Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1rkvPu237kuAr87uWiwaYEj3YqLodHEqd PDF
1rkvPu237kuAr87uWiwaYEj3YqLodHEqd PDF
àñVmdZm
NÌnVr [edmOr _hmamO ho OmJ[VH [HVuMo, Am[U HVw©ËdmMo amOo AmhoV. ^y[_nwÌm¨À`m
ghHm`m©Zo amOm¨Zr ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. nU amOm¨Mo [Z[d©dmX M[aÌ CnbãY Zmhr ho HQygË` Amho.
H[ënVHWm, a¨OHVm ho [edM[aÌmVrb ASWio AmhoV. [edM[aÌ ho nwñVHmV Z _mdUmao OrdZHm`©
Amho. [edM[aÌmda AZoH A¨JmZr [b[hUo JaOoMo Amho. [edM[aÌ ho Hodi SmoŠ`mda KoDZ
[_adÊ`mMm [df` Zmhr, Va SmoŠ`mV KmbÊ`mMm [df` Amho. [edM[aÌmda _m[bHm, ZmQHo, [MÌnQ,
_hmZmQç [Z_m©U HaUo Am[U ì`m»`mZo XoUo hm AZoHm¨Zr Y¨Xm Hobm Amho. Aem HmimV HQwVoMm
[dMma Z HaVm lr_¨V HmoHmQo `m¨Zr AË`¨V g¨emoYZnyU© Ago ""[edmOramOm¨Mo Iao eÌy HmoU?'' ho
amOm¨À`m OrdZmVrb An[a[MV ~m~tda àHme QmHUmao nwñVH [b[hbo Amho. amOm¨Zm OmVr`-
Ym[_©H Mm¡HQrV ASHdUo, am`aoœamÀ`m _¨[XamV enW KoVbr Hr Zmhr, _hmamUr nwVim~mB©Mo gVr
OmUo, ^dmZr Vbdma, ~hwOZà[VnmbH åhUÊ`mEodOr Jm ~«m÷Uà[VnmbH åhUUo `mnmRr_mJMo
fS`¨Ì, [OOmD_m°gmho~m¨Mo [ZYZ Hgo Pmbo? amOm¨Mm IyZ Hem àHmao HaÊ`mV Ambm? _ZwdmXr
[edO`¨VrÀ`m VmaIobm [damoY Hm HaVmV? `m~m~V lr_¨VMo g¨emoYZ Zm[dÝ`nwU© Amho. `mgmRr
lr_¨V HmoHmQo `m¨Zr ~aoM l_ KoVbo AmhoV.
amOm¨Zr gd© OmVrY_m©À`m ^y[_nwÌm¨Zm gmo~V KoDZ ñdamÁ` [Z[_©Vr Hobr. Ë`m_Ü`o ~mOr
nmgbHa, HmÝhmoOr OoYo, [edmOr Hm[eX, [Odm _hmbm, ~[hOu ZmB©H, [hamoOr \OªX, ZwaImU ~oJ,
HmPr h¡Xa, bm` nmQrb, `ogmOr H¨H, [\a¨JmoOr, àVmnamd, Hmo¨SmOr \OªX, gw`©amd HmHSo, ZoVmOr
nmbHa, [g[Õ [hbmb, [g[Õ B~«m[h_, \[HamMm Imna nUOmo~m, _wamaOr d ~mOrà^y, ho à^y B.
gd© OmVr Y_m©Mo ghHmar amOm¨gmRr àmUnUmZo bTbo.
`m àg¨Jr XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod, H¥îUmOr HwbHUu, am_Xmg, _moamon¨V B. AZoH ^QOr AmSdo
Ambo. AmSdo Amboë`m¨Zm amOm¨Zr nam^yV Hobo. A\ObImZ ^oQrÀ`m àg¨Jr amOm¨da dma HaUmè`m
H¥îUmOr ^mñHa HwbHUubm amOm¨ZR Rma _mabo. amOm¨Zm AmOÝ_ Ìmg XoUmè`m eÌyMr _m[hVr Va
lr_¨VZo àñVwV nwñVHmV [XbrM, nU AmOÀ`m VmaIon`ªV [edM[aÌ, [edgyÌ Am[U [edZrVrbm
OmUrdnyd©H ~XZm_ HaUmè`m [QiH, gmdaHa, nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa Am[U `.[X. \SHo¨Mm XoIrb nXm©\me
Hobm Amho.
_hmamOm¨Zm [Od¨VnUr Ìmg XoUmao Ogo eÌy AmhoV, VgoM Ë`m¨Mm ~XZm_rHmaH B[Vhmg
[b[hUmao \SHo, _mQo, H¨QH XoIrb eÌy AmhoV. Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨Mm d _amRm [ñÌ`m¨Mm
~XZm_rHmaH B[Vhmg n[hë`m I¨SmV [b[hbm. lr_¨VZo `m ~m~VrV [b[hbo Amho. nU à[V[H«`m
XoÊ`mV eºr IM© HaÊ`mojm Zd[Z[_©VrMr JaO Amho. ^md[ZH nmVirda boIZ Hmb~mhç RaVo.
`mgmRr eÌy¨Mm CëboI HéZ Ë`m¨Zm _moRo HaÊ`mnojm [edmOramOm¨À`m [_Ìm¨da XoIrb [bhmdo.
[edM[aÌmVrb AZoH ~m~r AZ[^kM AmhoV. Ë`m¨Mm emoY ¿`mdm.
lr_¨V hm g¥OZ[eb Aä`mgy Am[U naIS [dMmam¨Mm à^mdr dºm Amho. Ë`m_wio [dZ¨VrdOm
gyMZm Amho Hr, g¨^mOramOm¨da XoIrb [bhmdo.
nwéfmoÎm_ IoSoHa
[edmOramOo ho [dœd¨Ú amOo AmhoV. amOm¨Mo HV©¥Ëd ho gwdUm©jam¨Zr KamKamV HmoéZ Rodmdo
Ago Amho. amOm¨Zr \º 50 dfm©À`m Am`wî`mV AeŠ` Hm`© eŠ` HéZ XmI[dbo. g_mOì`dñWoV
Am_wbmJ« n[adV©Z HaÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zr [Z[^©SnUo Pw¨O [Xbr. `mgmRr amOm¨Zm hmVmV eñÌ Yamdo
bmJbo. nU amOm¨Zr eñÌmMo `wÕ H_rVH_r Hobo. MmVw`m©Mm dmna HéZ amOm¨Zr naMH« [ZXm©ibo.
`màg¨Jr Ë`m¨Zm Iwn [damoY Pmbm. Á`m¨Zm [damoY hmoV Zmhr Vo n[adV©Z Hé eHV ZgVmV. àg¨Jr
amOm¨da àmUKmVH hëbo Pmbo, ZmC_oX HaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. nU amOm¨Zr `m gd© g¨HQmda _mV
Hobr. A\ObImZ, em[hñVoImZ, [gÕrOm¡ha, [XboaImZ, Am¡a¨JOo~ `m eÌy¨Zm [edam`m¨Zr nam^yV
Hobo. HmaU Vo CKS eÌy hmoVo, CKS eÌy[déÕ bTUo \ma gmono AgVo. Ë`m¨À`m[déÕ SmdnoM AmIVm
`oVmV. nU JwßVeÌy[déÕ SmdnoM AmIVm `oV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio CKS eÌynojm JwßV eÌy \ma
IVaZmH AgVmo. Am¡a¨JOo~ Vo A\ObImZ ho amOm¨Mo CKS eÌy hmoVo. Vo amOm¨Mo HÅa [damoYH hmoVo.
`m~m~V Xw_V Zmhr. nU amOm¨À`m Aml`mbm amhUmao [_ÌËdmMo gmo¨J HaUmao Am[U g¨HQg_`r
[edam`m¨Zm Rma _maÊ`mgmRr CKS eÌw¨À`m HinmV gh^mJr hmoUmao amOm¨Mo Iao eÌy AmhoV. nU
njnmVr B[Vhmg boIZmHm¨Zr `m eÌyMm OmUrdnyd©H CëboI Qmibobm Amho. g_HmbrZ HmJXnÌ,
dñVw[Zð nwamdo AgVmZmXoIrb amOm¨À`m eÌy¨Mo CXmÎmrHaU HaÊ`mMo nmVH Hmhr [edem[ham¨Zr Am[U
HmX¨~arHmam¨Zr Hobobr Amho. na¨Vy B[VhmgmV H[dHënZm, a¨OHVm, ì`[ºJV_V, bm[bË`, ìXof,
nwd©J«hXy[fVd¥Îmr `m ~m~tZm A[O~mV ñWmZ ZgVo.
[edmOr amOm¨À`m B[VhmgmMo VQñWnUo Am[U nmaXe©H d¥ÎmrZo boIZ Hobo Va [edmOr
amOm¨Mo Iao eÌy XmXmoOr Hmo¨SXod, H¥îUmOr HwbHUu, am`~mKrU Xoe_wI, _waJwSZm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer,
_moamon¨V qnJio, AmÊUmOr XÎmo, C_mOr n¨[SV, amhwOr gmo_ZmW, JmJm^Å, hUy_¨Vo, am_Xmg B. AmhoV.
darb gdmªZr amOm¨Zm Hgm d [HVr Ìmg [Xbm. ñdamÁ`[Z[_©VrÀ`m Hm_mV Hgo ASWio AmUbo.
àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m A¨Jmda dma Hobo. AIoa [edam`m¨Mm IyZ XoIrb amhwOr gmo_ZmWmZo Hgm Hobm. ho
AmnUmbm àñVwV nwñVHmV dmMÊ`mg [_iobM na¨Vw AmnUmbm Hmhr ~m~r A[à` dmQVrb Am[U
IQHVrbgwÕm. nU [_Ìhmo EH ImoQ¨ hOmamo doim gm¨[JVb¨ Hr Iao dmQV AgVo, Am[U EH Iao
gwédmVrbm gm¨[JVbo Hr IQHV AgVo. nU ho Iao gm¨JÊ`mMo YmSg Am[U Am[U EoHyZ, dmMyZ,
g_OyZ KoÊ`mMo YmSg AmÎmm AmnU Hamdo. hr Z_« [dZ¨Vr HaVmo. Hmhr ~m~r IQHë`m Va [dMma
ZmdmMr Iyn _moRr eºr Amnë`m nmRrer Amho. [H_mZ AmnU [dMma Var Hamdm. àñVwV nwñVHVrb
EHhr eãX [ZamYma [b[hbobm Zmhr, àË`oH [RHmUr g¨X¨^© [Xbobm AmhoM. VgoM nmRr_mJo g¨X^©
gyMr XoIrb [Xbobr Amho. KSboë`m KQZo_mJo Vm[H©H, _mZgemñÌr`, Vm[ËdH AmYma Amho.
amOm¨Mo eÌy Ë`m¨À`m IwZm~amo~a g¨nbo ZmhrV, Ë`m¨Mr g¨»`m nwTo PnmQçmZo dmTbr.
^w[_nyÌm¨Mo ñdamÁ` [Ji¨H¥V HaUmè`m noeì`m¨Zr amOm¨Zr ñdHV©¥Ëdmda gwé Hobobm [edeH ~¨X Hobm.
[QiHm¨Zr [edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr JUoemoËgd gwé Hobm. AÌo, gmdaHa, nwa¨Xao, ~oSoHa,
\SHo `m¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm ~XZm_ Hobo. Va [dœ^wfU ^maVaËZ Sm°. ~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHam¨Zr
[edmOramOm¨Mo [M[HËgH boIZ Hobo. amï—[nVm Á`mo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr. H_©dra
^mDamd nmQrb `m¨Zr AmOÝ_ _hmamOm¨Mm O`O`Hma HaV ^y[_nwÌm¨Zm [ejU [Xbo. gm[hË`aËZ Wmoa
g_mOgwYmaH AÊUm^mD gmRo `m¨À`m_wioM [edmOr_hmamO a[e`mbm g_Obo. Sm°.n¨Om~amd
Xoe_wI, à~moYZHma Hoed RmHao, H_©dra Sm°._m_mgmho~ OJXmio, ZoVmOr gw^mfM¨X« ~mog, ^JVqgJ
ho [edmOr amOm¨Mo [Zñgr_ ^º hmoVo `mgmRr AZoH dñVw[Zð g¨X^© àñVwV nwñVHmV AmhoV. `m
boIZm_mJo OmVr`ìXof qHdm ì`ºrXmof ZgyZ \º gË`g¨emoYZ Amho. gË`boIZ, gË`^mfm åhUOo
[eì`m ZìhoV. ^maVr` g_mOmda hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ HWm, HmX¨~ar, [MÌnQm¨Mm à^md Agë`m_wio
Iè`m B[VhmgmnmgyZ g_mO d¨[MV am[hbm.
dmñVd B[Vhmg g¨emoYZmg d boIZmV Am[bHSo _hmamï—mV _moRr H«m¨Vr Pmbobr Amho.
B[VhmgmMm`© àm. _m. _. Xoe_wI ho Iè`m B[VhmgmMo OZH AmhoV. JVdfu [dœd¨Ú amOm [edmOr
`m _mÂ`m nwñVH àHmeZmZo _bm A[YH boIZmgmRr _hmamï—mVrb dmMHm¨Zr ào[aV Hobo. _hmamï—mVyZ
à[V[H«`mË_H hOmamo nÌo _bm [_imbr. Ë`m nwñVHmZ¨Va [edmOramOm¨Mo Iao eÌy HmoU? ho
nwñVH Amnë`m hmVr XoVmZm AmZ¨X hmoV Amho. _mPo [_Ì àdrU Jm`HdmS d em¨Vmam_ Hw¨Ora
`m¨À`m_wio ho nwñVH dmMHm¨À`m hmVr XoVm Ambo. àñVwV nwñVH ho A[^é[Mnojm XoemÀ`m
Amdí`HVogmRr Amho. HmaU Iam B[Vhmg g_Oë`m[edm` Iam B[Vhmg KSV ZgVmo. XoemVrb
X¨Jbr, OmVr`Vm, A¨YlÕm g¨nmdr `mgmRrM ho nwñVH Amnë`m hmVr XoV Amho. `m nwñVHmMo AmnU
EHmJ«VoZo dmMZ Hamdo d BVam¨Zm dmMÊ`mg àd¥Îm Hamdo hr [dZ¨Vr. Amnë`m A[^àm`mMr à[Vjm!
lr_¨V HmoHmQ
[edO`¨VrÀ`m VmarI-
VmarI-[VWrMm dmX HmoUr [Z_m©U Hobm
1869gmbr amï—[nVm OmoVramd \wbo `m¨Zr am`JSmdarb [edam`m¨Mr g_mYr emoYyZ HmTbr d
[edam`m¨À`m OrdZmda OJmVrb n[hbm Am[U à[XK© Agm Iam nmodmSm [b[hbm. [edam`m¨Mo
OJ[d»`mV Hm`© KamKamV nmohMmdo `mgmRr OmoVramd \wbo `m¨Zr 1870 gmbr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr.
