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Formula-Statements Assumption PDF
Formula-Statements Assumption PDF
This is a very important topic. In recent something which is derived from and therefore
exams 5 questions of this type are asked. So based upon the statement.
mastering this chapter is essential for success While doing problems on statement-
in competitive exams. assumption one should read each statement
FORMAT OF THE PROBLEM very carefully and whenever find anything pre-
Directions : In each question below a statement supposed or taken for granted, immediately
(or a passage) is followed by two assumptions notice it. Misreading of some facts leads to
numbered I and II. An assumption is something incorrect answer. So while reading one should
be conscious about words because sometimes
supposed or taken in for granted. You have to
a single word's presence or absence changes
consider the statement and the following
the entire meaning of a sentence.
assumptions and then decide which of the
assumptions is implicit in the statement. Give answer: Points to be remembered while evaluating
assumptions :
(a) if only assumption I is implicit.
The use of definite words may lend a
(b) if only assumption II is implicit. different tone to a statement. So one should be
(c) if either assumption I or assumption careful about them. For example some key
II is implicit. words like 'only', 'best', 'strongest', 'all', 'definitely',
(d) if neither of the assumptions is 'certainly' etc. impact a kind of exclusiveness
implicit. to the sentence and thus reduce its range.
(e) if both the assumptions are implicit. Ex : Statement : You should use computers to
Eg. Statement: Read the study material increase the efficiency of your office.
prepared by XYZ to get a high score in the exam. I. Only the use of computers can increase
the efficiency of office.
ASSUMPTIONS :
II. The use of computers can increase the
I. Study material prepared by XYZ is of good efficiency of the office.
quality.
Assumption II is a valid one but I is not
II. Getting a high score in the exam is valid. In the statement it is suggested that
desirable. computers may be used to increase the
ASSUMPTION efficiency but it is not said that only
computers can increase the efficiency. It
An assumption is something which is is only one of the methods by which the
assumed, supposed and taken for granted. efficiency can be increased.
When someone says something he may not put
every aspect of his idea into words. That which 1) When two suggestions / events / facts,
is left unsaid or taken for granted is called an A and B are connected by the conjuction,
assumption. a) A because / as a result of B
IMPLICATION Assumption - B leads to A
Implication is something which is implied. It b) A therefore / hence B
is the hidden meaning of the statement. Sometimes Assumption - A leads to B
implications are also taken as assumptions. c) A even after / inspite of / despite B
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASSUMPTION AND Assumption - Usually A does not occur
IMPLICATION when B occurs.
An assumption is something on which the Ex: The house was robbed inspite of the
statement is based, while implication is tight security in that area.
2) Whenever you come across a connotative ii) In the case of an advertisement, that
or connotive phrases note that, which is being highlighted is looked for
a) "It is true that" can be expressed as and expected by the people.
i) It would be correct to say that.... iii) In the case of a public - interest notice, it
ii) Even the most sceptic men would agree is the duty of those who issue it, to issue
that...... such notices.
iii) It can be claimed with reasonable degree iv) In case of a public interest notice, what
of truth that..... is being advised must be beneficial for
people and its non-practice harmful in
b) It is false can be expressed as some way.
i) It is highly misleading to say that.....
v) In case of an appeal, the reason for
ii) Nothing could be farther from the truth issuing it exists.
that....
vi) In case of an official notice, the effect of
iii) It is baseless to say that..... its implementation will be beneficial for
3) If the statement tells about the existence the organisation.
of something the assumption should be TIPS FOR QUICK ANSWER
that it does exists. If it is said that
something is absent, the assumption From the explanations given above you
should be that it not exists. can find that there may be more than one valid
assumption for a statement. In almost all cases
Statement :The increase in the improved
they are not mutually exclusive. So if you find
number of educated women.
that both the assumptions are valid mark the
Assumption : There are educated women answer 'both are implicit'. The answer choice
in the society. "Either I or II is implicit" is to be marked only
4) If an adjective is attached when one assumption excludes the other. This
(unconditionally) to any subject, it must case occurs only very rarely. So be careful before
be assumed that the subject, does have marking this choice.
the quality. In questions with more than two
Ex. Statement : The talkative nature of assumptions its combinations like I & II are
Sheela attracted everybody's attention. implicit, II & III are implicit, I & III are implicit etc.
