GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmadabad
Affiliated

S.S.Agrawal Institute of Engineering

& Technology
Affiliated with GTU

A Report on-
“Filtration”

Under subject of
MECHANICAL OPERATION (2150502)

B.E. 3rd year

5th Semester
(Chemical Engineering Branch)

Submitted by:

Sr. NO Name Enrollment NO.

1 KATARIYA BHAVIN D. 161230105017
2 SHIYAL MANOJ K. 161230105046
3 VAGHASIYA TRUSHAL K. 161230105055

Under the guidance of

Ms. Shahin Ravla

Academic Year
(2018 - 2019)
 S.S.AGRAWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY

Certificate

This is to certify that,

Sr No. Name of Student Enrollment No.

1. Katariya Bhavin D 161230105017
2. Shiyal Manoj K. 161230105046
3. Vaghasiya Trushal K. 161230105055

Of Third year students have completed their Term work successfully and

satisfactorily in the subject of Mechanical Operation (2150502) on Date

08/10/18 for the term ending October 2018 in Chemical engineering

Department.

Sign of Internal Faculty Sign of External Faculty

Date: Date:

Sign of Head of Department

Date:
 Contents Table:

Sr No. Name Page No.

1. Definition & Concept 4

2. Mechanism of Filtration 5

3. Types Of Filtration

4. Principle of Cake Filtration 6

5. Filter aids 8

5. Selection criteria for Filters

6. Properties of Ideal filter medium

7. Types of Filtration equipments 10

8. Concept and principle of 12

sedimentation
9. Application of filtration

10. Reference 15
 1.Defination & Concept

 Filtration: It may be define as a process of

separation of solids from a fluid by passing the
same through a porous medium that retains the
solids but allows the fluid to pass through.

 Clarification: When solid are present in very low

concentration, i.e., not exceeding 1.0% w/v, the
process of its separation from liquid is called
Clarification.

Terms Used in Filtration

 Slurry or Feed : Suspension to be filtered

 Filter Medium: Porous medium use to retain solid.
 Filter cake: Accumulated Solids on the filter.
 Filtrate: Clear liquid passing through the filter.
 2.Mechanism of Filtration

 Straining: Similar to sieving. i.e., particles of larger

size can’t pass through smaller pore size of filter
medium.

 Impingement: Solids having the momentum move

along the path of streaming flow and strike
(impinge) the filter medium. Thus the solids are
retained on the filter medium.

 Entanglement: Particles become entwined

(entangled) in the masses of fibers (of cloths with
fine hairy surface or porous felt) due to smaller size
of particles than the pore size. Thus solids are
Retained within filter medium.

 Attractive forces: Solids are retained on the filter

medium as a result of attractive force between
particles and filter medium, as in case of
electrostatic filtration
 3. Types Of Filtration

 Generally there are two types of Filtration.

1. Surface/Screen/Cake Filtration :
 It is a screening action by
which pores or holes of
medium prevent the
passage of solids.
 Mechanism involved:
straining and impingement.
 Efficacy is defined in terms
of mean or maximum pore size.

2. Depth/Deep bed filtration :

 In this slurry penetrates to a
point where the diameter of
solid particles is greater
than that of the tortuous
void or channel.
 Mechanism: Entanglement.
 The solids are retained with
a gradient density structure by physical restriction
or by adsorption properties of medium.
 4.Principle of cake filtration

 Since the filter medium is permeable only to the

fluid, it retains the solid particles and permits
only the fluid to pass through which is Collected
as the filtrate. The volume of filtrate Collected per
unit time (dV/dt) is termed as the Rate of
filtration.
 As the filtration proceeds, solid particle
accumulate on the filter medium forming a
packed bed of solids, called filter cake.
 As the thickness of the cake increases,
1. Resistance to flow of filtrate increases.
2. Rate of filtration gradually decreases.
 If rate is maintained to be constant then pressure
difference driving force (-∆P) will increase.
 5. Filter aids

 The objective of filter aid is to prevent the

medium from becoming blocked and to form an
open, porous cake, hence, reducing the resistance
to flow of the filtrate.
 Filter aid forms a surface deposit which screens
out the solids and also prevents the plugging of
supporting filter medium.

 Characteristics of filter aids:

 Chemically inert and free from impurities.
 Low specific gravity, so remain suspended in
liquids.
 Low specific gravity, so remain suspended in
liquids.
 Recoverable.

 Example of filter aids : Diatomaceous earth

 6. Selection criteria for filters

 Material related :
 Properties of fluid- viscosity.
 Nature of solids- size, shape, distribution and
packing characteristics of particles.
 Conc. Of solid in suspension.
 Quantity of material to be handling.
 Whether it is necessary to wash the solid.
 Whether any form of pretreatment will be
Helpful.
 Whether it is necessary to wash the filtered
solids.

 Equipment and process related :

 Flow rate.
 Should be absolute in sense, limit to size of
particles passing through the filter should be
known.
 Should be sterilisable by heat, radiation or gas.
 Should be economical.