[edO`¨VrMm n[hbm Hm`©H«_ nwUo `oWo nma nSbm. Vo¨ìhm nmgyZ [edO`¨Vr _moRçm Yw_YSmŠ`mV gwé
Pmbr. `màg¨Jr [QiH 12-13 dfm©Mo "~mi' hmoVo. [edO`¨VrMm dmTVm bmoHmoËgd noedmB©À`m
g_W©Hm¨Zm IwnV hmoVm. HmaU noeì`m¨Zr [edeH ~¨X HéZ _w[ñb_m¨Mm \gbr eH gwé Hobm hmoVm.
[edam`m¨Mm am`JS CÜdñV HéZ XßVaImZm Omibm hmoVm. Ë`m noedmB©Mo g_W©Z d ~«m÷Um¨Mo Ooð
nwTmar ~mi J¨JmYa [QiH `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr JUoemoËgd gwé HéZ [ed^ºmV
[edO`¨Vr~m~X g¨^«_ [Z_m©U HaUmao [QiH ho AmÚ ~«m÷U AmhoV. nwTo ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨Vr
[ZpíMV hmoD Z`o `mgmRr "dmX' Hm`_ Rodbm. HmaU [edO`¨VrÀ`m [Z[_ÎmmZo àOm EHÌ `oB©b.
Iè`m [edMarÌmVyZ h¸-A[YHmamMr _mJUr HaUmao [ed^º [Z_m©U hmoVrb, ho amoIÊ`mgmRr
~«m÷Um¨Zr [edO`¨VrMm dmX Mmby Rodbm.
VmaIoà_mUo [edO`¨Vr gmOar Pmbr Va dmX g¨nyZ XoemV d OJmV [edO`¨Vr hmoB©b, HmaU
XoemVrb J«m_n¨Mm`V, emim, Hm°boOog² nmgyZ Ý`m`mb`, g¨gX B.gd© Hma^ma VmaIoà_mUo MmbVmV.
VmarI dfm©VyZ EHXmM Am[U EHmM _[hÝ`mV `oVo. Ë`m_wio dmX g¨nVmo. gaHmar ~±Hm, Hm`m©b`o,
emim, _hm[dÚmb`mV [edM[aÌmda ^mfUo hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio [edam`m¨Mo Iao [edM[aÌ OZVobm
g_OVo. Iao [edM[aÌ g_Obo Va ~hwOZg_mO ~«m÷Umbm _m\ HaUma Zmhr, hr ^rVr ~«m÷Um¨Zm
Amho. åhUyZ ~«m÷U [edM[aÌmV, O`¨VrV dmX [Z_m©U HaVmV. åhUOo à[V[H«`m XoÊ`mVM ~hwOZ
g_mOmMr eºr IM© ìhmdr hm ~«m÷Um¨Mm Smd Amho. B¨J«Or H°bo¨Sa åhUyZ VmaIobm [damoY HaUmao
~«m÷U _mÌ ñdV: B¨J«Or [eHVmV. B¨J«Or g¨JUH, _mo~mB©b dmnaVmV. O`¨V gmiJm¨dHa H°bo¨Sa
OmZodmar EodOr M¡Ì _[hÝ`mV Hm ~mOmamV AmUrV ZmhrV? H°bo¨Sa _Ü`o VmaIoMo AmHSo _moRo d
[VWrMo bhmZ Hm QmHVmV? ~«m÷Um¨Zm AmO B¨J«Or Am[U nydu B¨J«Om¨[edm` Ha_V ZìhVo Vo AmO
[edO`¨VrÀ`m VmaIobm [damoY HaVmV.
VmarI [VWrMm dmX bmdyZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr [ed^ºmV XmoZ JQ nmSbo VmaIoMo Am[U [VWrMo
[ed^º Agm g¨Kf© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [Z_m©U Hobm. [edam`m¨Mr XmoZ doim O`¨Vr HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr
EH _hmZ amOmMr qQJb bmdbobr Amho. ~«m÷U HYr JwéZmZH, _hmdra, ~wÕ, ^maVaËZ
Sm°.~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHa `m¨À`m O`¨VrgmRr [VWrMm AmJ«h YaVmV Hm? Vmo g_mO OmJm Agë`m_wio
~«m÷U ho YmSg HaV ZmhrV. ~«m÷Um¨Zr Sm°. ~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHam¨À`m O`¨VrgmRr [VWrMm AmJ«h
Yamdm, Hm` hmoVo Vo nmhm.
[_Ìhmo, EHm [RHmUr [edM[aÌmd ì`m»`mZmgmRr Jobmo AgVmZm VmarI-[VWrÀ`m dmXmdéZ
XmoZ njm¨À`m Hm`©HË`m©V àM¨S dmXmdmXr Mmby hmoVr hm àg¨J nmhyZ Iyn dmB©Q dmQbo. [edM[aÌmda
[dMma HaÊ`mEodOr O`¨VrMm dmX Hm`©HVo© HaV hmoVo. `m_mJo ~hwOZm¨Mo AkmZ Va ~«m÷Um¨Mm Hw«anUm
Amho. nU XmoÝhr njmÀ`m Hm`©HVmªZm [edO`¨VrÀ`m VmarI [VWrÀ`m dmXmMo _wi Ooìhm g_Obo
Vo¨ìhm gd© _V^oX [dgéZ gdmªZr 19 \o~w«dmarbm [edO`¨Vr OmoaXma gmOar Hobr.
am`~mKrUMm nVr CXmam_ Xoe_wI hm XoIrb _moKbm¨Mm gaXma hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m AHmbr
[ZYZm_wio am`~mKrUrbm _moKbm¨Zr gaXmaHr ~hmb Hobr hmoVr. åhUyZM am`~mKrU _moKbm¨Mr _Ou
amIÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zm [damoY HarV hmoVr. HmaVb~ImZmÀ`m Im§Úmbm Im¨Xm bmdyZ bTUmar
am`~mKrU emB©ñVoImZmMr [hVqMVH hmoVr.
CX`amO ZmdmMm ~«m÷U amOm O`qgJmMm g[Md hmoVm. Ë`mZo O`qgJmbm [df XoDZ _mabo.
O`qgJmMo _hÎdmMo XßVa Ë`mZo nidbo. Vmo nwTo Am¡a¨JOo~mHSo Jobm Am[U _wgb_mZ Pmbm.
CX`amOMm Vm[b`maImZ Pmbm. `mMmM _wbJm [hXm`VImZ nwTo _moJbm¨À`m nXar hmoVm. Imo~ao
[VHSo Mm¨J^bo hr ~«m÷Um¨Mr g¨ñH¥Vr Amho.
aKwZmWXmg ZmdmMm ~«m÷U Am¡a¨JOo~mMm àYmZ hmoVm. [edam`m¨Mo amÁ` g¨nmdo `mgmRr Vmo
Zoh_r à`ËZ[eb hmoVm. Am¡a¨JOo~m~Ôb ào_ åhUyZ Vmo ~mXehmHSo ZìhVm. nX Am[U n¡gm [_imdm
åhUyZ Vmo ~mXehmHSo hmoVm. ~«m÷Um¨Mo ào_ \º n¡gm Am[U ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWoda AgVo, Ë`mgmRr
~«m÷U dmQob Vr ZmQHo HaVmV. à[VJm_r ~amo~aM nwamoJm_rnUmMo XoIrb Vo ZmQH HaVmV, nU
AmVyZ nwamoJm_r, à[VJm_r, [dkmZdmXr, X¡ddmXr Ago gd© ~«m÷U EHM AgVmV.
[gÕrbm
[gÕrbm _XV HaUmao _waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer
[edam`m¨À`m OrdZmVrb gdm©V _moRo eë` åhUOo amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam [Hëbm HYrM qOHVm
Ambm Zmhr. amOm¨Zr AZoH doim à`ËZ Hobm. nU amOm¨Zm `e Ambo Zmhr. Varhr amOo ZmC_oX Pmbo
ZmhrV. O¨[Oam [Hëbm amOm¨Zm Hm qOHVm Ambm Zmhr? Ë`m_mJo Hm` HQHmañWmZ [eObo hmoVo? `mMm
WmoSm emoY KoUo AË`¨V _hËdmMo Amho. _waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb Omoer hm [g[ÕÀ`m nmRrer hmoVm.
åhUyZM amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m OmoerZo [gÕrbm [Hëbm ~m¨YÊ`mMm gëbm [Xbm
hmoVm d Ë`mbm nm`m^aUrMm _whyV© gm¨[JVbm. Ë`mà_mUo [gÕrZo (h~erZo) Hobo. OmoerZo h~erbm
gm¨[JVbo, Hr "Vy [Hëbm _whyVm©da ~m¨Ybm AmVm O¨[Oam 300 dfo© VwÂ`mHSoM amhrb. HmoUmbmhr Vmo
qOHVm `oUma Zmhr!' åhUOo X[jUoÀ`m énmZo A_mn n¡gm [_i[dUmè`m Omoerbm amOm¨nojm [gÕrMr
OmñV HmiOr hmoVr. HmaU Ë`m OmoerZo [Xboë`m daXmZm_wioM O¨[Oè`mMm [gÕr [ZTm©dbm hmoVm.
Ë`mZo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm XoIrb Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. OmoerÀ`m daXmZm_wioM [gÕrMm AmË_[dœmg dmTbm.
Va ñdamÁ`mV [^Vr [Z_m©U Pmbr. HmaU Ë`m HmimV amOo [dkmZ[Zð hmoVo, nU gm_mÝ` OZVoda
Xodm-Y_m©Mm nJSm hmoVm. åhUyZM O¨[Oam qOHVmZm _mdiçm¨À`m (g¡[ZHm¨À`m) _ZmV ^rVrMo
dmVmdaU hmoVo. [^Vr AgUmao g¡[ZH OmñV g¨»`oZo Am[U eñÌgÁO Agbo Varhr [dO` [_idy
eHV ZgVmV. amOm¨Zm OmoerMr HQHmañWmZo _m[hVr hmoVr Var XoIrb amOm¨Zm `m WmoVm¨SmHSo Xwb©j
Hobo. Am[U O¨[Oè`mda hëbm Hobm. nU amOm¨Zm O¨[Oam qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. O¨[Oè`mnojm [HVrVar
HRrU [Hëbo amOm¨Zr qOHbo hmoVo. nÝhmbm Va Hmo¨SmOr \OªXZr \º 50 _mUgo KoDZ qOHbm hmoVm,
nU O¨[Oam qOHÊ`mgmRr bmImo én`o IM© Hobo, hOmamo g¡[ZH YmamVrWu nSbo, nU [Hëbm
[gÕrHSoM am[hbm, `m An`emMo HmaU Amho _yaJwS Zm¨XJm¨dMm Omoer! [gÕrbm `e [_iÊ`mgmRr
à`ËZ HaUmam d g_mO_Zmda ^rVrMo dmVmdaU [Z_m©U HéZ Ý`yZJ¨S [Z_m©U HaUmam Omoer hmM
ñdamÁ`mMm d [edmOramOm¨Mm Iam eÌy hmoVm.
_waJwS Zm¨XJm¨d `oWrb OmoetMo Ogo amOm¨da ào_ ZìhVo, VgoM [gÕrda XoIrb ZìhVo.
VarXoIrb [gÕrbm O¨[Oam ~m¨YÊ`mgmRr OmoeZo _whyV©-n¨Mm¨JmìXmao _XV Hobr. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Omoerbm Iyn YZg¨nÎmr [_imbr, åhUyZM Ë`mZo [gÕrbm _XV Hobr. åhUOo ~«m÷U \º AW©gÎmm
_O~yV HaUo hm CÔoe AgVmo. Ë`mgmRr OmoerZo n¨Mm¨JmìXmao ~«m÷Ur ì`dñWm KQQ² HaÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Hob. 500 dfo© [Hëbm AqOŠ` amhrb Ago daXmZ XoUmè`m OmoerZo EHm AWm©Zo ^[dî`emñÌmMo
_hËd nQdyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm. ^[dî`emñÌ ho ~«m÷Um¨Zm OJÊ`mMo d ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Hm`_Mo
Jwbm_ ~Z[dÊ`mMo emñÌ Amho. åhUOo OmoerZo [gÕrHSyZ A_mn g¨nÎmr Va CHirM, nU ~hwOZ
g_mOmbm 500 dfmªMr [^Vr OmoerZo XmI[dbr. [edmOramOm¨ZmM Hm` nU Ë`m¨À`m HmoUË`mhr
[nTrbm O¨[Oam qOHVm `oUma Zmhr hm [dfmar ~«m÷Ur [dMma ~hwOZm¨À`m _mZJwQrda OmoerZo Hm`_Mm
~g[dbm.
[edmOramOo AmJ«m H¡XoV ASHë`mZ¨Va _hmamï—mV Wm¨~bobo d [XboaImZ `m¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨Zr Iyn
_XV Hobr. Var XoIrb Aem H[RU àg¨Jr [OOm_mVm¨Zr I¨~ranUo ñdamÁ`mMo ajU Hobo. EHhr
[Hëbm O`qgJmbm qOHVm Ambm Zmhr. B¨M^a ^y[_XoIrb _moJb-AmXrbehm `m¨Zm qOHy Z
XoUmè`m [OOmD _m°gmho~m¨gma»`m [Z^uS _mVm amOm¨À`m nmRrer hmoË`m åhUyZ amOo AmJ«m `oWyZ
dofm¨Va HéZ [ZgQbo. (amOo noQmè`mVyZ Zìho, Va dofm¨Va HéZ [ZgQbo.) `màg¨Jr amOm¨À`m _Zmda
[HVr XSnU Agob? XyaMo A¨Va, àdmgmMr gmYZo ZmhrV, nmdbmonmdbr eÌy AmhoV, gmo~V
ZD dfm©À`m gwnyÌ g¨^mOr Amho. Aem àg¨Jr g¨^mOrbm Rodm`Mo HmoRo? hm àíZ amOm¨nwTo hmoVm.
