Lecture Notes Building Services-II

Building Services –II [ARCH337], Sec-A

CORE COURSE, L-2,T-1, [CU-3]
Date 19 Dec 2018
Module 1: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS Weightage 20% ( three weeks )

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Module 1

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Session Planning

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# Protection devices in Electrical Instullation
1. Switches (https://www.electronicshub.org/switches/)
2. Fuses
3. Circuit Breakers
# Basics of earting and type of earting
# Variuos type of electrical installation in building
# Type of wire and their uses

Protectio Devices > Swithces

# A switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit, in
other words, it can make or break an electrical circuit.
# switches are the part of a control system.
Mechanical switches must be activated physically, by moving, pressing,
releasing, or touching its contacts.

Electronic switches do not require any physical contact in order to control a

circuit. These are activated by semiconductor action.
Mechanical Switches
1. Single Pole Single Throw Switch (SPST)
2. Single Pole Double Throw Switch (SPDT)

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3. Double Pole Single Throw Switch (DPST)

4. Double Pole Double Throw Switch (DPDT)
5. Push Button Switch
6. Toggle Switch
7. Limit Switch
8. Float Switches
9. Flow Switches
10. Pressure Switches
11. Temperature Switches
12. Joystick Switch
13. Rotary Switches

Electronic Switches
1. Bipolar Transistors
2. Power Diode
3. MOSFET
4. IGBT
5. SCR
6. TRIAC
7. DIAC
8. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor

Protection Devices > Fuses

# A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an
electrical circuit.
# Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows
through it, thereby interrupting the current.
# It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be
replaced or rewired, depending on type.

Protection Devices > Circuit Breakers

# A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an

electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short circuit.
# Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected.
# Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.
# often abbreviated as OCPD (Over Current Protection Device).
# Type Of Circuit Breakers

1. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

2. MCCB-(Molded Case Circuit Breaker)
3. ELCB -(Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
4. AFCI (Arc-fault circuit interrupter)
5. Residual-current device (RCD) or Ground Fault Circuit interrupter

MCB
# An MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow
through the circuit once an error is detected. It is a switch which routinely turns off when
the current flows through it and passes the maximum acceptable limit. Generally, these
are designed to guard against over current and overheating.

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# Rated current is not more than 100 amperes, they are/have Thermal/thermal magnetic
operation.

MCCB
# This circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which guards a circuit from short circuit
and over current.
# The range of rated current us up to 1000 amperes.

ELCB
# An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations
with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal
enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is
detected.
# There are two types of Earth-leakage circuit breaker:
a. voltage operated (referred as ELCB ) and,
b. current operated (referred to as RCCB ).

AFCI
# Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI). An arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) also known as an
arc-fault detection device (AFDD), is a circuit breaker that breaks the circuit when it detects
an electric arc in the circuit it protects to prevent electrical fires.

# Conventional circuit breakers only respond to overloads and short circuits, so they do not
protect against arcing conditions that produce erratic, and often reduced current. An AFCI
is selective so that normal arcs do not cause it to trip.
RCD
# A residual-current device (RCD), or residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB), is a device that
instantly breaks an electric circuit to prevent serious harm from an ongoing electric shock.

# RCD is the name used in the United Kingdom. In the United States and Canada, the terms
ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), ground fault interrupter (GFI) or appliance leakage
current interrupter (ALCI) are used.

Basics of Earthing

Ref : - National Building code 2016, Part 8 , Section -2 , Clause 8.

# Earthing is an essential part of any electrical installation, essential for the safety from
electrical shock, and fire and for operation of most of the protective systems of the
electrical installation.

# The earthing system, sometimes simply called ‘earthing’, is the total set of measures used
to connect an electrically conductive part to earth. The earthing system is an essential part
of power networks at both high- and low-voltage levels.

# The earthing provides the necessary reference of zero potential

# The main earthing system of an electrical installation shall consist of,

a) an earth electrode, (electrode can be one vertical rod/pipe/buried plate or an

earth mat with several vertical installations or a ring earthing with vertical
installations.
b) A main earthing wire (earth Lead);

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c) An earth bar (located on the main switchboard for small installation and
installed in the wall/room in case of large industrial electronic installations) for
the connection of the main earthing wire, protective earthing wires and/ or
bonding wires within the installation; and
d) A removable link, which effectively disconnects the neutral bar from the
earth bar.
Type of earthing

1. TT System
2. IT System (No point is connected
with earth (isolation), except
perhaps via a high impedance)
3. TN-S System
4. TN-C-S System
5. TN-C System (A combined PEN
conductor fulfils the functions of both a PE and an N conductor.)