Valid assumption: Sheela is talkative. are given as answer choices. If you are sure
5) Suppose a fact / report / observation / that assumption III is not implicit you can
study / data 'A' followed by a suggested eliminate answer choices which contains III thus
course of action B is given. If some reducing the number of answer choices. Then
negative aspect of A is mentioned,The select answer from the remaining choices.
valid assumptions can be You can keep in mind some typical
i) A needs improvement. examples which will help you while answering
ii) The negative aspects of A are undesirable questions in the examination.
iii) B will improve A If the given assumption is just contrary to
the given statement or if it is not connected with
iv) The advantages of adopting B far outweigh the given statement then the assumption can
the disadvantages of net adapting it.
be immediately rejected. In some cases the
6) Advertisements / notices / appeals assumption is a restatement of the given
Statements in the f orm of an statement. The candidate should be careful in
advertisement or an official notice or a notice evaluating this type of assumptions.
issued in the public interest or an appeal are Eg Statement : Small things are beautiful.
often asked in the recent exams.
Invalid assumptions:
The following assumptions are valid in
these cases. I. Big things are not beautiful.
i) An advertisement / appeal / notice does II. Big things are ugly.
have some effect. III. Small things are not beautiful.
Assumption III is just the contrary of what Assumption :
is given in the statement. More saying of small I. Artificial pearls can be prepared.
things are beautiful does not mean that big things II. People do not mind paying more for pure
are not beautiful or ugly. So assumptions I & II and natural pearls.
are not implicit.
Ans (a). The advertisement tells that the
Directions : In each question below is given a pearls of company X is natural, this means that
statement followed by two assumptions - artificial pearls may be available in the market.
numbered I and II. An assumption is something So assumption I is implicit. But the
supposed or taken for granted. You have to advertisement tells nothing about the price of
consider the statement and the following the pearls. So II cannot be implicit.
assumptions and decide which of the
assumptions is implicit in the statement. PRACTICE TEST
Give answer (a) if only assumption I is Directions (Q. 1-40) In each question below is
implicit; (b) If only assumption II is implicit; (c) If given a statement followed by two assumptions
either I or II is implicit; (d) if neither I nor II is numbered I and II. An assumption is something
implicit and (e) if both I and II are implicit. supposed or taken for granted. You have to
Solved Examples: consider the statement and the following
assumptions and decide which of the
1. Statement : Read the study material assumptions is implicit in the statement.
prepared by XYZ to get a high score in
the exam. Give answer (a) if only assumption I is
implicit; (b) if only assumption II is implicit; (c) If
Assumptions : either I or II is implicit; (d) if neither I nor II is
I Study material prepared by XYZ is of good implicit and (e) if both I and II are implicit.
quality. 1. Statement : To get a first class in the
II Getting a high score in the exams is examination you have to work very hard.
desirable. Assumptions :
Ans (e). Both the assumptions are I. Getting first class in the examination is
implicit in the statement. It is said in the desirable.
statement that the study material prepared by II. Hard work results in success.
XYZ helps to get a high score, which means that
2. Statement: Everybody loves reading
the study material by XYZ is of good quality thus adventure stories.
assumption I is implicit. Reading the study
material is recommended to get a high score in Assumptions :
the exam, that is getting a high score, in the I. Adventure stories are the only reading
exams is desirable. Hence II is also implicit. material.
2. Statement : This book is invested to II. Nobody loves reading any other material.
guide the layman to study tailoring in the 3. Statement : All the teachers are hereby
absence of a teacher. instructed to reach the institution by
Assumptions : 9 a.m.
I. A teacher of tailoring may not be available Assumptions :
to everyone. I. Some of the teachers do not arrive at the
II. Tailoring can be learnt with the help of a book. institution in time.
Ans(e). Both the assumptions are II. Teachers will follow the strict warning given
in the notice.
implicit. The book is intended to teach in the
absence of a teacher. From this we can enter 4. Statement : The next meeting of the
that the absence of teacher is a possibility, thus Governing Board of the institute will be
assumption I is valid. Since the book is intended held after one year.
to teach tailoring, assumption II is also implicit. Assumptions :
3. Statement : Buy pure and natural pearls I. The institute will remain in function after
of company `X' - an advertisement. one year.