Ë`mdoiog _moamon¨V qnJioMo ZmVodmB©H _WwaoV hmoVo. VoWo g¨^mOrbm RodÊ`mMm [ZU©` amOm¨Zr KoVbm.
nU amOm¨Zm [^Vr hmoVr Hr n¡emÀ`m A[^bmfoZo ho ~«m÷U HXm[MV g¨^mOrbm eÌyÀ`m ñdmYrZ
HaVrb. HmaU amOo ~«m÷Um¨Zm Mm¨JboM AmoiIyZ hmoVo. [HVrhr [OdbJ _¡Ìr Agbr Var ñdmWm©gmRr
~«m÷U Hgm Jim KmoQVmV hm Ë`m¨Mm àmMrZ HmimnmgyZMm B[Vhmg amOm¨Zm Mm¨JbmM _m[hV hmoVm.
amOm¨Zr g¨^mOrbm [ÌH_bÀ`m ñdmYrZ Hobo. Ë`m àg¨Jr amOm¨Zm [Ì_b ~¨Y¨yZm "g¨^mOrÀ`m Ordmg
YmoHm Pmë`mg Vw_Mm àmU KoB©Z' Agm Bemam amOm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm [Xbm. Ë`mMà_mUo g¨^mOrbm XoIrb
EHm¨VmV ~aoM _mJ©Xe©Z Hobo Am[U amOo naV Ambo. A\ObImZ, emB©ñVoImZ, O`qgJ Am[U
Am¡a¨JOo~mMr \[OVr HaUmao [edmOramOo Amnbm d¨ehr [eëbH RodUma ZmhrV `mMr [^Vr [Ì_b
~¨Yy¨Zm dmQV hmoVr. åhUyZM g¨^mOramOm¨er Ë`m¨Zr XJm \SHm Hobm Zmhr. åhUOo [Ì_bm¨Zr
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm ào_m_wio Zmhr Va [^Vr_wio gm¨^mibo hmoVo. (g¨X^©-N.g¨^mOr ñ_maH J«¨W, n¥.178-
Sm°. O`qgJ ndma)
_moJb, AmXrbehm, B¨J«O Am[U nmoVw©Jmb `m¨À`m OmoISmVyZ Xoe~m¨Ydm¨Zm _wº Hoë`mZ¨Va
[edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` KoVbm. naHr` gÎmm amOm¨Zm ehmOramOo `m OhmJraXmamMm ~¨SImoa
nwÌ g_OV. Va ~«m÷U amOm¨Zm amOm _mZmd`mg V`ma ZìhVo. BVa amOm¨er Vh-dmQmKmQr HaVmZm
ASMUr `oV. `m ASMUr Xya HaÊ`mgmRr d ~hwOZ XoIrb ñdV:Mo ñdV¨Ì amÁ` d amOm [Z_m©U Hé
eHVmV. hm AmË_[dœmg [Z_m©U HéZ hOmamo dfm©Mr Jwbm_[Jar g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr [edam`m¨Zr
amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` KoVbm.
åhUyZM ~mimgmho~ RmHao `m¨Mo dSrb à~moYZHma RmHao åhUVmV. qhXyY_© ho [~Z [~Z~w~wSmMo
[nMHo JmSJo Amho. qhXyY_© ho EH ^Qr Jm¡S~¨Jmb Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm \g[dUmam Y_© åhUOo qhXyY_©
Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm bwQUmgmRr qhXyY_m©Vrb _¨Xram¨Mm Z¨~a n[hbm Amho. qhXyY_m©Vrb nwamU¨ åhUOo
em¡MHyn (g¨Smg) Amho. ~hwOZm¨Zm Jwbm_ HaÊ`mgmRr qhXyY_m©V ^Qm¨Zr AZoH J¨«W [b[hbo. (g¨X^©-
XodimMm Y_© Am[U Y_m©Mr Xodio) VmËn`© qhXyËd åhUOo ~«m÷UËd Amho. Á`mdoiog AmnU Iar
gÎmm [_idVmo. Vo¨ìhm qhXyÎddmXr åhUOoM ~«m÷U Vr gÎmm dmnaÊ`mg [damoY HaVmV.
[edam`m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmMr KmofUm HaVmM gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm eyX« åhUyZ [damoY
Hobm. naeyam_ ZmdmÀ`m ~«m÷Um¨Zo n¥Ïdrdarb gd© j[Ì` 21 doim Rma _mabobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
EHhr j[Ì` [eëbH Zmhr. ~«m÷U gmoSyZ gd©OU eyX« AmhoV. eyX«mbm amOm hmoÊ`mMm A[YHma Zmhr.
Aer AmoaS ~«m÷Um¨Zo _w[ñb_ amOmbm [damoY Hobm Zmhr. `mCbQ _w[ñb_m¨À`m Xa~mamV ~«m÷U
A[YHmè`m¨Mm ^aUm hmoVm. åhUOo _w[ñb_m¨Zm AmZ¨XmZo amÁ` Hé XoUmao ~«m÷U [edam`m¨À`m [déÕ
EHOmV CRbo. Voìhm [edam`m¨Zm dmQbo, gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Var ghHmar [_Ì AgUmao
_moamon¨V qnJio, AÊUmOr XÎmmo B. ~«m÷U [_Ì _¨Ìr ghHm`© HaVrb. nU amOm¨Mm Anojm^¨J Pmbm.
_moamon¨V qnJio ^a Xa~mamV amOm¨Zm åhUmbm, Vwåhm eyX« _amRçm¨À`m hmVmImbr Amåhr ~«m÷Um¨Zr
Hgo Hm_ Hamdo? ghHmar AgUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr XoIrb [edam`m¨Zm Vmo¨SmdaM [damoY Hobm. åhUOo
~«m÷U hm ~«m÷UM AgVmo. ho gd© n¨VmZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. ~«m÷U [_Ì Oar Agbm Var AmUr~mUrMm
àg¨J `oVmM ~«m÷U nmRrV I¨Ora IwngVmo. ho _moamon¨VmZo XmIdyZ [Xbo. gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm
Ìmg Úm`bm gwédmV Hobr. Á`m [edam`m¨Zr gd© ~«m÷U ghHmè`m¨Zm [OdmnmS Onbo, g¨HQg_`r
àË`oHmbm _XV Hobr. VoM ~«m÷U [edam`m¨er d¡è`mgmaIo dmJw bmJbo. ñdamÁ`mVrb d ~mhoarb
gd© ~«m÷U EH Pmbo. åhUOo ~«m÷U HmoUË`mhr JQmV, njmV, g¨KQZoV, g¨ñWoV, n¨WmV Agbo Var
AmVyZ gd© ~«m÷U EH AgVmV. ho amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr [gÕ Pmbo. naXoemVyZ Amboë`m ~«m÷Um¨Zr
ñdV:À`m [hVmgmRr [b[hboë`m ~ZmdQ nmoÏ`m-nwamUm¨Mm AmYma KoDZ [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm
[damoY Hobm. [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm Y_©g¨[hVm d nwamo[hVM [_iy Úm`Mm Zmhr Agm M¨J
XoemVrb gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~m¨Ybm. VarXoIrb amÁ`m[^foHmMm [ZU©` amOm¨Zr Rm_nUo KoVbm.
Aem àHmao [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm ~«m÷UY_m©Zo åhUOoM qhXyY_m©Zo HSmSyZ [damoY
Hobm. Am[U déZ [edam`m¨Zm qhXyY_©ajH, qhXdr ñdamÁ` g¨ñWmnH åhQbo OmVo. hr [edam`m¨Mr
Hy«a Moïm Amho. Á`m¨Zr [damoY Hobm. Ë`m¨Mo amÁ` amOm¨Zm Ano[jV Agob Hm? [edam`m¨Mm qhXw, qhXdr,
qhXwËd `mMoer A[O~mV g¨~¨Y Zmhr. [edM[aÌmV HmoRohr qhXy, qhXdr Am[U qhXwËd `mMm CëboI
Zmhr. [edam`m¨Mm dmna HaÊ`mgmRr Z¨Va Vo [edM[aÌmV KwgSÊ`mV Ambo. [edam`m¨Zr ~hwOZm¨Mo
ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. [edmOramOo Oa qhXyËdmgmRr bTbo, Va _J qhXw¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmbm [damoY Hm
Hobm? amÁ`m[^foHmbm gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Vo¨ìhm gd© ~hwOZ g_mO [edam`m¨À`m nmRrer
C^m am[hbm. gd© _amRo XoIrb [edam`m¨À`m nmRrer I¨~ranUo C^o am[hbo. EHhr _amRm amOm¨À`m
[damoYmV ZìhVm. åhUOo `mnwdu [edam`m¨Zm Á`m _amRçm¨Zr [damoY Hobm Vmo AkmZm_wio Hobm.
am_XmgmMo EoHyZ Hobm.
1668 nmgyZ [edmOramOm¨Zr am`JSmda amOYmZr Hobr hmoVr. am`JS hm AË`¨V HRrU d
gwa[jV Agm [Hëbm Amho. HSo Vmerd d C¨M AmhoV. JSmMr bm¨~r 4 [H. _r. d é¨X 1 [H. _r.
Amho. JSm^modVr HRrU Smo¨Jaam¨Jm AmhoV. HmoUË`mhr eÌybm am`JS qOHUo AeŠ` Amho. Agm
am`JS [edam`m¨Zr amOYmZrgmRr [ZdSbm. JSmdarb ~m¨YHm_ [edam`m¨Zr ñdV: HéZ KoVbo.
ñdamÁ`mVrb AZoH [Hëbo [edam`m¨Zr ñdV: ~m¨Ybo. [edmOramOo CÎm_ ñWmnË`Vk (B¨[O[ZAa)
hmoVo.
Aem am`JSmda amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mMm amOm¨Zr [ZU©` KoVbm. amÁ`m[^foH[XZ Ogm Odi
`oD bmJbm. Ver ~«m÷Um¨Mr HQHmañWmZo gwé Pmbr. nU amO_mVm [OOmD_m±gmho~ [edam`m¨À`m
nmRrer I¨~ranUo Cä`m hmoË`m. `màg¨Jr [OOmD¨Mo d` 76 dfm©Mo hmoVo. `m d`mVhr [OOmD¨Mo Y¡`©,
HamarnUm VoOñdr hmoVm. amÁ`m[^foHmbm EHhr nwamo[hV [_iy Úm`Mm Zmhr. Agm M¨J XoemVrb gd©
~«m÷Um¨Zr ~m¨Ybm. `màg¨Jr Hm`ñW à^y AgUmao ~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr nwamo[hVmMm emoY gwé Hobm.
~«m÷U-Hm`ñWm¨Mo hmSd¡a Agë`m_wio Hm`ñW amOm¨À`m ~mOwbm hmoVo. ~mimOr AmdOrZo _hmamï—
mVrb gd© ^QOtZm nm¡amo[hË`mgmRr [dMmabo, gdmªZr [edmOr eyX« Amho. Amåhr `oUma Zmhr Ago
Hi[dbo. Vo¨ìhm ~mimOr AmdOrZo JmJm^Åmbm ~mobm[dÊ`mgmRr Hoed^Q, ^mbM¨X«^Q Am[U
gmo_ZmW `m VrZ ~«m÷Um¨Zm Hmerbm nmR[dbo. JmJm^ÅmZo `m [VKm¨Odi [edmOr eyX« Agë`m_wio
_r `oUma Zmhr, Ago ñnï Hi[dbo. ([_Ìhmo, ~«m÷U Amnë`m XoemV `oÊ`mnydu HmoUrhr hbHo ZìhVo,
HmoUrhr gdU© ZìhVo, gd©OU g_mZ hmoVo. nU Amnë`mda amÁ` HaÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr dU©, OmVr
[Z_m©U Hoë`m d ñdV:HSo loðËd KoVbo. `mMm àgma HaÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr J¨«W [b[hbo. Ë`mbmM
qhXyY_m©Mo J¨«W åhUVmV. `m J¨«WmZrM [edam`m¨Zm eyX« Ra[dbo. ~«m÷U, j[Ì` Am[U d¡í` ho [dXoer
Am`mªMo dU© AmhoV. _wiMo ^maVr`m¨Zm Am`mªZr eyX« KmofrV Hobo.)
~mimOr AmdOrZo n¡emMo Am[_f XmI[dVmM JmJm^Å amÁ`m[^foH HaÊ`mg V`ma Pmbm.
Amnë`m~amo~a AZoH ^Qm¨Mm \m`Xm hmoB©b Aer ì`dñWm JmJm^ÅmZo Hobr. amÁ`m[^foHmMm [Xdg
[ZpíMV Pmbm. [edam`m¨Mo gd© ~hwOZ ghHmar amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m V`marbm bmJbo. [hamoOr \OªX,
_Xmar _ohÎma, h¨[~aamd _mo[hVo, ZmJmoOr OoYo, `ogmOr H¨H BË`mXr ghHmar Amboë`m nmhwÊ`m¨Mr
ì`dñWm HaUo, gm[hË` AmUUo B. Hm_o Hé bmJbo. [OOmD ñdV:OmVrZo bj XoV hmoË`m.
[edam`m¨Zr [OOmD¨Mo Xe©Z KoVbo. amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr gd© ~«m÷Um¨Zr KmVbobm Kmoi d Hobobm [damoY
`m_wio [OOmD_m±gmho~ àM¨S [MSbobm hmoË`m. Y_©- g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m Zm¨dmImbr ^Qm¨Zr [edam`m¨Mm gwé
Hobobm Ni `m_wio ~hwOZ g_mO AñdñW Pmbm hmoVm. ñdV:Mr ñdV¨Ì Y_©g¨[hVm Zgë`m_wio
d¡[XHm¨À`m C\© ~«m÷Um¨À`m åhUOoM qhXyÀ`m Y_©J«¨Wmda amOm¨Zm Adb¨~yZ ahmdo bmJbo (åhUyZM
AmO [edam`m¨À`m àoaUoVyZ [edY_mªMr ñWmnZm Pmbobr Amho. 17ì`m eVHmV [edY_© AgVm Va
^Qm¨Mm [damoY HaÊ`mMo HmaUM ZìhVo. (qhXy) Y_© hm ^Qm¨Mm Agë`m_wio amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr
amOm¨Mm Ni Hobm d A_mn n¡gm bwQbm.)
amÁ`m[^foHmnmgyZ [edam`m¨Zr Zdm [edeH gwé Hobm. gd© Hma^ma [edeHmà_mUo gwé
Pmbm. (hm [edeH nwTo noeì`m¨Zr ~¨X Hobm Am[U _wpñb_m¨Mm \gbr eH gwé Hobm. [edmOrnojm
noeì`m¨Mo _w[ñb_g¨ñH¥Vrda OmñV ào_ hmoVo. åhUOo _wpñb_m¨Mm AZwZ` d Ë`m¨À`m XmTçm
HwadmiÊ`mMo Hm_ ~«m÷Um¨Zr (noeì`m¨Zr) Hobo. Aem noeì`m¨Mm e[ZdmadmSm _hmoËgd gmOam HaUo
åhUOo XoeX«moh Amho HmaU e[ZdmadmSm hm ^maVr`m¨À`m nam^dmMo d noeì`m¨À`m ì`[^MmamMo
à[VH Amho.)
