ê cos (x sin x) œ cos (k1) œ „ 1. Therefore, dy
dx œ 0 and y œ 0 when
1 cos x œ 0 and x œ k1. For #1 Ÿ x Ÿ 21, these equations hold when k œ 2, 0, and 2 (since
cos (1) œ cos 1 œ 1). Thus the curve has horizontal tangents at the x-axis for the x-values 21, 0, and 21
(which are even integer multiples of 1) Ê the curve has an infinite number of horizontal tangents.
89. B œ graph of f, A œ graph of f w . Curve B cannot be the derivative of A because A has only negative slopes
while some of B's values are positive.
90. A œ graph of f, B œ graph of f w . Curve A cannot be the derivative of B because B has only negative slopes
while A has positive values for x 0.
91. 92.
93. (a) 0, 0 (b) largest 1700, smallest about 1400
94. rabbits/day and foxes/day
"
95. lim #
sin x
œ lim ’ˆ sinx x ‰ † (#x 1) “ œ (1) ˆ "1 ‰ œ 1
x Ä ! 2x x xÄ!
3x tan 7x
96. lim #x œ lim ˆ 3x
2x
sin 7x ‰
œ 3
# lim Š cos"7x † sin 7x
† "
ˆ 27 ‰ ‹œ 3
# ˆ1 † 1 † 27 ‰ œ 2
xÄ! xÄ! 2x cos 7x xÄ! 7x
97. lim sin r

œ lim ˆ sinr r † 2r
† "# ‰ œ ˆ "# ‰ (1) lim sin 2r
cos 2r
œ ˆ "# ‰ (1) ˆ 1" ‰ œ "
#
r Ä ! tan 2r rÄ! tan 2r r Ä ! ˆ 2r ‰
sin (sin )) (sin )) ˆ sin ) ‰ sin (sin ))

98. lim ) œ lim Š sinsin ) ‹ ) œ lim sin ) . Let x œ sin ). Then x Ä 0 as ) Ä 0
)Ä! )Ä! )Ä!
sin (sin ))
Ê lim sin ) œ lim sin x
œ1
)Ä! xÄ! x
Š4 tan" ) tan"# ) ‹
4 tan# ) tan ) 1 (4 0 0)
99. lim c tan# ) & œ lim c œ (1 0) œ4
) Ä ˆ1‰
2 ) Ä ˆ1‰ 2
Š" tan5# ) ‹
Š cot"# ) 2‹
1 2 cot# ) (0 2)
100. lim b 5 cot# ) 7 cot ) 8 œ lim b œ (5 0 0) œ 52
)Ä! )Ä! Š5 cot7 ) cot8# ) ‹
x x
† ˆx‰ ˆ #x ‰
101. lim x sin x
œ lim x sin x
œ lim x sin x
œ lim ’ sin## ˆ# x ‰ † sin x
x “ œ lim ’ sin #ˆ x ‰ † † sin x
x “
x Ä ! 2 2 cos x x Ä ! 2(1 cos x)
# x sin ˆ #x ‰
x Ä ! 2 ˆ2 sin ˆ # ‰‰ xÄ! # xÄ! #
œ (1)(1)(1) œ 1
1cos ) 2 sin# ˆ #) ‰ sin ˆ #) ‰ sin ˆ #) ‰

102. lim )# œ lim )# œ lim ’ ˆ #) ‰ † ˆ #) ‰ † "# “ œ (1)(1) ˆ "# ‰ œ "
#
)Ä! )Ä! )Ä!

103. lim tan x

œ lim ˆ cos" x † sin x ‰
œ 1; let ) œ tan x Ê ) Ä 0 as x Ä 0 Ê lim g(x) œ lim tan (tan x)
xÄ! x xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ! tan x
tan )
œ lim ) œ 1. Therefore, to make g continuous at the origin, define g(0) œ 1.
)Ä!
"
104. lim f(x) œ lim tan (tan x)
œ lim ’ tantan
(tan x)
† sin x
† cos x “ œ 1 † lim sin x
(using the result of #105);
xÄ! x Ä ! sin (sin x) xÄ! x sin (sin x) x Ä ! sin (sin x)
let ) œ sin x Ê ) Ä 0 as x Ä 0 Ê lim sin x
œ lim ) œ 1. Therefore, to make f continuous at the origin,
x Ä ! sin (sin x) ) Ä ! sin )
define f(0) œ 1.
105. (a) S œ 21r# 21rh and h constant Ê dS

