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Hindi For Non-Hindi Speaking People PDF
Hindi For Non-Hindi Speaking People PDF
SPEAKING PEOPLE
Kavita Kumar
9
RUPA
First Published by
Rupa Publications India Pvt. Ltd 1994
7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
N ew Delhi 110002
Sales centres:
Allahabad Bengaluru Chennai
Hyderabad Jaipur Kathmandu
Kolkata Mumbai
ISBN: 978-81-716-7350-6
10 9 8 7 6
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way o f trade
or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated, without the
publisher’s prior consent, in any form o f binding or cover other than that in
which it is published.
P reface to Third Edition
The third edition has been facilitated by the valuable feedback
and unstinted support of users and learners who very kindly
pointed out some printing errors that had crept in the previous
edition and offered useful suggestions .Two new chapters have
been added. Keeping in view the needs of the learners, the
existing matter has been rearranged and further fortified with
added explanations and word-power.
I thank:
My students for the constant feedback by way of comments,
suggestions, reviews of my teaching abilities and study material
specially tailored to accommodate varied requirements of learners
from all over the world.
My family and friends for their patience and understanding.
Any suggestions, comments or criticism of this new edition will
be welcome.
Kavita Kumar
November 12, 2007
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Kavita Kumar
Varanasi
February 25, 1994 Kavita Kumar
CONTENTS (faro
page
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
Unit
Introduction 1
Hindi Alphabet 3
• Vowels (TTT)
• Consonants (cqa^ii) 4
• Visarga (fatf'F) 8
Pronouns :
Vocabulary - Verbs 19
• Comprehension 26
Imperative 27-30
• Uses of Imperative 30
• (* + ....... ) 31
• & + ........) 33
• <&+.........) 35
• Inanimate objects 38
• Animate objects 39
• Examples 41
• Language structures 42
• Examples 43
• Planned future 59
• Examples 63-64
Use of the verbs ■j'fHI, ^TT, ^Hl, ^TPTT 65-68
3. '4 3(H 1 71
As soon as 72-77
• Uses of 81
Subjunctive 83-85
• Present subjunctive 83
• Future subjunctive 85
• Future probability 89
• Imperative frequentative 95
• Future frequentative 96
Apprehensions (3TIWT^>I9tER?) 98
X want to have Y :
X wants to do Y :
Noun+TTefT 113
Gender 191
C ases 197
Number 198
Pronouns 206-219
Personal pronouns 206-207
Definite pronouns; Indefinite pronouns 208-212
Interrogative pronouns 212-216
Relative pronouns 216-218
Reflexive pronouns 218-219
Adjectives 220-240
Distributive adjectives
Adverbs 241-246
Classification 241-244
• Use of 247
• Use of 255-257
Conjunctions 260-266
Interjection 267-268
Punctuation 269-281
Particles 282-283
Usages 290-309
*fc=rr 299
Idioms ( g ^ ) 328-336
Proverbs (dlTlRcIFT) 337-338
Letters: 381-385
An aplication 381
388
FcW 390
Vocabulary : 392-394
fats 392
grains 392
spices 393
cooking 394
§ EVERYDAY EXPRESSIONS
INDEX-English 441-450
INDEX-Hindi 451-456
★ ★ ★
ABBREVIATIONS
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
B.H.U. Banaras Hindu University
C-1 causative-1
C-2 causative-2
Compul. str. Compulsion Structure
Comp. v.i. Compound verb intransitive
Comp. v.t. Compound verb transitive
Cond. str. Conditional structure
Conj. Conjunct
Cont. comp. Continuative compound
d.o. direct object
d.pl. dirctcase plural
d.sg. dirct case singular
Eng. English
exp. Expression
f. feminine
EE Everyday Expression
tut. future
G gender
Hon. honorific
idm. idiom
imper. imperative
inc. comp. inceptive compound
inf. infinitive
Inform. Informal
infl. inf. inflected infinitive
Int. intimate
Inter. interrogative
IPC Imperfective
Participial Constructions
i.o. indirect object
m. masculine
n. noun
nm noun masculine
N number
nom. case nominative case
obj. object
obl.pl. oblique case plural
obl.sg. oblique case singular
Pi- plural
non-prox. non-proximate
Past hab. Past habitual
Pres. ind. Present indefinite
Pres. pass. Present passive
Pres. perf. Present perfect
PP Past participle
PPC Past participle construction
PP„ postposition
prog. progressive
Pron. pronoun
prox. proximate
R Reading
redup. reduplicative
refl. pron. reflexive pronoun
rel. relative
repet. repetitive
sg. singular
subj. subject
subjunc. subjunctive
V. verb
v.i. verb intransitive
v.r. verb root
v.t. verb transitive
'X' any indefinite subject
changes to
Introduction
Hindi uses the Devanagri script of Sanskrit, believed to be a divine
language. Its alphabet is arranged in a fascinating, scientific order, beginning
with the velars, moving forward through the prepalatals, palatals and dentals
to the labials. Each row has five consonants produced in distinctly separate
regions of the mouth, again very scientifically arranged; the aspirates following
the non-aspirates, ending in nasal consonants, thus giving a soothing rest to
the learner.
Devanagri script is written from left to right. There are no capital letters.
Being a phonetic language it has no pronunciation ambiguities. There
are no silent letters. The language is almost read the way it is written.
Indian perception of life in every object is imbibed in the language;
hence only two genders, masculine and feminine are recognized grammatically.
The native speakers grow up with the language and learn the genders naturally
without any special effort. Foreign students are advised to learn the gender
with every new noun-word. The sound of a word is the master key initiating the
intuitive lead to accurate gender-determination.
During my years of teaching the Hindi language to foreign students,
particularly from European countries and America, I have often noticed the
difficulties caused by several constructions where the subject is followed by
(ko), the causative verbs as well as the use of the same word (kal)
for tomorrow as well as yesterday.
Language is after all a mirror reflecting the culture, religion, philosophy
and social structure of a country. The basic Hindu belief admitting the
supremacy and omnipotence of the creator of the universe, accepting Him as
the doer of all activity and assuming for the people a very humble passive role
as recipients of His grace or wrath is reflected in the language. Instead of the
subject in the nominative case, language constructions with the dative case of
the subject (i.e. subject followed by ) are found in plenty; the underlying
concept is that the subject is not actively doing the action but things are actually
happening to him. For instance while an English language speaker says, 'I
am hungry.', 'I hurt myself.', or 'I like it', the corresponding constructions by a
Hindi language speaker are 'mujhko bhukh lag! h a i., 'mujhko cot lag! hai' etc.,
meaning respectively 'To me hunger is.', 'To me injury is.', or 'To me it pleasing
is.'
The profuse use as well as availability of the causative verbs does not
sound strange in a society like ours with ages'-long, deeply-ingrained caste
structure where a class of people has been recognized as mainly existing for
1
providing service to those higher up in the caste hierarchy - without any guilty
conscience perhaps ! Naturally the native speakers did not consider it worth
their effort to devise any syntactic formation to express the meaning of having
something done by somebody; instead they learnt dexterously to form causative
verb roots by a quick morphological process, in fixing '3U' (a) or ^T’ (va)
between the transitive or intransitive verb roots and their ‘HT’ (na) endings.
Our impressions of the Time as an eternally revolving wheel without
any beginning or end never presented any justification for the use of two
distinctly separate words for the time past or immediately following the present.
The verb endings are enough of a clue to help the smooth functioning of our
worldly business.
Students will certainly come across several similar constructions while
learning the language. However, if interpreted and understood in the religio-
socio-philosophical background as briefly explained above, they are easily
comprehended and mastered.
★ ★ ★
2
Hindi A lphabet ( l ^ t quF*ileii)
Vowels ( ^ t )
Devan- Trans Vowel Position Pronoun
agarT literation symbols ced as
3T a (this is inherent in
the consonant) shut, cut
3 u O (subscript) put
N
e (superscript) hate
•=*
$ ai (superscript) bat,mat
3
Consonants (om«m )
nonas aspi nonas aspi nasal area of
pirate rate pirate rate articulation
TF F F F Velars
ka kha ga gha na
F t? *(% ) F
ca cha ja jha ha Prepalatals
z z F <0 F (Dt)
ta tha da dha n Retroflexes
F s
rha Flaps
F ST Z £f F
ta tha da dha na Dentals
F <T F F
pa pha ba bha ma Labials
F T <=t(?T) z
ya ra la va Semi-vowels
TT ST F
sa ?a sa Sibilants
F
ha Glottal
ST F F /s l Conjunct
ksa tra jna (gya) consonants
The first vowel F is inherent in all the consonants for phonetic ease. The
consonants without the vowel ‘3T’ called FH (hala) have a subscript stroke
4
■ Nasalized vowels (3TT)-iiRi't> ^ r ) :
All Hindi vowels have their nasalized form where the air passes freely
through the nasal cavity. They use the symbol (~ ) a crescent with a dot
above it, known as 'anunasik' (apjniRi't') or 'candrabindu'
| (hum); (cum).
**" The Hindi alphabet provides a nasal consonant at the end of the first
five groups of con son ants i.e. the velars, the prepalatals, the
retroflexes, the dentals and the labials. Of these the nasal con so
nants and of are not used independently but as conjuncts pre
ceded by som e vowel and succeeded by som e consonant.
Example:
The remaining three nasal consonants ’T, -T, can be used indepen
dently.
5
Examples :
*s* When these five nasal consonants precede the members of their
own series, they can be and are usually written as a dot ( ) above the
head stroke of the previous consonant but read before the following
letter. This is known as 'anusvar' (3P|W ^)
Examples:
TJT (rang)
(cancal)
3F]^T/3F^T 3T5T (anda)
H*"t^\/Hr<4\ F ern a n d a)
WTT/RRT 'W (campa)
e.g. 3T9T am s
6
Modified letters from the Persian language :
¥ qa (qadam) a step
¥ kha <fHM (kharab) bad
R ga (gazab) disaster
«T za (zevar) ornament
^ fa WcT (fasal) crop
•s’ Vowels have their syllabic as well as intrasyllabic forms (page 3). At
the beginning of a word or when used with som e other vowel, they are
used in their syllabic form.
Examples :
■ 3 ^ (ab), 3fR (aj), ^3 (is), (Tkh), 3 ¥ (us), 3i3 (un), (ek), rH<t>
(ainak), 3TRT (os), (aurat)
■ srr^r (ao), (aie), sns; (aum)
•s* When used with consonants their intra-syllabic form is used as shown
below:
¥ + 3t -
¥ (ka)
¥ + 3TT = ¥T (ka)
+ \ = (ki)
+ f = i t (ki)
¥ + = 1 (ku)
¥ + 3; = \ (ku)
+ w = f (kr)
+ R = (ke)
+ = (kai)
¥ + = (ko)
¥> + air = (kau)
¥ + 3f = i (karh)
¥ + 3T: = (kah)
*** T + Rj = ■5 (ru) = o^'ii (rukna)
J + 3; = ¥ (ru) = ¥ 3 (rup)
7
w A table of consonants and intra-syllabic forms of vowels written together
is given on page 10.
Visarga (f^pf) ’
w Visarga is written as two dots one below the other like colon (:), and
is transliterated as 'h1, It is pronounced as ah (3f?). It occurs mostly
in loan words from Sanskrit such as Wf: prayah, <5^ duhkh, t5:
chah, kramasah etc.
**■ Hindi being a phonetic language, its pronunciation doesn't have many
ambiguities. It is almost read the way it is written.
*3* There are no silent letters. Also there are no capital letters in
Devanagri script.
Some guidelines for the pronunciation of the inherent ‘3T’
**■ Inherent final ‘3T’ is not pronounced e.g. is kal and not kala; ^Tcf is
kamal and not kamala; is camcam and not camacama
Exceptions:
1. Inherent final '3f’ of mono-syllabic words is always pronounced e.g. ^
na; ^ va,
2. When a word ends in an ‘3f’ending conjuct consonant, the final ‘3f’is
actually pronounced, e.g. netra; ^ 5 candra; apfrnf ayogya
3. When a word ends in V preceded by a syllable ending in V , oR’ the
inherent final ‘3T’ is actually pronounced. e.g.tMtj*t rajsuya; priya;
f^PTfhT nindanlya
**" Inherent '3T' in the second syllable is not pronounced :
Q In three syllabic words ending in any long vowel, e.g. cis<w larka;
lark!; larke
Q In four syllabic words e.g. camcam; FcRcf halcal
E xceptions:
8
2. When a four-syllabic word begins with a prefix , the inherent ‘3f’ of its
second syllable is pronounced, e.g. 3tl<*HUI araksan; pracalan
**■ Inherent ‘3f ’ in the third syllable of the four-syllabic words ending in a
long vowel is not pronounced e.g. TIHSHI samajhna; 3prct agarce,
macaltT
+ t = 33 kram
9
^ + o = ® TStT raksa
n* + o = oo 000 vakt
^[ + 0 = ^0 rpOTcT khyal
^ + *5 = 'R? 3r,+9i accha
«^ + O = wf cROT lajja
0[ + O = R OcOT/OOT patta
^ + F = ^ 0*01 nanha
z + r = 0 ? /f o f/o r^ pattT
o + o = o ? /I 3l|l/3|^Sl adda
0. + s = 0 ? / ¥ TTfT/TT^T gaddha
O; + 0 = O fe n vidya
^ f^n§i siddha
^ + 0 = S SR dwar
0 + 0 = 0? f^rft/ffe^t chitthT
0 + 0 = F 0^0 hrasva
ir + o = or son brahma
o; + o = w OTfl bahya
^ + x = >3 ^tor sravan
^ + o = rt 0*0% namaste
^ + o, + t = or orror sastra
o; + = f hfday
^ + o = ^ 3?M ostha
o? + Off = f ffSr krsi
★ ★ ★
10
Table of consonants and Intra-syllabic
forms of vowels written together
z 5T ft ft 3
ft 1 ftr ftr ft Z
F cTT ft ft 3 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft F
ft ft! fa ft
3 3
ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
ft FT ft ft ft ft ftr ftr ft F
3 3
ST SIT ft ft ft ft sir ftr si ST
3 3
•T FT ft ft 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft F
3
F FT ft ft 3 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft F
F FT ft ft 3 3 ft ft Ft ftr F F
F FT ft ft 3 3 ft ft Ft ftr F F
ST FT ft ft 3 3
ft ft ftr ftr ft F
T FT ft ft ft t fr ft f T
3 I
ft cTT ft ft
3 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
F FT ft ft ft ft ftr ftr ft F
I 3
ft ftT ftr ft 3 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
ft FT ft ft ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
3 3
F FT ft ft ft ft Ft ftr F F
3 3
F FT ft ft 3 ft t Ft ftr F F
ST STT ftr ft
3 3
ft ft ftr ftr ft ST
ft FT ft ft 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
3
ft FT ft ft 1 3 ft ft ftr ftr ft ft
11
P ro n o u n s : Nom inative C ase -1
2 (f l^ T F T : - 1)
* 1 we
(maim) ham
cji? dlJl you (informal pi.) 3TFT crTlJl you (formal pi.)
(turn log) people (ap log) people
12
Pronouns: Oblique Case see pg. 206
TJST (mujh) me FR (ham) + any ppn.
cjTT (tujh) you (intimate) (turn) you (informal sg./pl.)
cThlt (turn logom) you (informal pi.)
3TTC (ap) you (hon. sg.) 3fN/3nq (ap logom) you (formal pi.)
■^T (us) him/her (far) (un) them (far)
^ (is) him/her (near) ■^T (in) them (near)
f^T (kis) what, whom etc. (sg.) (kin) what, whom etc. (pi.)
(kisT) someone (sg.) (kinhim) someone (pi.)
• s ' Oblique pronouns are followed by one of the simple postpositions given
below or som e compound postposition, (see page 31).
Pronouns in accusative or dative form take the case ending *q>t ’ after
them. Some of them have an alternative contracted form as shown in
the table below:
^fi't'l, ^ to me FR^f, to us
cjsi'hl, to you (intimate)
cfRPt, to you (informal) 3flWf to you (formal)
cpT cM to you people(infor.) SIFT Hhtr 33 to you people(formal)
to him (far) 3 'lchl, 3T% to them (far)
to him (near) ^ to them (near)
farf to whom, (sg.) R>'ict>), to whom (pi.)
to someone (sg.) R>-$ct>) to someone (pi.)
★ ★ ★
13
P o sse ssiv e C ase (^ w m * * * )
3
The p o ssessive form has the case endings 44,
**■ They agree with the number and gender of the object p ossessed
and not with the number and gender of the possessor.
‘t'HCll CIS'M Kamla's son (m.sg.)
WTReTT #1 <=TS% Kamla's sons (m. pi.)
^ReTT Kamla's daughter (f- sg.)
't'Hell 4?) cisRiqi Kamla's daughters (f.pl.)
Examples :
Case m.sg. m. pi.
Direct ^RTcTT m 4^=TT % m
Oblique <=r>-Hcii % 'EfT +ppn 't'Hcu % + ppn
Direct 3lPtd ^ sff^TcT %
Oblique 3|pTeT % +ppn arf^TeT % + ppn
,ppn = postposition
Examples:
1a. ^ReTT brother of Kamla.
1b. ■fHcii % cR W T Room of brother of Kamla.
1c. ^ window of room of brother of Kamla.
14
Some more examples : (see pg. 18)
1. #HcTTa the nest of a bird.
2. f%f^TT % in the nest of a bird.
3. their house
4. <w i»ir the door of their house
5. % W R l % 37TT above the door of their house
6. % 4?) two months vacation
7. 4^ ^ T t ^ during the two months' vacation
★ ★ ★
15
Verb of Being - ‘t^TT*
Subject Verb
In the
present t i
tense ‘FPTT’
<J, FF, FF, F?PT (sg.) TFT, FFT-FFT (what all) %
agrees with
the number TJF, c£F cTlF
and not with
the gender FF, 3TR, %,
t
and person. F?PT (who pi.), F?PT-F?PT (who all)
16
Put *44T’ at the beginning of a sentence to change it to interrogative.
Put ’ just before the required form of Ft4T to change it to negative.
*
Examples :
17
8. srrn 1 1 You are very kind.
9. 41hk I I am sick.
10. TOT (m.pl.) 11 The mangoes are sweet.
11. (m.sg.)3FT 11 The milk is cold.
12. TO F it (m.sg.) TO R t ? Is the yogurt sour ?
13. TO (m.sg.) TTHT 11 The fruit is fresh.
14. teTT (m.sg.) TOt 3?lT cffrTT 11 The food is stale and spicy.
15. FF (m.sg.) Pi ^TTI He was disappointed.
16. TO (m.pl.) teTOT ^ 1 We were troubled.
17. TO cjR (m.) TOT t ? Where were you yesterday ?
28. TOT FTte?T (f.) M I It will rain today.
19. TJF (m./f.) tTOT t e t t / t e M I You will be ill.
20. TO TO HMdFR' (m.pl.) te n ? Will it be Tuesday tomorrow ?
18
Vocabulary : Verbs
**■ All Hindi verbs in their infinitive form have ‘TT’ ending :
uTFTT (v.i.) jana to go
3TFTT (v.i.) ana to come
(v.i.) uthna to get up
tSTT (v.i.) baithna to sit
<dHI (v.t.) khana to eat
^TT (v.t.) prna to drink
W tt (v.t.) dekhna to see
(v.t.) sun'na to hear
^TFTT (v.t.) sunana to narrate
(v.t.) sumghna to smell
(v.t.) cakhna to taste
(v.t.) kharTdna to buy
sH-11 (v.t.) becna to sell
^leRT (v.t.) bolna to speak
(v.t.) kahna to say
yes'll (v.t.) puchna to ask
tMdi (v.t.) karna to do
f?FTT (v.i.) hona to be
H0o*i 1 (v.t.) pafhna to read; to study
WTT (v.t.) pafhana to teach
teUfHI (v.t.) likhna to write
(e1<PlMI (v.t.) likhana to dictate
*i)tfHI (v.t.) slkhna to learn
HM1HI (v.t.) marhgna to ask for
^TT (v.t.) dena to give
rFiT (v.t.) lena to take
dlHI (v.t.) lana to bring
(v.t.) bhejna to send
(v.i.) calna to walk
*rPFTT (v.i.) bhagna to run
^FTT (v.i.) sona to sleep
^PTFTT (v.t.) jagana to wake somebody up
wTFFTT (v.i.) jagba to wake up
★ ★ ★
19
P resen t Sim ple ^ cN h )
•s* This structure is used in the active voice both for transitive and
intransitive verbs.
ft HXl <slldl f
T F , *IF, - uTRTT ^Trft 1
wfRft ftr
F F , 3TFT, ft, ft -
1
ft")•l,
20
*#■ For interrogative constructions, put “FFT' at the beginning of the
sentence before the subject.