[edOramOm¨Zr AWH n[al_mZo ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. OJmVrb HmoUË`mhr Y_m©À`m ì`ºrbm
qHdm amOmbm Ë`mÀ`m Y_m©Mo [dYr HaÊ`mg [damoY Hobm OmV Zmhr. g_Vm ho Y_m©Mo _hÎdmMo _yë`
Amho. EHmM Y_m©Vrb loð Am[U H[Zð ì`ºrbm Y_m©Mo AmMma, [dMma, AÜ``Z HaÊ`mMr
nadmZJr AgVo. [edam`m¨Zr Va Amnbo HV¥©Ëd A[daV HïmZo, Mm[aÍ`mZo, [ZîHb¨H d¥ÎmrZo [gÕ
Hobobo hmoVo. Var XoIrb Ë`mM Y_m©Vrb ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm [damoY Hm Hobm?
`mdéZ EH ~m~ [gÕ hmoVo Hr [edam`m¨Mm d ~«m÷Um¨Mm Y_© EH Zmhr. Y_© EH AgVm Va
~«m÷Um¨Zr AmZ¨XmZo Am[U \wHQ amÁ`m[^foH Hobm AgVm. `mDbQ Ë`m¨Zr amOm¨Zm Iyn Nibo. VoM
qhXyËddmXr (~«m÷U) AmO [edam`m¨Mo ^m¨Sdb HéZ OJVmV.
qhXyY_m©Zo ^maVr`m¨À`m g¥OZ[ebVoda HSH [Z~ªY KmVbo. g_wX« Amobm¨SUo, eñÌ YmaU
HaUo, [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñdmV¨Í` XoUo, [ejU XoUo, g_Vm nmiUo `mda qhXyZr (~«m÷Um¨Zr) HSH ~¨YZo
KmVbr. [edam`m¨Zr hr ~¨YZ VmoSbr. [edam`m¨Zr g_wX« Amobm¨Sbm, Ama_maXb C^mabo,
~hwOZm¨À`m hmVmV AÝ`m`m[déÕ bTÊ`mgmRr eñÌo [Xbr, [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñdmV¨Í` [Xbo, ñdV: AmB©HSyZ
[ejU KoVbo, g¨^mOramOm¨Zm [ejU [Xbo. qhXyMo J¨«Wàm_mÊ` ZmHmabo d g_Voda AmYmabobo
ñdamÁ` [Z_m©U Hobo. _J gm¨Jm [edmOramOo Hgo qhXy RaVmV?
qhXyËd åhUOo ~«m÷UÎd Amho ho AmoiIUmao O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, [eI hr Amnbr ^md¨S AmhoV.
Ë`m¨Zr d¡[XHm¨Mm åhUOoM ~«m÷Um¨Mm Hw«anUm AmoiIbm d O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Am[U erI ho ~«m÷Ur
Y_m©nmgyZ ñdV¨Ì Pmbo. O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, erI Y_m©V ~«m÷Um¨Zm ZmH IwngÊ`mMr g¨Yr Zmhr. åhUyZM
`m XoemV O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Am[U [eIm¨Mr àJVr Pmbr. [edmOramOm¨Zr XoIrb ñdV¨Ì hmoÊ`mgmRr à`ËZ
gwé Hobo hmoVo. amÁ`ì`dhma HmoemMr [Z[_©Vr Hobr. [edeH gwé Hobm, ñdV¨Ì [edamB© hmoZ hr MbZ
nÕVr gwé Hobr. ñdV¨Ì amÁ`Hma^ma, Ý`m`nm[bHm gwé Hobr, [ednyÌ g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Y_©[M[HËgm
gwé Hobr. ^Qm¨Mr gd© HQHmañWmZo bjmV Amë`m~amo~a amOm¨Zr ñdV¨Ì ì`dñWm[Z[_©Vr gwé Hobr.
[edmOramOo OJbo AgVo Va Ë`mMdoir [edam`m¨Zr [edY_m©Mr ñWmnZm Hobr AgVr. Ë`m_wioM 3
E[àb 1680 amoOr _moamon¨V qnJio Am[U AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m¨Zr amOm¨Mm IyZ Hobm.
[edmOramOm¨Zm amÁ`m[^foH HaUo AË`mdí`H hmoVo. nU ñdV:Mr Y_©g¨[hVm Zgë`m_wio
amOm¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨À`m åhUOoM qhXy Y_m©da Adb¨~yZ ahmdo bmJbo. [edam`m¨Zm ñdV:Mm Y_© AgVm
Va ~«m÷Um¨Zr amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr Ni Hobm ZgVm. amOm¨À`m Hma^mamV ZmH Iwngbo ZgVo.
[edam`m¨Mr Ym[_©H ~mOy gm¨^miUmao g¨V VwHmam_ _hmamO `m¨Mm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m ~mbnUr
IyZ Hobm. AÝ`Wm g¨V VwHmam_m¨Zr amÁ`m[^foHmn`ªV ñdV¨ÌY_© ñWmnUo Hobm AgVm. Am[U
~«m÷Um¨Zr åhUOoM qhXyY_m©Zo [edam`m¨Mm Hobobm Ni, Hobobm [damoY, eyX« åhUyZ Hobobr AdhobZm
`mMm ~Xbm KoVbm AgVm hr JaO AmoiIyZ XoemVrb AZoH Aä`mgHm¨Zr, g¨emoYHm¨Zr,
[dMmad¨Vm¨Zr, Xoe^º g_mO gwYmaHm¨Zr [edam`m¨À`m [dMma àoaUoMm [edY_© ñWmnZ Hobobm Amho.
[edY_© hm [edam`m¨Mm Y_© Amho. [ed åhUOo [edmOr! [ed åhUOo gË`, _¨Jb_` Am[U
CXmÎm! [edY_m©V AgË` Hmhrhr Zmhr. g¨V VwHmam_ _hmamO, ehmOramOo, g¨^mOramOo, VmamamUr
`m¨À`m HV©¥ËdmMm d [dMmam¨Mm A_yë` Rodm åhUOo [edY_©! ñdmV¨Í`mMr AmÚOZH amO_mVm
[OOmD_m±gmho~ `m¨Zm àoaUm ñÌmoV _mZyZ EH_od Am[U n[hbmMm Y_© Amho. Á`m¨Zr Amnë`mgmRr
g¨nwU© Am`wî` Kmb[dbo. VoM [edY_m©Mo Xod AmhoV. ~«m÷U[Z[_©V ImoQo, Hmën[ZH Xod Am[U J¨«W
`mbm [edY_m©V A[O~mV ñWmZ Zmhr. [edam`m¨Zm NiUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨Zm [edY_m©V A[O~mV àdoe
Zmhr.
AmVm dmMHm¨Zr Radmdo hr [edam`m¨Zm eyX« Ra[dUmam, amÁ`m[^foH ZmHmaUmam, A_mn n¡gm
KoDZ amÁ`m[^foH àg¨Jr NiUmam qhXyY_© [edam`m¨Mm Hm [edam`m¨À`m [dMma àoaUoVyZ [Z_m©U
Pmbobm [edY_© [edam`m¨Mm?
[edmOr _hmamOm¨Mo nwd©O amOñWmZ _Yrb [ggmo[X`m d¨emVrb hmoVo. Agm J¡ag_O
AZoH bmoHm¨Mm Amho. Á`mdoiog amOm¨À`m amÁ`[^foHmbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr eyX« åhUyZ [damoY Hobm. Voìhm
~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr ZHma XoUmè`m JmJm^Åmbm [Z_¨[ÌV HaÊ`mgmRr MmVw`© dmnabo d ImoQr
d¨emdi [Xbr. Voìhm JmJm^Å n¡emÀ`m A[^bmfoZo amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr Ambm. åhUOo
amÁ`m[^foHmÀ`m nwV©VogmRr ~mimOr AmdOr `m¨Zr [Xbobr [dg¨JV d¨emdi `mbm à_mU^yV _mZyZ
[edam`m¨Zm [ggmo[X`m d¨emVrb Ra[dbo. ho AZ¡[Vhm[gH Amho.
[edmOr-
[edmOr-ì`¨HmoOr `m¨À`m_Ü`o ^m¨SUo bmdUmam hZw_¨Vo
_moamon¨V qnJio `m¨Zr [edam`m¨Zm Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. JmJm^Åmbm [\Vdbo d amÁ`m[^foHmgmRr
AZoH ASMUr [Z_m©U Hoë`m. åhUyZM _moamon¨Vm¨Mm CëboI AZoH [RHmUr _`wamXr Hw_¨Ìr HaÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho. [edam`m¨Zr ñdamÁ`mV [Hëbo ~m¨YÊ`mg gwédmV Hobr. Voìhm _moamon¨V Am[U
[Zimon¨VmZo [Hëbo ~m¨YÊ`mg [damoY Hobm. amOo Iyn n¡gm IM© HaVmV, Agm AnàMma _moamon¨VmZo gwé
Hobm. ho Ooìhm amOm¨Zm g_Obo Voìhm amOm¨Zr _moamon¨Vm¨Mr Mm¨JbrM IaSnQ²Qr Hobr. amOo åhUmbo,
_bm _m[hV Amho Vwåhr [HVr ehmUo AmhmV Vo? _r [Hëbo Hm ~m¨YVmo? Ogm eoVHar eoVmV _mim
~m¨YyZ eoVrMo ajU HaVmo. ZmdmSr Ogo [Iio _méZ Zmd _O~yV HaVmo. Ë`mà_mUo [Hëbo ~m¨YyZ
^y[_nwÌm¨Mo ñdamÁ` ^¸_ Hamd`mMo Amho. Am[U Vwåhr _bm ehmUnUm [eH[dVm? Ago amOo
_moamon¨Vmbm åhUVmM _moamon¨V Vmo¨S PmHyZ KamV [ZKyZ Jobm. HmaU Ë`mMm An_mZ AmOn`ªV HmoUrhr
Hobm ZìhVm. (g¨X^©- dm.gr. ~o¨X«o [b[IV NÌnVr g¨^mOr _hmamO- n¥ð-84)
_mXÊUm Am[U AmHÊUm ho ~«m÷U h¡X«m~mXÀ`m nXar A[YHmar hmoVo. qhXyËddmXr ~«m÷U
_w[ñb_ gÎmm[YemMo A[YHmar Hgo? n¡gm-gÎmm hmM ~«m÷Um¨Mm Iam Y_© Amho. Ë`mgmRr Vo Zoh_r
à~i Y_©gÎmoV AgVmV. ~«m÷U naHr` Agë`m_wio Ë`m¨Zm Xoe Am[Y Y_© `m~m~V Hgbohr gmo`a-
gwVH Zmhr. AmO ^maVmV ~hwOZ g_mO A[YH Amho. Ë`m¨Mo ZoV¥Ëd HaÊ`mgmRr Vo qhXyËdmMm
O`O`Hma HaVmV. g_Om ^maVmV _w[ñb_ OmñV AgVo Va gJiçm ~«m÷Um¨Zr _w[ñb_m¨Mm
O`O`Hma Hobm AgVm hm Ë`m¨Mm B{Vhmg Amho. AH~a, Am¡a¨JOo~, B¨J«Om¨À`m HmimV ~«m÷U
Ë`m¨MoHSo hmoVo.
An`e Ambo Var _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr, amhyOr gmo_ZmW Wm¨~bo ZmhrV. ZmZmàHmao [edam`m¨Zm
g¨ndm`MoM hm n¸m [ZíM` Ë`m¨Zr Hobm hmoVm. Ë`m Xaå`mZ g¨^mOramOo _moJbm¨HSyZ `odyZ nÝhmim
`oWo Wm¨~bo hmoVo. h¨~raamd _mo[hVohr am`JSmda ZìhVo. _moamon¨Vm¨Zm Í`¨~oHoœabm nmR[dbo hmoVo.
AÊUmOr XÎmmo am`JSmÀ`m nm`Ï`mer AgUmè`m nmMmSmV Wm¨~bm hmoVm. Va JSmda amhyOr gmo_ZmW
hm ~«m÷U A[YHmar hmoVm. Vmohr `m hQmV gh^mJr hmoVm. amOm¨Zm Hgë`mhr n[apñWVrV Rma _mam`Mo
hm HQ _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo, amhyOr gmo_ZmW `m¨Zr Hobm. am`JSmMr g¨nyU© ZmHo~¨Xr HaÊ`mV Ambr.
Hgë`mhr àHmaMm gwJmdm bmJUma Zmhr, `mMr XjVm `m {VKm¨Zr KoVbr. åhUyZ `m HQmMm g¨e`
`oD Z`o `mgmRr _moamon¨V Am[U AÊUmOr XÎmmo KQZmñWimnmgyZ Xya Wm¨~bo hmoVo. IyZ HaUmam
nmRr_mJo HmoUVmhr nwamdm amhUma Zmhr `mMr I~aXmar KoV AgVmo. `m àg¨Jr amÁ`mVrb AË`¨V
_hËdmMr _mUgo am`JSmda ZìhVr. g¨^mOramOo nÝhmiJSmda hmoVo. g¨^mOramOm¨Zm [edmOramOm¨Zr
nÝhmiJSmÀ`m gw^oXmanXr Zo_bo hmoVo. goZmnVr h¨~raamd _mo[hVo Vi~rS `m [RHmUr hmoVo. Vi~rS ho
nÝhmiJSmnmgyZ Odi Va am`JSmnmgyZ 250 [Hbmo_rQa Amho. [edmOramOm¨À`m HwQw¨~mVrb gd©
ZmVodmB©H nmMmSmV hmoVr. am`JSmda amhyOr gmo_ZmW hmoVm. Vmo Hw«a, ñdmWu, nmVmi`¨Ìr hmoVm. Agm
ñnï CëboI [ed^maVmV Amho. (g¨X^©- dm.gr. ~o¨X«o [b[IV- lr. N. g¨^mOr _hmamO) `m àg¨Jr
gmo`am~mB©da àM¨S X~md hmoVm. nU Ë`m Aghmæ` Agë`m_wio Hgbmhr à[VHma Hé eHë`m ZmhrV.