dt œ 41r dr
dt 21 h
dr
dt œ (41r 21h) dr
dt
(b) S œ 21r# 21rh and r constant Ê œ 21r dh
dS
dt dt
(c) S œ 21r# 21rh Ê dS
dt œ 41r dr
dt #1 ˆr dh
dt h dr ‰
dt œ (41r 21h) dt 21r
dr dh
dt
r dh
(d) S constant Ê dS
dt œ 0 Ê 0 œ (41r 21h) dr
dt 21r dh
dt Ê (2r dt œ r
h) dr dh
dt Ê dr
dt œ 2rh dt
dt h dt
ˆr dr dh ‰
106. S œ 1rÈr# h# Ê dS
dt œ 1r † È r# h # 1Èr# h# dr
dt ;
1r# dr 1 r#
(a) h constant Ê dh
dt œ0 Ê dS
dt œ dt
È r# h # 1Èr# h# dr
dt œ ’1Èr# h# dr
Èr# h# “ dt
1rh
(b) r constant Ê dr
dt œ0 Ê dS
dt œ dh
Èr# h# dt
1 r# 1rh
(c) In general, dS
dt œ ’1Èr# h# dr
Èr# h# “ dt dh
Èr# h# dt
107. A œ 1r# Ê dA
dt œ 21 r dr
dt ; so r œ 10 and dr
dt œ 12 m/sec Ê dA
dt œ (21)(10) ˆ 12 ‰ œ 40 m# /sec
" dV "
108. V œ s$ Ê dV
dt œ 3s# † ds
dt Ê ds
dt œ 3s# dt ; so s œ 20 and dV
dt œ 1200 cm$ /min Ê ds
dt œ 3(20)# (1200) œ 1 cm/min
" " " " dR " dR" " dR#

109. dR"
dt œ 1 ohm/sec, dR#
dt œ 0.5 ohm/sec; and R œ R" R# Ê R# dt œ R"# dt
R## dt
. Also, R" œ 75 ohms and
" " "
R# œ 50 ohms Ê R œ 75 50 Ê R œ 30 ohms. Therefore, from the derivative equation,
" dR " " ˆ " " ‰ 5625 ‰ "
(30)# dt œ (75)# (1) (50)# (0.5) œ 5625 5000 Ê dR
dt œ (900) ˆ 5000
5625†5000 œ
9(625)
50(5625) œ 50 œ 0.02 ohm/sec.
dt X dt
R dR dX
110. dR
dt œ 3 ohms/sec and dX
dt œ 2 ohms/sec; Z œ ÈR# X# Ê dZ
dt œ È R # X# so that R œ 10 ohms and
(10)(3)(20)(2) "
X œ 20 ohms Ê dZ
dt œ È10# 20# œ È5 ¸ 0.45 ohm/sec.
111. Given dx
dt œ 10 m/sec and dy
dt œ 5 m/sec, let D be the distance from the origin Ê D# œ x# y# Ê 2D dD
dt
œ 2x dx
dt 2y dy
dt Ê D dD
dt œx dt y dt
dx dy
. When (xß y) œ ($ß %), D œ É$# a%b# œ & and
5 dD
dt œ (3)(10) (%)(5) Ê dt œ 5 œ
dD 10
2. Therefore, the particle is moving away from the origin at 2 m/sec
(because the distance D is increasing).
#
112. Let D be the distance from the origin. We are given that œ 11 units/sec. Then D# œ x# y# œ x# ˆx$Î# ‰
dD
dt
œ x# x$ Ê 2D dD
dt œ 2x dx
dt 3x# dx
dt œ x(2 3x) dx
dt ; x œ 3 Ê D œ
È3# 3$ œ 6 and substitution in the
derivative equation gives (2)(6)(11) œ (3)(2 9) dx
dt Ê dx
dt œ 4 units/sec.
113. (a) From the diagram we have 10

h œ 4
r Ê rœ 2
5 h.
" # " # 41 h$ 41h# dh
(b) V œ 3 1r h œ 3 1 ˆ 52 h‰ h œ 75 Ê dV
dt œ 25 dt , so dV
dt œ 5 and h œ 6 Ê dh
dt œ 144
125
1 ft/min.

d) d) d)
114. From the sketch in the text, s œ r) Ê ds
dt œr dt ) dr
dt . Also r œ 1.2 is constant Ê dr
dt œ0 Ê ds
dt œr dt œ (1.2) dt .
d)
Therefore, ds
dt œ 6 ft/sec and r œ 1.2 ft Ê dt œ 5 rad/sec
d) d)
115. (a) From the sketch in the text, dt œ 0.6 rad/sec and x œ tan ). Also x œ tan ) Ê dx
dt œ sec# ) dt ; at point A, x œ 0
#
Ê)œ0Ê dx
dt œ asec 0b (0.6) œ 0.6. Therefore the speed of the light is 0.6 œ 3
5 km/sec when it reaches
point A.
(b) (3/5) rad
sec † 1 rev
21 rad † 60 sec
min œ 18
1 revs/min
116. From the figure, a

