EGE 3103

Engineer & Society

Employment, Health and Safety
Lecturer: Ir.Ts. Azri Adi Arbai
 CONTENTS

1.How to manage Occupational Safety and

Health
2.OSH Act
3.Obligation of employers
4.Responsibilities of employees
5.Rights of employees
6.Safety and health committee
7.Safety and health officer
 3

What’s wrong with this picture?

How to manage Requires the commitment of the
Occupational manager to complete 3 steps:
Safety and Health
at the work place?
4

1.The workplace must have a Policy

Statement on Occupational Safety
and Health;

2.Planning (including the

implementation of HIRARC, training,
instructions and auditing) on
Occupational Safety and Health.

3.To take remedial action for any

improvement to be made.
Policy statement required for safety and 5

health
• The Occupational Safety and Health policy is a
written statement briefly stating the following
commitment:
• The employer will provide safety, health and welfare
for the employee during the working hours by
implementing the relevant regulations and work
procedures; and
• The employee will comply with the regulations and
work procedures so as to ensure their own safety.
• The policy statement will be displayed in strategic
places that will be visible to the employee.
Managing OSH at workplace 6

• The employer can start by:

• 1st - Identifying the hazards at the
workplaces/processes.
• 2nd - Evaluate the risks for every activity being carried
out.
• 3rd- Action to control the said risks.

This process is called HIRARC.

 HIRARC
7

HAZARD RISK
RISK CONTROL
IDENTIFICATION ASSESSMENT
OSH Act? 8

• OSH Act 1994 (Malaysia) Part I - Preliminary

Short title
• Act applies throughout Malaysia to the industries.
• Nothing in this Act shall apply to work on board ships governed by
the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, the Merchant Shipping
Ordinance 1960 of Sabah or Sarawak or the armed forces.
OSH Act Background 9

• Gazetted on February 24, 1994.

• The legislation requires all employers with more than
five employees to formulate a written Safety and Health
Policy of their workplaces.
• The Act sets out the responsibilities of the employers and
employees in maintaining a safe and healthy working
environment.

•
OSH Act Background 10

• The two main OSH Acts

1. Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139)

3. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514)
Objective Of The OSH Act 11

• to make further provisions for securing that safety, health and

welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to
safety or health in connection with the activities of persons at
work, to establish the National Council for Occupational Safety
and Health, and for matters connected with it.
Who involved under Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514).?
12

Everyone who "work" in

• Manufacturing Sector: •Wholesale and Retail
• Mining and Quarrying; Trades;
• Construction;
•Hotel and Restaurant;
•Finance,
• Agriculture,
•Insurance,
• Forestry and Fishing;
•Real Estate and Business
• Utilities;
Service Sector;
• Storage and Comm. •Public Services
Rationale for the OSHAct Source: JKKP, 2008
Case Location 13
Date

1 17 Dec 2007 Struck by flying rock Quarry, Perak

2 04 Dec 2007 Struck by wall formwork Construction site, Penang

3 20 Nov 2007 Suffocate in confined space Sewage plant, Johor

4 13 Nov 2007 Jacket torn during leakage test Factory, Selangor

5 21 Oct 2007 Caught between roller and conveyor belt Factory, Pahang

6 15 Oct 2007 Fall from lorry Plantation, Pahang

7 10 Oct 2007 Crushed to death by excavator Logging site, Sarawak

8 24 Sep 2007 Struck by pile Construction site, Sarawak

9 07 Sep 2007 Struck by log Factory, Sarawak

10 01 Sep 2007 Leg severed in infeed screw conveyor Factory, Sarawak

11 20 Aug 2007 Fall from scaffolding Construction site, Negeri Sembilan

12 09 Aug 2007 Fall while installing `Nitrogen Stabilaz Regulator’ Factory, Johor