□
For eternal truths and popular beliefs.
1. 3FT 1F: T I7 F fa m 1 F t# 1 1 Finally truth wins.
2. # # " • F T F F T T ^TTcTT t ; One bitten by a snake sleeps.
Oi
f a w m- F T Ch i c l T tF T 1 1 one bitten by a scorpion cries.
□
Scientific truths:
1. F T # # 3m F T # tc T F T 1 1 Water boils at 100° Celsius.
2. S IT # % f a y t # f 1 The earth revolves round the
sun.
□ Recurrence :
1. T F 1"- « T F - 5 [ F F F # F F T 3TTFT t , Whenever he visits us, he
f a - F - f a f # ft# ^ ft ?: 3 t M 11 brings along some trouble.
2. F F -F F F I S 1- 3TTcfr W K dl F T F F T # Whenever there are floods,
#T T ifa t 1 millions of villagers become
homeless.
y
Live commentary:
1. F « H # f l m-hon- 3 P F T 3TTct 1 1 The Prime minister comes in.
2. F F f a ' ’1- ctlfcH'MI,pl F F # 1 1 The viewers clap.
Immediate future
1. 3T F # m- F eR T T f 1 Now, I shall go.
2. fa t, # • c jfa t 3TFFT OTFT Come, I will show you my
f a n # f l garden.
21
Reading - 1
22
22. 3FJ TFTT TTTcft 1 1 Anu sings a song.
23. 3TfcniH<t> ^1% f | The teachers often listen to music.
Reading - 2
3TFT W f ?
: ^ fe fF T W T f 1 1teach science.
: 3 fa a r ff f i 1also am a student.
^•ftcTT : <M R'rJl % 'W eld 3TRft i | 1 1come to college every day by
rickshaw.
23
't'Hd : srfftcf 'ft, 3TR TFft ft ? Mr Anil, where do you live ?
3iPt ci : ft ftt ftftfcRT ft TFcTT f j I also live at Godoliya.
4^*TcT : 4*fT 3IK ftt f e f t ft Do you also come to college
snft ft ? by rickshaw ?
Read R-1
★ ★ ★
24
P ast Habitual ^ d + ld )
The language structure of the past habitual tense is exactly the same
as that of the present simple except that the past tense forms of ‘t^TT’
i.e. ‘*TT’, ' are used to agree with the number and gender
of the subject.
Language structure: Past habitual tense
Examples:
1. #"■ «(x|4d if xiiqci tFTcfT *TTI i did not use to eat rice in my childhood.
2. ^ F '3f ^ t d#f ^cTT I Formerly, he didn't use to get up
early in the morning.
w Put ‘5FTT’ at the beginning of a sentence before the subject to make
interrogative sentences.
25
Examples :
Comprehension:
3. FF Ft^cT (m.sg) FFT F#f FfrTT *FT | This hotel didn't use to be here.
5. FFT FF (f.) T]FF FRft *ft ? Did she use to go for a walk in the
morning?
6. FFT T£F (f.) FfTF FScft «ff ? Did you use to study a lot ?
■s’ In Hindi the imperative language construction varies with (1) tense and
(2) the form of the pronoun ^ tJ*T, 3TFT of the 2nd person addressed.
**■ Language structures and given below are used for immediate
commands to be followed in the present and language structure is
used for deferred commands to be followed later.
1. ^ +v.r.
2. c)TTA|*T cTftT + (v.r. + sfr )
3. 3TR/3TN/c%T + (v.r. + ^ / m )
■*■ When the v.r. ends in a consonant (see example 4- model 1) vowel
symbols for ‘3ft’ and V are used with ‘^T’ and '3 ^ ' respectively.
Model
4. (to sit) % ts t
Examples:
27
Language structure Q subjunctive imperative
**■ Another very polite form of present imperative is 3TFT+ (v.r. + tj; )
This is not used with c^ort^f
Model Q
Infinitive 3im
«1MI - - ullU,
ttlHI - -
O
- -
A
1. ^ or c p ( # tt) + infinitive
2. ‘am + (v.r. +
«IMI «1MI
3TFTT 3TFTT 3fT^nTT
Hit'll q fe iy n
Examples
28
Given below is a list of irregular verbs that change differently
from the rules explained above.
verb inf. % 3* 3TR 3TPT
efRT eM 1 c ftftR ef
WV s53Tt
O t5^TT
C\
«■ When verb roots end in long ’ or *3;’ they are changed to short and
short before adding ‘3ft’ or ^ Y 1^ ’ I Also in som e ca ses the
consonant ^T’ is infixed before a d d in g ^ / ^ |
Examples:
29
Simple responses to requests, com m ands:
Imperative
Response sR W T f / « H l r f t f I
Imperative : ^M TT'G TW tl
Response 3T*ff i| I
Imperative W t !
Response 3 p ft ^ ? T T f / W r i t f I
Imperative F F ftftc T T ^ I
Response : 3 P ft ftcTRTT f / ftc F c ft f I
Imperative FT <r(I'-h ^<1 !
Response 3 n ft ^FTFT f / F R T f t f I
U s e s o f Im p era tiv e
Invitations
Commands
Requests
★ ★ ★
30
C om pound P o stp o sitio n s
«*■ Noun or pronoun + (%+ ...) eg. ^ W ’ are written as shown below.
1 Noun + TRT’
31
2 Pronoun+ ^ W
3 But:
Comprehension -1
1. ^ 3FR "FcS I Climb up the tree.
2. % 'fl^ 73F I Keep under the table.
3. *R T> ^TFT «TT3?T I Go out of the house.
4. TO^ % 3FTT 3rrm I Come into the room.
5. TO$ TO tfe m Sit next to her/him.
6. TTjel 4'4<fl4> 7FF7I Stay near the school.
7. TfOTTOft 4?t F l i t % 3TPt gfrFT The policewan was ahead
FT^f 8ft I of the Prime Minister's car.
8. # f M T ft i Behind him were horse riders.
9. <lH % ^TT % ttinft 3TFT % ftF ^ I In front of Ram's house are mango
trees.
10. TF 0«l FT*? TTO
C\ m<ft t I She goes to school with me daily.
11. TF TO 3fft % ^TTcTT t I He sleeps after 10 o'clock.
32
12. ft 4T4 «rft 4> 45c) 4J15ft) I I get before 5 o'clock.
13. ftcf ftt fft-TT W T ^ I Cook without oil.
1 4 . 4>4c1l % R )4I T R ft TTTftt 4 5 4 ) Except Kamla every one had worn a
1^ ^ 1 sarT Kamla.
15. 4^ft ft 4JF?Tft 3)|clR4d # T # T t ? Besides you who else is in the room.
16. ft «flft ft F4 4F5 RFTrft f l I know everything about him.
17. TFT arfftcf ^ F5T 3RFT RldT % I Ram often goes to Anil's house.
18. 54lft fcfF ^FTT ^TT3Tt I Cook food for us.
19. RTR ftftFT ^ 44444 3TM «nft 4T Because of bad weather children
F ill are at home today.
20 . 4ftf % Rift ft 44.9IM t I Because of heat they are troubled.
**• Noun or pronoun (4ft + ...) + ftft d T V are written as shown below.
33
3 But:
Comprehension - 2
1. F F eTcTT *FlyiF>< F?t c R F F lrtt 1 1 She sings like Lata Mangeskar.
2. FTFT F>t d<H> F I Dont' go in the direction of the city.
3. F F F f^ T F^t 3 f)T FT T it f I We are going in the direction of the
temple.
4. s t if f s « r e W * t n ^ w r t § 3 tt i Because of you I was also welcomed.
5. F F F ? t FIFTT ^ FOF ? F # f «RTT W TCNT I I cannot tell anything about him/her.
6. TFT F>t 3Ft?TT FFFit FFF yFltl Compared to Ram his sister is more
F ^ T O ^ fe 1 1 intelligent.
7. ^ F T t t cF F T F T # F?t F F F % * tft Because of your negligence I had
d fid Flf^T I a big loss.
8. F fc T ^F T ^t "HTF Ftcft, F t T h f % If I were in your place I would drown
^ F F T rtt I myself because of shame.
9. TFTf % W t ^flFTT F?t H K F id Sharma ji sent for me through his
■g^t ^di ^rt i servant.
10. eFJ F>SlPlF) F?t PltFd Fifadld, I find poems more interesting than
3rfsJF> cFTrft f I short stories.
1 1 . F ^ f t r ? t ^ t Tj^FTt F F f* m F?t Hardly anyone is shameless like
*11^ P lc f'jF FtFT I this friends of yours.
1 2 . *tTT F F t 3TM FTFT TfteFt F^t I feel like sitting indoors and
F F T F 3 F F T t S F F iJTFFfF ^TFT watching television instead of going
FlU, I out to play.
13. t ^ 3TTF £ t F?t F T F F t F I am also thinking exactly like you.
TFTfl
14. FTt FT F F R F?t 3ttT I just saw him going in the direction
Fir) ^<FI I of the post office.
34
«*• % is used before *# (beyond), (without), (far)
35
1 ftd i (ft-11 TFF f t r 1cannot stay without eating even
■tft 7?T xraT i for a day.
2 Hsft <He11^ Riv, ftn l (ft'll dcll5 Don't decide anything without
feTCr) X® fftvfa ^ ft^T | taking advice from me.
36
Useof'3ftT’ (f.), ‘cRxP’ (f.) — Direction
3 When ‘3flT’ or ‘dT V are used to mean more than one direction or
location,^? precedes them.
Examples:
1 . % % ftftf d7<T cdTrj 73% |
People were standing on both
sides of the table.
2. % % ^TTTf aftr cfft Tables and chairs had been
ft I arranged all around the tree.
3. dsm % ft-rf 3t)t 3u<tft Tte Men were running on both
t! 2r i ides of the road.
4. ^ ft f t r d^Iftft dTETTft ft I Girls were dancing all round the well,
Examples:
★ ★ ★
37
9 To Have W F far)
subj. + %W + obj. +
(inanimate)
agree with the of the object
Model
(f.sg) 1
eft, <p?ft key
3m#, ^ #
w
# # (f.pi.) t
keys
Comprehension
38
7. T F ft % W 4?FT-TTT # F T T t ? Which camera does Rani have ?
8. 4FT 344^ Hid Tgc74'T t? Do you have small money?
9. W 3lfaeT #; w Tnfr t ? Does Anil have a car ?
1 0 . FT, TFT F # 1 1 Yes, he has a car.
11. 3tf# fft R>chi tfft fft t ? How much time do you have
remaining?
12. 4TTT f^PT? FT F4% ? I I have only two weeks remaining.
1 3 . 3TW W 4? t# t 'sft 11 I don't have a single penny today.
1 4 . 3TF1% Hid 4 ? l4 -q T |'i % FF% j, ? What ornaments do you have?
Model
Reading
★ ★ ★
39
P re se n t and P ast
P ro g ressiv e T en se s
(W r* T c k Fh 'H ^
ft t
TJ, TF, TF
TT TFT %
TfT (who sg.), W
t^T
r]T, c£T cftT W
FT, 3TR, %, 7f, t Tt (who pi.)
t
t Tt - t Tt (who all)
Put ‘Tiff ’ after the verb root to make negative. '-Tiff ’ may be put before
the verb root with slight shift of emphasis. Auxiliary ‘f Ttt ’ is usually
dropped in negative sentences in the present progressive tense.
40
More Examples: Present simple progressive
1. 45%
O mpl- Fftp 7? f I The dogs are barking"1.
2 . fftrftft’s U||d,-*-md, ^ 7# ft1 The cat is mewing.
3. 7fft ft I It is snowing.
4. FlfftiT Ft 7 # ft I It is raining.
5. eis^m.pi. ^ FT 7ft f; | The boys are climbing up the tree.
6 . T#"- FFT? TFT ft1 The sun is shining.
7. '♦'■Hell'- F # Fell Tift ft I Kamla is turning the light on.
8. TTF1"' FTft «j?IT 7FT ft1 Ram is turning the light off.
9. FT#" TFft at TFT ft1 The washerman is washing the
clothes.
10 FT# FcT 7 # ft1
. The train is moving.
11. Fftf SR FT TRTfRT 7FT ft I Somebody is knocking at the door.
12 . ftf- T^ft Fft ^JefT Tift ft1 Mother is putting the child to sleep.
Put FT, ft, ftt, ftf to agree with the N and G of the subject to make
sentences in the past progressive tense.
★ ★ ★
41
P resen t and P ast Perfect
11 P ro g ressiv e T en se s
(dldc^dl ^ ^RFT ^ le r)
In Hindi the present perfect progressive is like the present simple progressive
tense.
**■ A time clause usually follows the subject. However its position can
shift with emphasis.
«*■ Unlike the other perfective tenses in Hindi, in the present progressive
p erfect,th esu b jectisin th en om in ativecase(n otfollow ed b y)b oth
for transitive as well as intransitive verbs.
■s* We use this language structure to talk about activities that began in the
past and continue upto present; they may or may not continue into the
future.
n TS t
dlddK % d'Tld TFT, 1
(sq.)
Rwci %
F*T, 3TN, % TdTft % fofFT M
<jdI T$\ t
d'H (pi.) TTTcf % [sWc
42
•a* For the past perfect progressive tense, use FT, instead
of f , t , Ft, 1 1
Present perfect progressive
1. 1 have been waiting for you since
FT T^t f 1 7 o'clock in the morning.
2. FFTTT # 4 TTTcT % i f “|F ^ Kamla has been working in a bank
FTF# t l for three years.
3. XT4> ^*+cl % <4lR.J#l Ft Tf?t i 1 It has been raining for one week.
4. ^F F>4 % PlcK full'll Tit How long have you been learning
★ ★ ★
43
P ast Sim ple T ense
12 (flIH H J W T )
singular plural
^ I & & We
You (intimate) %
You (sg. informal) You (pi. informal)
You 3IN')/3nTT cil'Tl %
(hon.; formal sg./pl.) You (formal pi.)
he, she, it (near) they (near)
he, she, it (far) vj'gR they (far)
who (sg.) who (pi.)
somebody (sg.) I V ^ somebody (pi.).
'X' ^ where 'X' stands for a proper noun.
44
Exceptions:
qlcm (to speak), ^cHI (to forget), cTPTT (to bring), q^'ii (to talk
nonsense) though transitive verbs, their subject is not followed by ^
in the past tense, and the verb agrees with the subject.
WRTTT (to cough), i (to sneeze) are intransitive verbs but their
subject is followed by ^ in the past tense; the verb is always in m. sg.,
third person form.
‘^T’ is added to the verb roots ending in ‘3fT’, ‘aft’ ‘i^ ’-t * long '
changed to s h o rt‘s ’ 1
45
Q Irregular v erb s:
subject m. f.
^ nn, nn
%5T, nf
chl'i, nm
nn, cjn(eTtn),
3rm(<feT) nn[ t£f, n f
(PI.) (who all)
46
Model Q Present perfect tense : v.i. ^TTFT
* f
FF, FF FFT F$ 1
+1h , fft
F^ Ft
3, SL FF,
FFT
FF, 3TR )
t
FF F^ #
*t, F?TF (who pi.)
FtF-FtF (who all)
Language structure Q Past simple tense v.t. W T
(m.pl.) <414,
3 ^ (f sg )
^ (f P i) qff
3TFT%,
3 ^ (f-P1-) q£t 11
48
Model Q Past perfect tense v.t. <4MI
49
«■ Native speakers use compound verbs frequently in the perfective
constructions. See page 168-171 for better comprehension of the
examples.
■a* WHT is used as compound verb when the main verb is intransitive. See
pg. 168.
50
•a* ^TT, ^TT are used as compound verbs when the main verb is
transitive. See pg. 170.
8. 3ft 3ih-T) WTcft % feTCr -mi I have made a new dress for
TT9 (m.sg.) «HI4I t l/^TT f^ n my younger sister.
11
9. % 3Fpft tff&ifr ;39FTC Kamla has sent presents to her
(m.pl.) ftft t / ’fcf fa r t I friends.
51
Past perfect v. t.
Uses of the past simple tense, the present perfect tense and the past
perfect tense.
In Hindi there is quite a bit of overlapping regarding the use of these tenses.
It is clear that all three relate to the already completed activities and
processes. The decisive factor in making the choice is not so much the
length of time which has elapsed since the completion of the activity or the
event, as its relevance or irrelevance to the present. More than the
theoretical rules, one needs experience with the language to be able to
use the appropriate tense in a given situation.
52
Given below are som e guidelines for new learners.
53
2. FF FF TJFF Ft FR F^, R ft When we got up in the morning,
<tLKU FT ^ ^ l father had already left for office.
■ In Hindi the past perfect tense is used even for activities that took place
in the proximate pastandforwhich the past simpletense would be used
in English.
Examples:
1. TIF 3TIF ^FF FFlt FFT 3TFTT FT I Ram came to our house this morning.
2. cJFR Ft t^FT FFT Ft I You just said so.
Examples:
1. FFT FTFi (f.sg.) 3TT t ? Has the mail come ?
2. ^ (f sg.) FjpT FF> F“f ^ I I have become very tired.
54
3. ttr (m.) R^f rt f s r 11 Ram is sitting in the chair.
4. WTT (m.sg.) t3T feRT t ? Have you already eaten ?
★ ★ ★
55
Future Sim ple T ense
13
In the active voice, for transitive as well as intransitive verbs, the future
simple tense is as follows:
Language structure Q : Future simple tense
«*■ Verb roots ending in “Sf* are conjugated as shown below. Long
a n d '3S' are invariably changed to short V ,
Model Q
subject obj. pfFn (vt) to drink t|F7 (vt) to touch
m. f. m. f.
ft Ptsm tfv&ll
o ^o f i
% ^ f^JTT PM t I ' t ’ll
F F ^ 'I FFT
gp?, ftHcftF M hft usfnft
w Pt^jft
(who pi)
56
B When the verb root ends in 3T (i.e. when it is not followed by any vowel
symbol), vowel symbols for ‘s ' , V , ‘a r t a r e added to them
followed by “FT’, t ’, ‘t ’ to agree with the number and gender of the
subject.
Conjugation of the verbs tFT (to take), ^tFT (to give), FtST (to be) is
slightly different.
Model Q
subject verb tF T ^FT tF T
m. f. m. f. m. f.
* cfFT fft |JF ft fTF ft
tSFT t s t
FF, FF, FFT,
F?tF (who sg.) ctJll M t*TT tft FfaTT M
^F.gHdbl n rt t t Ft t t
FF,3nF,%,
t,F?fF (who pi.) M tt Ft t t
Examples:
1 FF (m. sg.) 3T4W 3TFtitt i He will certainly come.
2 (m.) FF=T F^ FTt <3 O f FT I I will buy a new car tomorrow.
3 3fTF t (m.) vlct tflsif) I I will turn in early tonight.
4. FT<ft (f. sg.) R>d"t F t i | t t ? What time will the train depart ?
57
Future Continuous Tense
Language structure
subj. + obj. + v. r. + TFT, TTT, X§\ +
future form
nom. case (if any) of f Ftt
^ .. ^
agree with N and G of the subject.
Examples :
1. ■>¥ (f.) FTT HHH HIFI F>T Tomorrow at this time, I will be
C ^i travelling.
2. TTTF ^ FTT F^t F ^ t (m.pl.) H3 In the evening at 4 o'clock the
7^ Fffi I children will be studying.
3. FFet ^TFTT FFt FF (m.pl.) f^eft 3 Next Sunday we will be sightseeing
T!> F f t I in Delhi.
4. FFF H4I FTF F^T Hldl «ft F>T At 7.15 in the morning, my mother
Tft) Ffift I will be praying.
Future Perfect -1
Language structure
subj. + obj. + v. r. + ■^)cM, t|%, ^£1 + future form of
nom. case if any f T=tt
«*• This structure can be used both for transitive and intransitive activities.
58
Future Perfect - II
Language Structure
subj. + obj. + v.r. + past form + future form
with % of eMl/<Hl ofFRT
Examples :
59
4. im (m.)f^4T WT^ 4?t My brother is thinking of going abroad.
T5T t I
5. Tpft (f.) 44T RcTRT 4?t # 4 Rani is intending to learn car driving.
T^ t I
6. *f (f.) 3PTr) F9% RTR^ WT^ 4?t # 4 I am planning to go to Bombay next
^ fl week.
7. gyMH^I ( m . h o n . ) i f The Prime Minister is planning to
W t 4?t # 4 t£ t I reshuffle the cabinet.
8. ftrW ift (m.hon.) 4 ^ -4 ^ snfSfo- The Finance Minister is planning to
^fricP?f % STTT ^?T 4?t 3TsfcH^STT improve the economy of the country
4 t ^414% 4?) 4 f4 Tl? t I by new economic policies.