II. The Governing Board will be dissolved Assumption :
after one year. I. It is possible to measure the quality of
5. Statement: "If you want to study human resources of a nation.
management, join institute X"-A's advice toB. II. Achieving economic prosperity is a
Assumptions : cherished goal of every nation.
I. B listens to A's advice. 11. Statement : The campaign of keep your
II. Institute X provides good management city clean started by the civic council did
education. not evoke any response from the citizen.
6. Statement : A sentence in the letter to Assumptions :
candidates called for written examination I. People do not desire to keep their city
- 'You have to bear your expenses on travel clean.
etc.
II. The civic council has failed in its campign.
Assumptions :
12. Statement : The private bus services in
I. If not clarified all the candidates may
the city has virtually collapsed because
claim reimbursement of expenses.
of the on going strike of its employees.
II. Many organisations reimburse expenses
on travel to candidates called for written Assumptions :
examination. I. Going on strike has become the right of
7. Statement : It is through participative every employee.
management policy alone that indiscipline II. People no more require the services of
in our industries can be contained and private bus operators.
quality of life ensured to the workers. 13. Statement : The new scheme gives
Assumptions : people the opportunity to voluntarily
I. Quality of life in our industry is better. declare their disclosed property and
II. Indiscipline results in poor quality of life. legitimize it by paying the lowest ever
rate of tax.
8. Statement : Many people hav e
expressed surprise as the princes has Assumptions :
broken the royal tradition of marriage by I. The new scheme is much better than the
choosing a commoner as her life partner. earlier scheme.
Assumptions : II. People may desire to pay less tax and
I. People expect royal families to observe own things legimately.
customs and traditions. 14. Statement : An advertisement of a bank
II. People still value purity of royal blood and "Want to open a bank account ! Just dial
status when it comes to a marriage of our 'room service' and we will come at
members of royal family. your door steps."
9. Statement : The chairman and Assumptions :
secretary of the housing society have I. There is a section of people who require
requested society members to use water such service at their home.
economically to help society to save on II. Nowadays banking has become very
water-tax.
competitive.
Assumptions :
15. Statement : Do not copy our software
I. Majority of members of the society are without our permission - A notice
likely to follow the request.
Assumptions :
II. It is desirable to reduce expenditure
whenever possible. I. It is possible to copy the software.
10. Statement : The economic prosperity of II. Such warning will have some effect.
any nation is dependent on the quality of 16. Statement : Guests should be provided
its human resources. lunch - A tells B.
Assumptions : Assumptions :
I. Unless told lunch may not be provided. I. Every problem is caused by something.
II. Guests will stay during lunch time. II. There are always some problems in a family.
17. Statement : Whenever you have any 24. Statement : It is not the quality of the
doubt on this subject you may refer to product but good advertisement that
the book Enn & Enn. boosts up your sale.
Assumptions : Assumptions :
I. The book by Enn & Enn is available. I. Consumers can be influenced by good
II. There is no other book on this subject. advertisements.
18. Statement : "We should inform all our II. Consumers desire catching advertisements.
officers not to read newspapers during 25.. Statement: "The programme will start at
office hours" - Chief Manager tells Chief 6 pm. but you can come there upto 7 pm
Administrator or so and still there is no problem".
Assumptions : Assumptions :
I. Reading newspapers during office hours I. The programme will continue even after
is desirable. 7 pm.
II. Office efficiency will not increase by II. The programme may not start by that time.
stopping this. 26. Statement: He is one of the popular
19. Statement : Use 'Kraft' colours. They leaders of political party 'X'.
add colour to your life:- An advertisement. Assumptions :
Assumptions : I. Some leaders of 'X' party are not popular.
I. Catchy slogans do not attract people . II. A political party consists of leaders and
II. People like dark colours. followers.
20. Statement : `Double your money in five 27. Statement: As there is great demand
months' :- An advertisement. every person seeking tickets of the
Assumptions : program me will be given only 5 tickets.
