8th week

The error of the Magnetic Compass ang their correction

Magnetic Compass

The magnetic compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to
"magnetic north", the local magnetic meridian, because the magnetized needle at its heart aligns
itself with the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts
a torque on the needle, pulling the North end or pole of the needle approximately toward the
Earth's North magnetic pole, and pulling the other toward the Earth's South magnetic pole. The
needle is mounted on a low-friction pivot point, in better compasses a jewel bearing, so it can
turn easily. When the compass is held level, the needle turns until, after a few seconds to allow
oscillations to die out, it settles into its equilibrium orientation.
In navigation, directions on maps are usually expressed with reference to geographical
or true north, the direction toward the Geographical North Pole, the rotation axis of the Earth.
Depending on where the compass is located on the surface of the Earth the angle between true
north and magnetic north, called magnetic declination can vary widely with geographic location.
The local magnetic declination is given on most maps, to allow the map to be oriented with a
compass parallel to true north. The locations of the Earth's magnetic poles slowly change with
time, which is referred to as geomagnetic secular variation. The effect of this means a map with
the latest declination information should be used. Some magnetic compasses include means to
manually compensate for the magnetic declination, so that the compass shows true directions.
If a magnetic compass needle is weighted so as to swing horizontally, it takes up a
definite direction at each place and its deviation from geographical or true north is called
the declination (or magnetic variation), D. In geomagnetic studies D is reckoned positive or
negative according as the deviation is east or west of true north.

Deviation:Ship-Specific Error
Compass Deviation Analysis Explained
Compass deviation data usually have a very characteristic pattern, which can be analyzed
mathematically into various components, or Coefficients. Compass analyis is useful because
each of the Coefficients (or more precisely, 'Apparent Coefficients') is associated with a certain
type of problem, and each coefficient can be addressed individually. Knowing the value of the
Coefficients can simplify the process of compass adjustment and can help explain the source or
cause of compass deviations that cannot be corrected.

 Typically, compass deviation is analyzed into 5 Coefficients: A, B, C, D & E. And

the total deviation is the sum of all the coefficients (see Figure 2).
 Separating the Coefficients using Analysis will suggest a source of each
component, as well as a possible way to correct it.
Coefficient A: is a constant error which is the same on all headings

 Typically occurs when the compass is not installed with the lubber line parallel
with the fore & aft axis of the boat, or by a defective compass card
 Most often corrected by rotating the compass or by changing the compass card

Coefficient B: varies as a function of the sine of the compass heading, and

 is usually associated with fore-and-aft permanent magnetism.

 is corrected using fore-and-aft magnets.

Coefficient C: varies as a function of the cosine of the compass heading, and

 is usually associated with athwartship permanent magnetism.

 is corrected using athwartship magnets.

Coefficient D: varies as a function of the sine of twice the compass heading, and

 is associated with induced magnetism caused by symmetrical soft iron (either

in the ship itself or from proximity to shielding around electronics)
 is often corrected using quadrantal spheres.

Coefficient E: varies as a function of the cosine of twice the compass heading, and

 is associated with induced magnetism caused by asymmetrical soft iron (think

about a compass off center as it would be installed on an aircraft carrier)
 is corrected by slewing the quadrantal spheres.