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Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627

10th International Scientific Conference Transbaltica 2017:

Transportation Science and Technology

Investigation of Fiber Concrete for Road and Bridge Building

Katerina Krayushkina, Tetiana Khymerik, Oleksandra Skrypchenko*,
Iurii Moshkovskyi, Valerii Pershakov
National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine

Abstract

As is well known, fibrous concrete has an increased fracture toughness, impact strength, toughness, and abrasion resistance.
Products made of this type of concrete can be manufactured without special reinforcement grids and frames. This simplifies the
production technology and reduces its complexity. For reinforcement of concrete are using various metallic and non-metallic
fibers.
©©2017
2017Published
The Authors. Published
by Elsevier by Elsevier
Ltd. This Ltd.
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 10th International Scientific Conference Transbaltica 2017:
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Transportation
Peer-review underScience and Technology.
responsibility of the organizing committee of the 10th International Scientific Conference Transbaltica 2017

Keywords: fiber concrete, reinforcement, traffic congestion

1. Actuality of the subject matter

In the last thirty years, it began widespread use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Its best qualities are to increase
the tensile strength and high fracture toughness, because the fibers provide effective resistance to the cracks (in the
axial direction of the resistance to the fibers). The fibers used as a thin wire diameter of 0.1 plus or minus 0.5 mm.
The wire is divided into segments of 10−50 mm. According to Y. M. Bazhenov fiber diameter of 0.3 m and a length
of 25 mm provides better results [1]. In [2] we can see the results of research of steel fiber reinforced concrete with a
fiber amorphous with high corrosion resistance. It is important that the reduction of fiber diameter to 0.1 mm leads
to increase of separation stops. Deformation occurs through a mechanism of accumulation of damage with

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: olst.ph@mail.ru

1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 10th International Scientific Conference Transbaltica 2017
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.422
 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627 621

progressive reduction of resistance, sensitivity to stress concentration and the like. For steel fiber-reinforced
concrete is usually used not anodized steel fiber due to the risk of corrosion. Its ultimate load is close to the
boundary of the crack resistance.
Studies carried out in France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland, United States, as well as studies by Russian
scientists A. V. Akulicha, V. V. Mozgovoj, I. P. Gamelyak, Ya. N. Kovalev, A. E. Merzlikin, V. I. Solomatova
shown that particulate reinforcement asphalt discrete segments of chemical fibers can improve the rheological,
physical and mechanical properties.
It reduces the risk of asphalt concrete pavement deformation. Introduction to the asphalt mix of asphalt concrete
dispersed reinforcement enhances the shear strength at 50 °C at 25−30%, and the tensile strength at low
temperatures 40−80%. Improved of deformability at temperatures below zero reaches 90−200%, and the greatest
impact it has on the fatigue strength (improvement of up to 200−500%) [3−6].

2. Problem solution

In contrast, for steel fiber reinforced concrete with an amorphous fiber of no such danger. Furthermore, the use of
amorphous steel fiber reinforced concrete with a fiber carrying capacity increases the structural elements of
1.5 times and increases the service life, as compared with conventional steel fiber concrete with steel fibers.
Application of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in road paving materials consumption decreases by 40%, and the cost −
14.4% [73].
It should be noted that for today the developed a variety of means for controlling the properties of steel fiber-
reinforced concrete. Get the necessary characteristics of the steel fiber reinforced concrete can be achieved by
selecting the volume fraction of fibers, the ratio of fiber length to diameter [8]. Features concrete except for
fiberboard Reinforcement depends on the brand and cement activity, its physical and-chemical characteristics, the
amount of aggregate performance, but primarily on the composition and grain size.
Glass, basalt and other can be used like non-metallic fibers.
The glass fibers have a diameter of ten micrometers and a length of 20−40 mm. They have high tensile strength
(1500−3000 MPa) and the modulus of deformation is higher than in the cement paste. Temperature coefficient of
linear expansion coefficient of glass is close to the cement stone. However, the glass is rapidly destroyed by the
action of the alkaline cement environment, so it is necessary use binders or special measures to prevent the glass
fibers in concrete from corrosion. These measures include the use of aluminous cement in concrete, the various
additives in the concrete, connecting the alkali impregnation of concrete polymer. Thus, in [9] emphasizes that the
commercial use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete been constrained the absence fiber, resistant to alkaline
environment of portland cement.
In another work [6] describes the various types of glass, which differ in their chemical composition. It is
emphasized that the most widely production of three types of glass fibers: E-fibers are alkali-free, having a lack of
resistance to acidic environments; С-low-alkali fiber with high resistance and type А-fiber alkaline with high
chemical resistance. Technological simplicity of the external fiberglass reinforcement device makes very effective
use in the amplification of his designs, especially in the presence corrosive environments.