9. 3TN (f.) 4TT4 WR4 44T 47*3 4?t What are you planning to do after
★ ★ ★
60
P resu m p tiv e
( 3 P 17TFT t ^ tt)
We use presumptive form when we are sure that something is true (or
untrue), but our certainty about the existence of something is based on
presumption and not on first-hand knowledge.
Language structure Q : Presumptive present habitual
m. f. m. t. m. f. m. f.
* fTTT
W ^irft ?t^TT <fiicl Fffit
61
Language structure Q : Presumptive perfective -1 , v.i.
m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f.
Fht Ft#
w TTTT
62
Language stru ctu re^ : presumptive perfective with
m. f. m f. m. f. m. f.
* fin
TirfF Mir TTfft Ffft
**■ Presumptive perfective constructions with ' ^ i i ' are possible both
in the ca se of transitive and intransitive verbs. They take the subject
in the nominative case.
Present presumptive
3. <Hpld % FIFT 'ft FF FT Anil's uncle's house is not far from his
FFetFf Tf ^T F#fl F F F R T F T college. He must be visiting him every
TTWFF FT 3F ft focft WRIT FfFT I weekend.
4. 3TRF>cT ipff FlpT 1? I % d lJl <H It is very hot these days. They must
d<ul-dld % feTF «llc) Flft I be going to the swimming pool for
swimming daily.
5. 3TR (f.hon.) FT FF TfF TOT TFF You must be doing all household
F T ft F fft I chores yourself.
63
Present progressive presumptive
Perfective presumptive
1. Tpft ^ PKT Rd PPP R>PT PT I Rani had worked all day. She must
PF PPP pi Jlt 1 have been tired.
★ ★ ★
64
Use of th e v erb s
15 ( ^ M I, ^-TT, «lMl)
Use of the verbs ^ d i ’, ‘^•TT’, ^RT’, «iMi’ to denote that the action
(1) has already been done, (2) had already been done, or (3) will have
already been done by a certain time.
65
» This language structure is used both for transitive and intransitive
verbs with subject always in the nominative case.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
1. F4 (m.pl.) 4F 444 444 4TT4 4^t We will have finished this work by 4
4K 4«f 44> 4>T ^[4> Ff*t I O'clock in the evening tomorrow.
2. fTF F m t m: 4?) m o m r By Monday our house will have been
(f.sg.) Ft ^ F tft I repaired.
3. ^ 4 44? F R f f (m.pl.) 4J¥ Monsoons will have begun by June
Ft Ff^t I 22 .
4. 444 4]4F 10 4«t 44> PHI{l TUft Tomorrow by ten o'clock our train will
(f.sg.) RcrTl mf/4 ^[4^ ?t>ft I have arrived in Delhi.
5. Ft He will have become a doctor by July
«jefT? F4> 4F (m.Jsi'tc <. 4 4 "j+l 1996.
Ftm I
66
6. qq anrfWr ng^R, When I arrive in America my elder
qq Tf^PT (m.) qq ^ r r Ft7!! I brothers house will have been already
built.
Subjunctive
*** v.r. + <=tTT is used when the action is completed to the benefit of the
subject himself.
**" v.r. +^TT is used when the action is completed to the benefit of someone
other than the subject.
Examples:
6a. T^Tcf ^ (f.) 3TT ^ h t The police has already arrived at the
t I place of accident.
6b. jpfc'TT m (f.) 3TT ^ t I
7a. (f.pl.) ^ 4 Ft *[4>t t 1 Shops have already closed.
7b. (f.pl.) Ft ^ f I
8a. ^TT f*TF (m.sg.) ^ 11 My friend has already gone.
8b. %TT fifF (m.sg.) ^cfT W 11
★ ★ ★
68
To Like
^TTT, #TT,
3TRT, 3 p ^ T eRTTT
w In the past simple, present perfect and past perfect tense, sub + ^ Is
used; <t»MI and fta l agree with the number and Gender of the object.
Example:
1. 3 ^PTT W T f/ I like Indian food.
T*Tcft f| I (pres, simple)
69
Language structure Q | : Ft-TT/ ci'iii
70
Language structure Q : 3TFTT
**■ TRP^ 3TPTT is used particularly when one likes or dislikes something
through personal experience or contact with that thing.
•a? 3TRT/5t^rr is declined in agreement with the object that pleases or
displeases in the required tense.
★ 1 ★
71
As Soon As (dictt>ifcicf» 2»<J-d)
U s e o f (v.r. + t ) +
« Also whether the main clause is in the present, past or future tense, the
subsidiary clause has always [(v.r. + %) + ].
Language structure
■ when the subject of the two sentences is different and living, use:
subj. + ^ + (v.r. + %) + i?t,..........................
Examples:
72
1. You will call me.
2. 3TT37nT I 1will come.
sn^nrri As soon as you call me, 1will come.
(future simple)
1. FF TNfof I We will give you a signal.
2. cJF ^IFT «TPTT 1 You go out.
H> FFft WT ^ As soon as we give you a signal
“TRT1 (imperative future) you go out.
■ when the subject of the two sentences is different but that of the ‘as
soon a s’ clause is nonliving, ^ ' is usually dropped.
73
Examples:
Comprehension
74
TTC; I (past, simp.) children became happy.
7. gfeTCT % 3TRt #) (m.sg.) ^TFT As soon as the police came, the
W ®TT| (past perfect) thief ran away.
8. 'iiRl'M ^3% 1?) (m.pl.) As soon as they saw the heroine, the
eRT I (past, perf.) audience had begun to jump.
9. 33% pR>fa %cf f \ F% ^f%T Inform us as soon as he decides.
%tPrb7TT l (fut. imp.)
10. ^ (m.) W3T H'hri t?f W 3fT As soon as the food is ready, I shall
yii*j|l I (fut. simp.) eat and come.
Examples:
3 ?) W T ftc=RTT I, t IfMt
i | I (pres, simple) As soon as I get time, I learn Hindi.
m fife# f I
2 %% ft PlcTT ITT % Pl+dc) t,
3%) ePTcf 11 (pres, simple) As soon as father gets out of the
PfcTT % 3T % Pieicl ft, house, the children begin to play.
3"%) ^el') d Jir) 11
75
H*t>H Weft f^TF l(past simple)
5. «l% ft f *t m am
I (fut. simple) As soon as we buy a new house,
= ■Tm ^TT w fc ft f t am w # l we will give you a party.
^rarf i
6. ^t?t f t gst ^flmft PtMt, t ?nft
I (fut. simple) As soon as I get a job, I will marry.
= Hfafft focfit f t *TF& ^ T T I
No S o o n e r ....... Than
Given below is another language structure in Hindi used only when any
two activities immediately followed one another in the past. It
corresponds to the English 'no sooner..........than' structure.
Language structure:
«s** when v.t., both the main verb and auxiliary verb agree with the object;
the subject is followed by ’ I see examples 1,2,3.
w * when v.i., both the main verb and auxiliary verb agree with the subject
which is in the nominative case. See examples 4,5,6.
Examples:
1. JR HSrtl f^TT f t *TT PHI^. No sooner had I started studying than
3TT tttt | the guests came to our place.
76
Ft 44l I unconscious.
6. FT# Fcft # # #> ##T No sooner had the train moved than
# H t # T FF # R FF> F^ I some-one pulled the chain and it
stopped again.
★ ★ ★
77
Ability S tru ctu re
18
Use of F^TT (can, could, be able to)
Language Structure Q |
subj. + obj. + v.r. *T^TT f?FTT
nom. case (if any)
in the appropriate tense
to agree with the N and G of the subj.
Model Q tfpFTT Present Indefinite. Same model for v.t. and v.i.
v.r. m. f.
it f
^TTkTT
cJ^.^IF.Tt-T tsfT I
r3p,c|Hefhi
{Ff.arPT^^t, ETT
(who pi), I
(who all)
Examples :
78
Model «4>4i Past Habitual
subject v.r. m. f.
n,
^ 45?,*4?, 444TT «4 444ft «St
4?T4(who sg.) w
r]4,rj4clhl, 4S
F4,3T4T,t,*f, 4fT 44>r) 444ft 8ft
4?T4 (who pi.),
4?r4-4?T4 (who all)
Examples:
79
Examples :
subject v.r. m. f.
* # c\
n
^ T ev*1F, w ,
(who sg.) W
<JJT, FS
Examples :
**■ Put “'tiff’ between the main verb and tHRi; it may also be placed
before the main verb and tf4HI with a shift in the emphasis.
80
U ses of 'flu'll’
To express physical or mental ability or inability to do something.
1. 3 W fj 1can cook.
2. TW t l *TR1T1 1 Ram can swim.
3. ^ *R "43 ft ? Can you climb up the tree ?
4. 3 3(Wt fS 3?R fem f 1 1can read and write English.
81
Use of the verb ‘'THT'
Examples :
★ ★ ★
82
Subjunctive (tf*n^rpf)
19
Given below are the basic subjunctive language structures used in
Hindi.
■s’ This language structure can be used both for transitive and
intransitive verbs.
83
Model (23 Verb ^ m i ’ (to go)
*
^t, 3F, *le? W
W
% *
b) : Transitive Verb
84
Language structure Q | Future subjunctive
This structure is valid both for transitive and intransitive verbs and
is like future simple without the endings *TT, it, *ft I
Object
Subject m. f. main verb
%*
★ ★ ★
85
Probability (*THI<Hl)
20 W , t , f t ^TWT t
Examples :
86
Language structure Q Present Progressive Probability
Examples :
TTTTK «t
T^’FF.FF 3TFTT
t?t
Ft FF7TT t TJF.cJF clbl 3ttc; srrf
FK, 3fN;
Ft
if
87
Examples :
^cTT ^FIT Ft 1
TTFK 3TTF%, |
Ft FF kTT t RTF*, Tt^t TFT^ Ft 1
TTFF, FFF t FH%,^Ft% <lR.i|T Ft 1
Examples :
88
Language structure Q j Future probability
* 3fl*
cj^TF/FF 3TTTT
Examples :
1. Ft <r)<=r>m t WT ^Ft FF"’ 3fFI% fTT It is likely that we will come to your
3iT^ I house in the evening.
2. t %mpl 3P1^ F*Rt 'Jilt!,345678 Probably they will go to Jaipur next
week.
3. W *IF JRFF tjtftf I I might buy this book.
4. W F>eT fe rft I I might go to Delhi tomorrow.
5. Ft ^ fctt t iraPFr^™ # 3rc% The Prime Minister might resign from
FF % ^ ^ I his post soon.
6. 3(H ^ F Rf, F>t Ri <<<<{ STT; Ft This morning Ritu had a headache;
«4>di ^ FF’*9- itll'H F>t c;idd it T she might not be able to come to
3TT T # I the party in the evening.
7. W 3)M 3TwiM+mho"- % F>STT it Perhaps the teacher (hon.) will come
3fT^ I to the class late today.
8. Ft *FFFT | 3 M W W *nRW- Ft I It might rain by evening today.
89
Compare and Comprehend: Future: Probability
90
More on f t t (it is likely); 'x' ^ t dlddi (to think of doing 'X')
3. c^P f T ^ f 4 ? t X ST^ 1j f t ‘t 'T 'l % What are you thinking of doing after
*nf W fJX^ ^ t f t f X t f t ? finishing college ?
^ 3ptt cPT X # fetT I XTPTft I haven't decided yet. I may go to
3TPtfs% arnttoTRisi America for further studies.
91
TnRjfft i
Ft w ft t TRFtR FFrtt f R t They may have been
TjHt f ! i eavesdropping on us.
FFT ^T tfNcI Ft d'-Fl't 3ltTt ^ t Do you think they could have told
FrnFT #nTT ? others ?
Ft TTWT f? TFFf% R^fT ^ t FrTT Well, they may have told somebody.
R f T Ft I
7. FT «)•■<; 'l^l FT | W Fucfl The house was not locked. It is
«m i ^ R rft % vdru ^rft R fi i strange that no one answered
FF RRl3 FTTT 11 when I rang the bell.
RR tF # 1 ? Ft W d l t What's so strange about it ? They
% Ft T^ Ft sftT TFFt% F ^ may have been sleeping and might
Re^rt tjj'fl iff F Ft I not have heard the bell ring at all.
8. W 3TN FFTcT f ^tc=T TTh?FT FT Do you know how the fire at the
3TRT ^Tt cl'fl ? petrol station began ?
Ft WFT t R rtt % FcRt g f Someone may have dropped a
RFrarnf R fj 4t Ft i lighted matchstick.
Ft W en t R^ett R FTT 3TTFF ^f There could have been an electric
Ftt Ft i9 short-circuit.
★ ★ ★
92
21 F requentative S tru ctu res
Language structure
^TcTT ^ m.sg
n <t>t^ <| f.sg
^ 3F, ^F, t m.sg
(sg .)W tfiWT t f.sg.
ufWT Ft 1 m sg. / pi.
c|F, cTtn-
‘FTcft Ft 1 f.sg./pi.
FT, 3TFI, %, if, 1 1 m. pi.
^ T - ^ T (who all) TRcft t f. pi.
Examples :
1. WT WT ft<r<T)Vc ft WIT m ft ff? Do you eat in a restaurant ?
2. f t ftwfftw ft T#f w n n rft i We don't eat in a restaurant.
3. WT TF iM ftRl WIT ^Mdl ft ? Does he go to the temple daily?
4. W TFT -hR i WTT 4>ldl I He doesn't go to the temple daily.
5. FT t#Il*H ftft TFT 3ITTT 'Mr) ft I In the evening we come here.
6. I T ftR< ft TTT TWT 4141 ^Tcl The devotees sing hymns in this
t I temple.
7. TFT F I Tlftft Tft ftt dlCkd ft) tftftt On the second of every month the
IftcTT m f t t I washermen meet here.
8. wt % ftr tt ttttt % f t i r r ft In the rainy season the cuckoo
<+>l4d tttt wicft ft i sings on mango trees.
9. w f t yIl-H Tft R><ftd. <ftcli f i r ) ft I Children play cricket in the evening
10. tttt Tift m - wrfftrT tjtttt m ft Grandfather usually narrates stories.
ft i
Language structure
^ WTW TT m.sg.
94
Example:
B Frequentative imperative
Language structure
95
Examples:
Language structure
^ qf, q? qqT,
q^qn q ^
+1h I 4 d l« l qsr
cjq, ^qiHlq q>tpt ■+><141
96
Examples :
10. RTTTRI % ^flRR FRn,pl- iJRcTT Rpft During the rainy season, we will
fa n i drink boiled water.
★ ★ ★
97
A p p re h e n s io n s
(m w ft t ^ tt)
Use of
ftFT F f t 1% Lest......
F ft .... F I am afraid.... might......
Examples :
★ ★ ★
98
WANT (W T T )
Examples :
99
5. 3f (m.) Ft ftfft ft, I wanted a job but at the same
FTF !?t fWcT I time respect.
6. f f (f.) F r f t fft Fierfl *ft? What did she want from you?
7. FFT (m.) #FT FT What kind of a house would you
want to have?
8. TJF (m.) ^ft-FT ^T FT F W Which sunglasses do you want, the
FTF% Ft, cTlH FTcTT? red ones?
9. ft (m.)T>FFftFRFlSFTf, *(& F # l I want a green car, not brown.
«■ To make present perfect or past perfect tenses use t / t or FT, ft, ftt,
ftf respectively.
Examples:
1. ?[Fft ifllPd (f.sg.) Ft Fftt F#f F ltt I You never wanted peace.
(past)
2. TJFft Ft FF F^F EFT (m.sg.) FTFT You have always wanted only
t 1 (present perfect) wealth.
3. ftft Fftw fiPT? 3 F # fttTF (m.pl.) I have always wanted only good
F i t 11 (present perfect) friends.
100
Language structure Q 'X' wants to do 'Y‘
Examples :
1. (f.)^T ^t »?t ^ I don’t want even to see his/her
W rft I face.
2. ^ (m.) f a r TIFT I never again want to come to this
3TFTT W cT T I city.
3. W g F (f.) ^ FSFT Do you want to read any magazine?
Ft?
4. f f f f f f f (f.pi.) Fipr FFtt
At this time we are all very tired
f 3?TT FtFT ^TFrft t I and want to sleep.
3 3FF (m.sg.formal) F*ff F?t wf|^f if Where do you want to go during
F>FT «fPfT F1F% ? ? summer holidays?
6. 't'HWl % <1*1 ^ t 3PT^ uFaf^T FT Kamla has invited Ram to her
gciiFi t , FT^g FF (m.sg.) ^FTT birthday but he does’nt want to go.
•Ttff FTFFT I
101
7. *K+K (f.sg.) F fc# F>F FRFT TheGovernment wanted to reduco
FTF# «# W J F R F F # I the prices but could not.
8. FF (m.pl.) WT 3T&TT # # # ^ We wanted to return home
FT cTt<TFT FlFri *t I before it got dark in the evening.
9. % (m.pl.) f R ’£[F% FTFT FlFcl They wanted to go out wandering.
# I
10. FFT <|F (m.) F tf FFT WTTT FRFT Would you like to do some new
F1F#? business?
11. FeT FTTF F t 3TFT (f.sg.formal) FFT What would you like to do
W T FT##? tomorrow in evening?
12. # (m.) 3TM WF F?T +1^ f#<51 I would like to see some hindi film
f#FF ^TTFT FTfFT I this evening.
Examples:
«s* Put 1?/# ’ or ‘FT, # , # , # ’ after the appropriate form FTFT forthe
present perfect or past perfect sentences respectively.
102
5. hicii-R cii % Our parents have always wanted to
<t><.*fl % I (pres, pert.) fulfil our desires.
fi. thflT "3H% ct><*11 *T Til{’l He had never wanted to do like this.
«TTI (past perf.)
7. ^ % a n ^ T 3frrt ^ tN t Mr. Kapoor had all his life wanted
(f.sg.) ■tx.'fl RTi?t *St I (past perf.) to serve others.
103
w This language structure Is used chiefly when Awants Bto do something.
However It can be and Is often used when A wants to do something
himself. See example 4 given below.
Examples:
1. $ (m.sg.)^TFFT f ft; 3 ? # $ jr I want to quickly save money and
travel through the country.
2. TJ3 (m.) Ft 3 3 Ft ft; 3T if You just want that everybody in
3 3 # 3 cpFTCT ^t g33 3Ff I the house obeys your command.
3. F3 (m.pl.) 3TF^ f ft; 3R 3 ^ 3 3TT We want India certainly to win the
I match this time.
4. TJ# (f.sg.) 3TFcft t 1% 3F 3R 3 $ Annie wants to live in India for a
3??5
O 313 # ^FT # 3TO 3 few year and learn the language and
3 T fft 3 P # 3TF # f t I culture of this place well.
5. 3T3T # (f.hon.) 3TF# I ft; #3T Mother wants Sheela to learn
I dance.
a TT3 (m.sg.) 3#f 31F3T 3T ft; 3 3 # Ram did not want his wife to learn
Mc-fl "Jc^ I dance.
7. t^TT # (m.sg.hon.) 3TFft *t ft; ^ Father wanted me to be a teacher.
sruiift+i 3^1
8. F3 (f.pl.) 3<?f 31F# *St ft; TFT # We did not want that Ram's
TflfttftFcft^Ftl wedding should take place in Delhi.
9. T*ftT (m.sg.) % Tft3 # t 3TFT % Ramesh has always wanted this
■3?l% Hldl-ftcTT 71? I that his parents remain happy.
10. (m.sg.) # 3ft3T ft; The officer would certainly want that
^HcTFT # T F f e F T 4 # l you work harder.
11. srsziTW (m.pl.) # Tft3 3 # The teachers would always want this
ft; f # n # 3 # stft %^ i12 that the students listen to them
attentively.
12. 3 3 3I3T3 (f.pl.) 3T3W 3t ft; All mothers would certainly want their
•33% d # U<fy«l 3 ” F 3 Ft I children to be accomplished
★ ★
104
Use of to express
24 need or desire
Language structure:
subj. + + obj. + + i^TT
105
Examples : Future tense
1. ^ 3*FKT 'FRTT FtTT I I will need your shirt tomorrow.
2. 3JT[^ SHrl F^f 3tTF^ ^Irl T # tr I will need your cups next week.
# tl
3. TRTf ^ FT? T#Q; Ffift | I will need some chairs the day
after tomorrow.
4. ^ TF> TFT TT T # T (jbTT I I will need a big house.
5. F^f SIFa 3?R FTT We will need one more car from next
4lls?iT, Fbfi I month on.
