NAVIGATION

Loran C
LOPs

LORAN-C is a
hyperbolic Transmitter 1
Extended
Transmitter 2

Baseline
navigation system.
Operates by measuring
time distance of arrival
of signals from a pair of
synchronised
transmitters.
By using two pairs
of transmitters a
fix can be obtained.
 A navigation system that was developed by the
US Coast Guard.
The system is comprised of transmission
stations located around the world.
The Loran-C signal is transmitted from these
stations at specified intervals.
By measuring the time delay between
transmissions a user can determine their
position relative to the towers.
The LORAN-C concept is based on groups or
“chains” of stations around the world.
Worldwide there are 28 chains.
Each chain consists of one master station and
4 – 6 secondary stations in a geographic area
The master station of each chain broadcasts a
continuous string of Low Frequency pulses
(measures in microseconds).
The unique time between the start and stop of
each pulse identifies the particular chain.
DIAGRAM 1.1
A and B - transmitting
stations

Curved lines- “TD” lines or

Time Difference
DIAGRAM 1.2
100kHz centre frequency
99% of power within 90-110kHz…
 Loran C Timing

Up to three commercial cesium atomic clocks are

used to generate 5 MHz and pulse per second (or
1 Hz) signals that are used by timing equipment to
generate the various GRI-dependent drive signals
for the transmitting equipment.
Cesium Atomic Clocks
 Phase Coding

where a minus sign indicates an inverted pulse (180°

phase shift)
and a plus sign means no phase shift.
This pattern is repeated every two GRI's.
Simply stated,phase coding determines whether the
first peak in the pulse is upwardsor downwards.
 Loran C Pulses

0 50 100 150 200

Timings from 3rd zero-crossing (30S)

Unlike GPS, LORAN-C accuracy depends on
receiver location with respect to transmitters
Best on baseline between master and slave
because LOPs are closer here
LORAN accuracy is also best over water during
the day.
Conversely it is least accurate over land
masses at night (sky waves more intense at
night).
Types of Accuracy:

Repeatable Accuracy- ability to return to a pre-

set position for LORAN-C is .01 NM or 60ft.

Absolute Accuracy- ability of the receiver to

determine its position independently is
generally within at least 3 NM for distances up
to 2,800 NM.
Chayka was developed by USSR (Russia)
Similar to LORAN-C
Same frequency but different pulse shape
Russian Chayka chains also remain
operational
West Russia chain available in Eastern Europe
Some Loran-C receivers also use
Chayka signals
 Coordinates
Transmitter Emission Power
Location Country
Designation Delay (µS) Latitude Longitude (kW)

Lessay 6731 Chain

M Lessay France 49°08′55.224″N 01°30′17.029″W 250

X 13,000 Soustons France 43°44′23.099″N 01°22′49.584″W 250

Y 27,300 Anthorn UK 54°54′41.949″N 03°16′42.587″W 250

Z 42,100 Sylt Germany 54°48′29.975″N 08°17′36.856″E 250

Bø 7001 Chain

M Bø Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 400

X 14,100 Jan Mayen Norway 70°54′51.478″N 08°43′56.525″W 250

Y 29,100 Berlevåg Norway 70°50′43.014″N 29°12′15.980″E 250

Eiði 9007 Chain

M Eiði Faroe 62°17′59.837″N 07°04′26.079″W 400

W 14,200 Jan Mayen Norway 70°54′51.478″N 08°43′56.525″W 250

X 28,000 Bø Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 400

Y 41,100 Værlandet Norway 61°17′49.435″N 04°41′46.618″E 250

Sylt 7499 Chain

M Sylt Germany 54°48′29.975″N 08°17′36.856″E 250

X 14,100 Lessay France 49°08′55.224″N 01°30′17.029″W 250

Y 29,500 Værlandet Norway 68°38′06.216″N 14°27′47.350″E 250

 J a n M a ye n B e r l evåg

Bø

Pet r oz avodsk
Eiði
Vær l andet

Karachev
Sylt Slonim
Rugby

Lessay

Si mf er opol
Soustons

Former NELS & Chayka Chains

 S-0/1957 – 1962
SL-0/1962 - 1965
MARTHA’S VINEYARD
41 20N – 70 49W NANTUCKET
1957 - 1962 1962 - Present
41 15 11.93N
Y Y 69 58 38.76W
CHAIN CODE NAME: CLOSE Replaced Martha’s Vineyard