r œ b
BC Ê a
r œ b
È b # r# . We are given
that r is constant. Differentiation gives,
ŠÈb# r# ‹ ˆ db
dt (b) Š È
‰ b
‹ ˆ db ‰
" b# r#
† œ
da dt
r dt b # r# . Then,
b œ 2r and db
dt œ 0.3r
Ô È(2r)# r# (0.3r) (2r) É2r( #0.3r)# ×
œ rÖ Ù
(2r) r
Ê da
dt # # (2r) r
Õ Ø
È3r# (0.3r) 4r# (0.3r)
È 3r# a3r# b (0.3r) a4r# b (0.3r)
œ 3r œ 3 È 3 r#
œ 0.3r
3È 3
œ r
10È3
m/sec. Since da
dt is positive, the distance OA is increasing
when OB œ 2r, and B is moving toward O at the rate of 0.3r m/sec.
117. (a) If f(x) œ tan x and x œ 14 , then f w (x) œ sec# x,

f ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1 and f w ˆ 14 ‰ œ 2. The linearization of
f(x) is L(x) œ 2 ˆx 14 ‰ (1) œ 2x 1 2
# .
(b) If f(x) œ sec x and x œ 14 , then f w (x) œ sec x tan x,

f ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 and f w ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2. The
4 4
linearization of f(x) is L(x) œ È2 ˆx 14 ‰ È2
È2(% 1)
œ È2x 4 .
" sec# x
118. f(x) œ 1 tan x Ê f w (x) œ (1 tan x)# . The linearization at x œ 0 is L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1 x.
119. f(x) œ Èx 1 sin x 0.5 œ (x 1)"Î# sin x 0.5 Ê f w (x) œ ˆ "# ‰ (x 1)"Î# cos x
Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 1.5(x 0) 0.5 Ê L(x) œ 1.5x 0.5, the linearization of f(x).
120. f(x) œ 2
1 x È1 x 3.1 œ 2(1 x)" (1 x)"Î# 3.1 Ê f w (x) œ 2(1 x)# (1) "# (1 x)"Î#
"
œ 2
(1 x)# 2È 1 x
Ê L(x) œ f w (0)(x 0) f(0) œ 2.5x 0.1, the linearization of f(x).

"Î#
121. S œ 1 rÈr# h# , r constant Ê dS œ 1 r † "# ar# h# b #h dh œ 1rh
Èr# h# dh. Height changes from h! to h! dh
1 r h! adhb
Ê dS œ
Ér# h#!
12r#
122. (a) S œ 6r# Ê dS œ 12r dr. We want kdSk Ÿ (2%) S Ê k12r drk Ÿ 100 Ê kdrk Ÿ r
100 . The measurement of the
edge r must have an error less than 1%.
#
(b) When V œ r$ , then dV œ 3r# dr. The accuracy of the volume is ˆ dV
V (100%) œ Š r$ ‹ (100%)
‰ 3r dr
œ ˆ 3r ‰ (dr)(100%) œ ˆ 3r ‰ ˆ 100
r ‰
(100%) œ 3%
C# C$ "
123. C œ 21r Ê r œ C
21 , S œ 41 r # œ 1 , and V œ 4
3 1 r$ œ 61 # . It also follows that dr œ #1 dC, dS œ 2C
1 dC and
C#
dV œ dC. Recall that C œ 10 cm and dC œ 0.4 cm.
21 #
(a) dr œ 0.4
21 œ 1 cm Ê
0.2 ˆ drr ‰ (100%) œ ˆ 0.2
1
‰ ˆ 2101 ‰ (100%) œ (.04)(100%) œ 4%
1 ‰
(b) dS œ 20
1 (0.4) œ 1 cm Ê
8
S (100%) œ 1
ˆ dS ‰ ˆ 8 ‰ ˆ 100 (100%) œ 8%
10# ˆ 20 ‰ 61
#
(c) dV œ 21 # (0.4) œ 20
1# cm Ê ˆ dV
V (100%) œ 1# Š 1000 ‹ (100%) œ 12%
‰
124. Similar triangles yield 35

h œ 15
6 Ê h œ 14 ft. The same triangles imply that 20h a œ 6a Ê h œ 120a" 6
Ê dh œ 120a# da œ 120
a# da œ ˆ 120
a#
‰ ˆ „ 1"# ‰ œ ˆ "#!
"&#
" ‰
‰ˆ „ "# œ „ 45
2
¸ „ .0444 ft œ „ 0.53 inches.
CHAPTER 3 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. (a) sin 2) œ 2 sin ) cos ) Ê d