2.1. Improvements of concrete properties through the introduction of fibers

In [10] carried out a special technique of longevity research glassfiber reinforced and change its physical and
mechanical properties over time. This technique was used in [11] in the study of the folding glassfiber reinforced
folded elements by prolonged exposure to stress. Fold Glassfiber reinforced elements from deformations under
prolonged exposure to loads calculated from their working conditions without cracking, as over time the strength of
the element is reduced by 10−30% depending on the relative humidity. Increase fiber volume content more than
1.5% causes a rapid growth of creep deformations in the compressed zone and increase the deflection element. And
in the tensile zone − a slower development of creep deformation. In recent years, extensive research has begun using
fiber basalt fibers.
The starting material for the basalt fibers are rocks − basalts, which are fine-grained volcanic rocks of volcanic
origin. Basalt fiber is produced by melting basalt rock fibers and stretching the resulting melt. Durability of basalt
622 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627

fiber diameter of 8 microns and 16 are respectively 1.500 and 2.600 MPa and a density of 2.8−3.3 g/cm3.
Investigation of the properties of basalt fibers showed their chemical resistance to acids and alkalis. [10] The
feasibility of using basalt fiber-reinforced concrete in the construction of airfield pavements and proved
D. V. Kurakov [11].
Research of reinforcing concrete slabs with synthetic fibers discussed in [11]. Here are the final conclusions from
the experience of the use of fiber-reinforced synthetic fibers, low volume of synthetic fibers in concrete helps in the
support of concrete shrinkage cracking. The use of synthetic fibers in concrete slabs provides a long service life.
Recently, various commonly used combinations of fibers. For example, metal and plastic, metal and basalt. For
example, in [11] gives an overview of research on the reinforcement of cement slurries by using a combination of
mineral wool. This improves the strength polyethylene hardness improving material. The introduction of fiber − an
important step, as the concrete mix with the fibers exposed to clump and fibers may form in concrete mix “clumps”
that worsens their quality and does not achieve a proper seal material in the product. To prepare the mixture using
various techniques: lead fiber least in the pre-mixed mixture of cement, water and aggregate, or fillers were mixed
first and the fiber, and then add cement and water.