CAROLINA BEACH
1957 - Present
34 03 46.36N
M 77 54 46.19W

First Proven Loran System

X Status “Experimental” until 1962
“Operational” 1962
JUPITER INLET
1957 - Present
27 01 59.09N
80 06 52.92W
Station relocated approx 2 miles
north 1962
 SS0/1966 – 1969
7930-Z
SS7/1969 – 1975
9930/1975 – 1978
NANTUCKET
1962 – Present
41 15 11.930N X
DANA Y
1967 – Present 69 58 39.090W
39 51 07.540N CAPE RACE
87 29 12.140W 1966 – Present
46 46 32.180N
Z M 53 10 28.160W
CAROLINA BEACH BERMUDA
EGLIN 1957 – Present 32 15 53.261N
30 35 05.518N 34 03 46.040N 64 52 34.270W
86 36 54.470W 77 54 46.760W
W

JUPITER INLET NOTE:

1957 – Present WILDWOOD used as temp
27 01 58.490N Master or Slave “T”
80 06 53.520W CARIBOU USED as Slave S
 9960/1978 - Present
CARIBOU
1978 – Present 5930-M
46 48 27.199N
SENECA 67 55 37.713W
1978 – Present
W
42 42 50.603N
76 49 33.862W CAPE ELIZABETH
PLUMBROOK 43 34N – 70 12W
41 21 45N
82 38 52W 5930-X
M
8970-M 8970-X X

NANTUCKET
Z SANDY HOOK 1962 – Present
40 28 17N 41 15 11.930N
DANA 7980-Z 74 01 05W 69 58 39.090W
Y
1966 – Present
39 51 07.540N
CAROLINA BEACH
87 29 12.140W
1957 – Present
MAYPORT 34 03 46.040N
30 22 58.253N 77 54 46.760W
81 25 13.314W
 5930/1980 - PRESENT

FOX HARBOR
1984 - PRESENT 7930-M
Z
7930-W

Y
CARIBOU
46 48 27.199N
CAPE RACE
67 55 37.713W
46 46 32.18N
1980 - PRESENT
53 10 28.16
9960-W M 1980 - PRESENT

NANTUCKET
9960-X
41 15 11.93N
69 58 39.09W
1980 - PRESENT
7930/1984 - 1994
X

ANGISSOQ
FOX HARBOR 59 59 17.27N
52 22 35.252N 45 10 27.47W
55 42 27.862W

7930-Z M

5930-Y CAPE RACE

46 46 32.286N
53 10 27.606W
 7270/1995 - Present

5930-Z
COMFORT COVE
X 49 19 53.57N
54 51 42.57W
FOX HARBOR
52 22 35.252N CAPE RACE
55 42 27.862W 46 46 32.286N
53 10 27.606W
M

5930-Y
 SL-6/1959 – 1964 Chain Code Name: RAIL
SL-0/1964 – 1966 ON AIR Mar 1960
SL-3/1966 – 1975
7970/ 1975 - 1994
Z BO, NORWAY
SANDUR, ICELAND JAN MAYEN 1959 – 1994
1959 – 1994 1959 - 1994 68 38 06.150N
4 54 26.580N – 23 55 21.750W 70 54 52.610N 14 27 47.000E
08 43 58.690W

X
M
SL-7-W Y EJDE, FAEROES
7930-W 1959 – 1994
9980-M 62 17 59.680N – 07 04
SL-7-X (1996-75) 26.710SWHETLAND
7930-X (1975-83)
60 26 25.347N
9980-X (1984-94)
W 01 18 05.220W
SYLT, GERMANY
1964 – 1994
54 48 29.800N – 08 17 36.330E
 SL-6 JAN MAYEN Chain Code Name: RAIL
29 Mar 1962 – 1959 - 1994 ON AIR Mar 1960
Ejde tower collapased 70 54 52.610N
08 43 58.690W