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Lecture Notes Building Services-II

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Method of earthing
1. Plate Electrode (This may be made of copper, galvanized iron or steel. If made of copper
the minimum size is 60 cm x 60 cm x 3.15 mm. If of galvanized iron or steel, the minimum
size should be 60 cm x 60 cm x 6.3 mm )
2. Pipe Electrode (If should be made of ‘B’ class G.I pipe. the internal diameter should not be
smaller than 38 mm and it should be 100 mm for cast Iron pipe. The length of the pipe
electrode should not less than 2.5 mtrs. It should be embedded vertically. Where hard rock
is encountered it can be inclined to vertical. The inclination being limited 30% to vertical. ).
3. Strip Electrodes (Where strip electrode is used for earthing , it should not be less than 25
mm x 1.60 mm, if made of copper and 25 mm x 4 mm if made of G.I. or steel. The length of
the buried conductor should not be less than 15 mtrs. laid in a trench not less than 0.5
mtrs deep. The location of the earth plate and its depth should be such as to ensure that
the earth plate is surrounded by moist earth to possible extent.)

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IS specification

 The cross section of earth continuity conductor should not be less than 2.9 mm2 (14 SWG)
or half of the installation conductor size.
 An earthing electrode shall not be situated with in a distance of 1.5 meter from the
building whose installation system is being earthed.
 The earth wire and earth electrode will be of same material.
 The earth wire shall be taken through G.I. pipe of 13 mm diameter for at least 30 cm length
above and below ground surface to the earth electrode to protect it against mechanical
damage
 The earthing electrode shall always be placed in vertical position inside the earth or pit so
that it may not be in contact with all the different earth layers.

Wiring
 The conductor for final sub-circuit for fan and light wiring shall have a nominal cross-
sectional area not less than 1.50 mm2 copper. The cross-sectional area of conductor for
power wiring shall be not less than 2.5 mm2 copper. The minimum cross-sectional area of
conductor of flexible cord shall be 1.50 mm2 copper

Type of wiring
1. Cleat wiring
2. batten wiring
 It is a temporary wire.
 Wire are exposed and is
connected with the help of cleat
 Used in places were construction
is going on.
 Wire are exposed to weather
 Used for short duration.
3. Casing and capping wiring
4. Conduit wiring (Metal or PVC)
a. Surface conduit wiring
b. Canceled conduit wiring

As per the
recommendations of ISI
the maximum number of
points of lights, fans and
socket outlets cannot be
exceed beyond 10 and the
maximum load that can be
connected in such a circuit
is 800 watt.

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Type of wire.

Copper (High Conductivity, High Tensile Strength)

Aluminum (Low conductivity, Low tensile strength)

a. V.I.R. wires-(Vulcanized India Rubber) In this type of wire a tinned copper conductors or
aluminum conductors are used. The conductors are covered by Vulcanized India
Rubber. It is then covered with cotton tape and cotton braiding. Finally, it is dipped in
bitumen compound. The copper conductor is tinned to provide protection against
corrosion due to presence of traces of sulphur, zinc oxide and other mineral ingredients
in the V.I.R. It is available in single cotton covered, double cotton. It is available in 1/18,
3/20, 3/22, 7/20, 7/22, 7/16, 19/22, 19/16 sizes. It is suitable for indoor conduct wiring,

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casing capping wiring and cleat wiring. This type of wire is available in single core only.
It is suitable for low and medium voltage supply only.
b. C.T.S. wire-(Cabe Tyre Sheath wire) In this type of wires, a tinned copper conductors
are used. These conductors are covered by red and black color rubber. It is then coated
with a layer of hard rubber. It is available in sizes 1/18, 3/20, 7/22 etc. It does not absorb
moisture. It is used in batten wiring service lines and short distance overhead lines. It is
available in 250/440 voltage grade only.
c. T.R.S. wires-(Tough Rubber Sheath) V.I.R., C.T.S., T.R.S. wires are old types wires
which are not used in market.
d. PVC wires In this type of wire, copper or aluminum conductors are used. Conductors are
covered by polyvinyl chloride insulation. It is available in sizes 1mm2, 1.5mm2, 2.5mm2,
4mm2 etc. It is available in single core, twin core and three core. Now a days PVC wires
are widely used. Its life is long. It can be used in PVC conducts PVC casing capping,
overhead wiring etc. These are not sensitive to mild dose of water, heat, oil, acid, alkalis,
sunrays, ultraviolet rays etc. It is available in 600, 660, 1100 Voltage grade. F.R. wires
and F.R.L.S. wires are widely used, because current carrying capacity and voltage
rating is more than old PVC wires.

Uses of wires
1. Multistranded wires are used in domestic wiring.
2. Stranded wires are used in domestic and small industries wiring.
3. Solid wires are generally used in domestic wiring. Standard Wire Gauge The standard
wire gauge (SWG) is an instrument used for determining the size of a conductor of the wire
and cable. It is a thin circular plate of steel with a number of slots on its circumference. Each
slot is marked with specific number denoting gauge. Holes are provided at the end of each
slot for removing the wire easily.

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