6. «l»4l F>T Te4t-i?t T^ I4>cM -qi^ij, The children will soon need new
# ftl books.
«■ Note that this use of 4lfi?U is different from its compulsion structure
usage where (subject W f) + object are followed by a main verb in
infinitive before adding fiR?h
Language structure :
subj. + obj. + FtTT
with n./ (v.r. +
in the required
tense
Examples:
1. ^ 11 I need an Indian friend.
2. Hi 3|l4W+"cn 11 I need to learn Hindi.
3. -4M F?t T¥TT t ? What do you need?
4. <J>% F^t 3ti4^4'dl Do you need something ?
I?
★ ★ ★
106
Perfective and Im perfective
Participial C o n stru ctio ns
TTij c^Fh H + r le l+
107
Adverbial Use
m As adverbs they usually agree with the subj. or the obj. as shown below:
Examples:
Hr However such agreement with the subject or the object is not obligatory
and the present as well as past participles used as adverbs are often
in the neutral Vform.
Examples:
108
m If the subject or the object have any postposition after it, certainly only
V form of the required participle is used.
|~3] When used as adverbs, the subject of the participle and the subject of
the finite verb are not necessarily the same.
Examples:
m Adverbial use of PPC to talk about the lapse of time from the end of a
complete activity until the present.
109
pT| The subject is in the nominative case, when the imperfective participial
construction and the main verb are related to the same subject.
Iff When the subject of the IPC and the main verb are different, ’
follows the subject of IPC
[~6] Adverbial use of IPC to express the length of time from the beginning
of the activity to the present time. It indicates activities in progress.
1. 3fFRFt fM t tffacf ^ fccTRT RFR How long have you been learning
Ft JNl f?? Hindi ?
2. ■git siit^k *pfar 4R I have been learning classical
Ft 11 music for ten years.
3. TTR^ RRRT Tpf ^eT Robert has been playing the tabla
Ft f? I for several years.
4. Tfft %^t ^ t ^8 Htocl IR* My daughter has been studying in
RRF ^ #r RCr f I this school for twelve years.
110
Reduplicative use of IPC and PPC indicates continuous action
111
Stative u se of PPC as predicate : intransitive passive
Adverbial use of PPC/ IPC of iftRT, RPR, TFRT, R3RT, “fin'll as time
expressions.
The suffix ^MT' frequently used in Hindi denotes various things with
different kinds of words. Colloquially, It is used chiefly in association
with nouns, adjectives, adverbs and the oblique form of the infinitive.
It is an adjectival suffix and hence subject to change like any other
adjectivefollowingtherulepertainingto'3n>, V , form .sg.,m .pl.,
f. sg. and pi., respectively.
113
W mt f e w s5- an envelope that costs fifty paise
Made of something
WRvroncTT ^ r msa- a marble building
■f^IcTT ’E|Tms9- a brick house
Seller of an article
w R t ^ k i c r '39 one who sells bread
3(u^c(ieiin,s9- one who sells eggs
one who sells fruit
Driver of vehicle
ft^ T r T T 89- one who drives a rickshaw
+K<tldlm-88- one who drives a car
«s(ycjM|ms9- one who drives a bus
Wearer of a dress
W f a i e r r 89- he who is wearing a turban
cTfcT *n#ncftms9' she who is wearing a red sari
0 Demonstrative pronouns + W , used to point to a particular person
orthing:
Aieqieii, this one, that one; ^RlTef, these ones, those ones
^T-BT 31efT/-% ^TeT/-^ft left which one/which ones
Examples:
114
9. ?TtT The boys who are making noise may
i go out.
10 f R s r q i^ q icil 4ST %?Ff si^ ii I
. The salary of those who work hard
will increase.
11 . TTFTt « ^ 4 le tmpl- 3WR The resident of cities are often very
w 3frr w«ff rift I1 cunning and selfish.
12 . <>41*11*1 4>T^4T^mpl' WW P^yil Those who excercise everyday will
Tp I always remain healthy.
13. ftH4ldl 4>Tif^Tms9 «fipT The last day's programme was very
lH4> *TTI interesting.
14. <-RT d ^ , <Wc-l dl t ^ <mdl<1leR Call that girl with long, black, and
cTS^t 4?T *R RRT qclldt I thick hair to me.
15. k=T%
3 if ’TFT R ^ m # npl' All those people who participated in
c?hT 3TM Flht I yesterdays function, must be tired
today.
Adjective + ^TcTT, 31^, TTcft, to single out one in a group, e.g.
>:Hcfl4lc,?l (f.sg.) the black saree;
dlH'Mldl (m.sg.) the house in front
spider) (m.pl.) the people in the neighbourhood
115
Predicative use of 4TcTT : X Is about to do Y (4p5 ^TcTT FtTf)
Language structure Q
116
'X' was just about to do something when 'Y' happened
Language structure B
subj. + obj. + (v.r. + %) + I?t + TIHT + *1T, *) + ...
nom. case (if any) ^Icf 4t, Sft
^Icft
s ' This is used when one event in the past just about preceded (but did not
actually take place) the other one in the past.
117
Compare and Comprehend -1
1a. "Tl% E>t TTIFT 3TT I As soon as I left the doctor came.
1b. s?t TTcft Site* W I was just about to leave when the
3TT tttt | doctor came.
2a. ^ ^feTCT TFT 3TT The killer had just fled when the
police arrived there.
2b. T?^ TT fT The killer was just about to flee
TFT 3TTF f t l when the police arrived there.
★ ★ ★
118
A bsolutive Participle
_ C onjunct
Absolutive participial construction (referred to as - conjunct) is
used in Hindi primarily to join two (or sometimes even more than two)
sentences having the same subject but two (or more) different activities,
one preceding the other.
Language structure
Example:
1. I 2. cT F ^rR fttl
She works. She plays.
1+2.^F T O 11 She works and then plays.
■3* The subject of the absolutive and the subject of the finite verb are
identical.
•s - Subject is used only once at the beginning of the compound sentence.
See examples 1-6 given below.
**■ Subject agrees with the verb of the final activity. This is important
in the past simple tense and other perfective tenses. See examples
7,9 given below.
119
U ses of FR - conjunct
Q Activities following one another - same subject
Imperative
1. cjF FTOTT RT3T1 I 2. cJF 3TTF cTT3ft I
You go to the market. You bring mangoes.
1+2. W RTFR 3TTF ctrat I You go to the market and bring
mangoes.
Present habitual
3. FTF F% vibrft ^ I 4. ^ FRcft f I
I get up at five o'clock. I worship.
3+4 ff ftf f % w t : ^ rr f r & f i I get up at 5 o'clock and worship.
Future
5. FF FfTFT FUFFT I 6. FF FWt RTFFT I
He will eat food. He will go to the office.
5+6. FF FFFT *fTFR FFFT I He will eat food and go to office.
Past simple
7. FF FWT % 3TRTI 8. 'dtf'l 3Hd«IK F5TI
He came from the office. He read the newspaper.
7+8. FFFT $ 3TTFR 3(FfFTT F3TI He read the newspaper after
coming from office.
9. 3raWR FFT | 10. FF FFcR FFT I
He read the newspaper. He went to the office.
9+10.FF 3ra«fTT F3FR FFcR W I He read the newspaper and went
to the office.
Examples :
120
Q 'F + v.r. + ’ = 'instead o f «t«tl*t)
1. amt F tT5=FT # ? r eft I Instead of studying further, he opened a
shop.
2. FF F fftw WT Instead of going to school, he went
W l to see a film.
Q ‘v.r. + Fn: + *ft’ = in spite of (F>
1. Ftfft FRF ft <F«M ftt Frft Inspite of having lived in India, he did
tft# I not learn Hindi.
2. TFT FFFT tpft rftFR ftt w i t F#f I Inspite of being so rich, Ram is not
arrogant.
[he below given construction is used to emphasize that a certain activity
will very certainly, under all circumstances take place.
subj. + obj. + (v.r. + FR/#i) + Tf, Tft, Tft + FT, ft, ift
if any
agree with the subject
• eldR
1. Tft TTTS ft ftFR TRftfa T?T He was very sick from 1960 to 1992.
«tM<1 FF> FF Fgd «flHK FT I
2. FFT % ftFR FTT FF> FF ftF All the fields from here upto that
FFlft ft I corner are ours.
121
3. «lld ^Ft F'ISI If? Concerning what, there is a dispute
among them?
4 3t 3tto t o f t o 3HrHdM 1will go to the hospital with my
4I*'I1 1 friend.
5. FF to f t ’ft to r Mind can use any support for
F^FTT Ft FFFT 1 1 concentration.
• to r
1. ff CKfMcfc % f 1+ < tocft d l-to 1 1will go to Delhi via Lucknow.
2. ^ T3to FFT t o r 3 fto FFT 3fltoT 11 will go to him and then come to you.
• tosFFT
1. TFT 3Ft FF 4ldd ff 3TTXT| All except Ram came to the party.
2. Tjtot t o t o t F f to % All the women there except me had
t o t FFft # 1 worn sarT.
• to f c r *t
F to '41'f t o FclFK FFT FtFT f?! Who knows what the future has in
store for us!
El Use of t o ’ as adverb.
★ ★ ★
122
C om pulsion C o n stru ctio n s
28 6ft E R l )
*** When the main verb is transitive, use (v.r. + ) to agree with
the number and gender of the object.
Examples : Inner compulsion
123
fad<£! (f; sg.) letter; fatter (f.pl.) letters; ^ (m. sg./pl.) letter/letters
In the examples given above we have seen how the main verbs lets'll,
MSTT change their form depending upon N and G of the object.
124
Internal com pulsion: Use of FfaT
IRS' For habitual inner compulsion putFtdT, Flcf, Ftrft between the main verb
2. 'lW < TJFI> ftcfT 'I eel I'll The servant had to give bath to father
(v.i.)Ft?IT *fT I in the morning.
1. ^ f^T FTT FTC FFlf (f.sg.) I have to take medicine four times a
Ol'fl FFcft 11 (pres, simple) day.
3. FT FFF i^TF» (f.) FFF^ft FFrft She has to wear spectacles all the
1 1 (pres, simple) time.
125
4. FT R d RdRR The administrators used to confront
dd TThTTI (m.sg.) d>Tdl Hsai dT I ugly situations every day.
(past hab.)
5. <M *jdF Hid dR T3<5dT MSdl I had to get up every day at 5 o'clock
qT I (past hab.) inthe morning.
6. % 3*f R ^F*T RdTT d% dTdd % I could not come to your birthday
dl% 3TT dR, ddlRi %T ddl party as I had to work till late.
W (m.sg.) ■tx.-ii TT5T I (past simple)
7. dR R i 3§t Rd?!T -Tiff M r , *j% dT Since I did not find a rickshaw, I
%dcf «TRT dFT I (past simple) had to walk home.
8 . gfr TTT% % W fr TTT^Rdd dd R ldT On the way, I had to get the tyre of
3tdi i> tq m d37 I (past simple) my cycle repaired.
9. Rid 4) %4cT ^TFTT ddT ? How far did you have to go on foot?
(past simple)
10 . 3fTdd% 3Fpfr ^cfl d% yil<Tl TT How much money have you had to
R krt % t (m.) frsR n tst t ? spend on your daughter's
(present perfect) wedding?
11 . 13% 3Td% dftdTT % '*TTuT-dtslTrT He had to work very hard to
dlpT dRw d (m.sg.) d><dl dFT «TTI support my family.
(past, perf.)
12 dR . dR sn % u%Rf R tt diF% You will have to work hard if you
Ft dt d fe rd (m.sg.) d>TdT want to pass the examination.
d%dT l (future simple)
13. dRRi 3IM Rl^dT’ d#f 3ddT, Since the driver has not come
dddT %d%T % «TFfT dldT I today, I will have to go to the
(fut. simple) office by taxi.
14. h 0«1 d% FTTTd dl|d <fUI«( t ; W The patient's condition is very bad;
13% 3HddM % dTFTT d% I you will have to take him to
(subjunctive) hospital.
15. #r TTddd % 3PT% TFdTF 13TT dd She may have to be operated upon
‘3nq%TFT’ 4>Tdl d% l(subjunctive) next week.
126
■ Moral compulsion : use of
9. anWr % xt«f 6u^ m-fl % You ought to have a bath with cold
^f¥T^ 1 water every day.
Language structure Q
127
Language structure Q
la . ft , f m i$st t r f f ffft t w r
FF FFFT t I Mother, I may have to stay back in
lb . FT, Ft FFFT t 3TM *£St t r F F the office until late (later than usual).
FFxRt TFFT F t I
2a. P rtt F t srn t F F t ^'?f-s «TFn
FF t I Father may have to go to England
2b. Ft FFFT t ftdT F t 3m t FFt next week.
tiffe «TRT F t I
3a. 3FTtt tc ft F t STT^t FT FIFf t t F t
3TFFT FFPTm*9 ^FHI FF FFFT t I Mr. Sharma may have tosellhis house
3b. Ft TTFcTT t 3PFft t t t F t TTT^t % at his d au g h ter's m arriage.
FFF STFf t t F t 3)FFI •Hcr»l*1m-“9
%FFT F t I
4a. F'*‘5 F t ft>tt t t FFF FT?f t t
The Centre (the Central Government
’f t f p1 tF tF F T tt FF F F tt f I
4b. Ft FFcTT t ^ T t F t tt W t may have to send the army
F #f t t tFRT F T tt F t I anywhere any time
5a. tST t TJ9t?t# H tt % teTTT F t' F§F
FOF ttP *9 t t t FF• FFntt t I We may have to make many sacrifices
5b. Ft FFFT t tw t T^l^lct ettt % to bring prosperity to the country.
ftnt; F t FpT FptH)13®- t t t F t I
★ ★ ★
128
The C ontinuative C om pound
29 (P ic a m t t s r t )
129
6 . F*T cftiT 3FTft HFf'-e1 4lFTIrf I We will keep on repeating our
(future simple) demands.
7. TPFFT t %n, pl 3 fl^r 3TT-«TTT They may keep on inviting you again
jd lrl 7 ^ I (probability) and again.
8 . 3n*r ^ r f t hft 3 n t Tfltr i Keep on coming to our house.
(imperative)
Exam ples:
130
As one grows older, one becomes
^Tcft t , ?qf ?^f onict^lR^i more tactful in worldly affairs.
't'SICIdl''
O %t «t<orfl '’Ileft % I
(pres, simple)
10. Trqt-Tjq) e<JTr q<pcfl utirfl %, As it becomes colder, people
ci)'i'"pl Meii)' % continue to come down from the
3fftf ^ 11 (pres, simple) hills.
11. 21 ^ % sfTC f^T" f tJft After June 21, the days gradually
^ t 3lk Tlcf p1 become shorter and the nights
TSflrfr f? I (pres, simple) longer.
12. «Fncft 71i , ^ t t p ' Mother went on making poories
^1 ^ tjtt | (past simple) (fried Indian bread) and we went
on eating.
13. ^ W ’-59- TTpft % a t t As the crow went on putting stones
% aTC 5 [eldI Jl-MI, into the pitcher one by one, the
c#-caf 71% Hl'fl",sg water level kept on rising.
3trcrr THU I (past simple)
14. 7 ^ - 7 ^ ^7% t mP' 3FFTT m One by one they went on staking
'Zjp aia 7R el 4 let Tpr ^ FR7t and loosing all that they had .
7 ^ l (past simple)
15. 3?IT T i^ P ' «J%Ft% As the Kauravas grew older their
7177, 7T^ ^1% % f^TT Tpjl mutual hatred went on increasing.
7T%| (past simple)
16. ^7T a m a ^Ta^T You go on packing and putting the
Tiif) % c R M v4lchJM I things aside; I shall go on having
(fut. simple) them loaded in the car.
131
This structure is used with ststive verbs such as 3eni, <^TT,
4^I glii, <.<ai ill'll etc.
Examples :
★ ★ ★
133
Inceptive C o m pounds - To
BeginTo Do S om ething
(v.r. + ^ ) + WTT;
Language structure Q |
subj. + obj. + (v.r.+^) + ePMI + el’ll
nom. case if any in the required tense
Language structure Q
134
4. ^ <Hr-sg- f^TT I The child began to cry.
5. WF? % FS^ft F*t I The students began to read the
(past simple) book.
6. FT^t ^ FHIFKFFm,5 FSFT The traveller began to read the
foFT I (past, simple) newspaper.
7. at4t % FSFtmpl q)% The washerman has begun to wash
11 (pres, pert.) the clothes.
★ ★ ★
136
P erm issive C om pound
31 «ftsrc» t ^ t t )
ur Use the Language structure given above for past habitual tense; only
put m, instead of f , t , Ft, f I
137
2. ftcTT Fft sr^rarr ‘ftFfar Father often lets us see a film.
^ 1 1
3. 3TSTFR> RaiRRl ^«1et'let'4 ft The teacher lets the students read
w ft ^cTT f? I in the library.
4. ft ?ft -9M Tftefft ftft ft I They used to let us play in the
evening.
5. ftf Fft FTO Tift TFtft ftftt ftf | Mother did not use to let us eat
meat.
Examples:
1. nT ^ fe j I Mother let us eat bananas.
2. *) {) «ieH % fecT% -IeH fe n I My sister did not let me talk.
3. *TT ^ ^ fe I Mother let me read the books.
4. nT % 'Tm ^ctf H6d% fe n I Mother let me wear the new shirt.
5. 3Tti|lHtt> ^ «ldl fel «ll'i fe n I The teacher let the students go.
6. S lftm tt % fet 3PTf The officer did not let the employees
3tT% f e l I come in.
■*■ Use the above model for present perfect and past perfect tenses by
putting#, #, or*JT, *ft, after fen, fe(, fe as shown below :
139
Examples :
Examples:
140
Language structure Q : Permissive compound + + «TT
('X' should have let 'Y' do something)
I T
(1) agree with the object when v.t.
$
141
Language structure m Permissive + present presumptive
Examples :
Examples:
1. Rid I ^ % <J*f> rli'l «il'1 Rqi Father must have let you go
plJli I swimming.
142
Language structure KB: Permissive compound : Passive voice
subj. + person obj. + obj. + (v.r. + %) + + «TFTT + 1?RT
%/% STTT + (if any) in the'required
tense
**■ When the object of the verb is (1) followed by (2) not explicitly stated
or (3) verb intransitive, then always m.sg. 3rd person form of ^PTT and
is used.
Examples:
★ ★ ★
143
C onditionals
32 (U S e Of 3P R / ^ / 3TlR% ....^t....)
3PTT+subj.+obj.+ (v.r. + t3[, + ^TT, if,) + eft + subj. + obj. + (v.r. + ~£, tf, + ttt, if,)
A aSt ift * aft, xl: Tft
______________ ' r r '
agrees with the subj.
i _______ ^ r "
agrees with the subj.
•s’ This language structure is used when in the future there is high
probability of fulfilment of the condition.
Examples:
1. 3THT 3TFT <jdlCu|, I f If 3tgw if you call me, I will certainly come.
3TT3pff I
2. 3THT If Ifnfif, I f IfPlT If If you get wet in the rain, you will
l fall ill.
Language structure Q : Less probable condition; future tense
3PTT+ subj.+ obj.+ (v.r.+ 3TT, tt | ) + I f + subj.+ obj.+ (v.r. + tr + tit, if,)
(if any) a If, ^ If
3PK+ subj. + obj. + [ v.r.+^, xt 3ft, ^ ] + eft +subj. + obj. [v.r. + xt 3ft, xl]
T '— T ’— r "
agrees with the subj. • agrees with the subj.
Thislanguagestructureisusedwheninthefuturetheprobabilityofthe
fulfilment of the condition contained in the subsidiary clause is very
low or even imaginary.
Examples:
•** This structure is used, when in the past, if the condition contained in the
subsidiary clause was different from what it had actually been, then
consequently the dependent activity contained in the main clause
would also have been different.
145
Examples:
1. WT 3TFTR ^ ^FTM FtcTT, R If you had called me, I would have
3TT^ Ftrft I come.
2. 3HTX cjF F^f R F 'RiT FtTt, R If you had not got wet in the rain, you
«flFK f go; Ft% I would not have fallen ill.
Language structure Q
nr This language structure is used in all three tenses i.e. the present, the
past and the future tense.
Examples:
1. 3TFT Fjr ^ TTFF i[5T iMt, Ft How nice it would be if she were
Ricmi 3TE0T FTFT I (present tense) here at this time.
2. 3FTT 3TFTFft RFTrft FT <JF FFft If you came to our house at coming
FFT 3fR, eft FF F |F T|9ft Diwali, we would all be very happy.
Ftdt I (future tense)
3. 3TFT rJF 3TF% R?5Tt ^ R d If you had invited me on your last
FT ^cTRft, Ft ^ 3TF?F 3fTeft I birthday I would certainly have
(past tense) come.