Y X

SANDUR, ICELAND BO, NORWAY

1959 – 1994 1959 – 1994
64 54 26.580N – 23 55 21.750W 68 38 06.150N
14 27 47.000E
 SL-3-Y
SL-7/1966 – 1975 7970-Y
7930/1975 - 1983 SANDUR
1959 – 1983
64 54 26.580N
23 55 21.750W W

ANGISSOQ
1966 – 1983 KEFLAVIK
59 59 17.270N 63 57 26N
ST ANTHONY SL-3-M
45 10 27.470W 22 43 29W
51 21 37N 7970-M
55 37 28W
M X
CAPE RACE
1966 –1983
46 46 32.180N
53 10 28.160W EJDE
1959 – 1983
62 17 59.680N
07 04 26.710W
Z

SS-0-X (1966-69)
SS-7-X (1969-75)
 9980/1984 - 1994
SANDUR
64-54-26.58N
23-55-21.75W

7930-X

X 7970-M

ANGISSOQ EJDE
59-59-17.27N 62-17-59.68N
45-10-27,47W 07-04-26.71W
 Chain Code Name: TACK
SL-4/1959 –1966
SL-1/1967 – 1975 Construction started DEC 58…ON AIR AUG 59
7990/1975 - 1994 KARGABARUM, TURKEY
AKA: TUSLOG DET 52
SARDINIA
AKA: TARGABARUM
39 10 51.348N
09 09 35.020E 1959 – 1993*
40 58 20.950N
Z 27 52 01.520E SL-4/X
SL1-7990/Y
ESTARTIT, SPAIN
SELLIA MARINA, ITALY
Oct 1961 – Dec
AKA: SIMERI CRICHI
1994 M
1959 – 1994
42 03 36.490N
38 52 20.610N
03 12 15.900E
16 43 05.960E
RHODES
36 25
X SL-4/Y 20.746N
28 09
LAMPEDUSA SL-1/X 31.920E
AUG 1972 - DEC 1994 MATRATIN, LIBYA
35 31 20.880N 1959-1970
12 31 29.960E 30 36N – 18 24E
8290-W 8970/1980 - Present

MUSKEGON SENECA
Y 43 13N – 86 16W 1978 – Present
42 42 50.603N
76 49 33.862W
BAUDETTE X 9960-M
1978 – Present* MABLEHEAD
48 36 49.947N 41 32N – 82 43W
94 33 17.915W
DANA
1967 – Present
39 51 07.540N
87 29 12.140W
M 9960-Z MAYPORT
BOISE CITY 30 22 58.253N
1980 - Present 81 25 13.314W
W
MALONE
ELGIN 1978 – Present
Z
30 35 05.518N 30 59 38.740N
86 36 54.470W 85 10 09.305W
9610-M 7980-M
(1991)
5990-M

WILLIAMS LAKE 8290/1991-PRESENT

51 57 58.876N
122 22 01.686W

HAVRE
48 44 38.589N
109 58 53.613W 8970-Y

M W

BAUDETTE
X 48 36 49.947N
94 33 17.915WW
GILLETTE
44 00 11.305N
105 37 23.895W

9610-V
 9610/1991 - PRESENT
GILLETTE 8290-X
44 00 11.305N
105 37 23.895W BOISE CITY
V 36 30 20.783N
9940-Y 102 53 59.487W
8970-Z

M
W
GRANGEVILLE
SEARCHLIGHT 30 43 33.018
35 19 18.305N 90 49 43.600W
114 48 16.881W X
Z
LAS CRUCES
32 04 18.130N Y 7980-W
106 52 04.388W RAYMONDVILLE
26 31 55.006
97 50 00.093
7980-X
 7980/1978 - Present 9960-Y

MALONE
1978 – Present
GRANGEVILLE 30 59 38.740N Z
1978 – Present 85 10 09.305W
CAROLINA BEACH
30 43 33.018N 8970-W
1957 – Present
90 49 43.600W
34 03 46.040N
77 54 46.760W

9610-Z W
M
MAYPORT
SABINE PASS
30 22 58.253N
29 40N –93 50W
Y 81 25 13.314W
EGLIN
9610-Y X 30 35 05.518N
86 36 54.470W
RAYMONDVILLE
1978 – Present JUPITER
26 31 55.006 1957 – Present
97 50 00.093 27 01 58.490N
80 06 53.520W
 9940/1977 - Present 5990-Y
GEORGE
1977 – Present
47 03 47.990N
NORTH BEND 119 44 39.530W
43 24 36.210N W
124 14 27.920W
FALLON
1977 – Present
39 33 06.620N
118 49 56.370W
X M