2.2. Test with basalt fibers

Based on the above brief review of the use of different kinds of fiber reinforced concrete in the construction it
can be concluded that the use of dispersed fibers in the manufacture of concrete for the construction of roads and
bridges are not fully understood; in Ukraine, this material is not used, so more research is needed.
The tasks of the research were:
• selection of fiber-reinforced concrete for bridge and road construction;
• determination of physical and mechanical properties of fiber concrete with different types of fiber;
• development of technological requirements for use in road construction.
Research Methodology.
To prepare the fiber concretes mixtures used the following materials:
• various fiber;
• portland 500 M (TO PC) Balakleyskoho plant density and normal Portland cement M 400 Amvrosiyevskoho
plant, with normal density of 26%;
• dnipro river sand module size mR = 1.49, containing silty clay and often − 2%, the bulk density of 1280 kg/m3;
• sand quarry “Ihnatpol” Zhytomyr region mR = 2.61, content of silty and clay particles 1.2%;
• Hnivansk, Urytsk and Kremenchug quarries crushed stone 5−20 and 20–40 mm.
Chemical additives: plasticizers used additive manufacturing company “Stahema” (Slovenia).
In carrying out operations used standard methods.
Physical and mechanical properties of the samples was determined after curing for 7 and 28 days.
Before the study the properties of fiber concrete based on the number entered in a mixture of fiber were identified
fiber technology introduction in the concrete mix. The literature describes various methods of this important
process, but the most common are:
1. Fiber introduced as a last resort to pre-mixed mixture of cement, water and aggregates;
2. At first mixed fillers and fibers, and then add cement, water and additives.
The impact of the method and order of adding fiber to the physical and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced
concrete has been studied for reinforced concrete from basalt fiber. Was this used concrete control structure: cement
М500 – 650 kg; sand – 1300 kg; water – 280 l. In preparing fiber concrete used basalt fiber thickness of 0.2 mm,
length 10 mm. The test results of samples produced by the aforementioned technological methods are shown in
Table 1.
As can be seen from Table 1, entry basalt fiber technology in the concrete mix is virtually identical, so further
research basalt fiber concrete carried out the first method, fibers were introduced in the last turn to pre-mixed
concrete.
 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627 623

Table 1. Properties grained fiber-reinforced concrete, depending on the method of adding the basalt fiber.

Number of fiber, % of Indicators strength, MPa at 28 days

No Name concrete
mass concrete Rbend Rcompres
І way
1 control − 5.8 21.3
2 With basalt fiber 2 8.2 29.2
3 With basalt fiber 6 8.0 26.4
ІІ way
4 control − 5.8 21.2
5 With basalt fiber 2 8.3 29.4
6 With basalt fiber 6 7.9 26.2

In preparing concrete with basalt fiber in the concrete mixture were added fiber in varying amounts as a
percentage of the mass of concrete.
Test results from a basalt fiber concrete compressive, bending shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The properties of grained fiber-reinforced concrete with basalt fibers.

Number of fiber, % of mass Indicators of strength, MPa, aged, days

No Name concrete
1 Control (without fiber)
2 With basalt fiber
3 With basalt fiber
4 With basalt fiber
concrete 7 28
− Rbend/Rcomp = 4.8 / 20.4 = 0.24 Rbend/Rcomp = 5.8 / 21.4 = 0.27
2 Rbend/Rcomp = 6.2 / 20.6 = 0.30 Rbend/Rcomp = 8.38 / 29.4 = 0.28
4 Rbend/Rcomp = 4.7 / 18.3 = 0.26 Rbend/Rcomp = 6.9 / 22.4 = 0.30
6 Rbend/Rcomp = 5.6 / 18.2 = 0.31 Rbend/Rcomp = 8.1 / 26.5 = 0.31

According to the results of tests given in Table 2, it can be concluded that the samples in the amount of two
percent of fiber, have higher compressive strength and bending than the control samples as examples of fiber
introduced in an amount of 4% and 6% of the weight of concrete. The same pattern is observed when tested beams
100 × 100 × 400 mm size of coarse fiber concrete with basalt fiber (control composition: cement brand 500−350 kg
gravel fractions 5−20 − 1194 kg sand − 600 kg of water − 220 liters), aged 28 days with a fiber length of 50 mm at
2% and 4.5% of the weight of concrete.
Test results beams compressive and bending are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Properties coarse fiber concrete.