Language sturcture Q
3PTT + subj. + obj. + v.r. + FT, ^ + FtFT, Ftct + Ft + subj. + obj. + FtFT, Ftft
eft Fftft, Fftft R e f t , Fteft
146
w This language structure is used when the final activity contained in the
main clause depends on habitual, regular doing or not doing of the
activity contained in the dependent clause.
Examples:
2. R?qa ^rfT I?RTT, <T) sra' ci^> If I had been taking bribes, I would
anfrr FfaT i be very rich now.
Progressive conditional
2. 3PR cJT? FT^t tJR "EfcTT7^ Ft%, If you had been driving slow,
eft 7T Ftcft I (past) accident would not have happened.
★ ★ ★
147
W ishing !
Use of ,chl$r to express wishes
Language structure Q
a 1 This structure is used when one w ishes the situation in the present to
be different from what it is.
Examples:
»*■ This structure is used when we wish that things in the past were
different from what they had been.
Examples:
Language structure Q
148
«*■ This is used when:
Examples:
Examples :
1. cpr?T ^rf «fT# ^FTT ^ ^3Tc[ ! I wish you would not eat stale food.
2. W?T «TT^I 'QPTT ^ I wish you had not eaten stale food.
Ftcn !
★ ★ ★
149
To Be Used To Doing S om ething
34 (4 T 3TT<ft #T T )
150
Past habitual
Past simple
Future Tense
m. if FF Ft FFFFT
f. if Fft Ft 'FT3Fff
m. (J, FF, FF, F?H, FFT FF Ft «1|iJ,FI
t. ^ FF, FF, F^tF, FFT Fft Ft FTTTjft
TTOft ^ft%
m. cfF, <|F eTlJ| % Ft «tT3Tfif
3TT^t
t. TJF, cJF dlF F?t Ft FTFFft
m. FF, 3TR, if, if, F?H Ft Ft 'FlCtjf
t. FF, 3TR, %, if, F^M F?t Ft FP^ift
151
Model H : X arrest gt^T
t am, is, are
F*T, % (am, is,are)+not
ePRft 'X' was, were used to
3TN °FT m F^f stands for was not, weren't drinking
3 *)/3dF>l +FT F^ PN or lassi
got
T3%/T3^T *FF F^ Pron.
Examples :
152
4a. Tpft iff 4vi? ^ <1-1 3lKd
i t 1^ 11 (pres, perf.) Rani has gotten used to living on a
small amount of money.
4b. Tt-ft tt Tl^ 3TT^t it i f
11 (pres, perf.)
153
9a. F% Tr[3F %T % 33% 3% 3TKF
i T3R f *t (f.) 3 3 F u i %T f %
#3 «tr<51 '33% 3% 3TKcT 33 3^ I We were used to getting up late in
33 % F% 333t 33% 3% 3ITFF 11 the morning. When we went to
India we soon got used got used to
getting up early in the morning.
9b. F3 (f.) Tj3F %T % 33% 3% 3TT%t Since then we are used to getting
%t I 3 3 F3 (f.) 3 3 F 3 i %T F3 (f.) up early.
Vfa i% 3c%t 33% 3% 3fT%t Ft 3^ I
33 % F 3 (f.) 3 3 # 33% 3% 3TT^t t
★ ★ ★
154
Verbs : C la ssific a tio n s and U sa g e
35 (f^ r m : TTcjf
Verbs are the part of speech that expresses existence, action or occurence.
Examples :
■ Stative verbs (R*tRlFldT> f^FT) : These verbs tell about the being or
existence of a thing. In Hindi, I#PTT' used alone with a noun or an adjective
is a stative verb e.g.
1. W 11 2. TO TfFT tl
■ Change of state verbs (f^rfcT Wm) : These verbs
convey the meaning of some change in the state ‘^TPTT’ and ‘TOFT’ are
examples of such verbs.
Examples :
Examples :
1. FT TFTcft f? I FT TO% FtT Rto |J! e? I
Mother eats. Mother feeds the baby.
2. RFl'4f FScfT 11 3TBTTFT> RfSIFff H<Sldl t I
The student studies. The teacher teaches the student.
3. WTOT TTtcTT f I FtoTOft ^ 11
The child sleeps. The maid-servant puts the child to
sleep.
156
Causative -2 relates to verbs where 'X' uses some agent to cause 'Y' to do
something. Study carefully the examples given below to comprehend the
distinction between causative -1 and causative -2
Causative 1 Causative 2
•*' Mediary agent and object can mutually change places in a sentence.
Ex. 2,4.
*r In all ca ses except those mentioned below, subject is in the nominative
ca se and the causative and the auxiliary verbs agree with the subject.
S ee examples 1-7,18 given below.
»r 'subject to is used in the past simple and other perfective tenses.
S ee examples 8-10.
'subject + to' is used in compulsion and advice structures with tonr,
n sm , m fto I S ee examples 11-17.
»*' In both these ca ses the verb endings agree with the object.
I. nito « ihm to I Have the luggage kept in the car /
(imperative) on the train.
157
2. t 1 3Ffk F>Ft % tjeraicft f I I have my clothes washed by the
(pres, simple) washerman.
3. FFft 3)4-1 3fFFf FjFT Our neighbours are getting a
well <3,441 TI? t l(pres. prog.) dug in their courtyard.
4. 7Pft TtTFT ^fl^T % F+4lifl «ft I Rani used to have her food cooked
(past hab.) by the maid servant.
5. FF% 3PT% FT F?t -H Last week I was having my house
FJTFT *5t I(past, prog) repaired.
6. ^ F tf % FTcT 4>ci4l-1 F?t FtF I am planning to have my hair cut
T!?t ^ I (planned future) by the barber.
7. t 1 RlTl+K % 3 m t RfF 4-14I3M1 I I will have my picture made by a
(fut. simple) painter.
8. FF F^t F#TM % I had my watch repaired by the
•t><4l^ I(past simple) watch- mender.
9. 3tr^ f f f Tst R t f ) hfftf t ? By whom have you had these
(pres, perf.) plants planted.
10. F f R FF F4>l-i FF, ^---{lo Ft FFTF We had had this house built in
4-14141 FT I (past perfect) 1950.
11. Fief FtpT FS fR 11 My hair grows very quickly. I have
FT F^sTF R f FT +d4l-) FF% t I to have it cut every fifteen days.
(present compulsion)
12. 304 t) FFT 3)44K <4<14 Ft FR?t ?ft I His car used to breakdown often.
stfft “FTR’ ^ ^IF FTT Often he had to send it to the
4><4HT FFTTT FT I garage and have it repaired.
(past compulsion)
13. ^ F FTFt Ft JTpft F it TTfk Ft; You may buy a used watch if you
FT-TJ FFF?T 3flTT R f <514i like; but you may have to have it
+ L4HI FF FFFTT 11 / repaired every now and then.
TJF FTFT Ft JTT-ft F it <4Cl4 ctt;
FTFJ Ft F+dl % 3ITF R-T
•M4MI F f I (probable compulsion)
158
14. 3TT^t 3FFft 3 M ^ ^T tT You will have to have your eyes
¥ 9 % 3TT# % 3TTTT % 4>TTFft tested by an opthalmologist
I (future compulsion ) regularly.
17. 3UHcf>l 31d rfd> 3PT^ 4?) X5ffr[ You should have had your blood
dTTdpft *ft I tested by now.
(advice + causative-past)
18. <l4) 3I<HK dKddiff % 3rT% frT^ Rani often keeps on getting
WdTrft TFcft 11 dresses brought for her from
(continuative + causative) Calcutta.
There are no hard and fast rules as to their derivation. It is best to learn
them individually.
Usually ‘3TT’ or eTT’ is inserted between the v.r. and ‘dT’ ending to make
causative-1 and ^T’ or ‘an’ is infixed between the v.r. and ,;TT’ ending
to make causative - 2. See Table page 162-167
159
Some guidelines to their formation are given below.
When V.r.'does not end in any vowel symbol, add3T tomakec-1,and to make
c-2.
Examples :
v.i. c-1 c-2
3tHT(v.i.) 3SHT 333HI
to get up to cause to have s. o. caused
s.o. to get up; to get up; to cause
to lift s.th. s.th. to be lifted
When the 1st syllable of the verb root has ‘s t ’ ending, change it to *3” before
inserting'3TT’ or *31' to make c-1, c-2 respectively.
Example:
v.i. c-1 c-2
<Hi ■ScTFTT tjcHHI
to cry to cause s.o. to have s.o. caused
to cry to cry
When the first syllable has Tf ending, it changes to V before inserting
'3TT' or ^T’ to form c-1, c-2 respectively.
Examples.
v.i. c-1 c-2
fete HI felcMMI
to lie down to cause s.o. to have s.o. caused
to lie down to lie down
When the first syllable of the verb root h a s ‘3TT’, *3;’, f ' ending, it is
changed to short '3T', ‘3 ’, V before inserting 'srr' or ‘3T’ to make c-1, c-
2 respectively
Examples:
c-1 c-2
*IPFTT (v.i.) SPTFTT *PWTT
to run to chase to have s.o.
s.o. away chased away
#pRT (v.t.) RT<dHI few mi
to learn to teach to s.o. to have s.o. taught
35=n (v.i.) Sal'll
o SsWHI
O
to drown to drown s.o. to have s.o. drowned
160
When there is a single syllable verb root, normally long vowel is changed
to short one, eff’ is added to make c-1, eraf is added to make c-2.
Examples
c-1 c-2
v.t. c-2
1. Mmi Trapn
to sing. to have sung by x
2 <?Hi
to row to have rowed by x
3, 4t-n
to sow to have sowed by x
4 c-HI feRTRT
to take to have taken by x.
161
Table of verbs for ready reference
3TFTT JcTHT —
ste-TT 3lfeFTT —
‘t'ldTT — +d<1H I
to be cut to cut to have cut
—
^TTT <+><.MI cMHI, TTRHT
to do to cause to have s.th.
s.o. to do done
— ‘t'PMl/'t'tfC-ll'll
to say to cause to say to send word to s.b.
—
WTT feeTFTT RddcIHI
to eat to cause to to have s.o. fed
eat
—
<sj«tHl,
to be dug to dig to have dug
wRl — <f|dMl
to be open to open to have opened
— %TT —
162
tTotT W fT WTT, Tf^HT
to be fixed to fix in or to cause to be fixed
in or buried to bury in/or buried
TTrFTT TTcIFTT —
JH<1HI
to melt to melt s.th. to have s.th. melted
Rr^n R um —
PlWMI
to fall to cause s.o./s.th to cause to be
to fall; to drop dropped
Rk'ii —
Rrctht
to be to surround to cause to be
surrounded surrounded
tjcHI OlcHl —
to be to dissolve to cause to be
dissolved dissolved
—
^PT T
to revolve to cause to to have s.th. caused
revolve to revolve
^T T WTT —
^<i<1MI
to climb to cause to to have s.th./s.b.
climb caused to climb
—
163
*$dTT,
O ’ $C\}i'TT tir^TT —
sJdHI, t« 4 H I
to be released to release to cause to be
released
tFTT
CN
t$d4MI, tfdHI
to touch to cause to be
touched
'jPPTT/'jfFRT — 'SPIRT «r|i4m
to wake up to cause to to cause to be
wake up woken up
oil'll ^PTT —
f^RFTT
to go to send to have s.th./s.b.
sent
—
NdMI [dcim-ii
to live to cause to have s.o.
to live caused to
live
Els'll —
to be to assemble; to cause to be
assembled to join assembled; to
cause to be joined.
W™
— sjdl-ll
to swing to cause to swing to cause to be
swung
dlcHI dd4HI
to be post to postpone to cause to be
poned postponed
dtk-H! —
caciMi ctfc-WHI
to go for to cause s.o. to to cause to be
a stroll go for a stroll taken for a stroll
zCz\ ^ \ d terr —
W" O
— ^<4dHI
o
164
—
<jMi —
^ 3 fp n /w n ,
to carry iteTHT/jp^HT
to have carried
^Wdl —
ifd’ldl ^•Mldl
to be tired to tire to have s.o. tired
R=TT Rdldl fe=RR7
to give to cause to to cause to
be given be given by s.o.
R<sidi ^TT R<stldl Rw h i
to be visible to see to show to have shown
gcTTT a'Ri —
SpTFTT, fyddidl
to be washed to wash to have washed
fdd'ddl fdd>ldd l — Rr+ddH!
to emerge to take out to have taken out
"RcHT WFTT —
Hddldl
to be to bring up to have
brought up brought up
fta i ftddldl —
ftdddldl
to melt to melt to have melted
Rd^TT —
ftddldl
to be beaten to beat to have beaten
%PTT —
f^TWRT
to be ground to grind to have ground
WTT —
WRT
to be torn to tear to have torn
I'MHI Hid’d l —
f^T H T
to be thrown to throw to have thrown
—
Moi-Sdld
• I
to break to break to have broken
^c=FTT ^dPTT —
$ddldl
to spread to spread to have spread
%FTT dltHI —
%ldldl
to be tied to tie to have tied
165
«FTTT SRHT —
m ^ rr q^dl —
166
cTvTT dTvTT —
eTCFTT, cRWTT
to be loaded to load to have loaded
—
cTPTT —
Ricimi
to bring to have brought
—
fell'll IcKftMl feT^PTT
to write dictate to have s.th. written
cjcT'TT/cprRT —
cJd<tHI
to be looted to loot/to to have s.o. looted
squander
—
leldHI [eldcJMi
to lie to cause to lie to have s.o.
caused to lie.
— RlMdcfHi
to be gathered to gather up to cause s.th. to be
gathered up
RiclTT #TT —
RldHI, Rld<tMI
to be sewn to sew to have sewn
—
RHdHI Rh^M I
to learn to teach to have s.o.
taught by s.b.
—
^Tm i —
^etPTT *jd<1MI
to sleep to cause to have s.o.
to sleep put to sleep
F^^TT F£HT —
FtHI —
FtfFTT F^TCFTT
to laugh to cause s.o. to have s.o.
to laugh caused to laugh.
167
Compound Verbs (tt^kt f^mj)
The Hindi language makes profuse use of compound verbs. In com
pound verbal constructions, verb root of the main verb is followed by
another verb + auxiliary if required.
In such constructions, the meaning is only of the v.r. while the conjuga
tion is of the 2nd verb which reinforces and gives a special nuance to
the meaning of the erb root.
Compound verbs are used in affirmative and interrogative sentences.
They cannot be used in negative sentences.
168
2. FF ^fF if sitef F<5T1 He cut in on the conversation.
3. 3tFM4> TTF F<5 1 Suddenly everybody got up.
4. FF FT M t % eTF ^6di t 1 He fights with everybody.
5. FTF ^f FF FFT F>T %5T 1 Oh ! What have 1done !
Like compound verbs with HFFI, this has the element of suddenness
and unexpectedness.
Examples :
169
Main verb + FFFHI + auxiliary verb if required
This is used to mean unwelcome arrival.
1 TTF 3TTF TJFF TJFF FFT 3fT Ram came to my house very early
HFFFI # 3nft F3T *ft FT I in the morning today. I hadn't
even got up yet.
2 FTt FF M FTJp) FtTt f , FF Whenever he has to ask for money,
FFT 3fT HFFFTT %I he just comes to myplace.
170
Main verb + ^fiT is also used sometimes to express the meaning
of achievement of some skill to do something.
Example :
1 . TFft fin? 3nM fitfi ^ctt 11 RanT can speak some English.
2. # fitfiT-filpT TfiTfiT fifiT M l ^ I I can cook a little.
C o n ju n ct v e r b s
171
7. (v.t.) to decide
8. 'Jidcil #RT (v.i.) decision to be
9. (v.t.) to try
10. f’RT (v.i.) attempt to be
■ adj. + ^FTTT/Ft^TT
1. ^4 (v.t.) to close
2. ^ 4 FfaT (v.i.) to be closed
3. Wl ‘M 'l 1 (v.t.) to please
4. ^s|?T FHT (v.i.) to be pleased
5. jjtjfl 'tK’ll (v.t.) to cause unhappiness
6. (v.i.) to be unhappy
7. WT) 'M'll (v.t.) to wash
8. dlH) 5ldl (v.i.) to be washed
■ noun + 9 ^ ^
■ noun + 8 ^i m I/H^HI
172
6. TO1 (v.i.) panic to break out
7. <3d«lc)l H3Ml (v.t.) to cause confusion
8. WWcft TrEpTT (v.i.) to be in confusion
9. cJcT H3MI (v.t.) to plunder; to waste
10. PjZ RRT (v.i.) for there to be plundering
■ noun + d'Mi
■ adj. + cPFTT
■ noun + WTT
1. <31*11 to be cheated
2. i)cf <31*11 to match
3. Hl< <31*11 to be beaten
4. 5TZ <31*11 to be scolded
5. ■^Tld. <3HI to be injured
173
6. to be deceived
7. F4 WTT to be afraid
To lo o k :
To seem :
1 . 4F TOTf
O % 5 M HTOT I I He seem s to be afraid of dogs.
t>TTT cFTTTT f 4F 4RTt % FT4T I I It seem s he is afraid of dogs.
2. cTOT I T3%4FT4pft ^ flrfa He doesn't seem to be very
Tf% I keen on gardening.
3. eTTOT t 4? 4FT 4^4 cil'Tl 4Pt It seem s she knows a lot of
^TFTrft 11 people here.
4F 4FT 4ffT cThTf ^FTrft cFTrft She seem s to know a lot of people
I here.
4. 4!? 4 |4 4 1 ^ cTTOT 11 He seem s to be very emotional.
To ta s te :
174
Qj To sm e ll:
1. TTTVf ^T% 3pr5t *TF3> ePT Tilt The kitchen smells like rotten eggs.
11
2 W TT!^ ^TF^ % *#TT ePM 1 1 This soap smells expensive.
n To f e e l:
□ To so u n d :
1. ^TF ^IpT £hM4K ^ ePTT 1 He didn't sound very honest.
2 ^TF 4l«M! ^|TT 3fE# ^firf ePT T^t 1 This plan does not sound very good.
3 TTCT ffTcHT ^ SSlPT ^TT TfTTTsT My new guitar sounds horrible.
cFTcft 1 1
Examples :
175
lT?(f.) rumbling in J|$J|$FTT to rumble
the stomach (clouds)
w W(f.) chirping of to chirp
the birds
STS’ SS (f.)a thudding ddUdHI to do s.th. with a
sound thudding sound
*5*T(f.) a jingling sound whwhHI to jingle
7>3> 33>(f.) repeated tapping 6+6+1RT to tap
sound repeatedly
f^df^cTT(adj.) limp, not stiff ftdftdMI to limp
RlHRlH(f.) stickiness f^FTFTT to be sticky
viscosity viscous
^eT(adj.) unsteady gdfidMl to be unsteady
l^ (a d j.) loosely hanging $(dSjdHI to be, loosely
hanging
«i'H<l(adj.) glittering dWTFTT to glitter
frtetfaw qf.) state of fcldf^dldt to become
getting suddenly enraged
restless
^WT(adj.) glittering W9HPTT to glitter;
to make s.th. shine
&dftd(f.) shimmer; twinkle BldftdHI to shimmer, to
twinkle
?rm (f.) sound produced ?R5RPTT to produce
by the flow of water such a sound
*TRTC(f.) sound produced *K«THT to produce
by air, shake etc. such a sound
*TCTR(f.) rustling sound as W RRT to produce such
M *) of leaves, silk etc. rustling sound
*5Wf(f.) sound of WtmPTT to splash water
splashing water
«d«d(f.) overflowing tidtidK I to over flow
<dd<dd(f.) rattling sound tddtddMI to make this
(of doors, windows) rattling sound
fe+fe'Hf.) ticking of to produce the
a clock ticking sound
176
Nominal Verbs (^t*t stri, / niPto i^n^)
★ ★ ★
177
36 P assiv e Voice ( ^ f ^nr^r)
178
Uses of passive voice in Hindi
Examples:
179
Examples:
180
Active: Reft cfTR TFT t I The gardener is mowing the
lawn.
Passive: RPT’ TTTeft % SRI tftcTT The lawn is being mowed by
TFT ft I the gardener.
Active: f^Rcft thrift ‘SjcTT’ SR The electrician is repairing the
TFT ft I cooler.
Passive: ^ c R ' fft^Tcft fftrftt % SRT The cooler is being repaired
f^RT RT TFT ft1 by the electrician.
Active: RT RTft Rift RT; RT RT Tft ft I The painters are painting the
house.
Passive: RTTRTRTTFTftl The house is being painted.
181
Present perfect progressive passive
182
Active: Everybody used to regard him
as a mentor.
