Women in the

Philippines

The role of women in the Philippines

(Filipino: Kababaihan sa Pilipinas) is
explained based on the context of Filipino
culture, standards, and mindsets. The
Philippines is described to be a nation of
strong women, who directly and indirectly
run the family unit, businesses, government
agencies and haciendas.
 Women in the Philippines
Gender Inequality Index

Value 0.418 (2012)

Rank 77th

Maternal mortality (per 99 (2010)

100,000)

Women in parliament 22.1% (2012)

Females over 25 with 65.9% (2010)

secondary education

Women in labour force 49.7% (2011)

Global Gender Gap Index[1]

Value 0.799 (2018)

Rank 8th out of 149

Although they generally define themselves
in the milieu of a male-dominated post-
colonial society, Filipino women live in a
culture that is focused on the community,
with the family as the main unit of society,
but not always as this is a stereotype. It is
in this framework of Philippine hierarchical
structure, class differences, religious
justifications, and living in a globally
developing nation wherein Filipino women
struggle for respect. Compared to other
parts of Southeast Asia, women in
Philippine society have always enjoyed a
greater share of equality.[2][3]

History
Archaic epoch

A cagayan woman. Boxer Codex

Some pre-colonial social structures of the

Philippines gave equal importance to
maternal and paternal lineage. This
bilateral kinship system accorded
Philippine women enormous power within
a clan. They were entitled to property,
engage in a trade and could exercise their
right to divorce her husband. They could
also become village chiefs in the absence
of a male heir. Before the arrival of the
Spaniards, Filipino women could also
achieve status as medicine women or
high-priestesses and astrologers.[3][4][5][6]

Mestiza Filipina women in Maria Clara gown, 1899.

History

In the precolonial era of the Phlippines

there are numerous women are entitled as
a Hara and Dayang , the female presence in
the Noble caste are prominent in the
kinship system in the Philippine societies,
here are the examples of notable Queens
in the Philippine history:

Dayang Buka (C.900 CE) Known in LCI.

She was married to Senapati Jayadewa
who was the Rajah of Tondo as a
bargain to clear the debt of 1 kati and 8
suwarnas of her parents Namwaran and
Dayang Angkatan.[7]
Hara Udaya or Queen Urduja is a
legendary warrior princess who is
recognized as a heroine in Pangasinan.
The name Urduja appears to be Sanskrit
in origin, and a variation of the name
"Udaya", meaning "arise" or "rising sun",
or the name "Urja", meaning "breath". A
historical reference to Urduja can be
found in the travel account of Ibn
Battuta (1304 – possibly 1368 or 1377
AD), a Muslim traveler from Morocco.
Ibn Battuta sailed for 17 days to reach
China from the land of Tawalisi.[8]
Dayang Sima (c. 637 CE) is The
legendary queen of South Cotabato
known for her sense of justice and
respect for the law.[9]
Empress Sasaban (c.1300's) in oral
tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and
Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan"
who went to the Madjapahit court to
marry Emperor Soledan, eventually
giving birth to Balagtas, who then
returned to Namayan/Pasig in
1300.[10](p51)
Dayang Kalangitan (r. 1450–ca. 1515) is
the only recorded Dayang or queen
regnant of the pre-Hispanic Philippine
kingdoms of Tondo and Namayan. The
eldest daughter of Rajah Gambang and
co-regent with her husband, Rajah
 Lontok, she is considered one of the
most powerful rulers in the kingdom's
history. She is also notably a Buddhist
ruler of the kingdom, which
encompassed land along the banks of
the Pasig River in Metro Manila.[10]
Tuanbaloka is woman from Basilan who
ascended to power and become the
Queen consort of Jolo known for her
bravery as she and her husband held of
the invaders with 4,000 warriors.[9]

Spanish Philippines
A Filipino mestiza woman in 1875.

Filipina women making cigars

Although Christian values were supposed

to be spread through the population,
missionaries and priests soon realized
that they'd be better off adapting their
doctrine as much as possible to the local
customs, rather than trying to impose it.
Although the concept of gender equality
existed in the Philippines during the pre-
Hispanic era this changed when the
Spaniards came and patterned the image
of the Filipina to a meek and submissive
individual.[11] As it happened all over Asia,
women in the Philippines were expected to
become caring and nurturing mothers for
their own children and take care of most
household chores. Also a trait found all
over Asia was the preference of most
families to have male children instead of
females.
During the last part of the colonization of
the Philippines, Isabella II of Spain,
introduced the Education Decree of 1863
(10 years before Japan had a compulsory
free modern public education and 40 years
before the United States government
started a free modern public school
system in the Philippines) that provided for
the establishment and for the building of
at least two free primary schools, one for
the boys and another school for the girls,
in each town under the responsibility of the
municipal government.