d) (sin 2)) œ d
d) (2 sin ) cos )) Ê 2 cos 2) œ 2[(sin ))(sin )) (cos ))(cos ))]
# #
Ê cos 2) œ cos ) sin )
(b) cos 2) œ cos# ) sin# ) Ê d
d) (cos 2)) œ d
d) acos# ) sin# )b Ê 2 sin 2) œ (2 cos ))(sin )) (2 sin ))(cos ))
Ê sin 2) œ cos ) sin ) sin ) cos ) Ê sin 2) œ 2 sin ) cos )
2. The derivative of sin (x a) œ sin x cos a cos x sin a with respect to x is cos (x a) œ cos x cos a sin x sin a, which
is also an identity. This principle does not apply to the equation x# 2x 8 œ 0, since x# 2x 8 œ 0 is not an identity:
it holds for 2 values of x (2 and 4), but not for all x.
3. (a) f(x) œ cos x Ê f w (x) œ sin x Ê f ww (x) œ cos x, and g(x) œ a bx cx# Ê gw (x) œ b 2cx Ê gww (x) œ 2c;
also, f(0) œ g(0) Ê cos (0) œ a Ê a œ 1; f w (0) œ gw (0) Ê sin (0) œ b Ê b œ 0; f ww (0) œ gww (0) Ê cos (0) œ 2c
Ê c œ "# . Therefore, g(x) œ 1 "# x# .
(b) f(x) œ sin (x a) Ê f w (x) œ cos (x a), and g(x) œ b sin x c cos x Ê gw (x) œ b cos x c sin x; also, f(0) œ g(0)
Ê sin (a) œ b sin (0) c cos (0) Ê c œ sin a; f w (0) œ gw (0) Ê cos (a) œ b cos (0) c sin (0) Ê b œ cos a.
Therefore, g(x) œ sin x cos a cos x sin a.
(c) When f(x) œ cos x, f www (x) œ sin x and f Ð%Ñ (x) œ cos x; when g(x) œ 1 "# x# , gwww (x) œ 0 and gÐ%Ñ (x) œ 0. Thus
f www (0) œ 0 œ gwww (0) so the third derivatives agree at x œ 0. However, the fourth derivatives do not agree since
f Ð%Ñ (0) œ 1 but gÐ%Ñ (0) œ 0. In case (b), when f(x) œ sin (x a) and g(x) œ sin x cos a cos x sin a, notice that
f(x) œ g(x) for all x, not just x œ 0. Since this is an identity, we have f ÐnÑ (x) œ gÐnÑ (x) for any x and any positive
integer n.
4. (a) y œ sin x Ê yw œ cos x Ê yww œ sin x Ê yww y œ sin x sin x œ 0; y œ cos x Ê yw œ sin x
Ê yww œ cos x Ê yww y œ cos x cos x œ 0; y œ a cos x b sin x Ê yw œ a sin x b cos x
Ê yww œ a cos x b sin x Ê yww y œ (a cos x b sin x) (a cos x b sin x) œ 0

Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises 163
(b) y œ sin (2x) Ê yw œ 2 cos (2x) Ê yww œ 4 sin (2x) Ê yww 4y œ 4 sin (2x) 4 sin (2x) œ 0. Similarly,
y œ cos (2x) and y œ a cos (2x) b sin (2x) satisfy the differential equation yw w 4y œ 0. In general,
y œ cos (mx), y œ sin (mx) and y œ a cos (mx) b sin (mx) satisfy the differential equation yww m# y œ 0.
5. If the circle (x h)# (y k)# œ a# and y œ x# 1 are tangent at ("ß #), then the slope of this tangent is
m œ 2xk (1 2) œ 2 and the tangent line is y œ 2x. The line containing (hß k) and ("ß #) is perpendicular to
ß
k2
y œ 2x Ê h1 œ "# Ê h œ 5 2k Ê the location of the center is (5 2kß k). Also, (x h)# (y k)# œ a#
1 ay b#
Ê x h (y k)yw œ 0 Ê 1 ayw b# (y k)yw w œ 0 Ê yww œ
w
ky . At the point ("ß #) we know

w ww
y œ 2 from the tangent line and that y œ 2 from the parabola. Since the second derivatives are equal at ("ß #)
1 (2)# #
we obtain 2 œ k# Ê kœ 9
# . Then h œ 5 2k œ 4 Ê the circle is (x 4)# ˆy 9# ‰ œ a# . Since ("ß #)
5È 5
lies on the circle we have that a œ 2 .
x ‰#
6. The total revenue is the number of people times the price of the fare: r(x) œ xp œ x ˆ3 40 , where
x ‰# " ‰
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 60. The marginal revenue is dxdr
œ ˆ3 40 2x ˆ3 40
x ‰ˆ
40 Ê dxdr
œ ˆ3 2x
40
‘ 40
x ‰ ˆ
3 40
x ‰
œ 3 ˆ3 40 ‰ ˆ1 40 ‰ . Then dx œ 0 Ê x œ 40 (since x œ 120 does not belong to the domain). When 40 people
x x dr
x ‰#
are on the bus the marginal revenue is zero and the fare is p(40) œ ˆ3 40 ¹ x œ 40 œ $4.00.
7. (a) y œ uv Ê dy
dt œ du
dt v u dv
dt œ (0.04u)v u(0.05v) œ 0.09uv œ 0.09y Ê the rate of growth of the total production is
9% per year.
(b) If du
dt œ 0.02u and dv
dt œ 0.03v, then dy
dt œ (0.02u)v (0.03v)u œ 0.01uv œ 0.01y, increasing at 1% per year.
8. When x# y# œ 225, then yw œ xy . The tangent

