Ship compass

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4) นดร. รชำนนท์ สุดพุม่
 “Competency as per STCW 2010 CH 2/2”
determine and allow for compass errors

 - Ability to determine and allow for compass errors of the magnetic and gyro errors.
 - Knowledge of the principles of magnetic and gyro compass.
 - understanding of systems under the control of the master gyro and a knowledge
operation and care of the main types of gyro compass.
Magnetic compass and its principle

magnetic compass, in navigation or surveying, an

instrument for determining direction on the surface of Earth
by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with Earth’s
magnetic field. The magnetic compass is the oldest and most
familiar type of compass and is used in different forms in
aircraft, ships, and land vehicles and by surveyors.
 Working

The reason magnetic compasses work as

they do is that Earth itself acts as an enormous
bar magnet with a north-south field that causes
freely moving magnets to take on the same
orientation The direction of Earth’s magnetic field is
not quite parallel to the north-south axis of the
globe, but it is close enough to make an
uncorrected compass a reasonably good guide
 - The inaccuracy, known as variation (or declination),
varies in magnitude from point to point on Earth.
- The deflection of a compass needle due to local
magnetic influences is called deviation.
 Variation

the horizontal angle between the true

north and magnetic north measured east or
west according to whether magnetic north lies
east or west of true north.
 Deviation

 the error induced in a compass by

local magnetic fields, which must
be allowed for, along with magnetic
declination, if accurate bearings are
to be calculated.
Swinging the Vessel

"Swinging" a vessel, is a practical magnetic compass

calibration method, a required practice typically every two
years. It verifies the accuracy of the compass in cardinal
and intercardinal directions. The process can be done by
pleasure craft and larger vessels, taking transit lines of
known magnetic bearing as referenced on a chart, and
comparing them with the vessel's compass reading.
 การหมุนเรือหาดิวเิ อชั่นของเข็มทิศทาได้ 5 วิธี
คือ

1. โดยแบริ่ งวัตถุสิ่งเดียวอยูไ่ กล (By bearing of a distant object)

2. โดยแบริ่ งวัตถุซ่ ึงรู ้แบริ่ งจริ งแล้ว (By transits or ranges)
3. โดยแบริ่ งกลับเข็มทิศบนบก (By reciprocal bearings)
4. โดยเปรี ยบเทียบกับเข็มทิศไยโร (By comparison with a gyro compass)
5. โดยแบริ่ งดวงอาทิตย์ (By bearings of the sun)
 Compass errors

 T (true north) อ้างอิงจากทิศเหนื อจริ ง

 V (variation) ค่าความต่างระหว่าง t and v
 M (magnetic) อ้างอิงจากทิศเหนื อแม่เหล็ก
 D (deviation) ค่าความคลาดเคลื่อนของเข็มทิศ
แม่เหล็ก
 C (course) เข็มเรื อที่ใช้ถือท้าย
ตัวอย่างการหา อัตราผิดเข็มทิศ
GYRO COMPASS

 A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely

on ships employing an electrically powered, fast-
spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces
among other factors utilizing the basic physical laws,
influences of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find
the true north
 Gyro compass has become one indispensable instrument in almost all merchant
ships or naval vessels for its ability to detect the direction of the true north and not the
magnetic north. It is comprised of the following units:
1. Master Compass: Discovers and maintains the true north reading with the help of a
gyroscope.
2. Repeater Compasses: Receive and indicate the true direction transmitted electrically from
the Master Compass.
3. Course Recorder: Makes a continuous record of the maneuvering on a moving strip of
paper.
4. Control Panel: Governs the electrical operation of the system and ascertains the running
condition by means of a suitable meter.
5. Voltage Regulator: Maintains constant supply of the ship to the motor-generator.
6. Alarm Unit: Indicates failure of the ship’s supply.
7. Amplifier Panel: Controls the follow-up system.
8. Motor Generator: Converts the ship’s DC supply to AC and energizes the Compass
equipment.
Working
 External magnetic fields which deflect normal compasses cannot affect Gyro
compasses. When a ship alters its course the independently driven framework called
‘Phantom’ moves with it, but the rotor system continues to point northward.
 The Gyrocompass system applications are based upon two fundamental
characteristics, which are:
Gyroscopic Inertia: The tendency of any revolving body to uphold its plane of
rotation.
Precession: A property that causes the gyroscope to move, when a couple is
applied. But instead of moving in the direction of the couple, it moves at right
angles to the axis of the applied couple and also the spinning wheel.
Usage and Errors

 Gyro compasses are pre-eminently used in most ships in order to detect true north,
steer, and find positions and record courses.
 due to the ship’s course, speed and latitude, there could appear some steaming errors.
It has been found that on Northerly courses the Gyro compass north is slightly
deflected to the West of the true meridian whereas on Southerly courses it is
deflected to the East.
 GYRO SCOPIC

is a device used for measuring or

maintaining orientation and angular velocity.
It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis
of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any
orientation by itself. When rotating, the
orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or
rotation of the mounting, according to
the conservation of angular momentum.
THANK YOU