Indicators of strength MPa at 28 days
No Name concrete Number of fiber, % of mass concrete
Rbend/Rcomp
1 Control − 4.1 / 31.8 = 0.13
2 With basalt fiber 2.0 6.7 / 38.5 = 0.17
3 With basalt fiber 4.5 5.3 / 32.2 = 0.16

As shown in Table 3, with coarse fiber concrete beams with basalt fiber in an amount of 2% of the mass of
concrete with compressive strength at 16% and at a bend 20% more than the beams with basalt fiber in an amount of
4.5% by weight of concrete. The introduction of fiber compared to control samples can significantly increase the
strength (in compression by 17% and 38% curve). Thus, studies of basalt fiber concrete fiber show that the number
of overdose fiber per unit mass of concrete, affects the strength characteristics of the fiber-reinforced concrete.
Research shows that the introduction of basalt fiber both fine and coarse in fiber concrete, increases the ratio of
Rbend/Rcomp (Tables 2–3) that characterizes improving crack resistance of the composite.
624 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627

2.3. Test with metal fibers

Before the study of metal fiber concrete fiber, similar to basalt fiber-reinforced concrete, was held last test in
compression and bending after the introduction of fiber various technological methods. The test results of steel fiber
concrete with different number of metal fiber to the mass of concrete, are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Properties of coarse fibrous concrete, depending on how the introduction of metal fiber.

Number of fiber, % of mass Indicators of strength, MPa, aged, days

No Name concrete
concrete Rbend Rcomp
The first method
11 Control (without fiber) − 4.1 31.8
22 With metallic paint 1.6 5.1 31.8
33 With metallic paint 4.5 5.6 38.8
The second way
54 Control (without fiber) − 4.0 31.7
55 With metallic paint 1.5 5.0 31.9
66 With metallic paint 4.5 5.5 38.5

As we see, the strength of the samples almost regardless of the technology introduction of metal fiber concrete
mix, so further study of steel fiber concrete carried out the first method.
In the study of coarse fiber concrete with different types of metal fiber used such control compositions:
• the cement grade M-500 − 350 kg;
• crushed stone fractions 5−20 − 1194 ru;
• sand − 600 kg;
• water − 220 liters.
The test results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Properties of coarse fiber concrete with metallic fibers.

Number of fiber, % of mass Indicators of strength MPa at 28 days

No Name concrete
concrete Rbend/Rcomp
1 Control − 4.1 / 31.8 = 0.13
2 With metal fiber with flat ends 1.6 5.0 / 31.9 = 0.16
3 With metal fiber with flat ends 4.5 5.6 / 38.7 = 0.14
4 With metal fiber with curved ends 1.6 4.5 / 32.2 = 0.14
5 With metal fiber with curved ends 4.5 5.2 / 35.6 = 0.15

Table 5 shows that the greatest effect on strength, both compressive and bending, metal fibers give FPL 30/0.6 in
an amount of 4.5% of the weight of concrete. The strength of the concrete samples fiber FPL 30/0.6 in an amount of
4.5% increase compared to control samples, as follows: compression − 17% Bending − 27%. The strength of the
fiber concrete fiber sample in an amount of 1.6% by weight of concrete, bending increased by 18%, and the
compressive practically unchanged (0.3%). The use of metal fiber FZ 30/0.6 gives a smaller increase in the strength
of the fiber-reinforced concrete samples compared to control. Thus, the use of fiber FZ 30/0.6 in an amount of 4.5%
of the mass of concrete provides compressive strength increase − 11%, on a bend − 22%. For the same fiber FZ
30/0.6 at 2% of the weight of concrete under: compression − 5%, bending − 9%. Thus, the use of metal fiber
reinforced concrete FPL 30/0.6 allows a little more strength, both compressive and bending than with metal fiber FZ
30/0.6.
 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627 625

In addition, the research was conducted coarse fiber concrete with metal fiber concrete using this control
structure:
• Cement brand M400 − 400 kg;
• Sand − 620 kg;
• Crushed fr. 5–20 − 770 kg;
• Crushed fr. 20−40 − 420 kg;
• Water − 148 liters;
• Plasticizing additive “Eta” − 1.5 kg;
• Additive “Zeta” − 0.05 kg
• Mobility mix P 12.
Beams of coarse fiber concrete 100 × 100× 400 mm in size were tested at 28 days. The test results are shown in
Table 6.

Table 6. Properties of coarse fiber concrete with metallic fibers.

