Navigation

The art or science of determining the ship’s or aircraft’s position and of conducting a
ship or aircraft from one position to another safely and efficiently.
Derived from Latin word’s navis (ship) and agree (to move or direct.)

Development of Navigation
Land navigation; Movement from one place to another over land areas by reference
-

of land marks.
Piloting; Movement from one place to another including coastal waters and river by
means of primitive boats and river craft.
Dead reckoning:->
Pereferably used in short
ranges
Venturing into the sea beyond the range of piloting aids. It includes keeping of record
of estimated distance and direction to allow safe return of the mariner.

It is a method of determining where you are by knowing where you

↑

have been, how fast you are travelling and direction you followed.
Accurate starting, Clock, Speed, Wind.
To restore accuracy a known fix is required, it can be a reference point on ground or
radio beacon signal. Short distance, short time navigation.
1800
Position can be determined by observing the celestial bodies.
1900
Radio navigation
Electronic navigation systems
Air navigation
Submarine navigation
Space or astral navigation
 Aeronautical chart I is s
- google it
Is a map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft, much as nautical chart
do for watercraft, or road map for drivers
Polar diameter à 6864.57 miles
Axis The diameter which the earth rotates.
Consist of two points (North pole and South pole)

Equator diameter à 6887.92 miles That's

why
-

Equator earth is not a

symmetrical circle.
Great circle A circle on the surface plane of the earth,
=@⑦

formed by passing a plane perpendicular to earth’s axis.

-
-

⑦ Meridians Great circle. It Is be:

- Is Six
Any great circles formed by passing a plane through the center of the earth
->

at right angles to equator.

Prime meridians
Great circle that passes through the original position of the Royal Greenwich
Observatory near London, England.
It divides the earth in an east-west direction into eastern and western
hemispheres.
Longitude: Angular distance between Greenwich meridian and the meridian of a
particular point on the earth’s surface. Measured in degrees of arc from 0 to 180
degrees.
Latitude: The angular distance between the equator
and the parallel of latitude passing through
24*6380km
a particular point. 24,R =

-> 40,800

Measure in degrees of arc from 0 to 90 degrees

deg See.
1 minute = 1 nautical miles *
360*6041852
neutical mile-1852 metres
si
-
X100
Direction or Heading: related for the object
Angular inclination of that line to the meridian measured right or
counter clockwise from north point of the meridian and expressed
-

in three digits.
-

OR
This is where my nose points - and seeing as my nose is attached
to my head, this is where my head (and thus my machine) is
pointing relative to north.

Course:
Intended direction of travel of object.
OR
This is my intended path of travel that I have calculated taking into
consideration winds, variation and declination.
Track:
This is my actual path traveled over ground - just like a set of tracks I
would leave behind in the snow or sand.

Bearing:
This is the angle between the location of an object, machine or
destination and either:
⑪
my heading. This is called relative bearing.
⑰
magnetic north (direction toward the magnetic north pole). This is
called magnetic bearing
Azimuth:
direction of celestial object from observer.
Distance:
Length of joining two places on the surface of the earth and is
expressed in nautical miles.
Speed:
The velocity of travel and is expressed in 1 knot = 6080.2 ft/hr =
1.852 km/ hr = 1.15078 mi/hr.
Buoys
Floating navigational aids
-

Beacons
Not floating, rigidly attached at the bottom
-

or to the shore.
-

Notes &1 x
-

-
Pre- midterm Savigation Scientific
Measurements

from I
Angles
Navigation equipment
• NDB (Non Directional Beacon) ↳ nura fromhavi n g
r e
• ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) * Angles in:
*

• VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range) degress

minutes
• DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) Seconds

• ILS (Instrument Landing System) never radians

• Marker Beacons
• Area Radar, Approach Radar
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
• Approach Lighting