Presented By:-

Subal Kumar Ghosh

Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Fish Processing Tech.
CUTM, Paralakhemundi
 Theory Syllabus
Principles of navigation –terms and definitions, finding positions and method of position fixing, magnetic Compass-
parts and functions, cardinal, inter cardinal, three letter and lay points pelorus and azimuth mirror, method of
observation. Sextant-parts and functions, finding adjustable and non adjustable errors and principles and use. Hand
lead line–construction and markings and method of taking soundings. Types of speed logs –patent log, impeller log,
Types of marine charts, Mercator and gnomonic projections great circles and rumba lines, chart collections and chart
readings, chart observation and fixing positions. The IALA-buoy age systems, cardinal and lateral marks, meaning of
shapes, colours and lights top marks and explanation of approaching, international code of signals, flag signals mars
code and storm signals general system, brief system and extended system ,storm signals stations Indian coasts, Fog
signals, types and methods. Distress signals, methods, types and communication international regulations for
preventing collision at sea and recognition of lights and shapes at sea. Observation of radar and parts and functions of
radar, aneroid barometer, parts and functions of echo sounder, and sonar, observation of GPS Principles of
seamanship- Causes fire at sea, fire prevention on board the vessel and method of fire fighting at sea and
recommended fire fighting appliances, Life saving appliances –life jackets, life buoys and method of operations and
contents, SART and EPIRB. Observations of storms, formation of storms and method of locating the eye of the storms
and method of escaping from the center of the storms as per buys ballet law. Preparing vessel to face heavy weather.
Temporary repairs for leaks constructions of steering system and rigging emergency jury rudder .Types of anchors and
their applications. selection of suitable anchorage , procedure for anchoring anchor watch and procedure to
combating dragging of anchor, method of standing moor and running moor, open moor berthing procedures, axial
thrust , transverse thrust mooring and securing the vessel to the jetty rigging fenders and gangways , and method of
leaving vessels from the birth.
 Practicals

Anchoring, coming along side the berth and leaving, practicing the different types of knots and wire
splices, use of magnetic compass, GPS, Echo-sounder. CHART WORK-Finding positions by
latitudes and longitudes by position lines by cross bearing, horizontal sextant, angles, vertical sextant
angle and by running fix, finding position by speed, distance and time findings set and drift of current
and findings course made good speed made good and steering course and finding position by counter
acting the current observation of RADAR .
 Earth and its coordinates

The Earth is an oblate spheroid shape (a sphere flattened at the poles).

The Earth's Coordinate System (Latitude and Longitude)
• It is covered with a network of lines – both vertical and horizontal from which the location of a
place can be described.
• The system that has been developed over many centuries is called latitude and longitude.
• The axis on which the earth rotates is called the geographic Polar Axis. The two points where the
axis meets the surface of the sphere are called:
* The North Geographic Pole - or True North
* The South Geographic Pole - or True South
The Earth rotates around her axis from left to
right way. The extremities of this axis are called
as poles. An horizontal imaginary line is called as
equator, bisects the Earth into two equal halves.
• The direction towards
which the Earth rotates
or enters is called EAST.

• The direction from where

the Earth comes out
rotating is called WEST.
 Cont.
Equator (Great circle):
o Half way between the two poles a plane perpendicular to the axis
intersects the surface of the earth in a line known as the equator.
o Great circle is a circle on a sphere whose plane passes through the
centre of the sphere.
o If one cuts a sphere along a great circle the plane will pass through
the centre and divide the sphere into two equal halves.
Poles of the earth:
o Poles of the earth are the two points 90o away from any point on the
equator and are the points through which the axis of the earth is
assumed to pass.
 Cont.
Parallels and meridian :
• Certain great and small circles have applications in navigation.
• A parallel is a small circle on the earth’s surface whose plane of inter section is parallel to the
plane of the equator.
• The prime meridian, longitude 000°, is universally taken as the meridian which passes through
the original site of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England
Small circle
• It is a circle on a sphere whose plane does not pass through the centre.
Terrestrial co-ordinates
• The location of any point on the earth may be defined in a system of terrestrial coordinates.
 Cont.

Latitude (L, lat.)

 It is the angular distance from the equator, measured north-ward or south-ward along a meridian from 0° at the
equator to 90° at the poles.
 It is designated north (N) or south (S) to indicate the direction of measurement
Longitude (l, long.)
 It is the angular distance between the prime meridian and the meridian of a point on the earth, measured
eastward or westward from the prime meridian through 180°.
 It is designated east (E) or west (W) to indicate the direction of measurement.
Degree length :
 The length of a degree of latitude (measured along a meridian ) is everywhere the same on a sphere, from the
equator to the poles.
 On the earth, for practical navigational purposes, it is equal to 60 nautical miles(111.12 km), and 1 minute of
latitude is equal to 1 nautical mile (1.852 km).
 Cont.
Distance in Navigation
 The shortest distance (abbreviated as Dist., symbol D) between any two points on the surface of the
earth is always along the great circle between them.
Speed (S)
 It is rate of motion, or distance per unit of time. A knot (kn.), the unit of speed commonly used in
navigation, is a rate of 1 nautical mile per hour.
Directions in Navigation
 Navigators express direction as the angular difference in degrees from a reference direction, usually
north or the ship’s head.
 True directions or True bearings are used in Navigation but on board directions or bearing or heading
of ship are observed with the help of Magnetic Compass.
 All directions are measured in clockwise direction from North - zero degree and ends with 360°.
 All directions measured in this way are TRUE or GEOGRAPHIC directions.
 Cont.
 Magnetic Direction

 The surface of the Earth is covered by a weak magnetic field.

 The entry and exit points of the field through the earth's surface (which is where the field lines are
perpendicular to the surface) are called the Magnetic Poles.

 Rhumb lines

 For practical purposes, a rhumb line (also known as loxodromes or loxodromic spirals) can be defined
as a line which crosses every meridian of the sphere at the same angle.

 In other words, a ship may maintain a true heading without change from starting point to destination
(if, for the moment, one disregards factors such as currents, wind and changing magnetic variation).
 Variation Deviation
Variation is the angular difference Deviation is the angular difference
between the True meridian & between the Magnetic meridian and
Magnetic meridian. Compass meridian.
It is due to Earth’s magnet. It is due to the magnetic field
produced on ship because of engine
& etc.
Variation may be Eastward or Deviation may be Eastward or
Westward. Westward.
Variation changes from place to Deviation remains same at all places
place on the Earth’s surface. on the Earth’s surface when Ship
heads in one direction.
 Variation Deviation
At a position, variation remains At a position, deviation changes as
same, for different headings of all ship changes her heading, and
ship. different for different ships.

Information on variation is Information on Deviation is obtained

obtained from Variation charts, from the Deviation Card or Table
Admiralty charts, Admiralty prepared for each ship individually.
sailing directions, etc.

At a place, the same variation is Deviation is different for all ships.

applicable to all ships present on Hence it is to be found out for each
that place. ship separately.
 Variation Deviation
Variation helps in calculating the Deviation helps in calculating the
magnetic course or direction and compass error for each ship’s
also the compass error. compass individually.

Magnetic Direction = True

Direction ± Variation. Compass Direction = Magnetic
Direction ± Deviation

Compass Error = ± V ± D Compass Error = ± V ± D