Passive: *Ig% gRT deilg+k tiht He used to be regarded as a
dldl KIT1 mentor by everybody.
Active: FTT feTXT R ig ( w i WTlft) We used to send provisions
3IWIT ggTW ^RT gRcf Kf 1 and medicines for them.
Passive: gRT R ig (iRJ w nff) Provisions and medicines
srwiTggTggT w f t «fti used to be sent by us for them.
by the cobbler.
Active: TRFt F^i FSM W 1 He had taught us chemistry.
Passive: F^T TR# gRT RTFTTSTTIR We had been taught chemistry
W 1 W 2TT| by him.
Active: TR#^ # g g k Tnfr ff^5t They had pulled the chain and
#1 stopped the train.
183
Passive: vjIvj})<. J||^l <lcfl 4) 1 The chain had been pulled and
the train stopped.
Active: 33ftft <ft37cft % fft3 337TT ft They had lit the bazaar on
ThFft 3ft 1 Diwali Day.
Passive: ftftflcft % fft3 3RTT ft Tftfpft 3ft The bazaar had been lit on
3^ # 1 Diwali day.
Past perfect progressive passive
Active: ft 37T 'HTef ft fftSTW 7ft They had been selling sweets
ftl for ten years.
Passive: s r a ^ n r a f t ft 61331 Sweets had been being sold
ftftt Tftt 2ft 1 by them for ten years.
Active: ftftFT 37 3? 3^31 3ft 373rft He had been smuggling trucks
3T7 75T 27TI all his life.
Passive: ftftd 37 137f% gTTT 3ft Trucks had been being smuggled
dT't’ft 3ft «fT 7fft 2 f t | by him all his life.
Active: 3F 77^ 1975 ft fftftfM 3ft She had been teaching Hindi
fft^ftt fftt37 7& 2ft | to foreigners since 1975.
Passive: 1J3t3> SKI 773, 1975 ft fftftfftftft Hindi had been being taught
fft^ftt f f t ^ 3fT 7 # 2ft I by her to foreigners since 1975.
Active: 3F 7j37? ft 7M 33 <dldl «HI She had been preparing dinner
Tift 2ft | since morning.
Passive: 1377% 5777 7J3F ft 7777 33 Dinner had been being prepared
<S=IMI dd I3l «fT <61 23 I by her since the morning.
Active: jjR-ie 3>^ ftcft ft fttl 33 ftft5T The police had been chasing
37T 2ft 1 the thief for several hours.
Passive: gfftrcr % 5777 3^ ftzft ft %7 The thief had been being chased
33 ftteT t%37 >37 TFT 23 | by the police for several hours.
184
Active: % 4>eT TTKT K^TTI They will hold a meeting
tomorrow.
Passive: sttt 4k=
t ttkt ^rrtnft A meeting will be held by them
tomorrow.
Active: % TTT KT ^ MTT They will start a new TV serial
yKMi(B+ ^ q^rT i tomorrow.
Passive: TT TTT K<T; KKT TTF A new TV serial will be started
MTHTT I tomorrow.
Active: ■HIdI “ft K>eT f^-T % 11 <4MI Mother will be cooking food at
qqq FWt i 11a.m. tomorrow.
Passive: T>eT f^T % 11 KM % Food will be being cooked
Ski <dMI H't'iqi M TFT FTn I by mother at 11 a.m.
Active: °F>cT ^ TfcT WW From tomorrow onwards he
TFT Ft*TTI will be teaching Hindi at this
time every day.
Passive: TkT % tTM'5TT TPW TJTRt STTT From tomorrow onwards Hindi will
fiMt KSlf M T # Fhft I be being taught by him at this
time every day.
Active: ^ Keen 3)Pi el 4?F TjfcT el*HSl< Mr. Bhalla will be training Anil
^T 9TTKKTT EFjff?TT in archery at 4 p.m. on Mondays.
TT? Fl'I) 1
Passive: KeeTT % STTT 3TfaeT ^ Anil will be being trained by
TThMT 9IW 4K <sf«t Mr. Bhalla in archery at 4 p.m.
«TTTT?t Fhff 1 on Mondays.
Active: TTT % 4F TPif TJKF MT «T^ % Tomorrow onwords he will be
TJ: feRT TFT FTlT 1 writing this book every morning
from 4 a.m. to 6 a.m.
Passive: TTT TT KF yTM T3T# STTT TT4 Tomorrow onwords this book
MT % T5: SRf TM feT# will be being written by him every
M T^t FW 1 morning from 4 a.m. to 6 a.m.
185
Active: 3TM ^ cT Students will be practising
if TufFTcT (TK ^ ^ > ) F>T 3T*3i<h football in the field during the
T>T T^ FtrT I games-hour today.
Passive: 3TFF <sfci % MUJ ^ Football will be being practised
STTT ^FTF 3f TpOcT FF 3THTOf by students in the field during
R>±ll RT <.51 ghll I the games-hour today.
Future perfect passive
Active: TTIrTT X2°F cTTi <4MI M+l Mother will have prepared
3hft #frft I lunch by 1 p.m.
Passive: ■RTcTT 'ff % SKI T^> cTFT Lunch will have been prepared
<31*11 M4>i fewr fft s^FTT 1/ by 1 p.m. by mother.
431131 «fT *JF>T glFI I
Active: t cFT RFT FT *HT They will have constructed a new
UF>Ff*t I new house by December.
Passive: cTF TTT% SKT TFT By December a new house will
FT 3*11 fe!3l <13! FPTT I have been constructed by them.
Active: 3FRT 3i<-^d< He will have mastered computer
3dlTI <lFI FtFT I operation by next month.
Passive: amet ff ; i^RTPn By next month computer
FFFT STTT TfteT FT T^F £l<llI operation will have been
mastered by him.
Active: 3MFft TlHFR TFT %T3FFF By coming Monday, they
fr # n will have operated on him.
Passive: 3Tmrfft FtFFR TFT W 1 He will have been operated
‘3mt9FT’ fefT FT ^FF FFTT I upon by this coming Monday.
186
3. «H<f{l Sf ^TF TricT % fetrft This book will have been being
^TT Tift FPft I written for seven years in January.
4. FTT SPIRT xTicftTf $ ’HIRI- The Indo-Pak border dispute will
HlRiRIM % TftRT-f^TK TF TFTTtJFT have been being disputed for forty
t^JTT «TT TFT FPTT I years this August.
5. 3PT^ FF^ FTP % T*H '4>H ’ Next week I will have been being
% STTT cfttFFft f M&TT t^TT taught archery by this coach for
'TT TFT IjFT I five years.
187
3. f e d iRqt Jj R r T tfTOT 3?tT The athletes have to be given proper
ufeswT ferr toto 11 nutrition and training.
4. d^feql FF StF 3f JTFFT 3I^RR The girls have to be given equal
fem dHI t I opportunities in every field.
5. % WSJ fesr ^ 11 The arrangements for the wedding
have to be made.
6. MlfeTOFT 3?|T FRcT % %cTT3ff 4^t A meeting of Pakistani and Indian
W ?6<ti cHT 4^t di'fl % I leaders has to be fixed.
1. 3TF4 4?T 4T dl4l dMl H3I I The children had to be brought home
today.
2. FTOTT 4^TTT 3M FI4CT % W Our dog had to be taken to the vet
^ TO4T dHI TST I today.
3. W 31HI<5) TOTT%% A big reward had to be promised to
feTCT «npr 4FT 44 arrest this terrorist.
4"44 R4l dHI 4FT I
4. W T 44 4T4T 4>4% % fePj; ftWT A bribe had to be given to get the
dl4l 1 certificate.
5. 344 T4cJ 4T W WTO ^ Six fire-engines had to be rushed
dl'i 4^ 1 to the site of the fire.
6. % 4T 44^ 4Ff % fotj 3#q; Tear gas had to be used to control the
% s M 4pff 4^t 1 mob.
1. TSTT 44R: 4444 TO4T tt4T 1 The defence budget will have to be
curtailed.
2. 4F4T^ 4T f%4TO<4 feTO TO4T FhTT 1 Inflation will have to be controlled.
3. %TF44Kf 4>T 4FTTT Rqi dldl Ft4T 1 The unemployed people will have
to be supported.
188
4. f^TSTT % ttU '55Kr «n^ Ftrf | Educational standards will have to
be raised.
5. ^ fon$fFT F^ W°FT The number of students enrolled
F>F F?t «il'fl Fhft I in universities will have to be reduced.
6. snnsft F?T *¥ <<Fl «1HI H$■*!1 1 The criminal will have to be kept in
prison.
7. 3tk ^ R T f m ft 3 f * fcm Something will have to be done to
get more information.
8. TTFT FF tffFTPT f^tT Refreshments will have to be served
ufFTT FtFT 1 at the meeting.
Probability + passive
1. Ft FFFTT t Tffl FT srffor EHTfa More funds may be spent on defence.
F t «T1F 1
2. Ft FFFTT t %«TT WT 3FTT '331% The number of students might be
IfalRRl F t FWT F>F F t «TTF 1 curtailed to improve educational
standards.
189
3. TTRFT t # SETM 4?l 4 ^ 444^ Interest rates may be reduced
"IIH I soon.
4. #r T?4kTT t *rKW if 3TFn?T 44 Imports may be liberalized in India.
34l{l‘M'4 f%4T ^Ttr|
5. Ft tfrtt t w^rifeRren % Many workers may be laid off as
44^*4 «npr ssr^ft a result of increased automation.
4?t «im i
6. Ft t?444 f 3n1% % The balance of payments situation
5TCT ^44FT TfcjFFT f t * # 4^t ^ETTTT may be improved by new economic
'4IU, I policies.
Advice + passive
1. TS4 4T 4 R %T ^xrf 4fR7 ^ # 4; I Less money should be spent on
defence.
2. %$4 3?fT TT4W 4>riP( 4^ feTQ; More funds should be allocated for
3ffe; eft turner fotn ^ ftt ^4#^ | education and social welfare.
3. «MK« 4^t TT54> 4*!^ 4^ ^TFft The streets in Varanasi should be
4lfs?C( I widened.
4. <r4jd % 4^41 4?f ■g4TT f^cTT%, School children should be provided
44^41 4 4^f 4t vfFft TT1%tt | with free books, stationery and
uniforms.
5. 3tarc 3f 4fcr 4#f emrc; ( Nails should not be hammered into
walls.
6. gfeRT 4 “fft % 4Tt if ^ ert # The police ought to be informed
«llrfl I about the theft.
★ ★ ★
190
37 Noun (M r)
Gender (fer^r)
In Hindi there are only two genders.
Masculine (jjR'ci'i) and feminine Gender is obvious in the case
of nouns denoting living objects, human beings or animals.
Based on usage som e non-human living beings are always conceived
as belonging to the masculine gender and som e others to the feminine
gender.
Examples :
masculine : xfan ^3fT
bird a tiger an owl a wolf an earthworm
feminine: Rifled
an eagle the black a quail a butterfly a fish
cuckoo
However for clarity and accuracy the masculine prefix: ,;TT’ or the
feminine prefix ‘5RKT’ are added where necessary.
Example:
^cTT HKf 41dl
male tiger female tiger
W fctcTcfr
male butterfly female butterfly
191
Table -1
The Names of non-living objects that are predominantly masculine
Exception (Earth)
Exception (silver)
192
Hindi alphabet All consonants and most vowels
<1“fa m i TOft afk cprpt tot
Exceptions \ f, W
Fresh fruits 'Tk’TT, Tfa, u’rKi, 3TTOS, 31-lHlM, 3FTR
TOT banana, apple, orange, guava, pineapple,pomegranate
193
Table-2
Hindi dates
IclRmr—- first, second, third etc. See page 428.
F ood s:
Indian fried stuffed fried sour soup made
bread bread bread of yogurt and gramflour
4ld xfiT'fl
a snack lentil soup vegetable a pickle or sauce
#X fox4t
rice ground rice, rice and dal steamed rice
pudding cooked in milk cooked cakes
and sugar together
194
Table - 3
Nouns with masculine suffixes
w *
importance abundance slavery manhood chastity
«CqHr1 eiS't'H'i
childhood boyhood magnanimity childhood
eRTTq *131^
flow election attachment change ascent
Ef M ¥
patience work sweetness; cleverness Sun
3PF HI6<t>
reader servant child teacher protector
<FT MH<tH W n
vase a container foot-rest mouse-trap
for betel leaves
Ctl't'flTI cTf^T-cm
a republic democracy the nevous system
195
Table-4
Examples of nouns with feminine suffixes
Suffix Noun
-it K resrit F T T ^ T it S F J T it
teacher (f.) inspector (f.) doctor (f.)
-f t fTltef FlfeapT
woman singer female student teacher (f.) nurse (f.)
-w ^TT ejfcir Hfer
doll old woman a small a small
metal pot container
TW f fe K
fatigue decoration form adulteration
we
Cases (^R^)
Hindi grammarians differentiate between eight cases Each case
has a special case-ending f^Fft). A noun or a pronoun is
said to belong to one of these cases and is followed by the appropriate
case-ending depending upon whether it is the subject (4Flf), object
(^ f ), instrument (4R°T) etc. of the action.
1. (nominative)
2. Frrf (accusative)
3. (instrumental)
4. (dative)
5. 3TTKR (ablative) %
6. (possessive)
7. 3ff£l4><.ui (locative)
8. ?N)SFT (vocative) 3T=ft, I, TT, 3^,
■s’ It may be noted here (reference Table 5 given above) that in Hindi, in
som e constructions, the subject of the sentence, noun or pronoun is
followed by ’ I
■s’ The native speakers often drop the case - endings following the nouns
in the accusative case.
•s’ In both the sentences given above, the subject dS't'T is fol
lowed by the post position where as the naturally required
postposition^)’ with the objects has been dropped.(see
page 247.
•s’ When a noun or a pronoun is used without a postposition (tf>K4> f^F?)
it is said to be in the direct case
197
*»* When a noun or a pronoun is followed by a postposition (+K*t>
It Is said to be in the oblique case (Ryd ^T) 1
**■ Hindi has a special vocative form of noun or pronoun
which is used when addressing or invoking a person or thing. This is
similar to the oblique form except that the vocative plural form has a ft
or^Tt Instead of 3ff or*ff ending.
Number ( ^ ft)
On the basis of number in Hindi the nouns are classified into (1) singular
(ijcM tH (2) plural (stgq-ci'i)
In Hindi changing the noun from singular to plural varies with gender
and case; within the gender, it varies with the noun-endings. Given
below are the rules for declining the masculine and feminine nouns in
the direct, the oblique as well as the vocative cases.
■ Masculine Nouns
For the purpose of declension, the masculine nouns can be classified
as follows :
(1) Nouns with'arc’ - ending e.g. cT5¥T (boy)
(2) Nouns with any ending other than ‘an’.
e.g. ’fief, etc.
fruit poet brother child lemon
**■ In the direct case, masculine nouns ending in ‘3fT’ change to V when
pluralised. Example : 1,Table 7, pg. 202.
**■ In the oblique and vocative case masculine singular nouns with ‘arr’-
ending change to ending. Example: 1,Table 7, pg. 202.
**■ All other masculine nouns with any ending (other than 'an’), remain
unchanged in their direct singular, direct plural, oblique singular and
vocative singular cases. Examples : 2-10 Table 7, pg. 202.
Oblique plural of
1. the nouns ending in consonant (with inherent 'at') or ‘atT’ has vowel
symbol f o r a t the end.
198
Examples : 1,2 Table 7.
2. the nouns ending in L3 ’, “s ’, V , <3^ ’, ‘3ft’ has 'aSt' ending; “3T
is changed to L3' before adding ‘3lt’ I Example : 5-10 Table 7.
3. the nouns having or has ending.
However long “i ’ is changed to short “f ’ before adding I Example
: 3,4 Table 7.
**" Vocative plurals are the same as oblique plurals except that ‘3ft ’ or
‘Jft’ are used instead of ‘3ft ’ or ‘4T’ I
«*■ Rules for oblique and vocative plural are the sam e for masculine as
well as feminine nouns.
199
When a noun is followed by a postposition, it is written separately.
e.g. 3333 3?% 33; Tt, 3*3^ 33? etc.
Examples :
■ Words from Sanskrit e.g. -tdi, ?4ldi, 333, ft?3, Hgic3i, TJT3T, 333T etc.
200
Table-6
■ Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns can be classified a s :
(1) Nouns with V o r 1^' ending e.g. cT ^t (girl)
(2) All other feminine nouns with endings other than or ‘i ’
e.g. 3fRo woman; T O mother; thing; daughter-in-law
In the direct ca se :
*•' ‘or’ is added to the feminine nouns ending in V or when pluralised
in the direct case.
•*" Long ti ’ is shortened before adding l4T’ to it. Example 1 ,2,Table 8.
•• ‘qj’ is added to the feminine nouns ending in consonant (with inherent
3f ') ‘3U \ V , “3 v , ‘3ft’ when pluralised. Example 3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,
7 Table 8.
“s ’ is shortened to ^3’ before adding to it.
*•* Plurals of feminine nouns with *01' ending are formed by putting
3TJOOR on “0T’ as shown in example 8,Table 8.
• • Oblique singular of all feminine nouns is the sam e as direct singular.
Oblique plural of all feminine nouns with V or ' has ‘oT' and of all
other nouns ‘3Tf ’ at the end. See table 8, pg. 203
201
Table-7
Direct 1. 1 6. m f^ P tf
Oblique - fctfa + p p n RlRi4l + ppn
Vocative - TTt m it faM r
Direct 2. ^ W 7. ^ + ^41
Oblique - ^ +pp„ + pp „
Vocative - %
Direct 3. c* C+V 1. after 3ftect
Oblique - c +> after + ppn after? + pp^
Vocative - c+> ^ after ^ 3?| Idl
Direct 4. 3TT 2. Hldl id i<<
Oblique - air w +ppn HTrTTat + ppn
Vocative - air I? Hldl
Direct 5. 3.
Oblique - air ^ + pp„ ^5 3 it + ppn
Vocative - at
■o
Direct 6. 3; 4.
Oblique - ^ + pp„ ag at + ppn
Vocative - 33ir *** it «npr
Direct 7. aft 5. i?r ifr^
Oblique - ait ^ + pp „ ^frat + ppn
Vocative - air t ifr 1 iM
Direct 8. ^TT iff 8. ijftirr
Oblique - +ppn +pp„
Vocative - ^t 1
203
Use of Infinitives as Noun w t)
w In Hindi, the verb in its infinitive form is used as noun. It can take the
place of a subject, direct object or indirect object.
204
**■ When infinitive is used as object and is followed by a postposition, its
‘FT’ ending changes to ‘ft ’ as shown below.
★ ★ ★
205
38 P ro n o u n s («<Ti h )
In Hindi, pronouns viz. the words used instead of nouns are classified as
1. Personal pronouns
2. Definite pronouns P|!(T|i|c|N+ thf-TIH
3. Indefinite pronouns
4. Interrogative pronouns
5l Reflexive pronouns
6. Relative pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Person direct case oblique case
sg. Pi- sg. Pi.
First
t FT W + PPn M +PPn
Wf
¥ F + PPn W + PPn
Second
^ + PPn ^ + PPn
W 31FT 3fTT^T 3tTq + PPn STPT cTWf + ppn
Third W ft/ff efPT W +PPn FT +ppnProx.
3R 4? +ppn FT + ppnNon prox.
■** ’ppn' stands for any of the postpositions Ft, FT, %, if, F etc.
**■ In the objective ca se only where the case ending Ft is used with the
direct or indirect object, Hindi language u ses a special contracted
form of pronouns given on page 13.
» Third person pronouns are not differentiated on the basis of gender
but on the basis of proximity and non-proximity (see table given above).
*** Personal pronouns in the third person are also used as — (1) definite
pronouns signalling at animate or inanimate object (page 208), as well
as (2) demonstrative adjectives (page 227).
■3” In serveral regions in India, specially U.P., Bihar where Bhojpuri (the
local dialect) is the spoken language, people use FF for I This Is
a regional use and not standardized Hindi.
206
/
■ ^ is grammatically second person singular is used for youngsters, inti
mate close friends, menial workers; gods, goddesses and one's mother
are often addressed with I
■ is grammatically second person plural. However cpr is used as
singular as well as plural while talking to informal friends. To specify
plural meaning, is followed by in the direct c^se and cThT) in the
oblique case.
Examples :
3F3T 3TT3Tt | You (sg./pl.) come in I
c?PT 3F?r ana?) | You (people) come in !
cTPl! R) TTlPcT % TFRT RlsR I You (people) ought to live peacefully.
■ 3rra can be used both as singular as well as plural in formal/honorific
conversation. To specify plural meaning 3JR is followed by c^PT in the
direct case and cTtrff in the oblique case.