Ë`m doiog amOmam_ \º Xhm dfm©Mo hmoVo.
3 E[àbMm [Xdg COmSbm. amOm¨À`m ^modVr ~«m÷Um¨Mo db` hmoVo. amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo
JSmdaMo gd© XadmOo ~¨X Hobo. JSmdaMr HmoUVrhr ~mV_r \wQy Z`o `mMr XjVm amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo
KoVbr hmoVr. HXm[MV [edmOramOm¨Zm `m HQmMm gwJmdm bmJë`m_wio [edmOramOm¨Zr
AmßVñd[H`m¨Zm ~mobmdyZ KoÊ`mgmRr nÌ nmR[dbr. na¨Vy Vr nÌ HmoUmbmhr [_imbr ZmhrV. HmaU
JSmMr gd© gwÌo gmo_ZmWÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM JSmda ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr [edmOramOm¨Mm IyZ
HaÊ`mMm HQ aMbm. `màg¨Jr [edmOram`m¨Mo Ooð nwÌ g¨^mOramOm¨Zm hr ~mV_r g_OUma Zmhr, `mMr
O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mV Ambr. gagoZmnVr Am[U [edam`m¨Mo _ohwUo h¨~raamd _mo[hVo ho XoIrb
A¨Ë`[dYrbm Cn[ñWV ZìhVo. Odi HmoUrhr ZmVodmB©H ZìhVo ZmVodmB©H ZìhVo åhUyZM
gmo`am~mBªZr à[VHma Hobm Zgmdm. Am[U hm IyZ gmo`am~mBªZr Hobm Aer A\dm ~«m÷Um¨Zr CR[dbr.
gËVm àmßVrgmRr ho H¥Ë` gmo`am~mBªZr Hobo Agmdo AZo AZoHm¨Zm dmQbo. HmaU amOmam_mbm bJoMM
gd© ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zr qghmgZmda ~g[dbo. nU gmo`am~mBªZr amOmam_mbm JmXrda ~g[dÊ`mMm
AmJ«h Hobm ZìhVm. amOmam_ Xhm dfm©Mo Agë`m_wio Amnë`m V¨ÌmZo amÁ`Hma^ma Hamdm Ago
[Z`moOZ ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mo hmoVo. [edmOramOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va g¨^mOramOm¨Mm IyZ Ham`Mm d Z¨Va bhmZ
amOmam_Mm IyZ Ham`Mm d gd© gÎmm Vmã`mV ¿`m`Mr Agm HwQrb Smd ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Mm hmoVm.
åhUyZM Vo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm AQH HaÊ`mgmRr Jobo hmoVo. nU h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨À`m XyaX¥ïr_wio hm
AZW© Qibm. h¨~raamd _mo[hVo ho amOmam_mMo g»Io _m_m hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Vo AmnUmbm nyU© ghHm`©
HaVrb Aer Amem ~«m÷Um¨Zm hmoVr. nU h¨~raamdm¨À`m ñdamÁ`[Zðo_wio XJm~mO ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZmM
AQH Pmbr.
Á`mdoiog _hmamOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm, Voìhm amOm¨Mo d` \º 50 dfmªMo hmoVo. amOm¨Zm HmoUVmhr
AgmÜ` amoJ ZìhVm qHdm Vo àXrK© AmOmar ZìhVo. amOm¨Mr àH¥Vr [ZamoJr hmoVr. Agm ñnï CëboI
"Hm°ñ_m Xr JmSm©' hm naHr` B[VhmgHma HaVmo. d`mÀ`m 50ì`m dfu amOm¨Zm Z¡g[J©H _¥Ë`y `oUo
HXm[nhr eŠ` Zmhr.
AmVm AmnU [edmOramOm¨À`m _¥Î`y~Ôb Xoer Am[U naXoer gmYZm¨Mm dmna Hé. nwTrb
g¨X^© gmYZm¨Mr [M[HËgm HaÊ`mnwdu Ë`m gmYZm¨Mm Hmi d HVm© `mMmhr [dMma HaUo AË`¨V
_hËdmMo Amho. _amRr Am[U g¨ñH¥V gmYZm¨Mo boIH ho ~«m÷U Agë`m_wio ~è`mM gË` emoYÊ`mg
ASMUr `oVmV. VarXoIrb AnamYrnUmMr OmUrd g¨X^© gmYZmV àHfm©Zo OmUdë`m_wio amOm¨À`m
IyZmMo _hmHmoSo gwQÊ`mg _moRr _XV Pmbr Amho. gwédmVrbm AmnU A_amRr g¨X^© gmYZm¨Mm [dMma
Hé.
[ZHmobmAmo _ZwMr (Ago hmoVo _moJb)- "" [edmOramOo Zoh_r _mo[h_oda [\aV, `m
XJXJrZo WHyZ Am[U aºmÀ`m CbQçm hmoDZ Ë`m¨Zm _aU Ambo''.
darb gd© g¨X^© gmYZo ~mVå`m qHdm A\dm EoHyZM amOm¨À`m _¥Ë`y~Ôb [b[hVmV.
darb gmYZm¨À`m boIHm¨n¡Hr HmoUrhr am`JSmda qHdm Amgnmg ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio darb
gmYZm¨À`m boIHm¨Mr gmYZo g¨[X½Y, A[dœgZr` AmhoV. [edmOramOm¨Zr amOmam_mMm
[ddmh 15 _mM© 1680 amoOr àVmnamd JwOa `m¨Mr HÝ`m OmZHr~mB©er bmdyZ [Xbm.
Ë`mZ¨Va ARam [Xdgm¨ZrM [edmOramOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm. 18 [XdgmV amOo AmOmar nSUo
Am[U AmOma [dHmonmbm OmUo HXm[nhr eŠ` Zmhr. darb gmYZm¨n¡Hr Amb_[JarHma
_wñVoXImZ, _ZwMr Am[U B¨J«O ho amOm¨Zm aºmÀ`m CbQçm Pmë`m Ë`m_wio Ë`m¨Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm,
Vo gm¨JVmV. nU aºmÀ`m CbQçm Hm Pmë`m? ho Ë`m¨Zm _mhrV Zmhr. [df [Xë`mZoM CbQçm
Pmë`m. [^_goZ gŠgoZm Am[U Im\rImZ ho amOo AmOmar nSyZ _obo gm¨JVmV. nU AmOmar
Hm nSbo? ho Ë`m¨Zm _m[hV Zmhr. AmOmar Hm hmoVo?> ho XoIrb Ë`m¨Zm ImÌrbm`H _m[hVr
Zmhr. XmK a[OñQa_Ü`o _mÌ [df à`moJmMm CëboI Amho. na¨Vw Ë`m¨Zrhr A\doda [dœmg
Rodbobm Agë`m_wio ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZrM amOm¨Zm [df à`moJmZo Rma _mabo Ë`mEodOr amOm¨À`m
nËZrMm CëboI Hobobm Amho. gmo`am~mBªMr A\dm hmoVr. nU ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨ZrM amOm¨Zm [df
à`moJmZo Rma _mabo. ho XmK a[OñQa [Zg¨[X½YnUo [gÕ HaVo.
OoYo eHmdbr- M¡Ì ewÕ nm¡[U©_m e[Zdmar (3 E[àb1680) [Xdgm XmoZ àhar
am`JSmda [edmOramOm¨Mo [ZYZ Pmbo. h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨Zr _moamon¨V noedo
AÊUmOrn¨V Am[U àëhmXn¨Vm¨Zm H¡X HéZ nÝhmiJSmda g¨^mOramOm¨HSo Zobo.
`m ~IarMm HVm© H¥îUmOr AZ¨V g^mgX `m¨Zr amOm¨À`m Hma^mamV ñdV: ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m ~IarVrb A[Va¨[OV d lÕmiy ^mJ dOm Hobm Va ~arMer dñVw[ZðVm Amho. g^mgX
_¥Ë`y~Ôb nwTrbà_mUo dU©Z HaVmV.
"_J Hmhr [Xdgm¨Zr amOmg ì`Wm ÁdamMr Pmbr. amOm nwÊ`íbmoH Hmb-kmZ OmUo. [dMma
nmhVm Am`wî`mMr _`m©Xm Pmbr ho HiyZ Odirb HmaHyZ d hwOao bmoH hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o gä`
bmoH ~mobmdyZ AmUbo ~mo[bbo Hr Vwåhr MwHya hmoD ZHm. hm Vmo _¥Ë`ybmoHM Amho. `m_mJo [HVr
CËnÞ Pmbo [HVr Jobo AmVm Vwåhr [Z_©i gwIén ~wÕrZo AgUo. AmVm AdKo ~mhoa n¡gm. AmnU
ltMo ñ_aU H[aVmo åhUmoZ Ad[K`m¨g ~mhoa ~¡gdbo. Am[U am[O`m¨Zr lr ^m[JaWrMo CXH AmUyZ
ñZmZ Hobo. ^ñ_ YmaU HéZ éX«mj YmaU Hobo. Am[U `moJmä`mg HéZ AmË_m ~«÷m¨Sm¨g ZoDZ
XeìXmao \moSyZ àmUà`mU Hobo. em[bdmhZ eHo 1602 am¡X«_mZ g¨dËgao M¡Ì ewÕ nm¡[U©_m, e[Zdma
XmoZ àhar Hmi am`JSr Pmbm. Ë`mZ¨Va [edXyV [d_mZ KoDZ Ambo. Am[U amOo [d_mZr ~gyZ
H¡bmgmg Jobo. ho OS eara _¥Ë`ybmoHr Ë`mJ Hobm. amOmMo XohmdgZ Ë`m [Xder n¥ÏdrH¨n Phmbm.
JJZr Yw_HoVy CXobm CëHmnmV AmHmemhyZ Ambm. amÌr OmoS B¨X«YZwî` [ZKmbr. Aï[Xem [XJXmh
hmoDZ Jobm. lre¨^y _hmXodr ViçmMo CXH aºm¨~a Ambo. nmÊ`mVrb _ÀN ~mhoa nSyZ A_mgdmUr
CXH Pmbo. Eogr A[aïo Pmbr. _J amOo`m¨Mo Hboda M¨XZHmïoda d ~obHmïo AmUyZ X½Y Hobo. [ñÌ`m
amÁ`nmb»`m HmaHyZ hyOar gd© bmoHm¨Zr gm¨[JVbo Hr, YmHQm nwÌ amOmam_ [H«`m Hamdr. gdmªZr IoX
Hobm amOmam_ `m¨Zr AË`¨V emoH Hobm. Ë`mZ¨Va CÎmaHm`© H[Zðm¨Zr Hamdo Ago [gÕ Hobo. d[Sb nwÌ
g¨^mOramOo doiog ZmhrV. `mOH[aVm YmHQçmZo [H«`m Hobr Ago amOm¨Mo M[aÌ Am»`mZ CËnÞ
HmimnmgyZ XohmdgmZmn`ªV Omhbo.'
[edmOramOm¨Zm Áda Pmbm, Ago g^mgX gm¨JVmV. Áda Pmbm AgVmZm amOm¨Zr `moJmä`mg Hobm, ho
HXm[n eŠ` Zmhr. amOm¨Zr Am`wî`mV HYrhr `moJgmYZm Hobobr Zmhr. _J 3 E[àb 1680 `m
[XderM amOm¨Zr AmË_m ~«÷m¨Smg bmdUo d XeìXmao \moSyZ àmUË`mJ HaUo Ago YmXm¨V ImoQo [b[hUo.
åhUOoM amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm ho [gÕ hmoVo. `moJ gmYZoZo em[aarH d _mZ[gH g¨VwbZ amhVo. `m~m~V
Xw_V Zmhr, nU `moJgmYZoZo _¥Ë`y, A_aËd, [gÕr [_iVo `m ^mHS HWm AmhoV. [edmOramOo Hmhr
Jm^mè`mV ~gyZ qHdm AaÊ`mV ~gyZ `moJgmYZm HaUmao ^mo¨Xy _hmamO ZìhVo. HwQw¨~ ñdamÁ`, g_mO
dmè`mda gmoSyZ AmË_m ~«÷m¨Smbm bmdÊ`mMo XoeX«mohr CÚmoJ _hmamOm¨Zr Hobo ZmhrV. hmVmV Vcdma
KoDZ ñdamÁ` [Z[_©Vr `m [Z`moOZmgmRr Am`wî`mVrb àË`oH jUmMm gXwn`moJ Hobm Am[U gdm©V
_hËdmMo åhUOo `moJ gmYZm åhUOo \º EHm [XdgmV gmÜ` hmoUmar gmYZm Zìho. g^mgX åhUVmV
Hr, amOm¨Zr gd©© gä` OZm¨Zm ~mhoa ~gÊ`mg gm¨[JVbo. `mMm AW© IyZ Pmbm. Ë`màg¨Jr amOm¨Odi
EHhr gä` qHdm OdiMm ZmVodmB©H ZìhVm. _hmamUr gmo`am~mB© amUr_hmbmVM hmoË`m.
[edmOramOm¨Mo Ka åhUOo 1010 Mr Imobr Zìho. [enmB©, A[YHmar, _¨Ìr, gaXma Am[U _hmamUr
`m¨À`mgmRr ñdV¨Ì Hm`m©b`o Am[U [ZdmgñWmZmMrhr ì`dñWm am`JSmda Amho. ([Okmgy¨Zr am`JS
Adí` nhmdm) gmo`am~mB© ñ\[QHmà_mUo ñdÀN _ZmÀ`m AmhoV. Agm A[^àm` g¨^mOramOm¨Zr
[edmOr_hmamOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va 5 _[hÝ`m¨Zr [Xbobm Amho. `mMm AW© gmo`am~mB© [ZXmo©f åhUOoM
gä` AmhoV Am[U g^mgX åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo gmo`am~mB© (IyZ Pmbm Ë`màg¨Jr) gä` Agë`m_wio
amOm¨Odi ZìhË`m. BVa gd© ZmVodmB©H Imbr nmMmSmV hmoVo. `m g¨YrMm \m`Xm KoDZM AÊUmOr
XÎmmo, _moamon¨V `m¨Zr amhyOr gmo_ZmW _m\©V amOm¨Zm [df XoDZ IyZ Hobm. IyZm~m~V g¨e` `oD Z`o
`mgmRr doJdoJiçm A\dm CR[dë`m.
