Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
TPMS legislation around the world
Region Requirements
USA Regulation from 2005: FMVSS138 mandates TPMS for new vehicles starting
from October 1st 2005
European Union Regulation from 2012: EC661-2009 mandates TPMS starting Nov 2012 for
new type approved vehicles and for all new vehicles starting from Nov 2014:
TPMS will be tested as part of the new EU standardized plan for vehicle
periodical inspection
S. Korea / Japan Regulation from 2013: TPMS vehicles to be installed on passenger cars from
January 2013 for new model and January 2015 for existing model
Russia, Kazakhstan, Valid from 2015 onwards & replaces nation legislation
Belarus (Eurasia)
Indonesia, Israel, Require European whole vehicle type approval for vehicles imported from
Malaysia, Philippines, Europe. As a consequence TPMS will be required for all new vehicles in
Turkey November 2014
2
MPXY8700 Packaging
Gcell
Pcell
MCU + RF
QFN 9 x 9 mm
Cavity Package
(Cross Section)
Gel
Selective encapsualtion
Metal cap
Plastic Plastic
housing Gcell housing
Gel Pcell
Plastic flag
Leadframe
Not to scale. For illustration purposes only.
3
Tire Performance Issues
Worsening until around 1.5 ba, then improvement due to bell formation of tread
Aquaplaning (water depth >2 mm)
centre inwards (at rated load)
General durability Reduced with lower pressures
Rolling Resistance A reduction by 0.5 bar results in an increase in rolling resistance of around 15%
A deviation of 1 bar from normal pressure (2 to 2.5 bar) worsens the noise level
Tread Noise
by 2 dbA (66%).
On a mid-class car, an air pressure deviation of 0.2 bar from one axle is
Handling on dry and wet surfaces
noticeable.
4
Tire Performance Issues
100
80 108 140
60 106 130
20 102 110
0 101 100
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.1
Tire Pressure (% of Specified) Tire Pressure (bars)
5
Pressure Accuracy
• Measurement accuracy target varies with OEM
− Typical accuracies better than 8-10 kPa (1.2 – 1.4 psi)
− Typical resolutions of 1 to 2 kPa (0.15 – 0.30 psi)
6
Pressure Accuracy
• Effects of absolute vs. gauge pressure at altitude
− In tire sensors measure absolute pressure
− Typical tire gages measure differential (gauge) pressure
relative to the atmosphere
• CIP is defined as the pressure of the tires after
the has been stopped for at least 1 hour
• The “corrected” pressure using the Ideal Gas Law
is not used
− It is not the mass of air present setting tire performance
− It is pressure of the air that defines the load carrying capability and
performance of the tire
• Generally accepted to use absolute pressure with a fixed
atmospheric offset (approx 100 kPa = 14.5 psi)
7
TPMS System Solutions
• Direct (Measure Pressure in the Tire)
− Useabsolute pressure sensor inside the tire volume
− Communication via LF and/or RF links
− Mounted inside the tire/wheel
On the wheel (valve stem or drop center)
On the tire (side wall, bead area or tread belt)
− Powered by energy source
Internal
battery
Source other than battery (battery-less)
8
Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Indirect Measuring
http://www.aa1car.com/library/diagnosing_abs_wheels_speed_sensors.htm
9
Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Direct vs. Indirect
Direct Indirect
Precision ☺
Reaction time ☺
Detection of multiple ☺
faults
Position-dependant ☺
pressure warning
Robustness under ☺
different driving
conditions
Number of additional ☺
components
System cost ☺
Required driver ☺
interaction
Additional comfort ☺
features
10
Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Indirect Measuring
Like
Don’t like
11
Direct TPMS Mounting Methods
Tire Wall Tire Tread Mount
12
TPMS Architectures
• Other Direct TPMS system features in the marketplace
13
Sensor Package Comparison
• PG-DSOSP-14-6
• 9.24 X 11.09 X 3.9 mm
14
Top Level TPMS Model
Coil
LF LF
3V Motion
Receiver Signal
Batt Sensor
RF
Pressure Energy
Ant
Sensor
Controller RF
Transmitter
Temp
Sensor
15
