EXAMPLES OF HEDGING EXPRESSIONS USED IN

ACADEMIC TEXTS
 MODAL AUXILIARY VERB – may, might, can,
could, would, should
Gusto ko nang sumakabilang buhay thank you bow
 NOUNS – assumption, claim possibility,
FUNDAMENTALS OF READING TEXTS estimate, suggestive
 ADVERBS – perhaps, possibly, probably, likely
ACADEMIC TEXTS  IF CLAUSE – if true, if anything
 ARTICLES – published scholarly journals ; can
VERB
either impact the academic community

 CONFERENCE PAPERS – presented in scholastic

LEXICAL AUXILIARY
conferences
(full verb) (helping verb)
 Can stand alone
 REVIEWS – evaluation ; reviews of works
in a sentence

 THESES, DISSERTATIONS – personal researches ;

MODALS AUXILIARY
based on factual evidences
- can - is
------------------------------------------------------------------------ - would - are
- am
SKIMMING – reading very quickly to get the main May – less possibilities
idea Might – high possibilities
SCANNING – looking for a certain information Will
STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS Would – more polite

 Formal OTHER READING STRATEGIES

 Clearly structured introduction, body & SQ3R KWL
conclusion
 Include information from credible source  Survey - What I Know
 Question - What I Want to Know
C O N T E N T & S T Y L E O F A C A D. T E X T S  Read - What I Learned
Includes concepts & theories that are related to the  Recite
specific discipline they explore  Review
Exhibits the properties of a well-written text
LOCATING MAIN IDEAS
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT  Identification of the central message
 Main idea may be implied or explicitly stated
 Unity - Coherence & Cohesion  Levels of idea:
 Mechanics - Language Use o Major details – supports main idea; can
stand alone
Objective – factual information o Minor details – supports major details
Subjective – opinion
MAIN IDEA
Coherence – paragraph level
Cohesion – sentence level o Tells what the reading passage is about
o Helps remember important info
o Reveals the topic
o States the purpose of the reading passage
 TECHNIQUES IN LOCATING Purpose
 Identify the topic The reason for writing the research
 Transitional devices: It’s okay to use the information sources that
o Thus, therefore, to conclude, to sum up, the contain strong arguments/opinions
point is
 Validate your identified main ideas if PURPOSE OF CITING SOURCES
supporting details directly/indirectly To give credit to the original author of a work
support it To promote scholarly writing
To help your target audience identify your
THESIS STATEMENT
original source
 One-sentence statement that expresses the
main idea of the essay
FORMS OF CITATION
 Presents/describes the point of an essay - In-text citation - Reference
 Introduced by signal phrases (usually at the last
part) TIPS FOR CITING
Don’t cut/add to the titles
TOPIC SENTENCE Capitalize:
 Describes the point of the paragraph o 1st letter of the 1st word of the title
o 1st letter of the 1st word of a subtitle after a
colon
EVALUATING SOURCES OF INFORMATION o Proper nouns
Italicize: Titles (and journals)
Currency Remove: hyperlink
Time that the info was produced
APA
The date of publication should be at most 5
years earlier  Author-year format

Relevance Ex.

How well the source meets your information Berber (2019), states that writing is a
needs difficult task.
Check the title, table of contents,
In a study provided by LPU Cavite, it states
summary/abstract, introductions, or
that writing is difficult task (Berber, 2019)
headings/text to have a sense of its content
o How related  Direct quotations:
o Use skimming o Less than 40 words use quotation
marks
Authority o More than 40 words: apply hanging
indention
Author/ the other source of the information
o Page numbers are required
Think twice if the source doesn’t have an author
Check the university’s website MLA
Publications from professors are usually peer-
 Author-page format
reviewed
Ex.
Accuracy
Berber states that writing is blahblah..(p.17)
The correctness, truthfulness, & overall
excellence of the information  Works cited
 Double spaced
The tone/ the attitude of the author must be
formal
IEEE Author LN , FI, MI, (Year). Chapter title. In
Editor’s FI, MI, LN (Ed.), book title (pp. numbers). Place
 By number of publication: Publisher.
(subscript) [1]
 References Electronic
 Single-spaced
Author LN, FI, MI, (Year). Article title. Journal
AMA title, Volume Number(Issue no.), Page Numbers.
Retrieved from http://URL for journal home page
 By number
(superscript)1 Print
3-5 authors Author’s LN, FI, MI, (Year). Article title. Journal
o First name of all the authors (first title, Volume no.(Issue no.), Page Numbers.
citation)
o et al Reference

SUMMARIZING Author’s Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial.

(n.d.). Title. Retrieved from http://URL
- A brief statement/account of the main point of
something
- Can be completed in writing
- Taking a large selection of text, reducing it to
smaller pieces
- Paraphrasing – using of own words

IDEA HEADING FORMAT

- Summarized idea comes before citation

AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT

- Summarized idea comes after citation

DATE HEADING FORMAT

- Summarized idea comes after the idea

REPORTING VERBS – used to discuss another

person’s writings; “states that”

DIRECT QUOTING – copy an original piece of

text word for word ; w/ quotation marks “ “

eBook

Author Last Name, First Initial, Middle Initial,

(Year). Chapter Title. In Editor’s First I., M. I.,
Last Name (Ed.), Book Title (pp. numbers).
Retrieved from URL.

Print Book