Examples :
3TFT tfcR | You (sg./pl. formal/honorific) sit.
3IR c%tt tfttT | You (people) sit. (pi.)
*r Hindi speakers often use 3fR, %, % as honorific expressions while
addressing older people, parents, teachers, bosses or formal
acquaintances and in that case even singular takes plural verb endings.
«r ‘am’ has no special oblique form e.g. -HH<^l, 3fR^, afR^', an4<t>i,
-<£) etc.
*•' But when '3TR cfPT is used to indicate plural meaning, it changes to
3TR in the oblique case.
**r 3TR is sometimes used for third person singular both when he or she
Is present or absent at the time of reference.
Examples :
1 R? Rtl't' vfUTNiT WTC This book is written by Jaisahkar
3TR W cPfIR f I Prasad; he is a great writer.
7 3TR% PrfeRj 3TR f RtJT I Meet her; she is Mrs. Kapoor.
3 Pi <ldl RFFT <t>!^ 2); 3TR^ Nirala was a great poet; he wrote
many poems.
207
D efin ite p r o n o u n s ( f ^ r ^ w ^
■s* ^R5
o is indeclinable;' **" is declined as shown below:
208
c a se sg.
Direct 4^4, f^rft % ^t4, %
Oblique 144ft + ppn
+ppn
+ Postposition
209
— Someone or the other
+ number + — Approximately
— Whosoever
210
Q | As pronoun It refers t o :
Examples :
^ 0 — Quite a bit
211
Fu5 *ft — Anything; ’ft Ft — Whatever may happen
Interrogative Pronouns (t o w
FftF (who), FFT (what)
F^FF (instrumental)
3IHKH (ablative)
f%FFF fftRFF
ftftsr (possessive) R*'1F’
ftfctFft Ift'F't’l
ft>*lft
3ffil+<ul (locative) ftFTFT RHH<
212
Use of t f a — Who
t o t , togt'% — Who
213
^■T + is used both for living as well as nonliving objects to
point towards som eone or something in particular.
1 . "TT^ 3TFt 4d4H W FtFT ? Who knows what will happen later ?
2 . ^ 4F cfl^TTT ^ 4T ? Who knows whether he will return
or not ?
U ses o f — W
W com es after the subject for all other questions the answer to
which is som e object.
1. tJF W ^ITct Ft ? What do you eat ?
2 . W <a(ki ? What did he buy ?
214
3 +FT gHstHH FTcTF; ! What an intelligent child I
4 FFT Ff^FT 3il4*Tl Pl't'di FF ! What a mean person he turned out
to b e !
1. +41 SflftT 441 <1(l°t, 44+' FF Whether rich or poor, the color of
TF eTTcT t I everybody's blood is red.
2. FFT F J F FFT FTFFT, TT*tt ^t WT Whether human beings or animals,
%TFT t I Brahma created all.
Use of — FFT?
215
■ 3*11? % — with what; how
■ — of what
W Hic-k H FHI? FT FFT t , eR?# What is this vase made of, wood or
FF ifT f -iiR cf' FF ? plastic?
Relative Pronouns
«ft, F t
216
Examples :
1. «ff % Ft F*f ^ eTFTFT SIT Ft The tree that 1had planted two years
(=f f ) m f * t ^ tt i ago will give fruit now.
2 F t #fTTtt FTt t F t (FF) R>#£l May nobody suffer from the illness
F Ft 1 that he is suffering from.
10. F#t FF 3rf$Rtrft t f^TF^ FT^ This is the actress about whom 1
f f t TJFF TJF% FTF F^t sft 1 talked to you in the morning.
12. am ff ^ t f^pFt^ ff; You are the first person who has
FFFtft TjFTTF ftFT 11 come up with a practical proposal.
217
14. T3P 3?fTO 4?T RTPrft ^ RtW+l I know that woman whose husband
pfrT f^TSTT TOft 11 is education minister.
15. TJP ^JTO> TO TOT HIH 1? pKi^ Fid I What is the name of the young
4?t ^cg ftPTP 3«fepT ^T I man whose father died in the air
plane crash.
16. Pi3t ^f ^ sflro % ftcft ftrc# t I met a woman on the train whose
t o ^r€t w w rof^r ^ i mother was my mother's classmate.
■s’ As reflexive pronoun ‘TOP’, ‘TOP ‘TOP TOP’, 'TOR* 'totP top'
etc are used to mean by oneself, without anybody's help etc.
■s* Their exact meaning depends upon the subject they reflect.
ar They remain the same for all three persons, singular as well as plural.
Use of TOT^-TOP, TOP i>) - corresponds to the English expressions
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves
etc.
218
3PT^-% — Corresponds to the English expressions 'by oneself' etc
when they are used idiomatically to mean 'alone','by o n eself etc.
Examples :
Examples :
apft % + adj.
I 3pft $ % Tpr eTTRT oiIe?^ I One should not argue with one's
elders.
2 3roft % fteY f t WT 4>ft I Love the ones who are younger
than yourself.
3 <H4'i % ct>*t'4l <1 f t H44 I Help the ones weaker than
yourself.
★ ★ ★
219
39 ‘ A d jectiv es (M & iui)
1. Declinable adjectives :
■ All the adjectives w hose base form has long '3TT' ending, change
according to the number, gender and case of the nouns they qualify.
However, they have no 3ft or 3ft forms to qualify the plural nouns in
the oblique or vocative cases.
Exam ple:
Case adj. m .sg. adj. m. pi.
■s* If an ‘3fT’ ending adjective qualifies more than one noun of different
gender, number etc, it agrees with the noun that immediately follows
it
Exam ple:
1. ddrTT djdf, d lit, I We bought a black kurta, (black)
saris and (black) shirts.
dhcTT qualifies dprf (m. sg.), (f. sg.) +ftl^ (f. pi.) but it agrees
with the first object dntf
2. fFTft deleft <rii-^l, <t>4l«l 3ftr d>df We bought a black Sari, (black)
<a(l<tl I shirts and 'Kurta'
220
« here also <PTcft agrees with saree, i.e. the object Immediately following
it, though it qualifies the nouns and ^ctf as well.
Exceptions:
■ Indeclinable adjectives
All the adjectives not ending in ‘3U’ are indeclinable. They don't change
with the number, gender and the case of the noun they qualify.
Examples :
w ** 2. m ft 3. <sic^ 4.
handsome heavy sloping kind
221
5. ftftrarr 6. 7. 8. Tfang
clever enthusiastic quarrelsome suspicious
■ Given below are som e Sanskrit adjectives that end in consonants
and have a special feminine form.
m. f.
handsome
talented yrfT#
MPrcWH lucky vfFMfft
f^TFT learned
♦fpi'L great ■RFcft
O ugly W
O fT
Examples :
222
4. HF gRFF HdU«l+ 11 3m gRT$ I
This book is interesting. Read interesting books.
5. *IF FfrH 'ftferv 11 i ’rfeFi %5pt ^i3?r i
This food is nutritious. Always eat nutritious food.
**■ In most ca ses Hindi u ses syntactic devices for comparative and
superlative constructions.
223
» When the object in comparison is comparatively less adjective, +
FR + base form of the adjective' are used. Here to signal the meaning
of 'less', use of RR’ is obligatory
Language structure :
object of comparison + object with which + %, + base form
= the comparison % afsTf? of the adj.
subject is made etc.
Example:
Examples :
224
2 TFT 3PFff TOT ^ TR $ «TSTO Ram is the cleverest (boy) in his
FfftWK t l class.
3(^-0, 3rfcT?ixr, WT, «tTjjf # , etc are also sometimes used for
superlative constructions.
Examples :
Examples :
Examples :
225
■ t^RPTT yFTFT..........FcFfT ?FTFT - The m ore........the m ore..........
1. 3fN farHI ^FTFT FFF F^Ft, -3cpn The more you work, the more
^FTFT +HIF?l I you earn.
2. f a r m ^TRT armft xaifar FtcTT I, The lazier you are, the less your
•g?rft f t f ^t ftthctt Fft chances of success are.
fftfft Flrft 11
3. farFft yFTFT ^fafFF F F W M I, The more difficult the problem is the
3r ^ r F?m fftft more I enjoy solving it.
3 fm F 3 n F T tl
4. facpft ^FTFT cJH fa+UW FJTct Ft, The more you complain, the more
del'll •nf£|<t> 3 ^ JJtFI 3l|cll ^ I you make me angry.
5. reel'll dlRl'T* c^lRel FKd if TFrF The longer you stay in India, the
t , -gcRT 3fftnp FF FRrftFt F^T better you understand the Indians.
flHSlcll 11
Examples : Superlatives
226
V FTeT if ^ I purchased a new dress recently.
^ I PF HP'fl ^ | It is very expensive.
« ift 5TTT cPF ^ *pft Of all the dresses bought by me so
M)yn+) if pf w f f w ift 11 far, this is the most expensive.
Except if, ^ ^T, F*T, 3rpT all other pronouns, in their direct as well
as oblique form, when they precede a noun, are used as adjectives.
Given below are som e examples.
■ Pronouns as demonstrative adjective
227
Pronominal adjectives of quality (yT qi'f-ilPH fa9)Biul)
Examples :
1. ^TT «IM+ Trsft g<?f ^<ai I i have never seen such a child.
2. 3tN4> Hitt 't’HSI 3?)g ^ ? Do you have more of that type of
cloth.
3. 3TFf ^TTT g“RR ? ? What kind of food do you like ?
4. cjg «l^l Pt<t>*-HI <*lRt1 if?) 3Tf3f 1haven't so far met a person as
cT3> ftcTT 1 useless as you are.
5. ^ get gtcrt i Don't talk like this I
228
V >1} FT TF ^3T f t t ^TT 3TFT The colour of my shirt is the same as
•ft ra ft FTI that of your saree.
1 ftft ftft FT TFFTF trar F ft «lnT My daughter's nature is not the
MPlft) ftft FT l same as that of your daughter.
A 'll) srmFft t f t F ft f t f t 3TTF My income is not the same as
HFsft ? | you think (it to be).
Examples:
fclft F^f FTT 'ft FF «hft ftt ft f t After so many years, she is exactly
SI like before.
229
4. f^RFft dd% 3fT<tft as many men as women
5. facRT <£d^ddTdpft as much water as milk
230
■ 'f^T, ftcH i — as pronominal adjectives are used to express surprise.
Examples :
a p m -a p m - one’s respective
231
3. 4W 4^4t % fit 3TT^-' All the children gave their respective
44t t o I addresses to each other.
4. 3im 1-3(441 <t>IH 4>tl I Do you respective work.
They cover a wide range of adjectives of colour, shape, state, place, time
of nouns they qualify.
Examples:
colour: did; -fid l; Midi;
(47T) red; blue; yellow; brown;
44cTF; 4T^4 to 4TT4eTT
black; white; fair, dark complexion
232
time 4d*TH TOcTT
htot past present future next
faTOT 3TRTT7ff TRT
last coming; next previous
place FTFfr
WFT foreign native inner outer
3||qiisT|it ckk
acquatic aerial coastal mountaineous
Examples:
cpFk TOTFT kSFT TO TOTT 4 Learned (people) like you are rare in
f i this world.
TOT 3Tn 4 «l4-fl % rk4+ ‘+141+1’ Have you read the novel named
TO 4T O TOTOTF TOT 1 1 'Prozess' by the German writer Kafka.
233
Adjectives of Number t^i^prr)
234
oo m sixty 80 eighty
01 ^4473 sixtyone 81 eightyone
02 4743 sixtytwo 82 4477ft eightytwo
03 R7T43 sixtythree 83 fftmft eightythree
04 4*43 sixtyfour 84 #07ft eightyfour
05 % 3 sixtyfive 85 eightyfive
06 ftFTRTS sixtysix 86 ft5477ft eightysix
07 4 4 4 3 sixtyseven 87 4cd7*ft eightyseven
118 ^ 5 ^6 sixtyeight 88 ^ eightyeight
tilt 3H(?ccR sixtynine 89 447*ft eightynine
70 4c4T seventy 90 4 ^ ninety
71 W 4 T seventyone 91 WTTdft ninetyone
72 4F74T seventytwo 92 474% ninetytwo
73 IcteccK seventythree 93 RUH^ ninetythree
74 'JlgctK seventyfour 94 ^lTR% ninetyfour
75 HdgcrK seventyfive 95 W i t ninetyfive
76 R?erd< seventysix 96 %474% ninetysix
77 6di?c4T seventyseven 97 4474% ninetyseven
70 3734T seventyeight 98 3id6H^ ninetyeight
7W seventynine 99 Pl-474ft ninetynine
100 hundred
1000 F47T, 100000 nm , 10000000
^T T R t^ l dl|]dl
two times three times four times
Hdjjdl W^dl/Wejjdl tide'll
five times six times seven times
srsjdT ^fhj/TT % TT
eight times nine times a hundred times
fraTRiJdT cTMipTT
a thousand times a million times
and so on.
number + FTT
Sometimes adjectives are formed by adding the suffix FTT to some
basic numbers as shown below. However their use is very limited.
Fractions P^*>lul)
1
FTF, 4 one fourth
3
Hid, did ^ T ff three fourth
4
FTT
4 one-one fourth
<oif
4 two and a half
^ <?T
4 one and three
quarters
236
rfcr (3 and V
t) three and a half.
3 f
fll<P ^TR four and a half
42
and so on.
^ F«nT; cTM <ol^ <oT^ tfytk; rim
125 1250 1,25,000 250 2500 2,50,000
Odd fractions
F=ntr
scores of; hundreds of; thousands of.
Examples:
237
3. «le? FT fc r ^JFT ancTT 11 He comes to our house every fourth
day.
Examples:
^ ^ 3TPT about ten mangoes
about ten men
am ^ xtcf w j ; ^ sjr ^ Will you be able to lend me about a
hundred rupees?
■ Use of ^ - (several)
238
1 FFft ft ftf fft *tcf anct Several travelers come here for the
11 fair every year.
2 Rrcft ^ TfaF> 1 ^ r M f i I saw several interesting films in
Delhi.
3 TTF ^ *ft F ^ 5 * t# F |t t I Ram has read several Hindi books.
4 FT# # ^ ^T F ^ FF#TFT G randm other n arrated sev eral
^TT^ I stories to the children.
5 3r f f f if cTtiTt % ftrft i I met several people in France.
fl FF t FFTFI ^f *ft, FFT F ^ When I was in Canada, I saw
TfFFTFTF several interesting places.
1. FTFF ^ # (R kT^) FtF FTF ? How many people came to the party?
m. FF FTF F> (R nl^) FFFt FF t ? How much is this material for ?
239
Participle constructions used a s adjectives
■ Imperfective participle used a s adjective
Examples:
(v.r. + ^ ) + 4TcTT/4T^/47cf)
- singer - seller
see page 113
★ ★ ★
240
40 A dverbs
Q Adverb of manner
Adverb of frequency i
WT: (usually); 3FJTTT (often); F^fWTt^F (always); Fs?f
(never); (som etim es); (any tim e); tiiHHd:
(generally); F^fTT/ifFT FFT/f^T^ ^t (hardly ev e r); JF:
JT :/« ik H k (frequently) WTF FTT (once a w eek); f^T tftF
241
(thrice a d ay ); ^ ^TT (several tim es); yRR-i/FT ft«f
(daily); R r (every other day) R r w'IS'tR (every alternate
d ay ); FT (occasionally)
Q Interrogative Adverbs
Q Conjunctive adverbs
Q Adverb of sentence
242
4 FF 3RTT^ 3 +FT I I said it inadvertantly.
5 ^IcKrl dlel % 3tcFTT 3pftFFTftF> The policeman started
<JF % ^Wdl f'f'ill I interrogating me officiously
fi ft *: 3 Firf 3«tT ^ She looked anxiously around the
^Tl room.
I ^ T 3TT^ft ^Trf% % H^stdZ FT The old man lay peacefully on the
?fTT FTI beach.
B % T£F^ % +F*. i* ^ I They entered the room silently.
ii f<
tft «rtr %ff ttsYi Don't read so loudly.
10 TF ^g ft-^w ft T^cT TMT t I He goes to school happily.
II Trft ftf£ ffft i Hold the rope tightly.
1? FF <£5-1*1 +61 <dl %FteTTI He spoke sharply to me.
■ Adverb of place
■ Adverb of time
■ Adverb of frequency
Adverb of degree
This saying is used when one is extremely good, noble and the other
very bad.
Use of — perhaps
FF?t HF If^r w Ft I Perhaps he went to the bank.
«TT3ft, tt# , F it FF H5 7 # Ft l Go and see, perhaps she is
studying.
1. "3fH ift TTTO FFti ?” Will you come with me for a walk ?
"Fir n i t ” i Yes, certainly.
245
2. “3TFT0ft WfTC ?” Shall we go to Samath next Sunday?
“rot o f f l ” Of course.
Use of Wf ^T — How
1. TO) ( ^ ) WTT How will I carry such a heavy
36I30M ? box ?
2. TOt ^T (^%) w f t ^T ^3cT How will he walk so far ?
«iiiyn ?
★ ★ ★
246
P o stp o sitio n s («r»K«h
41 ‘3 ’, ‘* t \ ‘*T \ **’, ‘i f ’, V
■** The verb agrees with the N and G of the object them.
Use of
Grammatically is required in the accusative as well as dative case
i.e. after the object, direct as well as indirect. In practice use of is
as follows:
■ Use of is usually omitted with non-living objects except when
definitely pointing to a certain object.
247
2. W- sn^ft ^ t T^t % l She is looking at the man.
3. TITT ^ ^ 5 ^ t qiw i I Ravan made Indra captive.
4. TT 'leciiv.'Tl I Mother will bathe the baby.
■ When a sentence has both the direct as well as indirect object, and
both of these happen to be living objects, ' follows them both.
1. g q efroi cpj (d.o.) gSTtRl (i.o.) eft I You give the child to me.
■ If one object is non-living and the other living, <£Ft ’ follows the living
object, but is usually dropped in the case of non-living object.
sjeiMi (to call); *jdMI (put to sleep) (to wake up); ■Stt'ii
(used for snake bite); (to look for.); ■tile'll (to curse); TR7TT (to
beat); FTFTT (to scold)^STT (to look for).
1. ^cTT3TT | Put the child to sleep.
2. TFft 4?t ^PTT3?T | Wake Rani up!
3. TTCTI The washerman beat the donkey.
4. ^RTrff 11 The old woman curses him all the
time..
5. 3THTTW F^' | The teacher will scold us.
6. (JR%% Ft? Who are you looking for?
248
2 3TF# FTF Ffl*t Fit ^FTT i | I lam ready to go with you.
3. FF f^TT F 3 ^ F?t TF^t 1 1 She has agreed to study abroad.
4. esdici FR ^ Fit FF7T «t | The workers were ready to go on
strike.
Examples :
X Y Fit FS^t Fit WcTT 11 X asks Y to study.
X^f Y^Ft TTtf Fit FiFT I X asked Y to eat.
X Y ^t Ttept Fit F%FT I X will ask Y to play.
rftF di(kd ^ t on the 3rd, RPR did o FFt on the 5th etc.
■ Fit follows the place nouns with som e verbs of movement such as
RHFT, RIFT, etc.
Examples :
Examples :
250
U s e o f %'
*■ In Hindi the postposition % is used both for the instrumental case as
well as the ablative case.
■ Instrument
■ Reason
■ P assive
1. 4F 4>l*i 'I RimI «TK?IT I This work will not be done by me.
2. tJT^f Carrol % "^rnr i The students were given prizes by
the teacher.
251
% is used in the dative case when used with som e verbs such as
3^ tt, t j w , «rtcFTT, t f I tt 3R3T i
Examples :
Separation:
Tim e:
P la c e :
Comparison:
(1) Hi'Mi (to ask for), (2) TFTT (to be afraid of),(3) ftftPIcHT (to take out)
(4) fondi (to hide), (5) tTSTTT (to depart) (6) I ll'll (to forbid)
Examples :
1. ftft TFT ft T3F4ft «i$R>ci ftfflt I I asked Ram for his bicycle.
2 4F 4>TTf ft FTrlT ft I He is afraid of dogs.
3. <HdHlO ft ^d4> Pt'Md) I Take the book out of the cupboard.
4. T*F ft fttft W l One student got left behind the
group.
5. FT ft 4ft FTFT d lft ft *)4>l I Mother stopped the children from
going out.
1 «MLM ft ^ Slft F4> FF4T WHI4 Her nature did not change from
F FFcTT I childhood to old age.
2. FFT ft FFT F4I FF tftF FFlft ft I All the fields from here to there are
ours.
3. T£FF ft TTF F4> FF fttT FfftSTF He works very hard from morning
4FFT ft I to evening.