American Philippines
When Spain lost the Spanish–American
War in 1898, the Philippines was ceded to
the United States of America. The U.S.A.
introduced a new public education system
which retained opportunity to every child
regardless of gender.

Through the American-patterned school

system, Filipino women became
professionals,[5][12] although most of them
and their male counterparts opted for
making use of their former education roots
and expressed themselves in Spanish or
Tagalog. According to the Monroe
Commission on Philippine Education:
“Upon leaving school, more than 99% of
Filipinos will not speak English in their
homes. Possibly, only 10% to 15% of the
next generation will be able to use this
language in their occupations. In fact, it
will only be the government employees,
and the professionals, who might make
use of English.” [13]

Contemporary roles

Filipina Millennials preparing for town activities.

Modern-day Philippine women play a
decisive role in Filipino families. They
usually handle the money, act as religious
mentors, and can also make all the
important family decisions.

Urban setting

In the past, firms and businesses generally

hire Filipino women for less pay and
secretarial functions.[2] But at present,
Filipino women are given the same
opportunities as their male counterparts in
the business realm. This is due to the
political and economic changes at the
global and national levels in urban society
that have led to the growth of export-
based industries and the service sector,
which then created more opportunities for
Filipino women.[14]

About one-third of businesses in the

Philippines are operated by Filipino
women.[15] Many Filipino businesswomen
in the urban sector can be found in the
hospitality sector, marketing, publishing,
real estate, transportation, financial
consulting, trade and services, electronics
and appliances, and much more.[15]

Rural and tribal clan setting

In rural areas, the Filipino woman belongs
in the home. The children approach her for
money and help. She is the family's
treasurer. She supports the children’s
educational needs. For non-family
members who require support, the wife is
the person to be approached. However, the
wife is neither the person who makes the
final decision or the person who hands out
the money.[2][16]

Juan Flavier, a physician, an authority on

community development, and a former
Philippine senator, described in his book,
Doctor to the Barrios, that "whether some
(Filipino) men are willing to admit it or
not"... "rural women in the Philippines wield
considerable authority," the housewife in
particular. This is especially if the
housewife, who is often referred to as the
Ilaw ng Tahanan (Light of the Home), is
convinced of the benefits that will be
gained from a certain practice such as the
concept of family planning in the barrios.
Flavier also mentioned that "In the
Philippine barrio, the one responsible for
the home" and its management "is the
wife... she holds the key to... household...
development."[17]

Marriage and relationships

Imelda Marcos owned 15 mink coats, 508 gowns,
1,000 handbags,[18] and anywhere between 1,060 and
7,500 pairs of shoes, while more than 75% of Filipinos
were under severe poverty.[19]

Courtship and relationships in the

Philippines are conservative in nature. The
man will have to court the woman and
prove his love for her before he can win her
heart. Sometimes the courtship period
would last for years. This however, is a
very old fashioned idea. In the bigger more
urbanized cities, this conservative
courtship idea is not so emphasized as
much. Parents prefer their daughter to be
courted in their home, so they can have a
chance to know the man. It is during the
courtship period that the man would put
his best foot forward to create a good
impression on the woman and her family.
Generally, the man is being measured on
his being a gentleman, ability to respect
the woman's family, and servitude (the
extent of what he was willing to do to
prove his love for the woman). Usually, the
woman is courted by several men and will
have to choose the best from among her
suitors. Courtship and relationships remain
the same for rural and urban areas despite
the modern western influence.[20][21][22]

Culturally in the Philippines, divorce is

viewed as negative and destructive,
because of a tradition that emphasizes
that the family is the core social unit,
especially for the Filipino wife. Divorce is
not perceived as a solution to any
matrimonial-related problem because it
hinders the development or progress of
the basic community unit. Therefore,
husband and wife are obligated to fix any
problems within the boundaries of the
marriage.[2]