[edmOramOo [d_mZmV ~gyZ H¡bmgmg Jobo Ago g^mgX åhUVmV, Am[U bJoMM nwTrb
n[aÀNoXmV amOm¨À`m àoVmMo XhZ amOmam_mZo Hobo Ago [b[hVmV. [d_mZmV ~gyZ H¡bmgmg Joë`mZ¨Va
nwÝhm A¨Ë`[dYr HaÊ`mMr JaOM Hm`? åhUyZM ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Hgbmhr g¨e`
`oD Z`o `mgmRr \ma nwdu OSXoh, gwú_Xoh, AmË_m, na_mË_m, ñdJ©, ZaH `m HënZm [Z_m©U Hoë`m.
amOo [d_mZmV ~gyZ Jobo Ago g^mgXm[edm` HmoUrhr gm¨JV Zmhr, `mMm AW© VwHmam_
_hmamOmà_mUoM amOm¨Mm IyZ HéZ [d_mZmMr HWm Ë`m¨À`m M[aÌmV KwgSÊ`mV Ambr. n[adV©ZmMo
Hm_ HaUmè`m ~hwOZ g_mOmVrb _hmnwéfm¨Zm AemàHmao g¨n[dÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Aem àHmao
amhyOr gmo_ZmWZo amOm¨Mm IyZ Hobm. amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmbm ZgVm Va OJmV amOm¨Zr ñdmV¨Í`, g_Vm,
~¨Yy^md àñWm[nV Hobr AgVr. Aem [dœd¨Ú amOm¨Mm IyZ HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hodi [edmOramOm¨MoM
Zìho Va g¨nyU© OJmMo ZwHgmZ Hobobo Amho.
[edam`m¨À`m IyZm_wio am`JSmda nyU©V: VUmdmMo Am[U [^VrMo dmVmdaU hmoVo. hr ~mV_r
\wQUma Zmhr `mMr nwU© XjVm ~«m÷Um¨Zr KoVbr hmoVr. amOm¨Mm IyZ Pmë`mMr ~mV_r g_Obr AgVr
Va XoemV EHhr ~«m÷U Ë`mhr HmimV ~hwOZ g_mOmZo [Od¨V Rodbm ZgVm, nU Ë`m¨Zr OZVoMr
[Xem^yb Hobr. amOm¨Mm _¥Ë`y JwSKr amoJm_wio Pmbm, Aer A\dm ngadbr. hrM ~mV_r gd©Xya
nmohMbr. nU [_Ìhmo, OJmÀ`m B[VhmgmV nwdu Am[U AmOXoIrb JwSKramoJ HmoUmbmhr Pmë`mMo
CXmhaU gmnSbobo Zmhr. åhUOoM ~«m÷U SmdnoM ~XbVmV, CÔoe ~XbV ZmhrV. amOm¨Mm IyZ
gmo`am~mBªZr Hobm Agmhr àMma ~«m÷Um¨Zr gwé Hobm. amOm¨Mm _¥Ë`w A±W«°ŠgZo Pmbm Agmhr
AnàMma AmOXoIrb [ZZmX ~oSoHagmaIo amOm¨Mo eÌy HaVmV (B¨[S`Z EŠgàog Zmoìho¨.2001)
åhUOoM amOm¨Mm IyZ HaUmao Iao Amamonr [ZXmo©f gwQmdoV `mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr AZoH A\dm nga[dë`m
d AmOXoIrb ngadV AmhoV.OZVobm Iao JwÝhoJma g_Oy Z`oV, `mgmRr bj doYyZ OZVoMr
[Xem^yb HaUo d AmnU Hgo [ZanamY AmhmoV `mMm Amd AmUÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Ur àMma AmOXoIrb
doJdoJiçm dmdSçm CSdV AmhoV. amOm¨Mm IyZ Hoë`m~amo~aM amOmam_mbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr qghmgZmda
~g[dbo, HmaU amOmam_ bhmZ hmoV, amOmam_mbm Zm_Ymar amOm Ham`Mo Am[U amÁ`Hma^mamMr gd©
gwÌo hmVr ¿`md`mMr Am[U bdHaM amOmam_Mmhr HmQm HmTm`Mm Agm Smd `m _¨Í`m¨Mm hmoVm. Va
g¨^mOr hwema, MmUmj, namH«_r, YmSgr hmoVo. åhUyZ g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo
AQH HaÊ`mg nÝhmiJSmHSo [ZKmbo. dmQoVM h¨~raamd _mo[hVo `m¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm AQH Hobr, Am[U
g¨^mOramOm¨Mm am`JSmda A[^foH Hobm. g¨^mOramOo JmXrda `oVmM g¨^mOramOm¨Zm Rma _maÊ`mMm
~«m÷Um¨Zr Mma doim à`ËZ Hobm, nU VrZ doim g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm _m\ Hobo hmoVo. Mm¡Ï`m doiog
g¨^mOramOm¨Zr gd© ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zm Rma _mabo, Am[U [edam`m¨À`m IyZmMm ~Xbm KoVbm.
_hmamUr nwVim~mB© gVr Hr IyZ?
^maVmVrb gVr àWobm àIa [damoY HaUmao [edmOramOo ho n[hbo amOo AmhoV. amOm¨Zr
ehmOramOm¨À`m AnKmVr [ZYZmZ¨Va gVr Mmbboë`m ñdV:À`m _mVmolr [OOmD_m±gmho~ `m¨Zm gVr
OmÊ`mg [damoY Hobm d `m Hy«a na¨naobm [Vbm¨Obr [Xbr. Aem amOm¨À`m _hmamOr nwVim~mB© gVr
OmÊ`m_mJMr HmaU[__m¨gm ñnï hmoUo AË`¨V _hËdmMo Amho, Am[U nwVim~mB© amOm¨À`m IyZmZ¨Va
85 [Xdgm¨Zr gVr Joboë`m AmhoV `mMm AW© nwVim~mBªZm gVr OmÊ`mg àd¥Îm Hobo, `mgmRr g¨ñH¥Vr
ho hË`ma ~«m÷Um¨Zr dmnabo. na¨Vw gVr OmUo hm g¨ñH¥VnUm Zmhr, Va A_mZwfnUm Amho. hm CKS-
CKS IyZ Amho. nVr[ZYZmZ¨Va gVr OmÊ`mMr A[Zï àWm éT Pmbr. nU nËZr[ZYZmZ¨Va EHhr nwéf
gVm Jobm Zmhr. `mMo HmaU Hm`? nwéfmbm gm¡^m½` gwdUm©b¨Hma ZgVmV. nU [ñÌ`m¨Zm gm¡^m½`
Ab¨Hma AgVmV. nVr[ZYZmZ¨Va nËZrZo C¨Mr dñÌo n[aYmZ HéZ gmoÝ`mMo Ab¨Hma A¨Jmda KmbyZ
nVrÀ`m àoVm~amo~a Omdo d [MVoOdi Joë`mda ~«m÷U nwamo[hV [dYrdV nËZrbm [MVoda ~gdV
AgV. nU Ë`mnwdu gVr OmUmè`m ñÌrMo gd© Ab¨Hma Ë`m ~«m÷U nwamo[hVmbm XoUo ~¨YZHmaH Ago
Am[U Z¨Va [MVm noQdbr OmV Ago. gVr OmUmar ñÌr àmU dmM[dÊ`mgmRr VS\SV Ago Am[U
Ë`mZ¨Va [MVm noQdbr OmV Ago. nU [VZo ~mhoa `ody Z`o `mgmRr hmVmV bm¨~bm¨~ HmRçm KoDZ [Vbm
THUmao nwéf [MVo^modVr C^o AgV. [VÀ`m qHMmiÊ`mMm AmdmO `oD Z`o `mgmRr HU©HH©e dmÚm¨Mm
AmdmO Hobm OmV Ago d ho gd© [ZX©`H¥Ë` Y_© d g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Hobo OmV Ago. ho gd©
HemgmRr? Va Ë`m ñÌrÀ`m A¨JmdaMo gmoZo ~«m÷Umbm [_imdo, `mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr gVràWm gwé Hobr.
åhUOo g¨nÎmrgmRr Xodm-Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr amOamog IyZ HaÊ`mMr A[Zï na¨nam ~«m÷Um¨Zr gwé
Hobr. `m àWobm nwVim~mB© ~ir nSë`m. nwVim~mB©HSyZ gmoZo-g¨nÎmr [_i[dÊ`mgmRr g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m
ZmdmImbr nwVim~mB©Mm ~«m÷Um¨Zr ~ir KoVbm. ~hwOZ[ñÌ`mà_mUo ~«m÷U[ñÌ`mXoIrb ~ir
nSboë`m AmhoV. dU©ì`dñWoV ^maVmVrb HmoUË`mhr [ñÌ`m¨Zm ñWmZ ZìhVo. ~«m÷U na[H` AmhoV Vo
\º nwéfM ^maVmV Ambo. ~«m÷U[ñÌ`m ~hwOZm¨À`m Agë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨Zr Ë`m¨À`m [ñÌ`m¨Mm
XoIrb Ni Hobm. åhUyZM nwÊ`mVrb [dYdm ~«m÷U _wbtZm Omoer, Xoenm¨So, Aä`¨Hamnojm amï—[nVm
Omo[Vamd \wbo Amnbo dmQbo d Ë`m Omo[Vamdm¨À`m Aml`mbm Amë`m.
[edmOramOm¨À`m Ooð _hmamUr gB©~mB© `m¨Mo 5 gßQo¨. 1659 amoOr AmOmanUmV [ZYZ Pmbo
hmoVo. [edmOr_hmamOm¨À`m IyZmZm¨Va \º nwVim~mB© gVr Joë`m. nwVim~mB©[edm` HmoUrhr gVr Jobo
Zmhr. `m àg¨Jr ~«m÷Um¨Zr X~mdV¨ÌmMm dmna Hobm. `m gd© KQZm ~«m÷Um¨Zr g¨^mOramOo ZgVmZm
Hoë`m. (_moR_moRçm KamÊ`mV [ñÌ`m¨À`m Mm¨JwbnUmMm J¡a\m`Xm KoDZ Ë`m¨Zm AZoH [dYr HaÊ`mg
~«m÷U àd¥Îm HaVmV. nwéfm¨À`m nañna [ñÌ`m JwnMwn `k-`mJ, A[^foH, gË`Zmam`U HéZ A_mn
YZ XoVmV.) XodmY_m©À`m ZmdmImbr Hw«a d¡[XHm¨Zr nwVim~mB©gma»`m AmXe© _hmamUrMm IyZ Hobm ho
_mÌ [Z[íMV. nwVim~mB© 27 OyZ 1680 amoOr amOm¨À`m IyZmZm¨Va 85 [Xdgm¨Zr gVr Joë`m, Zìho Va
d¡[XHm¨Zr n¡emgmRr nwVim~mB©Mm IyZ Hobm. nwVim~mB©À`m g_mYrda OmUrdnyd©H Hw Ìm C^m
HaÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
am_Xmg
am_Xmg g¨V Zìho Va ñdamÁ`mVrb O¨V hmoVm
[edmOramOm¨Mm gdm©V IVaZmH eÌy åhUOo am_Xmg. Ë`mbm amOm¨Mm Jwé HaÊ`mMm
AZ¡[Vhm[gH à`ËZ OmVr`dmXr B[VhmgHmam¨Zr Hobm. Iao Va amOo Am[U am_Xmg `m¨Mr HYrM ^oQ
Pmbr Zmhr. åhUyZ am_Xmg hm amOm¨Mm Jwé ZìhVm ho [gÕ hmoVo. nU am_Xmg amOm¨Mm eÌy hmoVm ho
~hwVm¨er bmoHm¨Zm _mhrV Zmhr.
am_Xmg åhUVmo,
åhUOo Omo ~«m÷Umda amÁ` HaVmo Vmo _wI© AgVmo. Ago Ë`mMo _V Amho. åhUOo ~«m÷UoVamZo
\º MmHarM Hamdr hm Ë`mMm AmJ«h hmoVm. [edmOramOo amÁ`m[^foHmZo amOo Pmbo. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um¨Zm
XoIrb [ejm HaÊ`mMm A[YHma amOm¨Zm àmßV Pmbm. `m_wio Vmo AñdñW Pmbm Am[U amOm¨Zm _wI©
åhUÊ`mn`ªV Ë`mMr _Ob Jobr. nwTo Vmo åhUVmo
am_Xmgmbm ~hwOZ g_mOmV [ejUmMm àgma Pmë`mZo H_mbrMo Xw:I Pmbo. AÜ``Z ho
\º ~«m÷Um¨ZrM Hamdo hm Ë`mMm AmJ«h Amho. g_mOmV AZmMma Hm dmTbm Va eyX«m¨Zr [eHÊ`mg
gwédmV Hobr åhUyZ. AmMma ~wSmbm Aer VH«ma Vmo HaVmo. ~hwOZ g_mO [ejU KoD bmJë`mZo
doXemñÌmV nma¨JV Agboë`m ~«m÷Umg HmoUr [dMmaV Zmhr `mMoM Ë`mbm dmB©Q dmQVo. åhUOo Vmo
Om[V`dmXr Va hmoVmM nU dU©ì`dñWoMm HÅa g_W©H hmoVm, HSdm ~«m÷Ê`dmXr hmoVm. åhUyZM
eyX«m¨Zr [ejU KoVë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m nmoQmV XwIw bmJbo. åhUyZ Vmo nwTo åhUVmo
amÁ` _wgb_mZ Am[U j[Ì`m¨HSo Jobo. [edmOramOm¨Mo JwéËd g¨V VwHmo~mam`m¨HSo Jobo
Amnë`m ~«m÷Um¨À`m hmVr HmhrM am[hbo Zmhr åhUyZ Vmo AmaSm AmoaSm HaV hmoVm. ho Hmhr g¨VmMo
bjU Zìho. g¨VmÀ`m Hm`m©bm OmV, nmV, Y_©, n¨W, àm¨V, ^mfm, Xoe Am[U Y_m©Mo ~¨YZ ZgVo. g¨V
ho gd© g[Odm¨À`m Hë`mUmHaVm PQUmao AgVmV. nU Vmo \º ~«m÷Um¨gmRrM PJSV hmoVm åhUyZM
am_Xmg hm g¨V Zìho Va ñdamÁ`mVrb O¨V hmoVm. Vmo ~«m÷Um¨À`m CÜXmamgmRr d ~hwOZm¨À`m
èhmgmgmRr Hgm PQV hmoVm `mMo nwamdo Xmg~moYmVM AmTiVmV.
am_Xmg åhUVmo ~«m÷U [Z[îH«`-[H«`mhrZ Agbm Var gd© Om[V Y_m©À`m OZVoZo
~«m÷UmbmM Jwé Hamdo. åhUOo ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd amhmdo d ~«m÷Um¨Zm [~Ja l_mMo YZ [_imdo. hr
Ë`mMr AmoT hmoVr. [ejH ~«m÷Um¨[edm` HmoUr hmoD Z`o hr Ë`mMr BÀNm hmoVr.