line to the balloon at (12ß 9) is y 9 œ 4
3 (x 12)
Ê yœ 4
3 x 25. The top of the gondola is 15 8
œ 23 ft below the center of the balloon. The inter-
section of y œ 23 and y œ 43 x 25 is at the far
right edge of the gondola Ê 23 œ 4
3 x 25
Ê xœ 3
# . Thus the gondola is 2x œ 3 ft wide.
9. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility.
d# s
10. s(t) œ 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ Ê v(t) œ ds
dt œ 10 sin ˆt 14 ‰ Ê a(t) œ dv
dt œ dt# œ 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰
(a) s(0) œ 10 cos ˆ 14 ‰ œ È
10
2
(b) Left: 10, Right: 10

(c) Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 10 Ê cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê t œ 341 when the particle is farthest to the left.
Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 10 Ê cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 1 Ê t œ 14 , but t 0 Ê t œ 21 41 œ 741 when the particle
is farthest to the right. Thus, v ˆ 341 ‰ œ 0, v ˆ 741 ‰ œ 0, a ˆ 341 ‰ œ 10, and a ˆ 741 ‰ œ 10.
(d) Solving 10 cos ˆt 14 ‰ œ 0 Ê t œ 1
4 Ê v ˆ 14 ‰ œ 10, ¸v ˆ 14 ‰¸ œ 10 and a ˆ 14 ‰ œ !.
11. (a) s(t) œ 64t 16t# Ê v(t) œ ds

dt œ 64 32t œ 32(2 t). The maximum height is reached when v(t) œ 0
Ê t œ 2 sec. The velocity when it leaves the hand is v(0) œ 64 ft/sec.
(b) s(t) œ 64t 2.6t# Ê v(t) œ ds
dt œ 64 5.2t. The maximum height is reached when v(t) œ 0 Ê t ¸ 12.31 sec.
The maximum height is about s(12.31) œ 393.85 ft.
12. s" œ 3t$ 12t# 18t 5 and s# œ t$ 9t# 12t Ê v" œ 9t# 24t 18 and v# œ 3t# 18t 12; v" œ v#
Ê 9t# 24t 18 œ 3t# 18t 12 Ê 2t# 7t 5 œ 0 Ê (t 1)(2t 5) œ 0 Ê t œ 1 sec and t œ 2.5 sec.
13. m av# v#! b œ k ax#! x# b Ê m ˆ2v dv ‰

dt œ k ˆ2x dx ‰
dt Ê m dv
dt œ k ˆ 2v
2x ‰ dx
dt Ê m dv
dt œ kx ˆ "v ‰ dx
dt . Then
substituting dx
dt œv Ê m dv
dt œ kx, as claimed.
14. (a) x œ At# Bt C on ct" ß t# d Ê v œ dx

dt œ 2At B Ê v ˆ t" # t# ‰ œ 2A ˆ t" # t# ‰ B œ A at" t# b B is the
?x
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint. The average velocity over the time interval is vav œ ?t
aAt## Bt# Cb aAt#" Bt" Cb at# t" b cA at# t" b Bd
œ t# t" œ t# t" œ A at# t" b B.
#
(b) On the graph of the parabola x œ At Bt C, the slope of the curve at the midpoint of the interval
ct" ß t# d is the same as the average slope of the curve over the interval.
15. (a) To be continuous at x œ 1 requires that lim c sin x œ lim b (mx b) Ê 0 œ m1 b Ê m œ 1b ;