I. The assurance is not genuine. Assumptions :
II. People want their money to grow. I. The organisers are not keen on selling
21. Statement : Dereliction of duty and the tickets.
indiscipline have come to stay in this II. No one is interested in getting more than
organisation. five tickets.
Assumptions : 28. Statement : A notice board at a ticket
I. Organisation is what the employees are window. "Please come in queue".
II. Employees are expected to do their duty. Assumptions :
22. Statement : Retired persons should not I. Unless instructed people will not form
be appointed for Executive posts in other queue.
organisations II. People any way want to purchase tickets.
Assumption : 29. Statement : We must settle all the
I. Retired may lack the zeal and payment due to suppliers within three
commitment to carry out Executive's working days.
work. Assumptions :
II. Retired persons do not take interest in I. We will always have necessary fund in
work and welfare of the new organisation. our account to settle the bills.
23. Statement : Money is the root cause of II. We are capable of verifying and clearing
all the problems in a family. the bills in less than 3 working days.
30. Statement : Pollution is a slow poison, II. The company values and appreciates the
and therefore social scientists and the need of the customers.
media must work together to create 35. Statement : 'You are expected to be
sensitivity among people. frank and objective while writing yourself
Assumptions : appraisal report' - An institution for writing
I. Media is well informed and aware about self appraisal report.
the effects of pollution. Assumptions :
II. Media is likely to influence people to raise I. Unless cautioned, people may tend to be
their sensitivity towards various problems. little shy and less objective while writing
31. Statement : In country 'X' a public servant their self appraisal report.
cannot claim immunity from prosecution II. Every self appraisal report helps the
for any objectionable act committed while person in his further development.
performing his official duty. 36. Statement : The higher echelon of any
Assumptions : organisation are expected to be models
I. A public servant is likely to commit an of observational learning and should not
objectionable act while performing his be considered as merely sources of
official duty. reward and punishments.
II. Every one is equal before law. Assumptions :
32. Statement : The entry of multinational I. Employees are likely to be sensitive
companies in India has led to higher enough to learn by observing the behaviour
efficiency of the Indian Companies who of their bosses.
are competing with them. II. Normally bosses are considered as
Assumptions : sources of reward and punishment.
I. Employees of multinationals may serve 37. Statement : "But, out of A,B,C and D
as models f or Indian Company's products, you buy 'B' which alone is
employees. based on the international technology" -
II. Competition may reduce many Indian A shopkeeper tells a customer.
companies to ashes. Assumptions :
33. Statement : 'Only candidates having I. The customers normally accept the
B.Tech, BE, MBA and MCA with atleast recommendation of the shopkeeper.
one year's explosure to software will be II. Use of international technology is
considered for admission to our course' - supposed to ensure better quality
Admission criteria of a reputed software standards.
training institute.
38. Statement : Market trends are changing
Assumptions : continuously and with increasing
I. The candidates hav ing requisite competitiv eness, the consumers
background are likely to complete the demands with respect to the prices and
course successfully. quality are gradually increasing.
II. The institute is choosy about admitting Assumptions :
candidates to its courses. I. Consumers did not care for the prices and
34. Statement : 'If you would like to have quality earlier.
any more information of XYZ credit card, II. Market competitiveness is not favorable
call us between 8 am and 8 pm. 365 days for the consumers.
of the years' - An advertisement of XYZ
credit card company. 39. Statement : The company has the right
to reject any application form without
Assumptions : furnishing any reason while shorting the
I. Competition produces more friendly list of candidates for interview - a condition
customer service. mentioned in the employment notice.
Assumptions : II. The productivity of the company may
I. It is desirable to call only eligible increase.
candidates for interview. III. The profit earned by the company may
II. The company believes in following be more than the amount to be spent for
impartial practice in all functions. the intensive programmmes.
40. Statement : The management of PQR (a) None is implicit.
Pvt. Ltd. asked the workers union to call (b) All are implicit.
off strike immediately otherwise the
management would be forced to close (c) II and III are implicit.
down the factory. (d) Only I and II are implicit.
Assumptions: (e) None of these.
I. No alternative other than closing down the 43. Statement : The company has decided
factory is left for the management of PQR to increase the price of all its products to
Pvt. Ltd. tackle the precarious financial position.