~«m÷Umbm gdmªZr Xod _mZmdo ho doX gm¨JVmV. ~«m÷U hmM doX Am[U Xod Amho Ago am_Xmg
åhUVmo. åhUOo gdmªZr ~«m÷Um¨Mr nyOm Hamdr hm AmJ«h am_XmgmMm hmoVm/
bj^moOZ hm ~«m÷Um¨Mm h¸M Amho. BVa OmVrbm [dMmaÊ`mMo HmaUM Zmhr. Ago Ë`mMo
_V Amho. åhUOo ~«m÷Um¨Zm \wHQmV ^moOZ Úmdo Ago Vmo åhUVmo.
Agmo ~«m÷U gwada d¨[XVr & VoWo _mZd ~mnwSo {HVr
AmVmVa am_Xmg ~hwOZ g_mOmbm ^rVrM XmI[dVmo Hr ~«m÷Umbm Xod d¨XZ HaVmV, Va
_mUgmMr Hm` JV Amho.
AmVm Va am_XmgmZo HhaM Hobm Vmo åhUVmo ~«m÷U _wI© Agbm Var Mmbob Vmo OJmbm
d¨X[Z` AgVmo. (Sm°. Am¨~oSHam¨À`m KQZoZo ~ao Pmbo ZmhrVa gd© _yI© ~«m÷U gd© nXm¨da am[hbo
AgVo.)
X[bV hm eãX CÀMmam`bm ~am, nU ~«m÷Um¨Mr Vmo ~amo~ar Hé eHV ZgVmo. Ago åhUyZ
Ë`mZo Om[V`dmXmMo QmoHM JmRbo Amho.
~«m÷U Am[U _hma `m¨Mm AmË_m EH Agbm Var Ë`m¨Mr Am[U ~«m÷Um¨Mr ~amo~ar hmoD eHV Zmhr.
(`m [RHmUr am_XmgmZo `_HmgmRr _hma `m¨Mo CXmhaU KoVbo Agbo Var gd© OmVr ZrM AmhoV,
\º ~«m÷UM loð AmhoV Ago Ë`mMo Rm_ _V Amho.) ~«m÷U gmoSyZ gd© OmVrbm Vmo JmTd, _mHSo,
Hmo¨~Sçm, MmdQ, JQmarMo nmUr `m Cn_m XoVmo. Va ~«m÷Umbm Vmo amOm, h¨g, J¨JoMo nmUr `m Cn_m
XoVmo. Aem ~hwOZìXoïçm am_XmgmÀ`m Xmg~moYda _hmamï— emgZmZo ~¨Xr Kmbmdr. am_Xmg d
am_Xmgr g¨àXm`mÀ`m gd© dmL_`mda ~hwOZ g_mOmZo ~[HîHma QmHmdm. OJmVrb gd© _mUgo g_mZ
AmhoV. OJmVrb gd© OmVr, Y_©, n¨W, àm¨V, ^mfm, Xoe ho _mZd[Z[_©V AmhoV. Var XoIrb Om[V^oX
nga[dUmè`m am_Xmgr gm¨àXm`mda "A°Q—m°m[° gQr A°ŠQ' Imbr IQbm ^amdm.
[edmOramOm¨Zr ~m~m `mHyV, _m¡Zr~m~m, g¨V VwHmam_ `m¨Mm gëbm KoVë`mMm AZoH [RHmUr
CëboI Amho. HmaU Vo g¨V Mm[aÍ`g¨nÞ, [Z:ñdmWu Am[U ~hwOZ g_mOmMo CÜXmaH hmoVo, åhUwZM
amOm¨Zm Ë`m¨À`m~Ôb [ZVm¨V AmXa hmoVm. nU amOo am_XmgmÀ`m ^oQrbm HYrM Jobobo ZmhrV. nU
Ë`mMo [eî` AZoH doim _hmamOm¨HSo ^rH _mJÊ`mgmRr Ambo hmoVo. `màg¨Jr amOo Ë`m¨Zm [dMmaVmV
"HmoU hm am_Xmg?' `mM AW© amOo am_Xmgmbm AmoiIV ZìhVo. (A[YH _m[hVrgmRr ~mMm
B[VhmgmMm`© àm. _m._. Xoe_wI [b[IV am_Xmg Am[U noedmB©)
[edmOramOm¨Zm Hoear (^Jdo) [ZemU Am[U amO_wX«m ehmOr amOm¨Zm [Xbobr hmoVr. åhUOo
Jwé åhUyZ am_XmgmMo amOmbm Hgbohr ghHm`© Zmhr. [edam`m¨À`m AZoH JwßV `moOZm Ë`mZo
Am¡a¨JOo~mbm-Am[Xbehmbm gm¨[JVë`m hmoË`m. ~mOr KmoanSo¨Zm [edam`m¨[déÕ [MWmdbo hmoVo.
amOm¨À`m [déÕ _amRçm¨Zm ^SH[dÊ`mMo Hm_ am_XmgmZo Hobo. ~«m÷Um¨À`m CÕmamgmRr Vmo _aon`ªV
[PObm `mV Hmhr J¡a Zmhr. nU ñdV:À`m OmVrgmRr Hm_ HarV AgVmZm ~hwOZg_mOmbm Am[U
[edam`m¨Zm am_XmgmZo Iyn Ìmg [Xbm. eodQr Ë`mZo ~«m÷Um¨À`m ^[dVì`mgmRr Xmg~moY J¨«W
[b[hbm.
XmXy Hmo¨SXodMo Iao Zm¨d XmXy Hmo¨SXod HwbHUu Ago Amho. XmXy HwbHUu hm AmXrbehmMm
_moHmer åhUOoM ZmoHa hmoVm. VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm NiUmao ho XmXy HwbHUuMo g_W©H hmoVo. åhUOo XmXy
HwbHUu `m [edam`m¨Mm eÌy hmoVm. eÌy AgUmè`m XoIrb ~«m÷Um¨Zr Jwé Hobo. XmXy HwbHUuMm
[edM[aÌmer Hmhrhr g¨~¨Y Zmhr. XmXy HwbHUu hm `wÕHboV AHweb hmoVm. [edam`m¨Zm `wÕHboMo
[ejU ehmOramOm¨Zr {Xbo, Ë`mMm gamd [OOmD_m±gmho~m¨Zr KoVbm. HmÝhmoOr OoYo, `ogmOr H¨H,
_w¨Tì`mMo Jm`HdmS, Vwno, _moPo, nm`JwSo B. ehmOramOm¨Mo n[hë`m \irVrb Hm`©HVo© AmhoV. dra
~mOr nmgbHam¨Zr ~mi [ed~m¨Zm nwUo d n[agamV _mobmMr _XV Hobr. ~«m÷U Jwé Agë`m[edm`
HmoUrhr _moRo hmoV Zmhr ho q~~[dÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr XmXy HwbHUu [edM[aÌmV Kwg[dbm.
[edM[aÌmÀ`m HmoUË`mhr g¨X^© gmYZmV XmXy HwbHUuMm gmYm CëboI XoIrb Zmhr.
g¨V VwHmo~mam` ho [edmOramOm¨Mo Iao Jwé AmhoV `m~m~V HmoUmMohr Xw_V Zmhr, nU
VwHmo~mam`m¨Mo JwénU g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr am_Xmg [edM[aÌmV Kwg[dbm. Ë`m¨À`m à~moYZm_wioM
[edam`m¨Mo _mdio à^m[dV Pmbo. amOm¨Zr VwHmo~mam`m¨Mr AZoH [HV©Zo àË`j EoHbobr hmoVr. Ë`m¨À`m
Iè`m [HV©Zm_wio ^Qemhr hmXabr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m¨Zr VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm Ìmg XoUo gwé Hobo. Ë`m¨Mr ~XZm_r
_¨~mOr ^Q, am_oœa^Q `mZo Hobr. Ë`m¨À`m A^¨JmMr JmWm Ë`m¨Zr nmÊ`mV ~wSdbr. Ë`m¨Zm [ejm
Hamdr Aer _mJUr Aer _mJUr XohyÀ`m XmoZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr Am[XbehmMm _moHmer XmXy Hmo¨SXod `mMoHSo
Hobr. eodQr Ë`m¨Mr hË`m HéZ ~«m÷Um¨Zr gXoh d¡Hw¨RJ_Z Agm AnàMma gwé Hobm. (_hmnwéfm¨Mr
hË`m Pmbr åhUyZ Ë`m¨À`m `mo½`Vobm VSm OmV Zmhr. OJmVrb AZoH _hmnwéfm¨À`m hË`m Pmboë`m
AmhoV åhUyZ Ë`m¨Zm OZVoZo ZmHabo Zmhr.) amÁ`m[^foHàg¨Jr XoIrb ~«m÷U [edam`m¨er C_©QnUo
dmJV hmoVo. VoWo VwHmo~mam`m¨À`m hË`oàg¨Jr ~«m÷Um¨Mr H«waVm [eJobm nmohMbr hmoVr. [edam`-
VwHmo~mam` `m¨Mo Am¨XmobZ g¨n[dÊ`mgmRr ~«m÷Um¨Zr _w[ñb_m¨Zm hmVmer Yabobo hmoVo.
VwHmo~mam`m¨À`m hË`oZ¨Va noeì`m¨Zr JmWm Omibr. Ë`m¨Mo A^¨J åhUÊ`mda noeì`m¨Zr ~¨Xr
KmVbr. [ZénUmgmRr Oa HmoUr A^¨J åhQbo Va noedmB©V [ejm Hobr OmV Ago. AmOXoIrb
kmZoœam¨À`m nmbIrnwTo VwHmo~mam`m¨Mr AmaVr åhUÊ`mg [damoY Hobm OmVmo. Xohy Am[U Ami¨Xr
`m¨À`m [dHmgmVrb \aH àHfm©Zo OmUdVmo. Ami¨XrMo CXmÎmrHaU Va Xohy Cno[jV RodÊ`m_mJrb
fS`¨Ì HmoUmMo? _hmamï—mV HmoUVmhr ZdrZ nmhyUm Ambm Hr Ë`m¨Zm Ami¨Xrbm Zobo OmVo nU Xohybm
Zobo OmV Zmhr. åhUOo VwHmo~mam`m¨Zm d [edam`m¨Zm [damoY HaUma EHM AmhoV.
ZoVmOr nmbHam¨À`m Y_mªVambm [damoY HaUmao ~«m÷U J¨JmYa HwbHUuÀ`m Y_mªVa àg¨Jr Jßn Hm?
ZoVmOr nmbHa ho [edmOramOo [Zðmd¨ goZmnVr hmoVo. nU Ë`m¨Mo gºrZo Y_mªVa HaÊ`mV Ambo.
Vo _h¨_XHwbrImZ Pmbo. Am¡a¨JOo~mMo ZoVmOtZm A\Jm[UñVmZmV nmR[dbo. ZoVmOtMo Zmd ~Xbbo
nU _Z ~Xbbo ZìhVo. Y_© ~Xbbm nU amOm¨darb [Zðm A^¨J hmoVr. amOm¨HSo `mdo `mgmRr
ZoVmOtZr AZoH doim niyZ `oÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Hobm. nU Ë`m¨Zm nmR \wQon`ªV _mabo, nU EHo [Xder
ZoVmOr nmbHa amOm¨HSo Ambo Am[U ào_mZo Vo amOm¨Zm HSmSyZ ^oQbo. Ë`m¨Zr ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mMr BÀNm
ì`º Hobr. Hobr ho ~«m÷Um¨g g_Obo Voìhm Ë`m¨Zr ZoOmOtZm ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mg HSmSyZ [damoY Hobm.
Voìhm amOo ^Qm¨Zm åhUmbo [ZamlrVm¨Zm Odi KoUo hmM Y_©
Y_© Amho. Am[U Ë`m¨Zm Xya bmoQUo hm AY_©
Amho. ZoVmOtZm _r Y_m©V KoUma. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr [damoY Hobm Var Vwåhr Am[U Vw_Mm Y_©
Jw¨SmiyZ Rodm. Agm gUgUrV Bemam amOm¨Zr [Xbm. amOm¨Zr Y_©_mVªS nwamo[hVm¨Mr hm¨Or-hm¨Or Hobr
Zmhr. g¨ñH¥VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr Hobr OmUmar [nidUyH Wm¨~[dÊ`mgmRr amOm¨Zr d¡[XHm¨Mm [damoY
PwJméZ [Xbm d ZoVmOr nmbHam¨Zm ñdY_m©V KoVbo.
AmVm Xwgar AË`¨V _hËdmMr KQZm åhUOo g¨^mOramOm¨À`m HmimV Am¡a¨Jm~mX àm¨VmVrb
Hg~o hagwb `oWrb J¨JmYa a¨JZmW HwbHUu `mZo Y_mªVa Hobo hmoVo. Ë`mZo ñdIwerZo _wgb_mZ Y_©
pñdHmabm hmoVm. gºrZo Ë`mMo Y_mªVa Pmbo ZìhVo. nU nwTo J¨JmYa HwbHUubm naV Y_mªV `oÊ`mMr
BÀNm Pmbr. J¨JmYa^mB© HwbHUu g¨^mOramOm¨HSo Ambm d Ë`mZo amOm¨Odi ñdY_m©V `oÊ`mMr BÀNm
ì`º Hobr. (g¨X^©: N.g¨^mOr ñ_maH J¨«W. n¥.183) nU ZoVmOr nmbHam¨Zm ñdY_m©V KoVmZm Ogm
[damoY Hobm hmoVm Vgm J¨JmYa HwbHUubm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [damoY Hobm Zmhr. `m àg¨Jr gd© ^Q-nwamo[hV
_yJ [JiyZ Jßn ~gbo. ZoVmOtMo gºrZo Y_mªVa Hobo hmoVo Vgo J¨JmYaMo gºrMo Y_mªVa ZìhVo. Var
ZoVmOr nmbHa d amOm¨Zm ~«m÷Um¨Zr d¡[XH Y_m©Vrb AZoH HmaUo gm¨JyZ àIa [damoY Hobm. _J
J¨JmYa HwbHUuÀ`m doiog HwRo Jobm Y_© Am[U g¨ñH¥Vr?