xÄ1 xÄ1
cos x, x 1
(b) If yw œ œ is differentiable at x œ 1, then lim c cos x œ m Ê m œ 1 and b œ 1.
m, x 1 xÄ1
1 c cos x
" cos x f(x) f(0) 0
16. faxb is continuous at ! because lim œ ! œ fa!b. f w (0) œ lim x0 œ lim x
xÄ! x xÄ! xÄ! x
#
œ lim ˆ 1 xcos
#
x ‰ ˆ 1 cos x ‰
1 cos x œ lim ˆ sinx x ‰ ˆ 1 "cos x ‰ œ "
#
w
. Therefore f (0) exists with value "
# .
xÄ! xÄ!
17. (a) For all a, b and for all x Á 2, f is differentiable at x. Next, f differentiable at x œ 2 Ê f continuous at x œ 2
Ê lim c f(x) œ f(2) Ê 2a œ 4a 2b 3 Ê 2a 2b 3 œ 0. Also, f differentiable at x Á 2
xÄ2
a, x 2
Ê f w (x) œ œ . In order that f w (2) exist we must have a œ 2a(2) b Ê a œ 4a b Ê 3a œ b.
2ax b, x 2
Then 2a 2b 3 œ 0 and 3a œ b Ê a œ 3
4 and b œ 9
4 .
$
(b) For x #, the graph of f is a straight line having a slope of % and passing through the origin; for x #, the graph of f
$
is a parabola. At x œ #, the value of the y-coordinate on the parabola is # which matches the y-coordinate of the point
$
on the straight line at x œ #. In addition, the slope of the parabola at the match up point is % which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
18. (a) For any a, b and for any x Á 1, g is differentiable at x. Next, g differentiable at x œ 1 Ê g continuous at
x œ 1 Ê lim b g(x) œ g(1) Ê a 1 2b œ a b Ê b œ 1. Also, g differentiable at x Á 1
x Ä "
a, x 1
Ê gw (x) œ œ . In order that gw (1) exist we must have a œ 3a(1)# 1 Ê a œ 3a 1
3ax# 1, x 1
Ê a œ "# .

Chapter 3 Additional and Advanced Exercises 165
(b) For x Ÿ ", the graph of g is a straight line having a slope of "# and a y-intercept of ". For x ", the graph of g is
$
a cubic. At x œ ", the value of the y-coordinate on the cubic is # which matches the y-coordinate of the point
on the straight line at x œ ". In addition, the slope of the cubic at the match up point is "# which is equal to the
slope of the straight line. Therefore, since the graph is differentiable at the match up point, the graph is smooth there.
19. f odd Ê f(x) œ f(x) Ê d

dx (f(x)) œ d
dx (f(x)) Ê f w (x)(1) œ f w (x) Ê f w (x) œ f w (x) Ê f w is even.
20. f even Ê f(x) œ f(x) Ê d

dx (f(x)) œ d
dx (f(x)) Ê f w (x)(1) œ f w (x) Ê f w (x) œ f w (x) Ê f w is odd.
h(x) h(x! ) f(x) g(x) f(x! ) g(x! )

21. Let h(x) œ (fg)(x) œ f(x) g(x) Ê hw (x) œ x lim
Äx x x! œ x lim
Äx x x!
! !
f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x! ) f(x) g(x! ) f(x! ) g(x! )
œ x lim
Äx x x! œ x lim
Äx
’f(x) ’ g(x)x xg(x
!
!)
““ x lim
Äx
’g(x! ) ’ f(x)x f(x! )
x! ““
! ! !
œ f(x! ) x lim
Ä x!
’ g(x)x g(x! )
x! “
w
g(x! ) f (x! ) œ 0 † lim ’ g(x)x
x Ä x!
g(x! )
x! “ g(x! ) f (x! ) œ g(x! ) f w (x! ), if g is
w
continuous at x! . Therefore (fg)(x) is differentiable at x! if f(x! ) œ 0, and (fg)w (x! ) œ g(x! ) f w (x! ).
22. From Exercise 21 we have that fg is differentiable at 0 if f is differentiable at 0, f(0) œ 0 and g is continuous at 0.
(a) If f(x) œ sin x and g(x) œ kxk , then kxk sin x is differentiable because f w (0) œ cos (0) œ 1, f(0) œ sin (0) œ 0
and g(x) œ kxk is continuous at x œ 0.
(b) If f(x) œ sin x and g(x) œ x#Î$ , then x#Î$ sin x is differentiable because f w (0) œ cos (0) œ 1, f(0) œ sin (0) œ 0
and g(x) œ x#Î$ is continuous at x œ 0.
(c) If f(x) œ 1 cos x and g(x) œ $Èx, then $Èx (1 cos x) is differentiable because f w (0) œ sin (0) œ 0,
f(0) œ 1 cos (0) œ 0 and g(x) œ x"Î$ is continuous at x œ 0.
(d) If f(x) œ x and g(x) œ x sin ˆ "x ‰ , then x# sin ˆ x" ‰ is differentiable because f w (0) œ 1, f(0) œ 0 and
sin ˆ "x ‰
lim x sin ˆ "x ‰ œ lim " œ lim sin t
œ 0 (so g is continuous at x œ 0).
xÄ! xÄ! x tÄ_ t
23. If f(x) œ x and g(x) œ x sin ˆ "x ‰ , then x# sin ˆ x" ‰ is differentiable at x œ 0 because f w (0) œ 1, f(0) œ 0 and
sin ˆ "x ‰
lim x sin ˆ "x ‰ œ lim " œ lim sin t
œ 0 (so g is continuous at x œ 0). In fact, from Exercise 21,
xÄ! xÄ! x tÄ_ t
hw (0) œ g(0) f w (0) œ 0. However, for x Á 0, hw (x) œ x# cos ˆ "x ‰‘ ˆ x"# ‰ 2x sin ˆ x" ‰ . But
lim hw (x) œ lim cos ˆ "x ‰ 2x sin ˆ x" ‰‘ does not exist because cos ˆ x" ‰ has no limit as x Ä 0. Therefore,
xÄ! xÄ!
the derivative is not continuous at x œ 0 because it has no limit there.
24. From the given conditions we have f(x h) œ f(x) f(h), f(h) 1 œ hg(h) and lim g(h) œ 1. Therefore,
hÄ!
f(xh) f(x) f(x) f(h) f(x)
f w (x) œ lim h œ lim h œ lim f(x) ’ f(h)h 1 “ œ f(x) ’ lim g(h)“ œ f(x) † 1 œ f(x)
hÄ! hÄ! hÄ! hÄ!
Ê f w (x) œ f(x) and f axbexists at every value of x.
w
25. Step 1: The formula holds for n œ 2 (a single product) since y œ u" u# Ê dy
dx œ du"
dx u# u" du#
dx .
Step 2: Assume the formula holds for n œ k:
y œ u" u# âuk Ê dy
dx œ du"
du#
dx u# u$ âuk u"
dx u$ âuk á u" u# âuk-1 dx
duk
.
d(u" u# âuk )
If y œ u" u# âuk ukb1 œ au" u# âuk b ukb1 , then dy
dx œ dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dudxkb1
œ ˆ du
dx u# u$ âuk u" dx u$ âuk â u" u# âukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dx
" du# duk ‰ dukb1
œ dudx u# u$ âukb1 u" dx u$ â ukb1 â u" u# âukc1 dx ukb1 u" u# âuk dx .