Women in the pre-colonial Philippines

enjoyed nearly equal status with men. Prior
to colonization, both men and women
could get a divorce for the following
reasons: failure to meet family obligations,
childlessness, and infidelity. Children,
regardless of gender, and properties were
equally divided in a divorce. Since a man
needed to pay a dowry to the woman's
family, she was required to give it back
should she be found at fault. If the man
was at fault, he then lost the right to get
back his dowry.
In the Philippines, society valued offspring
regardless of gender. Female children
were as valuable as male ones, mainly
because they recognized that women are
as important as men. Parents provide
equal opportunities to their children.
Filipino daughters can also go to school
like Filipino sons, Filipino daughters can
also inherit property like Filipino sons, and
Filipino daughters can also become village
chiefs like Filipino sons.

In 1994, the John and Lorena Bobbitt case,

in which a wife cut off the penis of her
sleeping husband, seized the attention of
media in the Philippines, which reported
that a similar incident had occurred in
Cebu the previous November. The Bobbitt
case was reported at a time when Filipino
feminist groups were protesting against
prostitution, the practice of mail-order
brides, and marital rape.[23] In 2008, a
similar case in Pasig City was reported.[24]

Filipino women and work

Traditionally, rural and tribal women do all

the household related chores. Heavy
works that require more strength is done
by the husband. Now, the chore work is
evenly distributed with the men doing just
as much work as the women. The scope
of their functions include cooking,
cleaning, teaching the children, washing
clothes, repairs, budgeting, and helping in
the farm. The husband is the one who
makes sure the farm would yield quality
crops, so he does all the maintenance
work. In some cases, where the husband
needs help from other men, the wife would
make sure that the men are fed, so she
cooks food and bring it to the farm. The
Filipino women, ensures that everyone is
well fed, including any workers, relatives,
or visitors.

In general, Filipino women find pride in their

work. They do not find themselves
alienated from their chores because they
work with, around, and for their families.
This family-oriented mindset gives them a
sense of dignity and responsibility. The
family and the children are the primary
priority some Filipino women's life.[2] In
addition to doing housework, the
contemporary role of a Filipino wife today
is to provide financial support in the
household by seeking employment in
higher-earning occupations which then
expands the Filipino female work outside
the household.[25][26]

In the early 1900s, the female workforce in

the Philippines was also a highly debated
topic during workers’ conferences. In 1910,
during the first Congress of Labor, the
decision to enact a law that would
regulate the employment of women and
children was approved due to poor
working conditions (“dark and ill-ventilated
rooms, smoke-filled factories”, etc.) for
women and children.[26] Then, in March
1923, “An Act to Regulate the Employment
of Women and Children in Agricultural and
Non-Agricultural Establishments and Other
Workplaces” was passed to oversee the
welfare of women and children.[26] In 1960,
under the Department of Labor, the Bureau
of Women and Minors was created and
was responsible for the promotion,
development, and the protection of the
welfare of working women and minors.[26]
Since then, more acts were made to
oversee the welfare of women workers, as
seen in both the 1935 and 1973
constitutions.[26]

Filipino women and Philippine

politics

Corazon C. Aquino, 1992, the first female president of

 q p
the Republic of the Philippines, recognized by the
international diplomatic community as the "Mother of
Asian Democracy".

Compared to other countries, Filipino

women have gained and enjoyed equal
rights with men. They have become
presidents, senators, congresswomen,
mayors. They have served in government
offices, and have held cabinet positions for
presidents. Filipino women have proven
that they are capable of carrying out
responsibilities and tasks as well as their
male counterparts. There are 48 women
Representatives elected in the 15th
Congress (2010 national election). They
accounted for 21.6 percent of the total
222 Representatives as members of the
Lower House. In 2010 Senatorial election,
there were 14 women who ran out of 61
candidates (23.0%), of which two entered
the top 12 winning senators (16.7%).[27]

The number of women who engage in

politics are smaller compare to their male
counterparts. This was primarily because
engagement in politics is considered
"dirty."