Tire Pressure Monitoring Body Receiver
16
TPMS Roadmap
Tire Pressure
Monitoring
Nogaro Z-axis
Z axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM
MPXY85xx - Z-axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly, 9x9 Cav QFN C90FGUHV IP Blocks U-TPMS XZ-axis
450/900/1500 kPa
UMEMS Phs 4P C90FGUHV, UMEMS-4P,
UMEMS 4P, 5x5 FAM or CSP
Lausitz XZ-axis
axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM
Proposal
MPXY86xx - XZ-axis
450/900 kPa Lausitz XZ-axis
axis Planning
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly, 9x9 Cav QFN
Up tp 1500 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM Execution
Production
Left Edge :
First Sample Date
Right Edge :
Product Qualification
Not resourced
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
2013 2014 2015 2016
17
Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor Roadmap Change-points
Gen2 Gen3 Gen4 Gen5
ASIC Design Dedicated pressure & Muxed C-V signal Muxed C-V signal Battery-less power
inertia interfaces chains w/ Σ∆ ADC, chains w/ Σ∆ ADC, System ID, extended
( A/D & C/V ) digital filters; digital filters; BIST, & selectable
Up-integrate RF Tx Optimized LF/RF sensitivities
MEMS Nodes 2-poly inertia, 2-poly inertia & p-cell 2-poly inertia & p-cell Introduce eHARMEMS
PIDR73 pressure for pressure,
eHARMEMS inertia
MEMS Design X-lat & teeter-totter; X-lat & teeter-totter; X-lat & teeter-totter; Combined Self Test +
Redundant p-chip w/ Redundant p-cell Redundant p-cell Sense
Integrated C-V
Test Physical @ probe & Physical @ probe & Physical / Electrostatic Electrostatic @ probe
final final @ probe & final & final
18
Competitive Positioning & Value Proposition
• Smaller in size:
− Saving on board size (customer cost benefit)
− Saving on potting material (customer cost
benefit)
− Saving on module weight (car OEM
requirement)
• Flash 8k space for customers
− 33% more space enabling a module suitable
for more car models. (inventory/operation/
production management benefit).
• Unique with dual-axis accelerometer
− enabling tire location determination without
the need for user intervention and/or the use
of LF initiator(s).
• Lower RF transmitting power
consumption
− <7mA at 5dBm
• g-cells based on technology used in
airbags we shipped close to1 billion unit
level.
19
Direct TPMS Architecture
RSM RSM
TPMS RF RSM
Receiver
SPARE
RSM RSM
20
Direct TPMS Architecture
RSM RSM
LF LF
TPMS RF RSM
Receiver
SPARE
LF
CAN
LF
RSM RSM
21
Typical TPM Operational Parameters
Parameter Value Units
Data Measurement Interval
Motion 3 sec
Parked 15 minute
Data Transmission Interval
Motion 60 sec
Parked 60 minute
RF Transmission Protocol
Bit Rate 9600 bits/sec
Bits/Frame 90 bits
Frames/Datagram 4 frames
Pressure Change Alert 256 frames
Diagnostic Modes 6 modes
Pressure Change Alert 15 kPa
Pressure Measure Range 100 to 900 kPa
Temperature Measure Range -40 to +125 °C
22
Example TPM Operational Profile
Total Distance
182500 km
Average Speed of
50 km/hr
96%
Parked (83950 hrs)
Total Time Moving
3650 hrs Assume Constant
Temperature and Voltage
23
Battery life and Power Consumption
Self Discharge
18% Standby
Reserve 35%
10%
16% 21%
Transmit Processing
24
Measurement Uses
• Battery Voltage:
− Transmitted to car
− Helps unit determine EOL
• Temperature:
− Used to determine if device is Out Of Operation Range
• Pressure:
− Transmitted to car
− Main function of the device – determine if tires are correctly inflated
• Accelerometer(s):
− Customer IP goes into different functionalities
25
Uses for acceleration
26
TPMS_READ_ACCEL functionality
Zraw (counts)
Moving
Threshold
Park Mode
Time (s)
• TPMS_READ_ACCEL and TPMS_COMP_ACCEL are useful when trying
to determine whether a vehicle is moving or is stopped
• i.e. Set a threshold, determine if the threshold has been passed – Car is
moving
27
TPMS_READ_ACCEL functionality
Zraw (counts)
Time (s)
• TPMS_READ_ACCEL can also be used to determine position
in the tire
28
TPMS_READ_ACCEL limitations
29
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