INTRODUCTION

Energy loss is a common phenomenon for fluids flowing through pipes.

These losses may be classified as major and minor losses. Major losses are
caused by the friction produced by the fluid flowing through a pipe. On the other
hand, minor losses are caused by the change in shape and/or direction which
changes the velocity of the fluid. These various types of losses were thoroughly
discussed from the previous experiments during this past term. For this last
experiment to be performed by the students, fluid friction in a smooth bore pipe
shall be observed.

At the end of the experiment, the students who will be performing the
experiment shall be able to determine the friction loss of fluid flowing through
pipes with different diameter and be able to compare the difference in friction
losses from each other.

CONCLUSION

In the beginning of the experiment, the students aimed to investigate the

head loss of the fluid flowing through three pipes with different diameters. In
theory, energy loss is observed in fluids due to friction. Moreover, it is a given
fact that the velocity of the fluid is inversely proportional with the diameter of the
pipe. After performing the experiment and gathering data, the students were able
to acquire certain values of head losses for three different pipes.

Based from the acquired data, the size of pipes where fluid flow is a major
factor for head losses. It is observed that the smallest pipe experienced the
largest amount of head loss. Therefore, the students conclude that the larger the
diameter of the pipe, the lesser chance of the fluid flowing to experience energy
loss.

However, the students acquired an inconsistent trend of velocities as the

pipe diameter decreases which is illogical and theoretically incorrect. The
students assumed that this problem occurred due to the inaccurate gathering of
time of five liters of water to be discharged from four (4) millimeter diameter
which may be considered as human error.

APPLICATION

The analysis of head losses due to pipe bends, and contraction and
enlargement in pipes is necessary for the transportation of fluids such as water.
It is a general knowledge that pipes are widely used as conduits in a plumbing
system. It is essential to be knowledgeable about these losses to determine the
required power needed for the transportation from the source such as
dams/cylindrical tanks to the consumers as well as to determine the most
economical and appropriate size of pipes to lessen the chance of the water to
experience energy
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REFERENCES

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=62&brch=176&sim=1635&cnt=1

http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajme/3/3A/6/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miter_joint

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4180549/
Hydraulics Bench - Provides a controlled re-circulating water supply and accurate flow
meter for hydraulic and fluid mechanics experiments

Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings apparatus – an apparatus that is composed of

several pipe configurations for the analysis of energy losses for beds and fittings.
Stopwatch – an apparatus used to measure the time to determine the flow rate.

Measuring cylinder – an apparatus used for the measurement of flow rate.