" du# duk dukb1
Thus the original formula holds for n œ (k1) whenever it holds for n œ k.

26. Recall ˆ mk ‰ œ k! (m k)! . Then 1 œ 1! (m 1)! œ m and k k 1 œ k! (m k)! (k 1)! (m k 1)!

m! ˆm‰ m! ˆm‰ ˆ m ‰ m! m!
m! (k 1) m! (m k)
œ (k 1)! (m k)! œ (k m!1)!(m(m 1)k)! œ (k 1)! ((m
(m 1)! ˆm1‰
1) (k 1))! œ k 1 . Now, we prove
Leibniz's rule by mathematical induction.
Step 1: If n œ 1, then dx œ u dx v dx . Assume that the statement is true for n œ k, that is:
d(uv) dv du
dk (uv) dk " u dv k # # k "
dxk œ dxk v k dxk " dx 2 dxk # dx# á k 1 dv dxk " u dxk .

dk u ˆk‰ d u d v ˆ k ‰ du d v dk v
kb" k "
k
dk" u d# v
If n œ k 1, then d dx(uv) œ dx Š d dx k ‹ œ
(uv) ddxk u" v ddxuk dv
dx ’k dxk dx k dxk" dx# “
k
d ‘ dk u dv
Step 2: k "
dk " u d# v dk # u d$ v d# u dk " v
’ˆ k2 ‰ dxk " dx# ˆ k2 ‰ dxk # dx$ “ á ’ˆ k k 1 ‰ dx# dxk " ˆ kk 1 ‰ du dk u
dx dxk v“
dkb" u ‘ dk " u k" #
du
dx dxk u dxk " œ dxk " v (k 1) dxk dx
dk v dk u dv ˆ k1 ‰ ˆ k2 ‰‘ ddxk"u ddxv# á
dkb" v dk " u ˆ k 2 1 ‰ dxdk " u d# v
ˆ k k 1 ‰ ˆ kk ‰‘ dx dxk u dxk" œ dxk" v (k 1) dxk dx
du dk v dk u dv
k "
dx# á
ˆ k k 1 ‰ dx dkb" v
dxk u dxk " .
du dk v
Therefore the formula (c) holds for n œ (k 1) whenever it holds for n œ k.
41 # L T# g a1 sec# ba32.2 ft/sec# b

27. (a) T# œ g ÊLœ 41 # ÊLœ 41 # Ê L ¸ 0.8156 ft
41 # L #1 È #1 " 1 1
(b) T# œ g ÊTœ Èg L; dT œ Èg † #È L
dL œ ÈLg dL; dT œ Èa!Þ)"&' ftba32.2 ft/sec# b a!Þ!" ftb ¸ 0.00613 sec.
(c) Since there are 86,400 sec in a day, we have a0.00613 secba86,400 sec/dayb ¸ 529.6 sec/day, or 8.83 min/day; the
clock will lose about 8.83 min/day.
28. v œ s$ Ê dv
dt œ $s# ds #
dt œ ka's b Ê
ds
dt œ #k. If s! œ the initial length of the cube's side, then s" œ s! #k
av! b"Î$
Ê #k œ s! s" . Let t œ the time it will take the ice cube to melt. Now, t œ s!
#k œ s!
s ! s " œ "Î$ "Î$
av! b ˆ $% v! ‰
"
œ "Î$ ¸ "" hr.
" ˆ $% ‰