MIDDLETOWN
1977 – Present Y
38 46 56.990N
122 29 44.529W SEARCHLIGHT
PT PINOS 1977 – Present
36 37 59.020N 35 19 18.305N
121 56 05.580W 114 48 16.881W
9610-W
 JUNEAU
58 17 54.847N 5990/1977 - PRESENT
134 24 45.369W

7960-Y
SHOAL COVE
55 26 20.940N
131 15 19.094W

WILLIAMS LAKE
51 57 58.876N
122 22 01.686W
M
PORT HARDY
50 36 29.830N GEORGE
8290-Y 1977 – PRESENT
127 21 28.489W
47 03 47.990
Z 119 44 39.530W
ALBERT BAY
50 35 10.0N
126 54 39.0W
Y

NORTH BEND
9940-W
43 24 36.210
124 14 27.920
 7960/1977 - Present
TOK
KODIAK Monitor
57 44 00.703N 1977 – Present
152 30 20.356W 63 19 42.810N
142 48 31.900W
NARROW CAPE
1977 – 1990 M
KODIAK
1990 - Present
Y
57 26 20.210N JUNEAU
152 22 11.219W 58 17 54.847N
134 24 45.369 SHOAL COVE
1977 – Present
X
55 26 20.850N
131 15 19.850
5990-X
9990-Z
 NARROW CAPE
AKA: Bering Sea Chain early 60’s 1977 – 1990
SL–2/1960 – 1969
PORT CLARENCE KODIAK
SH-7/1969 – 1975
1961 –Present 1990 - Present
5930/1975 – 1977
65 14 40.120N 57 26 20.210N
9990/1977 - Present
166 53 14.470W 152 22 11.219W
7960-X
SL-2/Z
SH-7/Y KODIAK Monitor
5930/Y 57 44 00.703N
152 30 20.356W 9990/Z
9990/Y

M SL-2/X
SH-7/Z
SL-2/Y 5930/Z
SH-7/X
5930/X SITKINAK
9990/X 1960 –1977
ST PAUL 56 32N – 154 08W
ATTU 1960 – Present
1960 – Present 57 09 09.880N
52 49 45.050N 170 14 59.810W
173 10 52.310W
Chain reconfigured Mar 64 – Dec 64 due to
SS-3/1964-1975
Towers failure at Iwo and Yap. Again in 1981 for tower maintenance @ Iwo. 9970/1975-1981
7930/1981(IWO O/A)
HOKKAIDO
GESASHI 9970/1981-1993
1964 – 1993
1964 –1993 KAMISEYA 42 44 37.000N
26 36 24.990N 35 29 11.555N 143 43 09.060E
128 08 56.210E 139 29 25.120E X 7930 YANKEE
7930 X-RAY
Y
M W

IWO JIMA
1964 – 1993
24 48 04.100N
SAIPAN 141 19 28.999E MARCUS*
15 07 47.115N 1964 – 1993
145 41 37.620W Z
Z 24 17 07.700N
BARRIGADA 153 58 51.500E
YAP 1987 - 1993 *Master when
1964 – 1987 Iwo off air
09 32 45.660N
138 09 55.230E
 AKA: Hawaii Chain early 60’s SH-4/1961-1969
S-1/1969-1975
4990/1975-1992

FRENCH FRIGATE UPOLA POINT

Y 23 52 23.066N 1961 – 1992
166 17 19.600W 20 14 49.160N
155 53 09.700W
KURE ISLAND
1961 – 1992
X
28 23 41.770N
178 17 30.200W

JOHNSTON ISLAND
1961 – 1992
16 44 43.950N
169 30 31.200W
S3/1966 - 1969
SH-3/1969 - 1975 UDORN
1966 – 1975
MONITOR
LAMPANG
1966 – 1975 X
18 20N – 99 23E
Z
M
SATTAHIP TAN MY
1966 –1975 1969 – 1975
12 37N – 100 58E 16 33N – 107 39E

Y
CONSON
1966 – 1975
08 43N – 106 38E