Number of fiber, % of mass Indicators of strength MPa at 28 days

No Name concrete
concrete Rbend/Rcomp
1 Control − 4.7 / 42.0 = 0.11
2 With metal fiber with flat ends 4.5 6.0 / 50.1 = 0.12
3 With metal fiber with curved ends 4.5 5.5 / 47.8 = 0.12

Based on the data presented in Table 6, we can conclude that the introduction of metal fiber significantly
improves the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Thus, compressive strength and bending, as compared
with control samples of reinforced concrete with metal fiber FPL 30/0.6 increased respectively by 16%
(compression) and 22% (bending), and with every fiber FZ 30/0.6 − 12% (compression) and 14% (bending).
In the study of fine metal fiber concrete with fiber concrete was used the following composition:
• Cement brands M 400 − 620 kg;
• Sand (FIBC = 2.49) − 1250 kg;
• Water − 251 liters.
Research conducted at balls 100 × 100 × 400 mm in size at 28 days. Number metal fiber assumed rate of 98.4 kg.
The test results are shown in Table 7.
As seen from the test results presented in Table 7, the introduction of metal fiber (L = 10 mm O = 0.3 mm)
greatly increases the strength of concrete and value Rzh/Rst.

Table 7. Properties of of fine fiber concrete with metallic paints.

Indicators of strength MPa at 28 days
No Name concrete Number of fiber, % of mass concrete
Rbend/Rcomp
1 Control − 4.5 / 41.0 = 0.11
2 With metallic paint 5.0 6.2 / 55.0 = 0.12

2.4. Test with polyamide fibres

In the study of coarse fiber concrete with polyamide fiber used such control compositions:
• cement brands M 500 − 440 kg;
• sand − 630 kg;
• gravel fractions 5−20 − 750 kg;
• plasticizer Viscocrete − 1,2 kg;
626 Katerina Krayushkina et al. / Procedia Engineering 187 (2017) 620 – 627

• water − 190 l;
• P3 mobility mix.
Investigation conducted on beams 100 × 100 × 400 mm in size at 28 days.
Properties of fiber-reinforced concrete with polymer fiber are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Properties of fiber concrete with polymer fiber.

Indicators of strength MPa at 28 days
No Name concrete Number of fiber, % of mass concrete
Rbend/Rcomp
1 Control − 4.9 / 44.0 = 0.11
2 With polymer paints 0.6 6.0 / 50.2 = 0.12
3 With polymer paints 1.0 6.3 / 51.4 = 0.12
4 With polymer paints 1.4 6.5 / 52.0 = 0.13
5 With polymer paints 2.0 5.5 / 47.3 = 0.12

Based on data from Table 8, we can conclude that the greatest growth is the use of fiber in an amount of 1.4% by
weight of concrete − compression 15%; Bending − 25%. Increasing the number of fibers to 2.0% leads to reduced
strength fiber-reinforced concrete (compression − 7% curve − 11%). In addition, the number of such suboptimal
fiber, observed the emergence of “lumps”.
All are brand Fibre for 200 F frost resistance, water resistance W6.

3. Conclusions

1. Introduction fiber into the concrete mix can improve the physical and mechanical properties: − tensile strength
by 15%; − bending strength by 20%.
2. Improving the physical and mechanical properties of concrete happens with the introduction any type of fiber.
Metal fibers, compared to polymeric basalt and give strength increase of approximately 25%. Basalt and
polymer 15−20%.
3. For each type of fiber, there is an optimal amount. If the greatest effect on strength makes fiber-reinforced
concrete with metal fiber in an amount of 4.5% of its weight, the optimal number of basalt fiber − 1%,
polyamide fiber – 1%. “Lump” in tests with all kinds of fiber, the optimal number of them have been
observed.
4. The method of entering is not essential and does not affect strength performance fiber concrete.
5. Thus, for each design must use the fiber concrete that best suits the requirements of engineering and material
possibilities of the customer. The best use of fiber-reinforced concrete should be considered in areas that are
stretching at a bend.

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