II. Such threat may have some effect on the Assumptions:
workers union.
I. The company may be able to wipe out
Directions (Qs. 41 - 50) : In each of the question the entire losess incurred earlier by this
below is given a statement followed by three decision.
assumptions numbered I, II and III. An
assumption is something supposed or taken for II. The buyers may continue to buy its
granted. You have to consider the statements products even after its increase.
and the following assumptions and decide which III. The company has adequate resources to
of the assumptions is implicit in the statement, continue production for few more months.
then decide which of the answers 1,2,3,4 and 5
(a) None is implicit.
is incorrect answer and indicate it on the answer
sheet. (b) Only II and III are implicit.
41. Statement : 'Z - TV, the only TV which (c) Only I and II are implicit.
gives the viewers chance to watch two (d) Only II is implicit.
programmes simultaneously' An
(e) None of these.
advertisement.
Assumptions : 44. Statement : The State Government has
unilaterally increased by five percent
I. Sale of Z-TV may increase because of octroi on all commodities entering into the
the advertisement . state without seeking approval of the
II. Some people may be influenced by the Central Government.
advertisement and buy Z-TV.
Assumptions:
III. The sale of Z.TV may be on the downward
trend. I. The State Government may be able to
implement its decision.
(a) Only I is implicit
II. The Central Government may agree to
(b) Only II and III are implicit
support the State Government's decision.
(c) Only I and II are implicit
III. The State Government may be able to
(d) All are implicit earn considerable amount through the
(e) None is implicit. additional octroi.
42. Statement : The company has recently (a) All are implicit.
announced series of incentives to the
employees who are punctual and sincere. (b) Only I and II are implicit.
Assumptions : (c) None is implicit.
I. Those who are not punctual at present (d) Only II and III are implicit.
may get motivated by the announcement. (e) None of these.
45. Statement : Ashok decided to leave (c) Only I and III are implicit
office at 4.00 p.m. to catch a flight to (d) Only II and III are implicit
Banglore departing at 6.00 p.m.
(e) All are implicit
Assumptions :
48. Statement : "Look at her audacity.
I. The flight to Bangalore may be delayed. Sandhya has not replied to my letter" -
II. He may be able to reach airport well Sindhu tells Sobha.
before 6.00 p.m.
Assumptions :
III. He may get adequate time to search for
I. Sandhya received Sindhu's letter.
a vehicle to go to the airport.
(a) All are implicit. II. Sandhya did not receive Sindhu's letter.
(b) Only II and III are implicit. III. The letter was sent by post.
(c) None is implicit. (a) Only I is implicit
(d) Only II is implicit. (b) Only III is implicit
(e) None of these. (c) Only I and III are implicit.
46. Statement : Satheesh was just elected (d) Only II and III are implicit
president of the Student Senate, so he (e) All are implicit.
must be a senior. 49. Statement: "Put a notice on the board
Assumptions : that all the employees should come on
I. Only seniors can be members of the time to office"- An officer tells his
Student Senate. assistant.
II. Only seniors can be president of the Assumptions :
Student senate. I. All employees come late.
III. Only members of the Student Senate can II. Employees read such notice on the
be seniors. Board.
(a) Only I is implicit III. Employees will follow the instructions.
(b) Only II is implicit (a) Only I and II are implicit.
(c) Only III is implicit (b) Only III is implicit
(d) Only I and III are implicit
(c) Only I and III are implicit
(e) All are implicit
(d) Only II and III are implicit
47. Statement : Students of school 'X'
(e) All are implicit.
must get a better education than students
at the school Y because the grade point 50. Statement : "If you want best training in
average of the students at school X is computers, join our classes." an
higher. advertisement.
Assumptions : Assumptions :
I. The average grade earned by students is I. People want training related with
a good measure of the quality of computers.
education that a student gets. II. People read advertisements.
II. Extracurricular activities at the school X III. People want quality training.
are given more emphasis than at the
school Y. (a) Only I and II are implicit.
III. The grading standards at the two high (b) Only III is implicit
schools are roughly the same. (c) Only I and III are implicit
(a) Only I is implicit (d)None is implicit.
(b) Only III is implicit (e) All are implicit.
ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS