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Standard - in Profile Page PDF
ICS 27.220
© BIS 2008
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Thermal Insulation Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1994 superseding both IS 7240 : 1981 and IS 7413 : 1981 which were in
force earlier hoping that the amalgamated standard would facilitate unambiguous exchange of commercial and
scientific information within the Industry. While formulating this standard considerable assistance was taken
from VDI 2055 : 1982 'Heating and cooling protection/shielding for factories', published by Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure', ISO/DIS 12241 : 1993 'Calculations rules for thermal insulation of pipes, ducts and equipments'
published by International Organization for Standardization, and BS 5422 : 1990 'Method for specifying thermal
insulating materials on pipes duct work and equipments (in the temperature range -40° to 750°C)'. This standard
covers the insulation of plant and equipment containing fluids at temperatures above -80°C and up to 750°C.
This standard does not deal with the insulation of buildings, land or marine cold stores or other cold storages.
This standard also does not deal with the insulation of metal surfaces, which are protected on their inner surface,
with refractory brickwork or other refractory linings, the temperatures of which change, with the application of
external insulation. Thus, this standard covers external insulation of surfaces such as vessels or piping carrying
hot or cold fluids including gases, at temperatures within the range indicated.
This standard also does not include calculations for thickness of insulation application as the determination of
the required thickness of insulation is likely to be governed by many considerations and factors other than
economics alone. Further, other similar theoretical calculations, such as interface temperatures in multi-layer
insulations, specified temperature on the surface of the insulation, determination of temperature at the point of
delivery, thickness required to prevent condensation on the surface of the insulation, etc have also not been
included in this standard.
Accordingly the symbol used in thermal insulation, determination of heat gain/heat loss, surface temperature and
insulation coefficient for different surfaces for working out appropriate surface temperature and insulation thickness
for specific surface temperatures, additional heat losses due to components in a pipeline, etc and conversion
factors have been included in this standard in Annexes A, Band C.
The Committee felt a need for its revision based on the experience gained and feedbacks received from the
various segments of the thermal insulation trade and industry and also to harmonize with BS 5970 : 2001 'Code
of practice for thermal insulation of pipe work and equipment in the temperature range of lOO°C to 870°C'.
There is no ISO Standard on this subject. During this revision assistance has also been derived from ASTM C 680
and also from Thermal Insulation Handbook by William C. Turner and John F. Malloy (1981).
In this revision calculation for heat loss/gain through the insulation, attachments, thickness of metal cladding
have been incorporated. Typical exemplification figures both for equipment and piping are also incorporated for
better understanding. Major modifications have been done in the application and measurement clauses. This
standard takes care of the health hazard of the asbestos fibre and hence incorporates the requirement of asbestos-
free insulation materials.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex D.
In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed or
calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2: 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical
values (revised)'.
AMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 2011
TO
IS 14164 : 2008 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND FINISHINGS OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE – 80ºC AND UP TO
750ºC — CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision )
(CHD 27)
Indian Standard
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION AND FINISHINGS
OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS
AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE -80°C AND
UP TO 750°C - CODE OF PRACTICE
( First Revision)
1 SCOPE 3.3 Effective Ambient Temperature - For structures
surrounded by air (or other fluid), the effective ambient
1.1 This Code of practice prescribes for application
temperature is a suitably weighted mean between air
and finishing of thermal insulation materials applied
(fluid) temperature and the mean radiant temperature
to surfaces at temperatures above -80°C and up to
of the surroundings (oKJoe). For a fluid opaque to
750°C.
radiation. the effective ambient temperature is the same
1.2 In cases where metal surfaces are protected on their as the surrounding fluid temperature. For operational
inner faces with structural boundary materials, such feasibility of field assessments of the exposed surface
as refractory brickwork or other linings, the temperature of insulated system, the effective ambient
temperatures of which change as result of the temperature shall be considered as the temperature
applicationof external thermal insulation, consequently measured by a sensor located normally at a distance
change in metal temperature shall be checked against of 1 m from the surface at which the temperature is
safe design temperature limits. measured. This is not to be mistaken for the
2 REFERENCES atmospheric temperature.
The following standards contain provisions which 3.4 Economic Thickness - The thickness of
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of insulation, which gives a minimum total cost over a
this standard. At the time of publication, the editions chosen evaluation period.
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to 3.5 Preformed Insulating Material - Thermal
revision, and parties to agreements based on this insulating material which is fabricated in such a
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility manner that at least one surface conforms to the shape
of applying the most recent editions of the standards of the surface to be covered and which will maintain
indicated below: its shape without cracking, breaking, crushing or
IS No. Title permanent deformation during handling and
702: 1988 Industrial bitumen (second revision) application.
1322: 1993 Bitumen felts for water-proofing and 3.6 Flexible Insulating Material - Thermal
damp-proofing (fourth revision) insulating material in loose dry or formed matts/slabs/
3069: 1994 Glossary of terms, symbol and units batts/mattresses, which tends to drape or conform to
relating to thermal insulation the shape of the surface on which it is applied.
materials
9743: 1990 Thermal insulation finishing cements 3.7 Plastic Composition Insulating Materials -
(first revision) Thermal insulating materials in loose dry form, which
are prepared for application as a paste or dough by
3 TERMINOLOGY
mixing with water, usually on site. The normal variety
For the purpose of this standard, the definitions given in sets under the influence of heat applied to the internal
IS 3069 and the following shall apply. Additional surface.
symbols used in this standard are described in Annex A.
3.8 Microporous Insulation - A family of inorganic
3.1 Applicator - An individual or organization products of very low thermal conductivity featuring
undertaking thermal insulation of the installations. silica fibrous matrix with opacifying powders
3.2 Operating Temperature - The temperature of distributed throughout the silica structure to reflect,
the hot or cold fluid inside the pipe or vessel under refract or absorb infrared radiation resulting in a flat
consideration. conductivity versus Temperature profile.
IS 14164 : 2008
3.9 Reflective Insulation - An insulation system c) Loose Fill - Included in this type are all
composed of closely spaced sheets/foils of high granular, fibrous and various discrete
reflectivity (low emittance) obtaining its insulating aggregates that can be poured or lightly
value from the ability of the surfaces to reflect a large packed into cavities, casings or jackets. Loose
part of radiant energy incident on them. This or lightly bonded fibrous materials, shredded
arrangement mayor may not be evacuated. plastics polymers and loose expanded
volcanic or micaceous products, for example,
3.10 Thickness - The thickness of the insulation
perlite or vermiculite, as well as such
material only that is, excluding any protective or other
insulating aggregates as foamed slag and
finish.
granulated diatomaceous brick would also fall
3.11 Hot Surfaces for Insulation - For the purpose under this heading.
of this standard, surfaces to be insulated having a d) Plastic Composition-Material of this type
temperature over 40°C and where heat flux is expected consists of insulating aggregate, with or
to be away from the surfaces are classified as hot without fibrous reinforcement that is prepared
surfaces. for application as a paste or dough by mixing
3.12 Cold Surfaces for Insulation - For the with water. Normally the wet materials require
purpose of this standard, surfaces having a the use of heat for drying out after application,
temperature of 40°C and below and where the heat but some products harden by hydraulic
flux is expected to be towards the surfaces to be setting, it is important to distinguish between
insulated are classified as cold surfaces. plastic compositions and organic plastics, the
latter are spelt with water a letter's' at the
4 MATERIALS end of the word 'plastic'.
4.1 The materials used for insulation and its application e) Spray - Granular, foamed or fibrous material
that adheres to the surface on application by
shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards,
means of a spray-gun. An adhesive may be
wherever they exist.
included in the original mix or it may be
4.2 Asbestos - Free Thermal Insulating Material applied through a separate nozzle during the
application process.
All thermal insulation materials used at site shall be
f) Foamed-in-situ - Normally cellular organic
asbestos-free in order to safeguard the health of
plastics agglomerates that are foamed in a
individuals who are working in the vicinity.
cavity by physical or chemical means during
4.3 Types of Insulating Materials or immediately after application.
g) Microporous Insulation (Silica Aerogel) -
Although all thermal insulating materials, with the
Opacified fine powder having microscopic
exception of reflective insulation, depend on entrapped pores that confer particularly low thermal
air or gas for their effectiveness, it is convenient to conductivity properties, lower than those of
classify them according to their type of structure or still air at the same temperatures. It is available
method of application: as block encapsulated in metal foil or woven
a) Preformed - Normally the term is applied fabric.
to slabs, pipe sections and related shapes h) Reflective Insulation - Multiple layer of foil
based on cellular granules or mineral fibres or thin sheet material of low emissivity that
that are bonded to form a substantially rigid has the ability to reflect incident radiant heat
cellular plastic, cellular glass and bonded separated by fleece or tissue. Metal foils such
natural materials, for example, cork and as aluminium foil and thin polished stainless
exfoliated minerals. steel sheet with mineral fiber tissue are
b) Flexible - This type includes fibrous common examples, but reflective metal
products such as felts, blankets, mats and deposited on plastics film will also be included
mattresses, which differ from the preformed but for lower temperatures only. These
materials only in the ease with which they can materials are normally used in association
be shaped to conform to irregular surfaces. with one or more air spaces, which may be
Textile products, for example, woven cloth, closed or open and which mayor may not be
tapes, twisted yarns, and plaited packings are evacuated.
also of this type. This also includes flexible j) Insulating Boards - Rigid or mainly rigid
closed cell foams of plastic and specialized boards, often with fibrous reinforcement,
rubber formulations. bonded into a compact mass and baked. The
2
IS 14164 : 2008
bonding material may be a hydraulic cement, taken to ensure that the material is applied at the
a lime-silica reaction product, gypsum, or an required density.
organic plastic polymer.
5.1.3 While applying multi-layer insulation all joints
k) Prefabricated Shapes - For specialized types shall be staggered; and each layer shall be separately
of application it may be advantageous to secured to the surface.
fabricate the insulation to predetermined
shapes for ease of application and removal. 5.1.4 As a rule fittings on vessels shall be covered with
Various types of insulating material can be an independent insulation so as to allow easy access
used for this purpose, as also can various types and removal without disturbing the main insulation.
of covering material. Typical products would
5.2 Insulation on Ambient and Hot Surfaces
be prefabricated valve covers, insulated metal
valve boxes, prefabricated flexible mattresses 5.2.1 Guidelines for Normal Ambient and Elevated
and thin layers of fibrous or granular filling Temperatures
sealed inside prefabricated metal-foil
As there is possibility of differential movement of
envelopes.
jointly insulated pipe lines due to differences in the
4.4 The applicator shall ensure that the thermal temperature of the fluids carried by the pipe lines, each
insulating and finishing materials used are suitable for pipe line is to be insulated separately, wherever space
service at the operating temperatures and under the is available.
physical conditions statedby thepurchaser, in casethe
5.2.1.1 When the surface to be insulated is of regular
material is supplied by the applicator. In case the
shape it is likely that preformed materials will be the
purchaser or any other agency appointed by the
most suitable; their physical properties, shapes and
purchaser specifies or supplies the material, the
dimensions can be controlled during works
responsibility for the performance of such materials
manufacture. Also. they are easy to apply and they are
shall rest with the purchaser or the supplier, as the case
likely to retain their physical characteristics under
may be, and the applicator of such materials shall rest
service conditions. Care should be taken to ensure that
with the purchaser or the supplier, as the case may be,
the material stays satisfactorily in service, and this will
and the applicator shall be responsible only for the
include the need to preserve physical and mechanical
workmanship. If the material supplied conforms to the
integrity as well in order to maintain thermal
relevant Indian Standard, the applicator's responsibility
effectiveness.
shall then be confined to the methods of application as
stated in this Code, unless otherwise specifically agreed 5.2.1.2 Certain types of plant with double-skin
to between the purchaser and the applicator. construction, that is reaction or storage vessels, may
require the annular space to be packed with a loose
4.5 In the case of plants operating at dual temperatures,
mass of fibre or a porous granular aggregate. In such
that is, below and above ambient temperature, such as
cases, it is necessary to achieve reasonably uniform
cold insulated systems which are periodically steam
packing at an optimum bulk density, for example, by
cleaned, the insulation material used shall be capable
the provision of internal spacer supports to prevent
of withstanding the highest and lowest temperature
settlement under service conditions.
involved during services without physical deformation
or deterioration. In all such cases extreme care is For some specific applications, notably the horizontal
required in selection of insulants, vapour barriers and or near-horizontal tops of large outdoor ducts and flues
their positioning in the system and proper study of the with multiple external stiffeners, it may be convenient
interface temperature between layers. to build up an appreciable depth of granular aggregate
to form a camber, either from the longitudinal center
5 METHODS OF APPLICATION line outwards or across the full width of the surface,
before applying preformed slab insulation, which may
5.1 General
be finished with a layer of self-setting cement. A final
5.1.1 All insulation materials, fixed in any manner coat of weatherproofing compound may be added, as
should be applied so as to be in close contact with the required.
surface to which they are applied and the edges or ends
5.2.1.3 For irregular shapes of plant it may be
of suctions shall butt up close to one another over their
convenient to make use of plastic composition
whole surface except in special application. For this
insulating materials but in these cases, it will be
reason edges or ends shall, where necessary, be cut or
necessary to preheat the plant and to maintain the heat
shaped at site.
until all the insulation is dry. Wet plastic composition
5.1.2 While applying flexible materials care shall be has to be applied in successive layers, allowing each
3
IS 14164 : 2008
one to dry before the next is applied. Plastic be used in applications where low thermal mass and
composition mixes are likely to contain soluble high resistance to thermal shock are important.
chloride salts, either as normal impurities or in the water
5.2.1.9 It may be convenient to use two different types
used for forming the paste, which may cause or
of insulating material for a portion of plant if the
accelerate stress-corrosion attack on austenitic steel
operating temperature is above the limiting temperature
surfaces. Additionally, only potable water should be
for the preferred main insulating material. In such cases
used for mixing in order to ensure freedom from attack
the inner layer, of suitable resistance for the higher
on carbon steel surfaces by soluble nitrates.
temperature is used in sufficient thickness to reduce
5.2.1.4 Notably low thermal-conductivity values, the temperature at the interface with the main insulating
together with light weight, are characteristic of many material to an acceptable level.
types of foamed-in-situ insulating materials, which
5.2.2 Application System for Hot Insulation
normally involve the mixing of two reactive chemicals,
for example, for the production of polyurethane. They 5.2.2.1 Pipes
are of particular value for filling the annular spaces
Preformed pipe sections should be fitted closely to the
between the containment surfaces of a light weight
pipe and any unavoidable gaps in circumferential or
structure as, in many cases, they can increase the
longitudinal joints should be filled with compatible
mechanical stability of the structure. It is possible to
insulating material where the pipe diameter is too large
use a similar process for the production of preformed
by building up the radius and bevelled piping. Where
insulating shapes. Care should be taken to ensure that
there is more than one layer of insulating material, all
the foamed material is used only within the correct
joints should be staggered.
temperature range and that it does not add to the fire
hazard in the insulated plant. Each section should be held in position and covered
by a fabric, this should be secured by stitching or by
5.2.1.5 Microporous insulation is characterized by its
the use of an adhesive. The edges of the fabric, if
low thermal conductivity, which persists to high
stitched should overlap by at least 25 mm. Alternatively,
temperatures. This characteristic permits the use of
with a fabric or sheet outer finish, the whole may be
lower thickness than those of conventional materials.
secured by circumferential bands.
It is important that microporous insulation should never
become wet as this can result in an irreversible For vertical and near vertical piping it is important to
breakdown of the microporous structure. prevent downward displacement of the insulating
material by the use of appropriate supports, which may
5.2.1.6 Reflective insulation is more effective in
be in the form of metal rings, part rings, or studs. These
reducing the absorption or emission of radiant heat than
supports should be located at intervals of not more than
in a non-metallic surface. It may be used in conjunction
5.0 m and in any case, there should be a support
with granular, fibrous, or powder-type insulating
immediately above each expansion break in the
materials, and insulation purposes. Where the use of
insulation.
non-metallic insulation is not acceptable for technical
reasons, for example, in certain types of plant heated 5.2.2.2 Piping bends
by nuclear fuels, multilayer reflective metallic
Bends are usually insulated to the same specification
insulation may be particularly suitable.
as the adjacent straight piping. Where preformed
5.2.1.7 Insulating boards may be substantially of material is used it should be cut in mitred segment
organic composition, for example, made from wood fashion and wired or staggered into position.
fibre, sugarcane etc, or they may be wholly inorganic, Alternatively, prefabricated or fully moulded half-
for example, mineral fibres bonded with a cement- bends may be used, if these are available. Plastic
type product. Included in this range are gypsum composition may be used to seal any gaps that may
plasterboard and sheet products made from rigid appear between mitred segments.
organic polymer foam, both of which may have one
5.2.2.3 Flanges, valves and otherfittings on hot piping
or both surfaces covered with aluminium foil to
reduce thermal transmission. When a choice is to be It is essential that valves and flanges be insulated along
made from various types of board for a specific with the piping.
application, attention should be paid to fire hazard, Valve and flange boxes are lined with preformed rigid
moisture absorption, and the upper limiting or flexible insulating material. Direct contact between
temperature, as well as to the thermal conductivity the metal of the box and the insulated metal surface
under the required conditions of USe. should be avoided. This can be insulated by mattresses
5.2.1.8 At high temperature (above 500°C) with the which consist of glass or silica fibre cloth envelope
combination of back-up material. Ceramic fibre may packed with loose fill.
4
IS 14164 : 2008
5.2.2.4 Flexible insulation shape as a foundation layer. All cut faces should be
clean and care should be taken to butt adjacent edges
Where flexible insulation (for example, mattresses) are
closely.
used for insulation of pipes, it is necessary to
understand that a flat product is to be wrapped around 5.2.2.10 Flexible material
a curved profile of a pipe where there is considerable
Adjacent edges of flexible insulation should be secured
difference in the inner and outer perimeters of the
in close contact with each other by binding together
applied insulation. It is therefore essential to size the
outer containing medium such as a wire netting. Care
mattress of a specified width with a length equal to the
should be taken to see that air spaces are kept to a
outer perimeter to ensure that the blanket material
minimum and that there are no free passages from hot
provides a total thermal envelope. It is also necessary
surfaces to atmosphere.
to limit the thickness of individual layers of insulation
for a distortion-free condition of the insulant. Further, 5.2.2.11 Spray insulation
a flexible matrix may not have the required compressive
The material consists of a mixture of milled mineral
strength to bear the external load, including the weight
fibre and hydraulic binders. It is applied by spraying
of the outer covering. Cladding support rings, fitted
together with jets of deionized water.
with spacers (equal to thickness of insulation) would
be required for thepurpose. 5.2.3 Where protrusions are such that they are also
insulated (like pipe-connections) but with an insulation
5.2.2.5 Plastic composition
thickness less than that of the main system, full
Before application of plastic composition, the pipe thickness of the main system is to be extended along
surface should be heated to a minimum temperature such extensions for a length of not less than thrice the
of 65°C. The composition should be applied by hand full thickness.
in layers, each layer being allowed to dry before
successive layers are applied. The first layer should be 5.3 Insulation Over Cold Surfaces
limited to 12 to 25 mm in thickness. Remaining layers 5.3.1 For an equal temperature difference across the
may be built up of 25 mm thickness. insulation, the thickness of same material required for
5.2.2.6 Spray insulation cold insulation is relatively higher than for hot
insulation. Since the vapour seals applied to the
Spray applied insulation is generally suitable for insulated cold surfaces are frequently trowelled or
irregular surfaces where it is applied on pipes suitable sprayed-on, it is essential that the purchaser gives
for diameter greater than 150 mm nominal size and consideration, at the design stage, to the sealing to be
good all round access is necessary. Adjacent equipment used, to ensure that there is sufficient working space
should be protected from overspray. Mineral fibres and between pipes, vessels and structures to allow easy
polyurethane foam can be applied by spraying. application of all the materials involved.
Workshop spraying should be carried out in suitable
booth and the operator should wear protective clothing, 5.3.2 Special care should be taken over the application
including a fresh-air mask. and vapour-sealing of cold insulation, since even
minute faults can lead to condensation taking place
5.2.2.7 Loose fill insulation within the insulation or to ice formation on the cold
Loose-fill will require an outer retaining cover fitted surface.
to the pipe with necessary spacers and the filling should 5.3.3 Even though there is less possibility of movement
be poured or packed to the density as called for to meet of pipes having cold surfaces, it is preferable to insulate
required thermal conductivity. In vertical pipes, baffle the pipes separately as far as possible.
plates should be fitted as necessary to prevent settling.
5.3.4 Where multilayer insulation is adopted on cold
5.2.2.8 Vessels and large surface surfaces, in addition to the precautions given in 5.3.1,
the final two layers shall be provided with adequate
Generally the need to dismantle associate pipe work
for inspection should be anticipated and permanent vapor barrier where the operating temperature is below
O°C.
insulation ended sufficiently far from flanges to enable
bolts to be withdrawn. 5.3.5 Stiffener angles, weld protrusions, ladder
supports, insulation support rings, pipe hangers or any
5.2.2.9 Preformed materials
metal connections not otherwise scheduled to receive
It may be necessary to cut preformed materials to fit insulation shall be insulated, if in direct contact with
any irregular contour. Alternatively, suitable material the cold surface. The insulation over such protrusions
may be applied to render the surface close to a regular shall have an insulation thickness over them of at least
5
IS 14164 : 2008
80 percent of the thickness of the adjoining insulation. of the bolts without disturbing the main insulation. In
In all such cases the insulation shall be extended to all cases, the vapour seal on the fittings shall be carried
ensure that the nearest exposed surface has a over to at least 50 mm beyond the finished vapour
temperature above O°Cor above dew point as specified barrier of the main insulation system and sealed
by the purchaser. properly. The thickness of insulation applied to a fitting
shall be atleast equal to the system on which the fitting
5.3.6 Wherever there is any discontinuity in vapour
is located.
barrier in the vicinity of fittings or other protrusions
on insulated cold surfaces, adequate vapour barrier 5.3.10 Vapour sealing materials shall be carried over
shall be provided at such joints also. expansion joints or contraction breaks without a joint.
5.3.7 Vapour Sealing for Cold Insulation 5.4 Insulation Supports
5.3.7.1 A cold insulation system is only as effective as 5.4.1 The insulation shall be supported when applied
its vapour barrier. A poor vapour barrier causes to the sides of or underneath large vessels or ducts or
moisture migration into the body of the insulation to long runs of vertical piping. Supports shall be cleats,
causing the following: studs, washers, nuts, bolts, lugs, pins or collars (rings)
a) Deterioration in the insulation value, which shall be either welded to the hot surface or to
bands which are then strapped round the surface. These
b) Physical damage to the insulation, and
supports serve to hold the insulation in place, prevent
c) Corrosion of the insulated surface. its slipping, or support it above expansion joints. In
5.3.7.2 Materials for vapour sealing addition, they shall provide necessary anchorage for
lacing wire or wire netting which may be required to
The following materials are suitable for use as vapour hold the insulation in place and/or to provide
seals: reinforcement for the insulation or a finishing material.
a) Foils - Aluminium foil, minimum 0.05 mm Depending on their function, supports shall either
thick or foil laminated to kraft paper of 60 g/ penetrate only partly through the insulation or protrude
m", Min, or other suitable laminates sealed slightly beyond it. But in no case the supports shall
with bituminous or other adhesives. protrude through the final finish.
b) Bituminous and Resinous Mastics - Bitumen 5.4.2 Carbon steel lugs and attachments shall not be
(conforming to fully blown type ofIS 702 and welded directly to alloy steels. Angles, flat cleats and
its various compounds and resinous mastics similar large attachments may be secured by electric
having a water vapour permeance (for two arc (welding) or gas welding, using a procedure
coats) of not more than 2.8 x 10-3 g/s MN. appropriate to the materials, the thickness of the
c) Plastic Sheets - Mainly polyester, surface, and that of the attachment. For that surface on
polyethylene, polyisobutylene and PVC which site-welding of attachments is not permissible,
coated fabric suitably sealed. Such sheets it may be essential to pre-weld suitable metal pads to
normally need further protection. fix such attachments.
5.3.8 Application for Vapour Seals The locations of studs or cleats will depend on the
weight of insulation to be attached, as well as on the
5.3.8.1 When a vapour seal material is applied over
location of the surface, and on the degree of vibration
insulation, it shall be carried down over all exposed
to which the plant may be subjected under service
edges of the insulation (for example, fittings on pipes
conditions. For large flat surfaces, reasonable average
or skirts on vessels) and bonded to the surface of the
spacing would be as given below:
pipe or vessel. At all such points a mastic fillet shall be
provided to round off the angle between the insulation Vertical surfaces 450 mm' spacing
and the cold surface. Upward-facing surfaces 600 rnnf or 750
5.3.8.2 When insulating long runs of pipe, the ends of mm- spacing
the insulation shall be sealed off at suitable intervals Over-hanging and down- 300 mm? spacing
and the vapour seal shall be carried down to the pipe ward-Facing surface
surface. For large-radius curved surfaces, if welding is
5.3.9 In the case of cold insulation, the vapour seal permitted, 450 to 600 mm uniform spacing is
and the protective finish of the main system shall have considered suitable, but this may be modified for
been completed before the insulation of the fittings is vertical large cylindrical surfaces when cleats are
taken up. The main insulation shall stop short of the required to prevent downward movement of the
fittings on both the sides so as to allow for withdrawal insulating material. Cleats may not be required for
6
IS 14164 : 2008
7
IS 14164 : 2008
8
7 Sealing Compound
Item Description
Reference
CERAMIC BOARD
3MMTHK. AL. RIVET
SECTIONAL VIEW
SUPPORTRING
Reference
10
(SS BAND) 13MM WIDE x 0.4MM THK. METAL CLADDING
UP TO 609MM O.D.
20 GAUGE WIRE
METAL SHEET
PREFABRICATED
IN TWO HALVES
PIPE
INSULATION
NOTES
1 M.S. Ring shall be provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 Metal cladding have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joints will be sealed with sealing compound.
3 In case of preformed insulation section spacer ring not required.
4 S.S. Band:
a) Up to </>609 mm-13 mm wide x 0.4 mm thick.
b) Over </>609 mm-19 mm wide x 0.5 mm thick.
S In case of MOC IS S.S. a strip of 30 mm wide and 0.06 mm thick S.S. foil shall be provided wherever spacer ring lugs shall be setting.
OUTER CASING
tv
- G.LSEWING WIRE
G.I.BTNDTNG WIRE
INSULATION
"L.~·OIL
O.06MMnuc..O!'
5.S. Sl:RfACEO"'LY
ALK)lL
O.06MM THK. 0:"1
S.S.SURf.Y.1i.ONLY
Item Description
Reference
ALI-OIL
O.06MM rax. O~
s.s, SURb\Cc ON!. Y
B
AL. RIVET
M.S.FLATLUGS
SUPPORT RINGS
AT300c/C (6) 7 S.S. Stitching wire 20 g (0.9 mm 0) up to
10" 0.0.
6 M.S. Flat Lugs
5 S.S. band
DETAIL- B
Over 609 mm 0.0. -19 mm wide x
0.5 mm or (0.4 mm) thick
DETAIL-A
4 S.S., S.T. Screws 13 mm length x 5.5 mm
NOTES dia 150 mrn
1 M.S. Flats are to be tightened on body with nuts & bolts diagonally at 300 mm etc. 3 Metal sheet for cladding
2 Aluminium claddings have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joints will be sealed with sealing compound. 2 Insulation
I 25 mm x 3 mm M.S. Flat at 850 mm
Interval
Item Description
FIG. 6 TYPI~AL T ANK/EQUIPMENT/VESSELS INSULATIONS ApPLICATION WITH ROCKWOOL INSULATION Reference
I\L.f<XL
U»6MM THIt. ON
S.!. SURfI\CEOf'ILY
M.S.FLAT LUGS
SUPPORT RINGS
AT 30OC/C (6)
8 OJ. Stitching wire 20 g
7 Self-tapping screw
DETAIL - B 6 Metal Sheet 18 g (Corrugated)
NOTE - All c1addings with one side bitumastic paint will have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joints will be 3 Space ring at I 000 mm distance
sealed with roofing felt strips. 2 Insulation
I M.S. Spokes at 500 mm ck: Diagonally
Item Description
FIG. 7 TYPICAL T ANK/EQUIPMENT INSULATIONS Reference
IS 14164 : 2008
b) Protection against weather or chemical attack, for example, hard setting composition/Self-setting
c) Retardation of flame spread, finishing cements are used mainly over preformed
d) Appearance, insulation on pipework and plant that can be heated
for drying out. For spray-applied insulation, for
e) Identification of pipe or vessel, and
example, over turbines in power stations, the finish
f) Providing the insulation with an easily cleaned invariably is self-setting cement; hard setting
surface. composition is used largely for the heating and
6.2 Protective Finishes ventilating applications. In all cases, some form of
metal mesh reinforcement should be used and the final
The choice of the protective covering for thermal dry thickness should be sufficient to resist accidental
insulating materials can influence the choice of the mechanical damage. Sometimes it is possible to
insulating material itself. It is convenient to classify toughen the surface of a relatively friable hard-setting
finishing materials under four broad types. composition by embedding open-mesh woven textile
6.2.1 Metal Sheet Materials fabric into the exposed surface.
All the typical finishes of this group will absorb water,
Sheet materials of the types indicated in Table I are
but may not disintegrate when wet.
mainly recommended for plant, equipment and
pipework. Metal sheet are widely used over both 6.2.3 Solutions or Dispersion Coatings ofBituminous
preformed and flexible insulating materials or Polymeric Plastics Origin
characterized by their resistance to mechanical damage Solutions or dispersion coatings of bituminous or
and for their attractive appearance when correctly polymeric plastics origin, which may vary in
applied. consistency from a heavily filled viscous mastic applied
External and internal corrosion is often a problem and by trowel, to a mobile liquid applied by brush or spray
tor this reason aluminium and galvanized steel are gun. The products may be used for mechanical
preferred for majority of applications, provided that protection or for weatherproofing, or they may be self-
isolation from dissimilar metals is ensured. coloured for colour-coding purposes over the finishes
indicated in 6.2.2 above.
Profiled metal sheets give increased rigidity, while
permitting lateral expansion movement. If there is a Aqueous dispersions, on drying, tend to give films that
are porous to water vapour (the so-called breather
danger of condensation on the inner surface of the metal
coats) whereas solutions in organic solvents tend to
that is in direct contact with the insulating material, it
give dry films of low porosity. Application normally is
is advisable to protect the contact surface with a suitable
by brush or spray gun.
paint or a lamination of poly-coated paper/polymeric
plastics compound before site application. Thickness may vary according to the degree of
protection required, but the final dry films for most
6.2.2 Dry Mixtures
normal coatings are likely to be about 1 mm or less.
Dry mixtures brought to paste consistency with water, Mastics, which are heavy dough-like products of
16
IS 14164 : 2008
asphalt, bitumen, or polymeric plastics compounds, are should be taken to ensure that the paint used offers
used mainly as 'high-build' coatings, usually thicker sufficient resistance to heat.
than I mm. All of them may be reinforced with short
mineral fibres to give increased durability. For heavy- 7 FITTINGS
duty weatherproofing the material preferably should 7.1 The word fittings shall include valves, flanges, bends,
be applied in two layers, with suitable open-mesh stubs, end caps, bellows, expansion/contraction joints,
reinforcement, to give a final dry thickness of about venturies, orifice plates, elbows, reducers, tees, etc.
3 to 5 mm.
7.2 Before the insulation of fittings is taken up,
6.2.4 Flexible Sheet Materials of Organic Polymeric insulation of the pipe, with its protective finish, shall
Compound be completed. The insulation shall be stopped short of
Flexible sheet materials of organic polymeric the fitting on both sides of the fittings so as to allow
compound, for example, high density polyethylene, for the withdrawal of bolt without disturbing the
flexible polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene, are of insulation.
value when used as integral dry finishes over preformed 7.3 The insulation of the fittings shall be carried out
pipe sections, in which case they may be secured to on the same as indicated in 5.6 above. Typical
the outer surface of the insulating material by means insulation of elbow, tee, flanges and valve are shown
of mechanical banding, welding or a suitable adhesive. as example in Fig. 8 to 11.
Otherwise they may be applied as an outer covering
for washability, in food/pharma industries. 8 INSULATION OF EXPANSION JOINTS AND
CONTRACTION JOINTS
6.3 Ultimate Treatment of Finish Painting
8.1 Depending upon the type of insulation used, the
Paint over the external finish of the insulation is not operating temperature and the nature of the plant, it
only of utilization value; as it is the painted surface may be necessary to provide expansion joints in hot
that is exposed to view, the quality of the insulation insulation or contraction joints in cold insulation of
work tends to be judged instinctively by the finished vessels or pipes so as to prevent the insulation from
appearance. Correct choice and the correct methods rupturing or buckling when the hot or cold surface
of application should therefore receive adequately early expands or contracts. Typical insulation of expansion
consideration. For elevated surface temperature care joints are shown as example in Fig. 12.
S.S. BAND
i
i
i METAL. SHEET
i CLADDING
i OVERLAP 50MM MIN.
i
i
i (SS BAND) 13MM WIDE,
i
OAMMTHK.
Ii
\
\
PREFORMED ./ \
[NSULAnON -.
'. METAL SHEET
PREFABRlCA TED PREFORMED
LOBSTARBACK INSULATlON
MATTRESSES
r-iOTES
t M.S. Rings skl1) be provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 Metal cladding have 50 mm overlap longitudinally anel circumferential joints will be sealed with sealing compound.
J Metal sr,.'ct cladding of specified thickness .
.j In case of pipe section spacer ring not required.
5 S.S. Band:
<I) Up to 0609 mm-I J mm wide x 0.4 mill thick.
b) Over 0609 mn,·19 mm wiele x 0.4 mm thick.
6 In case of MOe IS S.S. a strip of 30 mm wide and 0.06 mrn thick S.S. foil shall be provided wherever spacer ring lugs shall be
~c:{ing.
17
IS 14164 : 2008
SEALING
COMPOUND
SS BAND 13MM WIDE,
OAMMTHK.
20G WIRE
(O.9MM THK.)
NOTES
I M.S. Rings shall be provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 Metal cladding have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joints will be sealed with sealing compound.
3 Metal sheet cladding of specified thickness,
4 In case of pipe section spacer ring not required.
5 S,S, Band:
a) Up to 0609 mm-13 mm wide x 0.4 mm thick,
b) Over 0609 mm-19 rnrn wide x 0.4 mm thick,
6 In case of MOe IS S.S. a strip of 30 mm wide and 0.06 rnm thick S,S. foil shall be provided wherever spacer ring lugs shall be
setting,
FIG. 9 INSULATION OF TEE
SHACKLE LOCK
REMOVABLE INSULATION
INSULATION OF PIPE
SSBAND
METAL SHEET
CLADDING
NOTES
1 M,S. Rings shall be provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 Metal cladding have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joints will be sealed with sealing compound.
3 In case of preformed rockwool pipe section spacer ring not required.
4 S.S. Band:
a) Up to 0609 mm -13 mrn wide x 0.4 mm thick.
b) Over 0609 mm -19 mm wide x 0.5 mrn thick.
S In case of MOe IS S.S. a strip of 30 mm wide and 0,06 mm thick S.S. foil shall be provided wherever spacer ring lugs shall be
setting.
FIG. 10 INSULATION OF FLANGES
18
IS 14164 : 2008
SHACKLE LOCK
rVALVE
FABRICATED ! / SEALENT COMPOUND
JACKET
HEX. WIRENETTING
20MM MESH x0 O.7mm
METAL SHEET
SECTIONAL VIEW
NOTES
I M.S. Rings shall be provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 MmJ cJ:ujding hnvL' 50 mm overlap longifudinfilly nnd circumferential joint will be genled with sealing compound.
3 In case of preformed rockwool pipe section spacer rin); not requirec,
4 S.S. Band:
a) Up to 0609 mm-13 nun wide x 0.4 mm thick.
b) Over 0609 mm-19 mm wide x 0.5 mm thick.
S In case of MOe IS S.S. a strip of 30 mm wide and 0.06 mrn thick S.S. foil shall be provided wherever spacer ring lugs shall be
setting.
FIG. 11 VALVE INSULATION
INSULATION
NOTES
I M.S. Rings shall he provided wherever required at suitable intervals as per sectional view.
2 Metal cladding have 50 mm overlap longitudinally and circumferential joint/will be sealed with sealing compound.
3 In case of preformed rockwool pipe section spacer ring not required.
4 S.S. Band:
a) Up to 0609 mrn - 13 mm wide x 0.4 mm thick.
b) Over 0609 mrn - 19 111m wide x 0.5 mm thick.
S In case of MOe IS S.S. a strip of 30 111111 wide and 0.06 mm thick S.S. foil shall he provided wherever spacer ring Jugs shall be setting.
*In case expansion joint longitudinal overlap is without any groove for free movement of metal sheet.
19
IS 14164 : 2008
8.2 In all cases where supports rings are provided on 9.2 Measurement of Apparatuses (Insulated)
vessels or vertical pipes for rigid materials, the Surfaces
insulation shall be stopped short about 5 mm from each
9.2.1 Basic parameter in work measurement considered
ring, and the space between the insulation and the ring
being a flat surface, a set of diagrammatic presentations
filled with a flexible insulation material.
are furnished on various possible shapes which may be
8.3 On horizontal pipes and vessels insulated with rigid encountered in field, with the factors to be applied to
insulation material or thermal insulating cements. account for extra materials for such items of work (see
expansion joints or contraction breaks filled with Fig. 13 to Fig. 26). The formulae for calculation of the
flexible insulating material shall be provided at suitable conventional surfaces are indicated against each figure.
intervals. The main symbols appearing in said figures/formula
8.4 Flexible Thermal Insulations do not normally are the following:
need expansion joints or contraction breaks. Mineral L,L I = lengths relevant to straight parts of
wool rigid sections used at temperatures not exceeding insulations included between the
230°C also do not normally need expansion joints. references defined, case by case, in
the typical exemplifications, in m;
8.5 Where sheet metal is used as the finish, the joints
over the expansion joints or contraction break shall C, C l = circumferences measured on the
not be secured with screws or pop rivets. external surface of insulation, in m;
X = conventional equivalent lengths of
8.6 All other finishing materials shall be carried over insulated parts having irregular
expansion joints or contraction breaks without a joint. shapes, in m;
y = increased coefficients of insulated
9 MEASUREMENTS
parts having irregular shapes, in m;
9.1 General Z = height of the dished end; and
D,D l = conventional external diameter of
Insulation work consists of providing all materials
insulated apparatuses, in m, obtained
required for the system which includes the required
by the following formula:
quantity of insulation material, support system for
insulation and the cladding, finishing and other
D (or D,) = D; + 2T
ancillary items like wire-netting, securing devices like where
bands, screws, etc, along with other needs like labour D, = external diameter of the apparatus, in m; and
required for carrying out the task.
T = nominal thickness of insulating material
While performing this work over each unit area of provided by mechanical (finishing
insulation work, certain overlaps, cutting wastage, etc, excluded), in m.
are involved, all of which are to be provided by the 9.2.2 Any mode of measurement other than the above
installer. Plane areas such as in ducts, Boiler walls, may also be adopted, if agreed to between the purchaser
etc, are considered as Flat Surface where such extra and the applicator.
material needs would be minimum. Actual work in field
would consist of many different situations-curved 9.3 Measurement of Piping Surfaces
surfaces like tanks, cylindrical vessels, domed/dished
9.3.1 Insulated Piping Outside Diameter
ends of such vessels, etc, which would involve larger
elements of such efforts, apart from additional work The outside diamerer of the insulated piping, to be taken
with longer labour deployment, when compared to into account when calculating the insulating surface,
work on a flat surface. shall be the theoretical conventional diameter
determined according to the following formulae:
In cylindrical surfaces, although the inner perimeter
may be less than the outer, the quantity of insulation where
materials required to carry out work would correspond D = outside diameter of insulated piping, in mm;
to the larger perimeter - a block type/preformed
material requiring cutting and shaping from the larger
D; = outside diameter of bare piping, in mm;
sized starting material, while a flexible material is taken D1 = outside diameter of tracing pipe,
to cover the larger perimeter and applied with higher corresponding to 20 rnm (conventional
and higher compression as we proceed towards the value), in mm; and
inner surface. Hence, all insulation work is measured T = thickness of insulation material provided by
on the larger (outer) surface. the design (finish excluded), in mm.
20
IS 14164 : 200t;
FIG. 13 CL
D'Tr
CL+ -4- y
FIG. 14
y= 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
y= 1.75 whereZ~D/3
FIG. 15
Y = 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
y= 1.75 whereZ~D/3
21
IS 14164 : 2008
D';r
CL+ - - Y
2
FIG. 16
Y= 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
Y = 1.75whereZ ~ D/3
C+C
CL+ - - ' Lm.Y +
2
FIG. 17
C, L, + ---t-
D';r
Y,
Y= 1.2 and
Y, = 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
Y, = 1.75 where Z;::: D/3
22
IS 14164 : 2008
C (L + Xa + Xb + Xc)
where
FIG. 18 Xa= 1
Xb = 0.5
Xc = 0.5
D'n
CL + C, (L, + Xa) + - - Y
c 2
FIG. 19 where
Xa= 0.5
Y = 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
Y = 1.75 where Z?: D/3
Lm
c CL + C + C, Lm.Y
FIG. 20 +--- - - - - 2
I+III---j C.
where
Y= 1.2
23
IS 14164 : 2008
CL + D' Y
2
D 2 1C
FIG,21 C,L, +-4- y
L .1
2
FIG, 22 CL + D 1C
4
For G< 3 m
FIG, 23
CL+ G2 rc ,y
where y= 1.5
24
IS 14164 : 2008
2
CL + D n y
4
FIG. 24
y= 1.27 where Z < D/3
and
y + 1.75 where Z~ D/3
2
CL + D n y
FIG. 25
T 4
where Y= 1.27
D 2n
CL + -4- Y + C, + ~.r,
25
IS 14164 : 2008
9.3.1.1 Hot and cold insulation with sheet metal finish: etc) shall be converted to equivalent straight piping
lengths, according to Table 2.
D ==De + 2T
9.3.3 Measurement criteria of L lengths relevant to
9.3.1.2 Traced piping hot service insulation with sheet NB < 50 mm piping is given in Fig. 27.
metal finish:
9.3.4 Measurement criteria of L lengths relevant to
NB ~ 50 mm piping is given in Fig. 28.
NOTE - For areas having non-circular section (for example 9.3.5 Calculation of Surface to be Insulated
square section) the above formulae are still valid. considering
D as equivalent diameter. 9.3.5.1 Insulation ofsingle piping
(M) (M) (M) (M) (M) (m) (M) (M) (M) (M)
(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (II)
:0; 40 0.5 0.35 0.70 0.20 0.20 1.80 2.50 1.08 1.50 0.20
~ 50 to 85 0.6 OAO 0.70 0.20 0.20 1.90 3.00 1.14 1.80 0.60
~ 100 to 150 1.00 0.65 0.70 0.20 0.20 2.00 3.50 1.12 2.10 0.60
~ 200 to 350 lAO 0.85 0.75 0.20 0.20 2.50 4.00 1.50 2.40 0.60
~ 350 to 500 1.50 0.90 0.85 0.30 0.20 2.70 4.50 1.62 2.70 0.60
~ 600 1.70 1.05 1.10 OA5 0.20 3.00 6.00 1.80 3.00 0.60
26
IS 14164 : 2008
.> EQUIPMENT
9.3.5.2 Bundle of piping insulated together is shown may also be adopted, if agreed to between the purchaser
in Fig. 29. and the applicator.
9.3.6 For protection of insulated pipelines, running 10 INFORMATION REQUIRED
close to the ground, from mechanical damage, due to
foot traffic and/or from corrosion due to moisture from 10.1 The purchaser shall provide the contractor with
ground, any hardsetting compound and/or water the appropriate information under each of the following
proofing treatment is/are provided, such items of work headings to enable the contractor to make a
are to be measured separately. compressive offer/quotation.
27
IS 14164 : 2008
L L
BLIND
FLANGE
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
FIG. 28 MEASUREMENT CRITERIA OF 'L' LENGTHS RELEVANT TO NB < 50 mm PIPING - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
28
IS 14164 : 2008
A=CL
I
c'
FIG. 29 BUNDLES OF PIPES INSULATED TOGETHER
10.1.2 Types of insulation required for the main vessels, g) Velocity of the outside fluid (air);
and pipes of each part of the plant and for bends, h) Material of the cladding surface; and
fittings, valves, hangers and other fittings. j) Relative humidity.
10.1.3 Type(s) of Finish(es) Required In each case, the purchaser shall provide the applicator
10.1.4 If the thickness of the various insulations in with the requisite information as above, to enable the
the system are not furnished/or specified by the applicator to make the necessary calculations before
purchaser, then the basis of working out the different making his offer/quotation.
thicknesses shall be furnished by the purchaser, as
10.1.5 Details of the plant to be insulated including:
for example, whether the thicknesses are to be
calculated, based on: a) Location:
a) Economical thickness for a specified I) Indoors;
evaluation period; 2) Outdoors but protected;
b) Specified heat loss or heat gain per unit 3) Outdoors exposed to weather;
dimension of the insulation;
4) Ventilated or open trenches; and
c) Specified temperature on outer surface of the
5) Difficult or unusual site conditions which
insulation for personnel protection and safety;
will influence the selection of insulating
d) Prevention of condensation on the outer
and/or finishing materials, for example,
surface of the insulation. Outer surface
in regard to transport, scaffolding or
temperature should be above the dew point;
weather protection.
e) Specified temperature of the carried fluid
b) Nature and material of construction of vessel
along with maximum and minimum flow rates
and piping to be insulated.
at the point of delivery;
f) Any other specific requirement to be fulfilled c) Dimensions of surfaces. If these are
by the thermal insulation; adequately detailed in drawings the provision
29
IS 14164 : 2008
of copies shall suffice. Otherwise information 15 percent from the agreed bulk density, the results
of the following nature is required: shall be deemed to be satisfactory. However, if any of
the two tests are beyond ± 15 percent, the insulation
1) Surface dimensions of vessels,
shall be deemed to have failed in the bulk density test
2) External diameters and lengths of pipe and the purchaser shall be at liberty to ask the supplier
3) Number and type of fittings, and to redo the insulation in the required area.
4) Whether rotating or stationary.
11.2.3 The test location shall be made good by the
d) Temperature conditions including the normal applicator at no extra cost to the satisfaction of the
and maximum working temperature of each purchaser.
portion of the plant and the ambient
11.3 Test for Bulk Density
temperature to be reckoned for calculations.
This test shall be optional and shall be resorted to only
10.1.6 Special service requirements such as resistance
if previously agreed upon between the purchaser and
to compression, in combustibility, abnormal variations
the supplier. In such a case, the number of such tests
or attack by solvents/corrosive media.
for the whole work shall also be predetermined (see
11 TESTS also 5.1.2).
11.3.1 The test for bulk density shall be carried out
11.1 Tests forThickness
after the measurements of thickness and area have been
Tests for thickness shall be carried out after application. taken on the insulating material.
Local irregularities (for example, rivet heads) on the
11.3.2 The location where tests for bulk density are to
insulated surface shall be ignored.
be conducted shall be selected by the purchaser.
11.1.1 If the arithmetic mean of not less than nine probe
11.3.3 If thickness at any particular location is
measurements at a given location is less than the
beyond ±15 percent from the agreed thickness, the
minimum thickness as required by the purchaser or
test shall be repeated at two more locations in the
less than the commercial thickness offered by the
immediate vicinity of the first location. If both the
applicator (subject to previously agreed tolerances),
tests are within 15 percent from the agreed bulk
whichever is appropriate, the material applied at that
density, the results shall be deemed to be satisfactory.
location shall be deemed not to comply with this
However, if any of the two tests are beyond ±15
standard.
percent, the insulation shall be deemed to have failed
11.2 Uniformity of Thickness in the bulk density test and the purchaser shall be at
liberty to ask the supplier to redo the insulation in
11.2.1 Uniformity of thickness shall be assessed from the required area.
the same measurements as in 11.1.1, if any
11.3.4 The test location shall be made good by the
measurement varies by more than ±13 mm or ±15
applicator at no extra cost to the satisfaction of the
percent whichever is appropriate, the material applied
purchaser.
at that location shall be deemed not to comply with
this standard. 11.4 Test for Finishing Cements
11.2.2 If thickness at any particular location is beyond The test for finishing cements shall be carried out after
±15 percent from the agreed thickness, the test shall application and finishing of thermal insulation work
be repeated at two more locations in the immediate and shall be done in accordance with the method
vicinity of the first location. If both the tests are within prescribed in IS 9743.
30
IS 14164 : 2008
ANNEXA
(Foreword and Clause 3)
SYMBOLS
31
IS 14164 : 2008
ANNEXB
(Foreword)
METHOD OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS/GAIN FOR INSULATION
32
IS 14164 : 2008
he = heat transfer co-efficient by convection, in table below are to be added to the real length
kcal/m/.h °c (L) of pipeline, to account for the presence of
£ emissivity of the wall; valves and slide valves in a piping system
before calculating the heat loss. These values
K j = thermal conductivity of the first layer, in account for the valve and its own flanges, but
kcal/rn-Ii °C; not for the flanges where the valve mounts in
K2 = thermal conductivity of the second layer, in the piping system.
kcal/m-Ji °C; L err = L +.1 L
x, thermal conductivity of the nth layer, in Values in the table assume typical industrial
kcal/m-Ji °C; insulation thicknesses for the temperatures
II = thickness of the first layer of insulation, in given, and thermal conductivities K = 0.8
m:, mW/(m.°C) at lOQoC mean temperature, and
K = 1.0 mW/(m°C) at 400°C mean
l2 = thickness of the second layer of insulation,
temperature.
m m;
t, = thickness of the nth layer of insulation, in Pipe diameter dc, in em 10.0 50.0
m', Pipe temperature, in °C 100 400 100 400
dm = cylinder diameter in meters, to be taken as Pipe Non-insulated valve 6 16 9 25
0.6 for flat surface or diameter over 0.6 m; located 2/3 Insulated valve 3.0 6.0 4.0 10.0
inside 3/4 insulated valve 2.5 5.0 3.0 7.5
.: = average of surface temperature and ambient
temperature, OK = [0.5 x o,
+ t s) ] + 273.15; Pipe
located
Non-insulated valve
2/3 Insulated valve
15
6.0
22
8.0
19
7.0
32
11.0
and outside 3/4 insulated valve 4.5 6.0 6.0 8.5
V = air velocity, in mls.
b) Pair of Flanges
NOTE - Thermal conductivity, k(kcallm.h°C) used in this
formula represents the value at mean temperature. To account for the heat losses from a pair of
flanges in a piping system (including the
B-4.S Recommendation flange pair when a valve is mounted):
Temperature over insulated systems are parameters that 1) Non-insulated flanges: From the table
are influenced by the heat flow from (or inch) system above, use one third given for a valve of
and the ambient factors like air temperature and air the same diameter. Add this to the real
flow velocity over the surface. length of the piping before calculating the
heat losses.
Apart from safety criteria from which they should be
2) Insulated with flange boxes: To the real
limited to 55°C, Max under all conditions of exposure,
length of the piping, add one metre for
this parameter is the only easily measurable entity to
each flange with flange box, before
determine heat loss/gain.
calculating the heat losses.
Permissible heat losses differ from application to 3) Insulated flanges: No adjustment
application. However, the following criteria are required; calculate heat losses based on
normally advisable: real length.
c) Pipe Suspensions
Operating Maximum Maximum
Temperature Permissible Surface Add to heat loss calculation (without previous
Range,OC Heat Loss, Temperature compensation for other components):
kcal/mvh Differential In interior spaces: 15 percent of the heat loss
<150 50 10 In the open air : 20 percent of the heat loss
150-250 85 17 without wind
250-400 100 20
400-550 125 25 In the open air : 25 percent of the heat loss
with wind
B-S ADDITIONAL HEAT LOSSES DUE TO d) Supports for Sheet - Metal Pipelines Jackets
COMPONENTS IN A PIPE LINE
Additions to thermal conductivity:
For a realistic calculation of heat losses, the following
modifications are required to be done: 1) For steel supports : 0.10 mW/cmoC
a) Valves and Slide Valves 2) For ceramic supports: 0.03 mW/cmoC
Additional length (.1 L), in metres, from the
33
IS 14164 : 2008
B-6 SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE the surfaces temperature measurement point. However,
COEFFICIENTS it may be stressed that actual surface temperature will
be dependent on the prevailing exposure conditions.
B-6.1 It is often stipulated in practice, for operational
If surface temperature measurement are needed to be
reasons, that a certain surface temperature, temperature
done for the purchaser, the above conditions may be
of the surface above that of the air (also called excess
agreed to by the applicator/supplier and the purchaser/
temperature) must not be exceeded. The surface
user.
temperature is no measure for the quality of the thermal
insulation. This depends not only on the heat B-6.4 Since an accurate registration of all relevant
transmission but also on operating conditions, which parameters will be impossible, the calculation of the
cannot be readily determined or guaranteed by the surface temperature and excess temperature are inexact
manufacturer. These include among other things: and cannot be guaranteed. Although it includes the
Ambient temperature, movement of the air, state of effect of the ambient temperature on the surface
the insulation surface, effect of adjacent bodies, temperature it assumes that the heat transfer by
meteorological conditions, etc. Reduction of heat loss convection and radiation can be covered by a total heat
by convection would mean reduction of air movement transfer coefficient whose magnitude must also be
over the surface and consequent reduction of known. However, this condition is generally not
convective heat transfer surface coefficient. Reduction fulfilled because the air temperature in the immediate
of heat transfer by radiation would mean reduction of vicinity ofthe surface, which determines the convective
surface emissivity and consequent reduction of heat transfer, mostly departs essentially from the
radiative heat transfer surface coefficient. Although the temperature of other surfaces with which the insulation
increase in total surface resistance, which is reciprocal surface is in radiative exchange.
of the total surface coefficient will decrease the heat B-6.5 Many heat transfer calculations involve the use
flow, but would increase the surface temperature to a of total external surface heat transfer coefficient (E)
considerably greater extent. which is defined as the heat transfer per square metre
B-6.2 It may, however, be mentioned that convective of surface/hour for 1°C temperature difference between
heat transfer to cooler and modiative heat transfer from the surface and surroundings (mW/cm2 0 C) .
hotter environment would work in opposite direction Combining the effects of radiation and convection.
and will have a moderating effect on surface
temperature. Surface E
B-6.3 Although the surface temperature is not a Aluminium, bright rolled 0.05
parameter, which can serve as a guarantee because of Aluminium, oxidized 0.13
the above reasons, it plays an important practical role Austenitic steel 0.15
for carrying out thermal insulation work. Mostly, the Aluminium-zinc smelt 0.18
radiative and convective heat transfer from the surface
Galvanized sheet metal, blank 0.26
introduces significant deviation. As a very rough guide,
Galvanized sheet metal, dusty 0.44
for comparison purposes, measurement of surface
temperatures could be done, if black radiation shields Non-metallic surfaces 0.94
are provided and still air conditions are created around
34
IS 14164 : 2008
ANNEXC
(Foreword)
CONVERSION FACTORS
mW kcal/h Btu/h
C-8 HEAT GAIN
I milliwatt(mW) I 8.590 x lO"4 3.41 X 10-3
I kilocalorie/hour 1.163 x 103 I 3.968 The fundamental unit is milliwatt-seconds per square
(kcal/h) centimeter per second abbreviated in its rationalized
I British thermal unit! 2.931 x 102 2.52 x 10,1 I form as mW/cm 2•
hour (Btu/h)
2
mW/cm kcal/mfh Btu/ft' h
2
I mW/cm 1 8.598 3.17
C-S THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
I kcal/mth 1.263 x 10'1 I 3.69 X 10,1
The fundamental unit is milliwatt-seconds per square I Btullft2h 3.15 xlO,1 2.71 1
centimeter per second for 1 cm thickness and 1°C
35
IS 14164 : 2008
ANNEXD
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Thermal Insulation Sectional Committee. CHD 27
Organization Representative!s)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee PROF K. GANESH BARU (Chairman)
Bakelite Hylam Limited, Secunderabad SHRI N. P. S. SHINH
SHIR S. GULATI (Alternate)
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Tiruchirappalli SHRI R. SAN KARAN
SHRI RAVINDRA PRAKASH (Alternate)
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI R. K. SRIVASTAVA
DR B. M. SUMAN (Alternate)
Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, New Delhi SHRI D. K. GILHOTRA
36
IS 14164 : 2008
Organization Representative(s)
U. P. Twiga Fibreglass Ltd, New Delhi SHRI AJAY GUPTA
SHRI RAHUL SOOD (Alternate)
BlS Directorate General DR U. C. SRIVASTAVA, Scientist 'F' and Head (CHD)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio))
Member Secretary
SHRI N. K. PAL
Scientist 'E' (CHD), BIS
37
IS 14164 : 2008
Panel for Establishing Y-Factors and Conventional Equivalent Lengths of Different Parts,
CHD 27: 5: PI
Organization Representative(s)
Engineers India Limited, Gurgaon SHRI P. P. LAHIRI (Convener)
Central Electricity Authority, Ministry of Power, New Delhi SHRI D. K. GILHOTRA
38
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