13 07 Aug 2007 Burns and fall while putting out fire Factory, Penang
 Case Location
Date
14 30 Jul 2007 Caught between roller and belt conveyor Factory, Perlis
15 19 Jul 2007 Transformer room explosion Construction site, Johor
14
16 08 Jul 2007 Caught in crusher Factory, Negeri Sembilan
17 12 Jun 2007 Struck by tree Forest, Pahang
18 01 Jun 2007 Fall into mixer tank Factory, Perak
19 01 Jun 2007 Terjatuh dari tingkat 1 Construction site, Selangor
20 03 May 2007 Caught between bulldozer tyres Workshop, Negeri Sembilan
21 29 Apr 2007 Burnt to death Factory, Selangor
22 25 Apr 2007 Worker caught between objects Factory, Sarawak
23 24 Apr 2007 Fall into pit Factory, Penang
24 20 Apr 2007 Run over by motorgrader Road, Negeri Sembilan

25 19 Apr 2007 Three killed while carrying out painting work Factory, Sabah

26 18 Apr 2007 Overturned skylift Road, Penang

27 14 Apr 2007 Fall from 6th floor Construction site, Selangor
28 04 Apr 2007 Overturning of excavator into mine Construction site, Pahang
29 02 Apr 2007 Fall from height Construction site, Selangor
30 02 Apr 2007 Pinned down by earth moving machine Plantation, Sarawak
15
16
 Rationale for the OSHAct 17

The most debilitating experience one can have on the job is to be

involved in, or exposed to, a work related accident or illness.

Effects:
-Psychologically stressful for the victim’s fellow workers
-Extraordinarily expensive for the victim’s employer

Congress passed the OSH Act with the following stated purpose:

“…to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation
safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human
resources”
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct), 1970.
Rationale of OSH Act 18

• Uniform law was needed to help reduce the incidence of work-

related injuries, illnesses, and deaths and the OSH Act 1970
addressed this need.
 Obligations of the employers towards
the employees
19

• The employer is obligated to protect the employees in

relation to safety, health and welfare through the following
procedures:
1. To provide and maintain a safe plant and working system;
2. To put in place procedures so as to ensure safety and health in
the usage, handling, storage and transportation of the plant and
supplies;
3. To provide information, instruction, training and supervision for
new and old employees;
4. To provide and maintain a working environment that is safe and
free from health hazards; and
5. To provide the necessary amenities for the welfare of those who
are working.
Responsibility of the employees at
the workplace
20

• Every employee has the responsibility to :

1. Be reasonably attentive so as to avoid injury onto themselves
as well as others while carrying out their work activities; and
2. Co-operate with the employer and others so as to fulfill the
provision of the law.
Right of employees! 21

The employees can expect to be protected from

discrimination, injury or re-designated by the employer
in cases if :
1. He/She make a report about the unsafe conditions or work
practices in the workplace;
2. He/She become a member of the safety and health
committee; and
3. He/She carry out his/her duties as a member of the safety
and health committee.
Ideal time to form the Safety and Health 22
Committee at the workplace

• The employer should form the Safety and Health Committee at the
workplace when there are 40 or more employees in the workplace
or
• When instructed by the Director General of DOSH.
Functions of the Safety and Health 23

Committee

• The functions of the Safety and Health Committee at the

workplace are :
• To review the safety and health procedures at the workplace;
• To investigate any complaints or other related matters that are raised; and
• To hold regular discussions with the employer on issues relating to safety
and health at the workplace.
Safety n Health Officer 24

• An employer who is classified under the Safety and Health Act

1994 must employ a competent person to act as a Safety and
Health Officer.
• The Safety and Health Officer is to ensure that the Safety and
Health Act 1994 is complied with and also instrumental in
promoting a safe and healthy working environment.
Safety n Health Officer 25

Employer must notify the nearest DOSH office by the

quickest means available using telephone, fax, JKKP 6 or
JKKP 7 in the unfortunate event of any accident,
hazardous incident, industrial poisoning or illness that
has happened or may happen at the workplace.
Penalty! 26

Employer who fail to ensure safety, health and welfare of

employees at the workplace shall be guilty of an offence and shall
on conviction will be liable to a fine not exceeding RM50,000 or
to imprisonment not exceeding two years or to both.
OSHA Standards vs. OSHA Regulations 27

-OSHA issues both standards and regulations

OSHA standards address specific hazards such as

working in confined spaces, handling hazardous waste,
or working with dangerous chemicals.