122 Chapter 3 Differentiation

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122 Chapter 3 Differentiation

35. y œ sin x Ê yw œ cos x Ê slope of tangent at

36. y œ tan x Ê yw œ sec# x Ê slope of tangent at x œ 13

37. y œ sec x Ê yw œ sec x tan x Ê slope of tangent at

the tangent at the point ˆ 14 ß sec ˆ 14 ‰‰ œ Š 14 ß È2‹ is y È2

38. y œ 1 cos x Ê yw œ sin x Ê slope of tangent at

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

43. We want all points on the curve where the tangent

44. We want all points on the curve y œ cot x where

45. y œ 4 cot x 2 csc x Ê yw œ csc# x 2 csc x cot x œ ˆ sin" x ‰ ˆ 1 sin

47. lim sin ˆ "x #" ‰ œ sin ˆ #" #" ‰ œ sin 0 œ 0

48. lim È1 cos (1 csc x) œ É1 cos ˆ1 csc ˆ 1 ‰‰ œ È1 cos a1 † a2bb œ È2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

52. lim sin ˆ tan1xtan ˆ 1 tan 0 ‰ ˆ 1‰

53. lim tan ˆ1 sin t ‰

55. s œ 2 2 sin t Ê v œ ds ˆ1‰

œ È2 m/sec; speed œ ¸v ˆ 1 ‰¸ œ È2 m/sec; acceleration œ a ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 m/sec# ; jerk œ j ˆ 1 ‰ œ È2 m/sec$ .

56. s œ sin t cos t Ê v œ ds

" (cos x)(0) (1)(sin x)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

67. y œ tan x Ê yw œ sec# x, so the smallest value

68. y œ cot x Ê yw œ csc# x so yw has no smallest

69. y œ x appears to cross the y-axis at y œ 1, since

lim sin x œ 1; y œ sinx2x appears to cross the y-axis

sin h ˆ sinh h ‰ ˆ 180 ‰

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

3.6 THE CHAIN RULE

4. f(u) œ cos u Ê f w (u) œ sin u Ê f w (g(x)) œ sin ˆ 3x ‰ ; g(x) œ x

9. With u œ (2x 1), y œ u& : dy

10. With u œ (4 3x), y œ u* : dy

14. With u œ 3x2 4x 6, y œ u1Î2 : dy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

15. With u œ tan x, y œ sec u: dy

16. With u œ 1 "x , y œ cot u: dy

17. With u œ sin x, y œ u$ : dy

18. With u œ cos x, y œ 5u% : dy

"Î3 " 2 Î3 " 2 Î3 2 2r

22. s œ sin ˆ 3#1t ‰ cos ˆ 3#1t ‰ Ê ds

csc ) cot ) csc# ) csc ) (cot ) csc )) csc )

24. r œ 6(sec ) tan ))3Î2 Ê dr

25. y œ x# sin% x x cos# x Ê dy # d % % #

" " d d ˆ"‰

" ( " ‰" ' " ‰# " ‰

29. y œ (4x 3)% (x 1)$ Ê dy

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31. h(x) œ x tan ˆ2Èx‰ 7 Ê hw (x) œ x dx d ˆ

32. k(x) œ x# sec ˆ "x ‰ Ê kw (x) œ x# dx d ˆ

# (1 cos ))(cos )) (sin ))(sin ))

" a1 sin 3tba2b a3 2tba3 cos 3tb

37. r œ sin a)# b cos (2)) Ê dr

38. r œ Šsec È)‹ tan ˆ ") ‰ Ê dr

40. q œ cot ˆ sint t ‰ Ê dq

41. y œ sin# (1t 2) Ê dy

43. y œ (1 cos 2t)% Ê dy

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45. y œ at tan tb10 Ê dy

4 Î3 4asin tb1Î3 cos t asin tb4Î3

3 2 ˆt3 4t‰a2tb t2 ˆ3t2 4‰ 3t4 ˆt4 4t2 ‰ 3t2 ˆt2 4‰

4‰ 5 4‰ 6 a5t 2b†3 a3t 4b†5 2‰ 6 15t 6 15t 20 5t 2b 6

49. y œ sin acos (2t 5)b Ê dy

50. y œ cos ˆ5 sin ˆ 3t ‰‰ Ê dy dt œ sin 5 sin 3

"Î# " "Î# " "Î#