A recent study revealed that there is a re-

emergence of the empowerment of Filipino
women through the political process, just
as they were prior to the arrival of
conquerors from Spain. Philippine women
are rediscovering their strengths. Filipino
women had been successful in
implementing policies by becoming
executive staff members, advisers to
politicians, and as advocates within non-
governmental organizations.[5]

Modern-day Filipino women are making

strides in electoral politics by initiating
more female-oriented programs. They are
performing well as leaders, although
generally, Filipino women still often earn
political seats by having fathers and
husbands who are politically connected, a
"dynasty system" that hinders other Filipino
women from joining the electoral process.
Other factors that prevent full-engagement
of other well-qualified Filipino women from
the Philippine political scene are the
expense in politics and the importance of
the family name.[5]

Participation of Filipino women in

Philippine politics was encouraged during
the Beijing Declaration in 1995 at the
United Nations' Fourth World Conference
on Women. In February 2005, however, a
United Nations review on the progress of
Philippine women and their role in politics
revealed that despite "an increase in the
quality of female politicians, there was not
enough increase in" the number of women
participants in government activities. From
1992 to 2001, Filipino women had been
elected as local chief executives,
functioning as mayors, governors, and
captains of villages. One influential factor
contributing to the increasing number of
female politicians, is the elevation of
Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo as Philippine women
Presidents.[5][12]

Women like Aurora Javate-De Dios are

worked and are working to expand rights
for Filipino women within the political
sphere. De Dios went to school with hopes
of entering diplomacy, and ended up
becoming an underground leader involved
in the publishing of anti-Marcos
newsletters. This political involvement is
what led De Dios to join forces with other
Filipino women in creating MAKIBAKA,
otherwise known as the Free Movement of
New Women. These women were in
opposition to the enlisting of Filipino men
in the Vietnam War, and wanted to expand
women's rights. Not long after its creation,
MAKIBAKA was disbanded due to martial
law created in Marcos' reign. Many of the
women were imprisoned for their
involvement. De Dios was imprisoned for
three months due to her involvement with
anti-Marcos leaders. After her
imprisonment, De Dios worked to create
WSAP, Women's Studies Association of the
Philippines. Through WSAP, De Dios trained
teachers from all over the country on
theory and practice, covering things like
gender sensitivity training, the history of
the women's rights movement, and how to
teach in a feminist framework. This
sensibility that De Dios has cultivated has
become an institution of sorts, as a
workshop was held to discuss these
experiences during the World Conference
on Women in Beijing.[28]
De Dios has not only worked to allow
women equal opportunity in education but
has been apart of lobbying for several acts
in the Philippines, including the Anti-
Trafficking in Persons Act and the Violence
Against Women and Their Children Act.
This was done while she was chairperson
of the Board of the Commissioners of the
National Commission on the Role of
Filipino Women (NCRFW). She has since
represented the Philippines during several
UN conferences, and is currently the
Philippines' Representative for Women's
Rights to the ASEAN Commission on the
Promotion and Protection of the Rights of
Women and Children (ACWC). De Dios is
the Senior Project Director of the Women
and Gender Institute at Miriam College,
located in the Philippines. She is also the
Co-Convener of the Women's Peace
Collective. De Dios has received three
degrees from the University of the
Philippines; a bachelor of science in
foreign service, a masters in Asian studies,
and a PhD in Philippines studies. De Dios
continues to dedicate herself to the
women within her country and their
involvement within and outside of
politics.[29] She has focused mainly on the
ways in which Asian women face injustice,
and more specifically, women in the
Philippines. She has stated before that
"There is a common women's international
movement. But while international
connections are important, the real
movement must occur within each
culture."[28]

She has published and written several

essays and books about her involvement
leading anti-dictatorship government and
her involvement with women's rights.

Dictatorship and Revolution: The Roots of

People's Power (1988)

Springbok: Reading's in Women's Studies

(2001)
Violence Against Women is Not Inevitable
(2008)

Social Cost of Migration (Un Women,

2012)

Stories Told in Whispers (2014)[30]

Filipino women in art

In his paintings of Filipino women, the
Philippine National Artist Fernando
Amorsolo rejected Western ideals of
beauty in favor of Filipino ideals.[31] He
said that the women he painted have "a
rounded face, not of the oval type often
presented to us in newspapers and
magazine illustrations. The eyes should be
exceptionally lively, not the dreamy, sleepy
type that characterizes the Mongolian. The
nose should be of the blunt form but firm
and strongly marked. ... So the ideal Filipino
beauty should not necessarily be white
complexioned, nor of the dark brown color
of the typical Malayan, but of the clear skin
or fresh colored type which we often
witness when we met a blushing girl."[31]

Prominent women
Filipino women writers
Ninotchka Rosca
Maria Rosa Luna Henson
 Angela Manalang-Gloria
Lualhati Bautista

See also
First Lady of the Philippines
List of ancient Philippine consorts
Women's rights in the Philippines
National Commission on the Role of
Filipino Women
Men in the Philippines
Courtship in the Philippines
Women in the Philippine military
Women in the Philippine National Police
 Women and government in the
Philippines
Violence against women in the
Philippines

Works:

Three Filipino Women

Ermita: A Filipino Novel

References
1. "The Global Gender Gap Report 2018"
(PDF). World Economic Forum.
pp. 10–11.
2. Clamonte, Nitz. Women in the
Philippines, Compiled from Gender
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 facilitated by Nitz Clamonte,
Ozamiz.com (undated), archived from
htm Through the Years, Brightly: The
Tadtarin]; and Joaquin, Nick. The
Summer Solstice, PIA.gov (undated),
3. Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers
through the ages; The Spanish era”,
The History of Filipino Women's
Writings , an article from Firefly –
Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen –
filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007,
retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...Filipinas
(i.e. Philippine women) enjoy a
reputation of power and equality
compared to most of their Asian
neighbors..."; "...The Spaniards of the
1500s were horrified by the revolting
liberty and too high social status of the
woman, mujer indigena, in the islands
just conquered by them. Women could
own property and rule the people, act
as leaders of rites and ceremonies of
the society, and divorce their
husbands..."; "The Conquistadors and
the friars quickly changed this with the
European model, where women's place
was at home and not in prominent
positions. As a consequence, during
hundreds of years, education was
given only to upper class girls, who
were trained to become beautiful,
submissive, capable to stitch
 embroidery, and suitable to marriage.
The nun institution offered the only
possibility for a career and teaching
was the only educated occupation
allowed to them..."
4. Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image:
America’s Empire in the Philippines,
Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc.,
March 3, 1990, 536 pages, ISBN 0-
345-32816-7
5. Shah, Angilee. Women's Political Role
on Rise in Philippines . UCLA
International Institute. Retrieved
July 12, 2007. (based on a lecture and
election studies by Prosperina D.
 Tapales, professor of public
administration at the University of the
Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City,
Philippines)
6. Proserpina D. Tapales (2005). "Women
in Contemporary Philippine Local
Politics" (pdf). UCLA International
Institute: UCLA Center for Southeast
Asian Studies. Retrieved July 12, 2007.
7. http://www.bagongkasaysayan.org/eb
ook/wp-
content/uploads/2013/03/3.Ang-
Tundo_Kimuell-Gabriel_Marked.pdf
8. Ibn Battuta, p. 888.
 9. http://www.filipiknow.net/filipina-
muslims-philippine-history/
10. Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro,
Reynaldo Gamboa; Yuson, Alfred A.
(eds.). The River Dwellers. Pasig : The
River of Life. Unilever Philippines.
pp. 43–66.
11. http://www.univie.ac.at/ksa/apsis/aufi
/wstat/mujer.htm
12. Vartti, Riitta (editor), “Women writers
through the ages; The U.S. Period”,
The History of Filipino Women's
Writings, an article from Firefly –
Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen –
filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007 ,
retrieved on: April 12, 2008, "...They
(i.e. Filipino women) were now, for the
first time equally with men, accepted
to study..."; "...Their problem was the
resistance of the patriarchal society...";
"...The first woman president Corazon
Aquino was elected to power..."; "Many
women writers, especially those from
the capital area, participated in the
development of the media since the
1930s..."; "...In the turn of the 1970s
began a period of cultural revolution,
student movements and new rise of
nationalism. For the women writers it
meant social awakening, commitment
and protest..."; "...The Filipinas now
 wanted to create their own images by
themselves..."
13. "A Survey of the Educational System of
the Philippine Islands", Monroe, Paul,
1925, pp. 24–25
14. "Gender and the Urban Political
Economy" (PDF).
15. Philippines Women in Culture,
Business & Travel: A Profile of Filipino
Women in the Fabric of Society. World
Trade Press, Inc. 2010.
16. "Philippines: The Role and Status of
the Filipina" . Encyclopedia of the
Nations. June 1991. Retrieved July 12,
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17. Flavier, Juan Martin. Doctor to the
Barrios, Experiences with the
Philippine Reconstruction Movement,
Chapter 10: Family Planning in the
Barrios, New Day Publishers
(1970/2007), p. 157, ISBN 971-10-
0663-4.
18. "Imeldarabilia: A Final Count" . TIME.
February 23, 1987. Retrieved
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19. "The day in numbers: $100" . CNN.
November 7, 2006.
20. [1] Archived January 28, 2010, at the
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21. Introduction to Philippine Culture
22. Filipino Wedding Traditions and
Spanish Influence , muslim-marriage-
guide.com .
23. AP (January 24, 1994). "Bobbitts' Case
Gains Infamy In Philippines" . Cavalier
Daily. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
24. Kristine L. Alave (April 10, 2008).
"Jealous wife cuts off husband's penis
in Pasig City" . Philippine Daily
Inquirer. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
25. Alcantara, Adelamar N. (1994-01-01).
"Gender Roles, Fertility, and the Status
of Married Filipino Men and Women".
Philippine Sociological Review. 42
(1/4): 94–109. JSTOR 41853665 .
26. Women Workers in the Philippines.
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Filipino Women. 1985.
27. http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics/201205/w
omen-participation-politics-and-
governance
28. Imam, Hyat (March 1995). "The
Diplomat" (PDF). Women in Action:
32–35.
29. "Aurora Javate De Dios | Miriam
College" . www.mc.edu.ph. Retrieved
2019-05-13.
30. "Aurora Javate De Dios | Miriam
College" . www.mc.edu.ph. Retrieved
2019-05-13.
31. Paras-Perez, Rodriguez. Amorsolo
Drawings (excerpt available online )
(1992), OCLC 29416198 . Archived
March 5, 2008, at the Wayback
Machine

Further reading
"A Celebration of Herstory: Filipino
Women in Legislation and Politics,
Perspective, About Culture and Arts" ,
NCCA.gov.ph, October 27, 2003 (Taken
from the Historical Framework for the
Centennial Celebration of Women in
Politics and Legislation, sponsored by
Ugnayan ng Kababaihan sa Pulitika,
National Centennial Commission –
Women Sector and Committee on
Women, House of Representatives,
BayView Hotel, Manila, June 25, 1998),
retrieved on: July 16, 2007 (archived
from the original on 2008-02-23)
Conlu, Prudencia V., "Role of Filipino
women in fisheries community" ,
Development of Fisheries in the Region:
The Role of Filipino Women in Fishing
Communities (presented by Professor
Prudencia V. Conlu, Dean, College of
Fisheries, University of the Philippines in
the Visayas, Miag-as, Iloilo. Philippines),
FAO Corporate Document Repository,
FAO.org, 1994, retrieved on: July 16,
2007
Creating a National Commission on the
Role of Filipino Women , Presidential
Decree No. 633, Malacañang Palace,
Manila, LawPhil.net, January 7, 1975,
retrieved on: July 16, 2007
"Women 2000: Gender Equality,
Development and Peace for the Twenty-
first Century" , Statement by Dr. Amelou
Benitez Reyes, Chairperson, National
Commission on the Role of Filipino
Women, Head of Delegation, Twenty-
third Special Session of the General
Assembly, New York, UN.org, June 5 to
9, 2000, retrieved on: July 16, 2007
Rivera PC (1979). "Women in
development: the road toward
liberation". Initiatives Popul. 5 (3): 2–7.
PMID 12338131 .
Philippine Legislators' Committee on
Population and Development Foundation
(Feb 1992). "Philippine laws and policies
on the status of women". People Count.
2 (1): 1–3. PMID 12179238 .
"Executive Order No. 348 of 17 February
1989 approving and adopting the
Philippine Development Plan for Women
for 1989 to 1992, 17 February 1989".
Annu Rev Popul Law. 16: 132, 551–4.
1989. PMID 12344104 .
Blake, Matthew. "The Role and Status of
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Women of the Philippines.

National Commission on the Role of

Filipino Women , retrieved on: April 9,
2008
National Commission on the Role of
Women, LawPhil.net , retrieved on: July
16, 2007
Name of Organization: National
Commission on the Role of Filipino
Women, United Nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific, UNESCAP.org , retrieved on: July
16, 2007
Philippines, Women's Studies,
Bibliography, LIB.Berkeley.edu , retrieved
on: July 16, 2007
National Commission on the Role of
Filipino Women (NCRFW), International
Labour Organization, ILO.org, February 6,
2004 , retrieved on: July 16, 2007
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Women_in_the_Philippines&oldid=913710224
"

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