Regulations are more generic in some cases than

standards and more specific in others.
Confined Space Standard 28

Confined space is a term from labor-safety regulations that refers to an

area whose enclosed conditions and limited access make it dangerous.

Confined spaces such as:

-manholes
-storage tanks
-underground vaults
-pipelines
-vats
-exhaust ducts
-boilers
-degreasers
Confined Space Standard 29

-Develop in response to the approximately 300 work-related deaths that occur in

confined spaces each year.

-Applies to a broad cross section of industries that have employees working in

spaces with the following characteristics:
-limited openings for entry or exit
-poor natural ventilation
-design not intended to accommodate continuous human occupancy

Confined spaces such as:

-manholes -vats
-storage tanks -exhaust ducts
-underground vaults -boilers
-pipelines -degreasers
Confined Space Standard 30

-The key component in the standard is the permit requirement.

-Employers are required to develop an in-house program under

which employees must have a permit to enter confined spaces.

-Employers must do the following

-Identify spaces that can be entered only by permit

-Restrict access to identified spaces to ensure that only
authorized personnel may enter
-Control hazards in the identified spaces through engineering,
revised work practices, and other methods.
-Continually monitor the identified spaces to ensure that any known
hazards remain under control
Prevent/Control Workplace Hazards 31

• Identify and evaluate options

Emission Control System Fundamentals

• Emission controls
• Began to be included on cars in the 1960s
• Complicated specialty area
• Most states: emission specialists are required to be licensed to perform
repairs
Emission Control System Fundamentals

AIR POLLUTION
• Photochemical smog
• Hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen react with sunlight
• Warm air inversion layer traps smog
• Pollution laws
• Administered by the EPA
• Vehicles manufactured today produce less than 5% of the air pollution of
1960s models
Emission Control System Fundamentals

AUTOMATIVE EMMISSIONS
• Sources of emissions
• Exhaust pipe, crank-case, and vapors
• Hydrocarbon sources
• Blowby gases
• Skin effect
• Raw gas in exhaust
• Insufficient compression
• Inadequate ignition spark
Emission Control System Fundamentals

AUTOMATIVE EMMISSIONS
• Carbon monoxide emissions
• Result when gasoline not completely burned
• Oxides of nitrogen
• Produced when combustion temperatures are too high
• Particulates
• Are airborne microscopic particles
• Carbon dioxide and oxygen
• Used to diagnose combustion problems
• Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas
Emission Control System Fundamentals

AUTOMATIVE EMMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEM

• Lower exhaust emissions
• Engine design
• Fuel and ignition system controls
• Devices designed to control emissions
• Computers manage emission devices
• Engine load
• Engine temperature
• O2 sensor
Emission Control System Fundamentals

AUTOMATIVE EMMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEM

Emission Control System Fundamentals

AUTOMATIVE EMMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEM

Environmental Management Intellectual Property
 Environmental Management Intellectual Property

An integrative
framework for
environmental
innovation

Source : Research Gate

publication (DOI:
10.1504/IJFIP.2010.037
472)
Consumer Law
Toxic Materials & Industrial Desease

How do toxic materials enter the body?

1) By mouth (contaminated
fingers!)
2) By breathing in gases,
aerosols or powder
3) By skin contact or
damage
4) By absorption through
intact skin
5) By splashes into the eyes
Toxic Materials & Industrial Desease
Toxic Materials & Industrial Disease

Occupational diseases can be very diverse;

• Acute poisoning
• Occupational cancer
• Chronic poison
• Interstitial lung disease
• Skin disease
• Hearing loss
• Muscular disorders
• Lower-back morbidity and trauma of the spine
• …
Fire
Precautions