[edmOramOo Am[U g¨^mOramOo `m [nVm nwÌmV ^m¨SU bmdÊ`mMm _moamon¨V, AÊUmOr XÎmmo
`m¨Zr HgmoerZo à`ËZ Hobm. `mgmRr Ë`m¨Zr g¨^mOramOm¨[déÕ ImoQçm A\dm ngadë`m. "[edam`m¨Zm
g¨^mOr~Ôb ào_ Zmhr, Vo amOmam_mbm dmagXma HaUma AmhoV' Aem àHmaÀ`m A\dm ngadyZ
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm ^SH[dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hobm. `m_Ü`o ~«m÷U _¨Í`m¨Zm `e Ambo Zmhr. XmoKm [nVm nwÌm¨Zr
~«m÷Um¨Zm Mm¨JboM AmoiIbo hmoVo. [XboaImZmMr AmH«_HVm amoIÊ`mgmRr [edam`m¨Zr
g¨^mOramOm¨Zm _moJbm¨HSo nmR[dbo hmoVo. nwTo ho [XboaImZmÀ`m bjmV `oVmM [edam`m¨Zr g¨^mOrbm
gmoSdyZ AmUbo. Am[U g¨^mOramOm¨Zm nÝhmiçmMo gw^oXma Hobo. H[d Hwboe `m ~«m÷UmZo g¨^mOrer
_¡Ìr g¨nmXZ Hobr. g¨^mOramOo Am[U gd© _amRo gaXma `m¨À`mV ^m¨SU bmdÊ`mMm HwboemZo à`ËZ
Hobm. g¨nÎmr Am[U nXmÀ`m bmbgoZo Vmo amOm¨À`m Aml`mbm Ambm. ñdHV©¥ËdmZo _moRo Pmbobo
~hwOZ ZoVo qHdm amOmÀ`m Odi ~«m÷U `oVmV. Jar~m¨Mr Vo HYrM hm¨Or-hm¨Or HaV ZmhrV. nU ZoVo
Am[U amOo `m¨À`mOdi Vo nwU© ñdmW© gmYÊ`mgmRr amhVmV. nU OmñV g¨nÎmr Xwgè`m ~mOyHSyZ
[_iVmM Vo Amnë`m ZoË`mMmhr KmV HaVmV. AJXr AgmM àg¨J g¨^mOramOm¨À`m OrdZmV KSbm.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Hwboembm g¨nÎmr XoVmM Ë`mZo Am¡a¨JOo~mbm nwU© ghHm`© Hobo. Am[U g¨^mOramOm¨Mm KmV
Hobm. Á`m Hwboembm amOm¨Zr N¨XmoJm_mË` (_w»` àYmZ) Hobo CÎma ^maVmVyZ Amboë`m Hwboembm
[OdmnmS Onbo. Ë`mZo amOm¨Mm Ord KoVbm. Hwboemda amOm¨Zr g¨nwU© [dœmg QmHbm. Ë`mZoM amOm¨Mm
[dœmgKmV Hobm. Am¡a¨JOo~mZo Hwboembm n¡gm XoVmM Ë`mZo amOm¨er Vm~SVmo~ JÔmar Hobr. `mMo
Hwboembm Hmhrhr dmQbo Zmhr. åhUOo X`m HaUmamer XoIrb [ZX©`nUo dmJUo hm `m¨Mm ñWm`r ^md
Amho.
Am¡aJOo~mZo g¨^mOramOm¨à_mUo AmOnªV HmoUmbmhr Rma Hobo ZìhVo. amOm¨Zm EHm KmdmV Rma
_maÊ`mEodOr doJir [ejm Hm XoÊ`mV Ambr Agmdr? àW_ amOm¨Mr Or^ HmnÊ`mV Ambr. `mdéZ
Ago AZw_mZ [ZKVo Hr g¨^mOramOm¨Zr g¨ñH¥Vda à^wËd [_i[dbo hmoVo. Ë`m¨Zr Mma J¨«W [b[hbo hmoVo
åhUyZM àW_ Ë`m¨Mr Or^ HmnÊ`mMm gëbm ~«m÷U gëbmJmam¨Zr [Xbm. Z¨Va amOm¨Mo H«_e: HmZ,
Smoio, ËdMm HmTÊ`mV Ambr. hr [ZX©` [ejm _Zwñ_¥Vr g¨[hVoà_mUo XoÊ`mV Ambr. åhUOoM
Am¡a¨JOo~mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOm¨Zm hr [ejm ~«m÷Um¨Zr [Xbr. H[dHwboembm XoIrb Am¡a¨JOo~mZo
[Od¨V Rodbo Zmhr. HmaU [OdmnmS ào_ HaUmè`m amOm¨gma»`m ñdm[^_mZr, ào_i, [Z_©i Am[U
[OdbJ [_Ìmda CbQbobm Hwboe Amnbm HYr KmV Harb ho gm¨JVm `oUma Zmhr. åhUyZM
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo HwboembmXoIrb Rma _mabo. HmaU Am¡a¨JOo~mMm hm MmbVm ~mobVm B[VhmgM hmoVm.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo g»Io ^mD VgoM [OdbJ gaXma [XboaImZ, [_Pm©amOo, O`qgJ `m [dœmgy
gaXmam¨Zmhr Rma _mabo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _XV HaUmè`m H[dHwboembm Am¡a¨JOo~mZo [Od¨V RodUo eŠ`
ZìhVo. HmaU Hwboembm Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm Am¡a¨JOo~mZo [Xbm hmoVm.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo g¨^mOramOm¨Zm Y_© ìXofmZo Rma _mabo ZgwZ amOHr` g¨Kfm©_wio Rma _mabo.
Am¡a¨JOo~mZo amOm¨Zm \ŠV XmoZM àíZ [dMmabo. Vw_À`m I[OÝ`mÀ`m Mmì`m HmoRo AmhoV?> Am[U
_mÂ`m gaXmam¨n¡Hr Vwåhmbm HmoU [\Vya Amho? åhUOo Am¡a¨JOo~mZo amOm¨Zm Y_mªVamMm AmJ«h Yabm
ZìhVm d g¨^mOramOm¨Zr Y_mªVamgmRr _wbrMr _mJUr Hobr ZìhVr. amOm¨Mr hË`m Pmë`mZ¨Va
~«m÷Um¨Zr AmZ¨XmoËgd åhUwZ JwTrnmSdm gwé Hobm.
[edeH ~¨X HéZ \gbreH gwé HaÊ`m_mJo noeì`m¨Mm EH Smd hmoVm, Vmo åhUOo
_wgb_mZm¨Mo amÁ` g¨nwU© ^maVmV `oB©b Am[U Ë`m¨Mm daXhñV AmnUmda Hm`_Mm ahmdm `mgmRr
noeì`m¨Zr \gbreH gwé Hobm. na¨Vw B¨J«Om¨Zr AmKmSr _mabr Am[U g¨nyU© ^maV B¨J«Om¨Zr qOHbm.
Voìhm B¨J«Om¨Zr noeì`m¨Zm XoIrb nam^yV Hobo. noeì`m¨Mm \gbreH gwé HaÊ`m_mJMm Smd \gbm.
Ë`mZ¨Va ~«m÷Um¨Zr [J«Jo[a`Z H°bo¨Sa (OmZodmar- [Sgo¨~a) [ñdHmabo. HmaU ho nm[íM_mË`m¨Mo H°bo¨Sa
Amho. åhUOo B¨J«Om¨Mr gÎmm ^maVmV Amë`m~amo~a gd© B¨J«Or ^mfm, H°bo¨Sa, [ejU, ZmoHar d
B¨J«Om¨er _¡Ìr ~«m÷Um¨Zr [ñdHmabr. åhUOo YZ, g¨nÎmr Am[U gÎmogmRr [edmOramOm¨À`m
ñdamÁ`mbm noeì`m¨Zr gwé¨J bmdbm. (g_wX« Amobm¨SUo nmn Amho, Ago q~~dUmè`m ~«m÷Um¨ZrM
b¨SZ `oWo OmDZ [ejU KoVbo. ~hwOZg_mOmbm OJmMo kmZ hmoD Z`o `mgmRrM ~«m÷Um¨Zr qgYw~¨Xr
gwé Hobr. B¨J«O[damoY `mnmRr_mJo ~«m÷Um¨Mm ñdmW© hmoVm. gmdaHam¨Mo [ejU b¨SZ `oWo Pmbo.
dmgwXod ~id¨V \SHo, _¨Jb nm¨So ho XoIrb B¨J«Om¨HSo ZmoHarbm hmoVo. ~«m÷U ñdV:Mr _wbo B¨J«Or
emioV KmbVmV Varhr B¨J«Orbm [damoY HaVmV. HmaU ~hwOZg_mO B¨J«Or ^mfm [eHbm Va Ë`m¨Mr
_wbo ~«m÷U _wbm¨Mr ñnY©H hmoVrb åhUyZ ~«m÷U B¨J«Or ^mfobm [damoY HaVmV. ~«m÷Um¨Mo _amRr
^mfodarb ào_mMo \º Tmo¨J Amho. OJmV ñnYo©V [QHÊ`mgmRr B¨J«Or ^mfm [eHmdr. HmaU B¨J«Or
OJmVrb gdm©V gmonr ^mfm Amho. B¨J«Or hr kmZ, g¨nH©, d¡[œH ^mfm Amho.)
[edO`¨Vr ~¨X nmSÊ`mgmRr [QiHmZo JUoemoËgd gwé Hobm
bmbm bOnVam`m¨Zr [gdmoOr ZmMmMo CXy©_YyZ [edM[aÌ [b[hbo. Ë`m_wio amOo n¨Om~-qgY
(AmVmMo nm[HñVmZ) n`ªV g_Obo. aqdX«ZmW QmJmoa, ZoVmOr gw^mfM¨X« ~mog `m¨Mo [edmOramOo ho
AmamÜ` X¡dV hmoVo. H_©dra ^mDamd nmQrb åhUmbo Hr àg¨Jr OÝ_XmË`m ~mnmMo Zmd ~XboZ nU
Hm°boObm [Xbobo [edmOramOm¨Mo Zmd _r HYrM ~XbUma Zmhr. Vo ^mDamd nmQrb O¡Z hmoVo.
Ë`m¨À`m_wio [edmOramOm¨À`m a`Vobm [ejU [_imbo. H_©dra Sm°._m_mgmho~ OJXmio, Sm°.n¨Om~amd
Xoe_wI, amOfu emhy _hmamO, H«m¨Vrqgh ZmZm nmQrb, g¨V JmSJo~m~m, à~moYZHma Hoed gr. RmHao B.
g_mOgwYmaHmMr [edam`m¨da AZÝ`[Zðm hmoVr. ^maVr` amÁ`KQZoMo [eënHma [dœ^yfU ^maVaËZ
Sm°.~m~mgmho~ `m¨Mm [edM[aÌmMm gImob Aä`mg hmoVm. Ë`m¨Zr ewX« nwdu HmoU hmoVo? `m J«¨WmV
[edmOramOm¨~m~V Iyn gImob _m[hbr [b[hbobr Amho. [edmOramOm¨À`m [ÌeVmãXr CËgdmÀ`m
[Z[_ÎmmZo ~Xbmnwa `oWo Am`mo[OV Hoboë`m g_ma¨^mÀ`m AÜ`jñWmZr Sm°.~m~mgmho~ Am¨~oSHa hmoVo.
`m àg¨Jr amOm¨À`m OrdZmda Aä`mgnwU© Am[U à^mdr ^mfU Hobo. Ë`m_wio amOm¨Mo An[a[MV én
OZVobm g_Obo. [edmOramOm¨À`m amÁ`m[^foHmbm ~«m÷Um¨Zr Hoboë`m [damoYmMm ~Xbm
Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr KoVbm. Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr ~hwOZ g_mOmbm amOm hmoÊ`mMo ñdV¨Ì [Xbo, Vwåhr eyX«
AmhmV Ë`m_wio _w»`_¨Ìr hmoVm `oUma Zmhr. Ago AmO HmoUrhr ~«m÷U åhUUma Zmhr. hm A[YHma
gd© ~hwOZ g_mOmbm Sm°.Am¨~oSHam¨Zr [Xbm. amï—[nVm Á`mo[Vamd \wbo `m¨Zr [edO`¨Vr gwé Hobr.
åhUOo \wbo, Am¨~oSHa `m Jwé [eî`m¨Zm [edmOramOm¨Mm gmW© A[^_mZ hmoVm. Ë`m¨Mo amOm¨da Smoig
ào_ hmoVo. Am¨Yio ào_ ZìhVo.
gm[hË`aËZ Wmoa Xoe^º Am[U g_mOgwYmaH AÊUm^mD gmRo `m¨Zr JUnVrbm d¨XZ
AgUmam nma¨nm[aH JU ~Xbbm. JUmMm Ama¨^ [edNÌnVtZm d¨XZ HéZM gwé Hobm. AÊUm^mD¨Zr
[edam`m¨da _hmamï—mMr na¨nam hm nmodmSm [b[hbm AmÊUm^mD a[e`mV Joë`mZ¨Va Ë`m[RHmUr
[edM[aÌmda a[e`Z àm.Mo[b[ed AmÊUm¨Zm ^oQbo. AmÊUm¨Zr Ë`m¨Zm [edam`m¨À`m~m~V Iyn Xw[_©i
_m[hVr gm¨[JVbr. åhUOoM AmÊUm^mD¨_wioM a[e`Z OZVobm [edam`m¨Mo Hm`© _m[hV Pmbo.
[edam`m¨Mo Hm`© Am¨Vaamï—r` d amï—r` ñVamda nmohM[dÊ`mgmRr ~hwOZ g_mOmVrb [dMmad¨Vm¨Zr
_mobmMo Hm`© Hobo Amho.