4. tr > ft «flF f f * fftftt 1 Count from one to twenty.
5. ^ 5 MN ft ^°6 fttF F4> tTST I Read from page five to page twenty.
U se of ^T', ‘ftft’
44, ft, 4 ft are the case-endings used in the p ossessive case, (for
rules regarding their use se e p g15)
253
Uses of W ,
■ Relationship
■ Ownership
■ Ingredients:
■ Since long
254
3. 'T'HCII ^ ^ T{ft ft I Kamla has been looking for you for
a long time.
■ The whole of something/totality
1. ^cT 3ft 3fFT ft «Ktfl-3ft-«KtTI The entire colony got burnt to ashes
'STH^r <i<fi tft Trf i in yesterday's fire.
2. ^51^ 1I?3-3>T-|I?<1 cj? 3>T ft | The robbers plundered the whole
village.
■ Measure
1. tf: O
3>T SfKftt a six-foot (tall) man.
2. cRT J*T*T 3>T 5TRT a ten-hand (long) bamboo stick,
3. 3t fttft 33 tftcf a two-bigha field.
■ Price
■ Writers of books
■ Unchanged situation
1. 3TPT <33 ftt STlftft, 3TT33ft 3tmchi Whenever you come, you will get
3T y3l-33-r3t fnci'll I your house as it is.
2. ^cfft 3ftf 3T3 ’ft ftftt-3ft-ftftt Even after so many years you look
ift fosfcft fttl just the same.
U se o f %''
■ Natural quality
255
4. 3n?JTT M<Hlc*TT11 God is in the soul.
5. ^cft' *f ^F£T 11 There is fragrance in the flowers.
■ Place
■ Price
■ Between / among
■ Miscellaneous
256
8. VII ■^Tl*1 'W e t ^ e l l'l l 41<1*1 In ancient times people lived a
i simple life.
9. Rlwcl 3 fF i^ + m - + m What did you do during the last two
f^ETT ? weeks?
10. «H<tA t R tM 1 1will go to Germany in January.
11. 1was in Japan in 1981.
R TCFT ^ *ft 1
12. 3CTR R*fl if <51+% 1 Today, I slept well after several days.
13. IN? *¥ ^ W T ftMt #l?rr In this bank, all the work is done in
li(a F % f+ tn # ) Hindi.
Use of V ’
■ Location:
■ Tim e:
Miscellaneous :
258
TTPTTI and again, he did not listen to me.
3. ft fftf “ft H«fl ft-) TT ’ft Despite long discussions for two
ft(5T> faRT Pnftr ieTR 4iT f t days, the meeting was postponed
^1 without reaching any decision.
Idioms
Both these actually imply adding misery to the already agonised by touch
ing some sensitive matter.
f t ’, ftT’ are sometimes used with the ablative case or the genitive
ca se ft, 33, ft, ftt
1. ^3T3> ft=T 3T ft ftft PlT 3^ I The book fell down from the table.
2. 3 3 f t 3T 3T f t ftftT lft ftJTTT ft1 Her maid servant that helps her in
the house is sick.
3. F3 7TFT ft f t 3ftj3'T3T fthT Most people in this city know me.
ufFfft ft I
4. <J3ft f t f t 3 ftft 3T3 F c)'ll ? Who will come along with me ?
5. f t f t 1 f t r f tf t’ ft ft ■gft 33 I had to choose one out of Greek and
44*1 ‘t't.'ll 3T I French.
6 . ■3 3 f t 3RTT-1fttT f t f t f t ftR d 3 f t INeither of her parents is alive.
★ ★ ★
259
42 Conjunctions
Conjunctions are invariable words that are used to join any two
main clauses or a main clause with a dependent clause. Some of
them can also be used as adverbs.
Classification
«q>IX
£
Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
ctijtjcfjyu!
Connect two main clauses Connect main clauses and
subsidiary clause
B
CD
> ©
> Zc 2 B 5 ff
O [5
c3 5 1 ^ cO/> 7*V 1 ** r
8 cl' vr ■5 C
<2 3 £
CO 3 \0
Q. £ §o •£
TJ o IP
ft,
ft 3
260
Copulative Conjunction — FFM>t» : aflr, T, M
1. Tpft cF^t 4t, ctPtR/FFT FFTT RanT was tall but her friend was short.
f t r F5tST FT I
2 TFFT 3TTFTF t , FTFJ TRFT del'll It is easy to say but not so easy to do.
3TTFTF 'l^l I
3. SR dMi'jfi ^ F F#t, FT FFF 3F % It is not bad to earn money but it is
SR dHivjf-i TFT 11 bad to earn money by wrong means.
261
4. ?ft xnjj sfw m i ft) 4 # , Mr. Sharma is not only a teacher but
are# Fiftssfo ^ ft1 also a good guide (mentor).
5. 4F 4T tJteT ^T#f ft, 4^4J W ^JT4T This house is not small, on the
ftt*r?Tftl contrary it is rather big.
262
Purposive Conjunction — : cTTf^, ^rieTtr
1 + <41, dlPfc 41=1'I ff You must work hard so that you may
<rl'-bci Ft I be able to succeed in life.
2 . ff t i t l ’d *TM tfh F Tift cTlf^ ff I am learning Sanskrit language so
3)h4 Elf$N>TT®
TF3 I C\
as to be able to read our scriptures.
3. 3F eftft’tftt^riMr I, f^na% He wants to earn a lot of money so
3FT% «r=-«fl 4 t| 3RT$t d< F *131 t fT^ I that he may be able to give good
education to his children.
4 ff FT’Tlft^' ^5 WT ^f «W T^R I am saving som e money every
TFT ^ ff 3PTTT 4 ie d t a d s month in the Bank by which I may be
TTT?I
C\
able to buy my vehicle.
5. ^Rt *£t TETFTOTTWTT, Tfllelti Always help others so that everybody
fa TT^^FTTT3T[cR4^ I respects you.
6. =iJI4><u| WFTRTWcTC;3TT3WFt It is necessary to learn grammer so
f a ^ tfa t RFFF W frITsFt ^Tr that one is good at writing and
qlcid ft Pl^ul Ft I speaking standardized language.
263
8. Fft FF #FT F # , ^Tt #FT TJ% If he spoke loudly, the listeners
TRFT FTF I would understand him better.
9. f R ^T FFF F # , # 3 FfteTT If you help me, I will be able to pass
Sf w # ttfIfti the exam.
10. fR F^f f^FlF ftcF Ftr F #, # F*# If we had gotten the tickets, we
Rk-H cfT fW I would have seen the film.
11. Fx^iIfo TJF RfT FF? FFF FF If you helped me a little, I could
# t 3FRT WTR FF TTFFTI start my business.
Consecutive Conjunction
Although— FFjft
1. cJF F # R id# FTT# FFF F#T, How so ever much you help him,
W § FF ^FTTT FFTTH F#f FT#FT I he will not feel obliged to you.
2. % (hon.)FR? 3 # # FFT^ FT# FF? Whether he eats modern or
M , F T ^ FdF>l FF F# #F> Flff ayurvedic medicine, this pain of his
F # FF I will not be cured.
3. ## FIT? RFFF ef, FTTTj; # cTTcT # The sons may except bribe, but Mr.
# TFF F#T tfF T # F#f Ft I Lai himself never practised
dishonesty.
4. FF F it Rrar# FFT^ FTF, F T ^ How so ever much medicine he
^3FFt #FltT (51Fi dtl M I may eat, his ailment will never be
cured.
264
5. "4TI? «ft TFt, FT^FH I 7TW Whatever you may say, I cannot
d£l ^ d't'dl I support you.
6 41s? <457 Ft 3F£, FT ^liPci ^J5t Wherever I may go but I find peace
3R^ ^t 0T 3r f^TeT^t 11 only in my own house.
7 <^Rd 41st f%cf^ FT0 *tr Fft, How so ever much a person may try,
PpFcfT TTt TcHT t pRHT FTO he gets only what is in his destiny.
if pldl ^ I
8. 3FF 4 It? f^cFTT ^ftT cPTFt, ^ H<fd How so ever much effort you make,
ttt F hif)D i you will not able to climb up this
moutain.
9. F?cT 41st 'tTTT dldd Ft, F^f ^ F Whatever be the weather tomorrow
4N FF> FT % Pixel'll el'll I like, we will have to get out of the
house by 5 o'clock in the morning.
10 . 4ltt 4lR9l Ft FT 41s? ?JF PlF?^, Whether there is rain or sunshine
FT <M ^F't 4lct 11 we go for a walk every day.
11. 3I?f 'Imcii 1%31? 33t art'll I don't know why he is so miserly.
3*^3 11
35 33f WTI 3*J3 t , 35 % 3#f Why he is so miserly, I don't know
3T33TI this.
12. 3 3 313 t 1%> ?13f 3||3 All know that Mr. Sharma teaches
3R0T33T%tl very good.
Wtf 3f?3 3TR5T 331% ?, 35 Mr. Sharma teaches very good, this
3 3 ^ t 313 11 is known to everybody.
13. 3*f3 313 35 t ft* 53TTT 33 W TT The main thing is this that our party
3^TT33T 3153T 11 wants mutual understanding.
53TTT 3cT 3T3R 333T33T 3153T I, Our party wants mutual under
35 '5^3 313 11 standing, this is the main thing.
14. ^ 3 |3 *335TC3*91cT I 3pft 35 He is very practical that is he
3T33T 333 f%3333T 3T33T % I knows how to get his work done.
15. 3333 3T3 3Ppft3I3 313f3 33f%3f His name became Angulimal, that
3% 3T3T 353% 313T 35T I is the one who wears a garland of
fingers.
16. 35 ^3T 3T3f 35331; She was such a beautiful woman
33*% 5t I as if she was Goddess Laxmi
personified.
17. 3 ^ 3 %3T %3 *?l3T 3 p ft 53T 33 The child ran so fast as if he was
3R T5T 5t I following the wind.
★ ★ ★
266
43 Interjection — spare
267
Vocative
^ eT5%, WT 3TT| Boy, come here!
t efTT "5^ | Rickshaman, will you go to Lanka.
^ # T *T RTTaft I Girls, don't make noise in the class.
please
^FT^Fft please
ERtTTC Thanks,
v^lsf^i Thanks.
★ ★ ★
268
Punctuation (farm f ^ r )
Given below are the punctuation marks used in Hindi. The underlying
principles regarding their use are the sam e as in English.
■*■ Unlike English where a d o t' . 1is used as fullstop mark, Hindi u ses a
vertical stroke' I '.
■*■ In Hindi more than one exclamation marks are sometimes used to
indicate the degree of surprise or intensity of emotion.
Example:
1 ! I He is intelligent.
2 He is intelligent and talented.
3. Everybody knows this that he is
13?k ^ i intelligent as well as talented.
4 Will you come with me?
• 1 Certainly.
5 Will you have milk?
• ^ 1 No.
269
Q At the end of indirect questions.
1. i Proper noun
2. i Common noun
3. Collective noun
4. *t|44M4> I Abstract noun
Co l o n— [ :]
• It looks like visarga in Hindi. To avoid confusion, visarga is written
clo se to the letter while colon is written a little distanced from the
letter.
• Colon is used in the below given situation:
Q At the end of a subtitle, before giving detailed account of units falling
under the subheading e.g.
■fftcTT % 4*s?T : "*f 4k=T 3fF# WT STta said : “I will come to your house
3n3Pft” I tomorrow”.
270
»r Alternatively comma Is used by som e writers.
C o m m a 3f?qf^TFr [ , ]
Uses of Comma:
O To separate two or more than two words such as noun clause,
adjective clauses, as soon as clauses etc.
Q Before and after a relative clause when it follows the main clause that
it qualifies.
1. *rft FFF, F t elRfl+l ft, 3TTFT>cT My sister, who is a writer, has gone
fl^TT 11 abroad these days.
271
Q After affirmative and negative words :
1. FT, 3TR TfflF Eft FF FFT ^ FT Yes, we are going this evening from
I here.
2. FT, Ft Ft I I Ja, that is so.
3. F#f, Ft FT £l F#f FFFT I No, it cannot be like this.
4. Flff, 3TTF 3TTF % FtF Ft?f Fct No, I cannot come with you to go.
W T I
Q After the below given words, when they com e at the beginning of the
sentencesi'FF gF’, «ti«iq '3IF:', ‘FF’, ‘3TEtJl' <wR vi«?l
$ 4K, F F % FtFF F> F IO F 3TT^ :
» Use comma on both sides of the above given words, when they come
in the middle of the sentence.
272
Alternatively colon Is used by som e writers.
1. t o tor, jjto tjm ■tigi'fl Sit here Kamla, I will narrate to you a
g m to t I story.
273
2. «ufti*l faft t , Whenever it rains, he stays at home,
n r nr W I1 1
3. # *nft t , (t% # ) f a f a f As soon as the bell rings, the students
3PT^ W=f n r t s ^ 11 sit in there places.
4. ^ tjcr PWdrfl %, (rt^) 'W ?I?T % When the sunshines, the people of
fa r rT^ n r gtr fam f this city are seen lying on the beech,
^ cft I
Q Use of comma in place of f a ’
1. WRT, % WT *5tF He said, they would leave the city
3 ft I (f a ) early morning.
2. 3fN t r f ff, ft 3TF# faff You think, I will not able to live without
WTTI (fa) you.
ID For emphatic effect of a word :
1. ^c%, F<ft, «+•<!, 't'^l 'ii^l n Come, come, be quick, lest the train
WZ I leaves.
2. ftfan, ^fai t 3rft 3fft # ft | Sit, sit, the doctor must be a coming.
ED After interjection and exlamatory expression :
1. srt, ^ ! Hey, when did you come!
2. f&'H'K t , appft 'RTcfT Fie on you, you troubled your mother.
fan!
EE Between name and title :
sffaRT ^toiTo, T^oTTefcfao i Srikant Kapoor, B.A., L.L.B.
EQ After date, month and year :
30(ftfa) 1 9 4 8 (^ ftn 30th January, 1948.
ar^ncfar)
274
m In writing address on an envelope: However this use is not obligatory.
?ff FFRT RR,
Question Markwr [ ?]
U ses of question mark:
What is this?
Ft? Where are you from?
**“ If there are several small questions use this question mark after all of
them.
■** However if there are many questions contained in one sentence use
question mark only once at the end of the sentence.
3TN 3R FR sft 3fR FFT FR Where were you until now and when
F |^t? did you arrive here?
275
Exclamation Mark fawr [! ]
%: %:! rJFTt Tjwftf F sft I Pooh ! I didn't expect this from you!
(fck*FK)
aft-aft f^Et?! (f t ) Hey! Scorpion!
W R F Ft! (^FRT) God forbid!
FtFFFFrft FT! ( s ^ l) May you be blessed with happy
wifehood!
f t r t M Ft! May you live long!
F#f Ft! (rftsT HHlftFH) You stupid!
FTf ! (rffa FFIR+ k ) Aaaha!
276
Vocative:
1. ^# T R I Personal pronoun
2. i Definitive pronoun
3. i Indefinitive pronoun
4. yyH4N+ i Interrogative pronoun
5. f^RTTETT' I Reflexive pronoun
6. W JpT T I Relative pronoun
277
In the below given adjectival expression as s h o w n ‘ST'1 '7T',
$ tim :
• Ft-'T-Ft
•
• 3TR-%-3nF, 3rf^-% -3Tte, TURT-^-^TRT,
• ¥-«r-¥
• 3i h 3R%-3TFr
Q Before the word ‘fprdt’ (related to, concerning) when used as suffix
to make adjectival expression.
• When two words are joined by omitting the p ossessive case Vr’,
» Words made from prefix and suffix should be written together unless
it is essential to use hyphen to avoid confusion regarding meaning.
g^-WFT bad administration =g9TFFT seat made from 'kusa', a kind of grass
278
3T -w = without nail, 3FTtF = anger
ar-^Ttrf = lack of politeness, 3prfrf = little
3T-TOT = which has not been touched by any body
= a kind of skin disease
Abbreviation [. / o]
In Hindi both dots as well as o are used in short forms of names,
academic degrees or words giving direction.
279
» Dot is not used in the below given ca ses :
Q In decimal system
% n t (f^ tn w )
^ (fcfcTT), It (TttM)
FT FT (FT^FT)
280
A foreign language word should be kept in single quotes.
^ ^ i
Asterisk
Hindi writers also use som e symbol, usually a star or a cross to draw
attention to some footnote or explanation given elsewhere in the book.
Insert ^ [A]
If something is left out by mistake while writing, it is inserted under or
above by putting an insert symbol as shown above in the brackets.
Brackets (), []
U ses of brackets :
★ ★ ★
281
Particles (ajcifir)
45
■ Positive particles
FT, FT yes
FT
correct
«T^T, 3TFW certainly
• T# no, not
•Tit, TF c£farT # 11 No, this is not correct.
• *T (na)
t — no one
Frpft TTcT Tf ^Tf 3?%eT W T T No one should go out alone so late
at night.
«nrr i
T, T ^ T TtcTT I No, no, don't speak like this.
• TcT(mat)negativeparticlesusedwith(tu)or(tum)formintheimperative.
3TTOF TFT sft TTFf I T? Your name is Mr. Sharma, isn't it?
282
■ w — Interrogative pronoun W meaning 'what' is used as
interrogative particle at the beginning of the sentence to change a
statement to Interrogative.
1 T5T t ? Is he reading?
2 RT T1? W? Are you going?
• -*fT -ft - f t
f t , f t honorific particles
★ ★ ★
283
46 TELLING Time
1. ?I What time is it ?
6. %
<? «Ml t 1 It is 1.30.
8. cfk f1 It is three-thirty.
9. ^ttt 11 It is four-thirty.
■s- In Hindi, time is the subject of the sentence; there is no translation for
284
the English indefinite subject ‘It is...’
,5> Also while telling time in Hindi, the use of postposition correspoding
to the preposition 'at' used in English is not obligatory.
Examples:
For any whole number, a quarter past or half past constructions,
corresponding to English preposition ‘at’ in Hindi no postposition is
used. e.g.
at 2 o'clock ^ at 2.30
at 3.30 *ti<? rfH at 11.45 J*iKe?
But for all other time expressions the postposition FT is used as shown
below.
fe rn trn w t ....
How long does it take (x) to do y
Language structure Q Questions
1. 3Tmt ffaTT #Ft fccFTT W I How long does it take you to get
cFRIT t ? (Pres, simple) ready ?
cfe Tf FF f e ? f e t It takes me ten minutes to get ready.
tl
285
How long did the children use to take
t e p T T R R T c P I d l PT ? (Past hab.) to reach school on foot ?
^1% *R ^f ftcTRT W t ePTT How long had you taken to paint the
R ? (Past perf.) house?
286
Some Hindi time expressions corresponding to 'by1,
'until', 'by the time', 'for','since', while, etc.
■ by - <IN
■ Until - <IN
2. TFft T’NT TTTT Nf ^ TR> H<sd) Ram studies every day until 2 o'clock
tl at night.
1. cR> ^fcRT NtT ’NT By the time the police arrived, the
Sri thieves had run away.
5. ?RT ^TeT % srf^TNrtt Nt NTT ePTT, By the time the jailor came to know,
NgcT Rl+d Sf 1 the prisoners had already gone very
far.
287
■ For, Since
■ While -
288
■JUkTI ift if 7% i from 1981 to 1984.
■ during : if, % 4U m
2. if TRT 3> <fl<H 3TT ^3<§t I Igot up several times during the night.
See R-8
★ ★ ★
289
Som e U sa g es
47
dfl i T 3flT 'TFl ? 3flT ? 3?lT ¥ N ? 3tk ^FT ?
when else? what else? how else? who else? where else?
9. R'l 1 cJF 'FW <4(1i FlRlel '1f?l You cannot achieve anything else
F>T F 4 # 1 without me.
10. $ 3 fk ftrtf cRF FF W FT How else shall 1solve this problem?
^cTSTTS?
11. % 3ttr FFT F>T F+cl ^ ? What else could they do ?
290
2. 3ff%c=T f^ff % FHlt TJFT Anil has not come to our house for
3TOT I T O H F*TT several days. God knows what has
|3fT t | happened to him.
3. *t"ft :Tff ’SRT T^t I 4"bT "ll-i My watch is not working. Who knows
W W T l« ft 3TT T j f t ? what is wrong with it ?
Echo Words
The useof echo words is very frequent in Hindi. Usually, but not always,
the first or the second component of these compound words is
meaningless. Mostly they rhyme well with each other. However, there
is no hard and fast rule. There are endless number of non-rhyming
compounds. These are used in casual informal talk conveying the
sen se of English 'etc., so on-'
**■ The meaningless component usually begins with WT, TIT, or 3TT
Examples:
ostentation
meaningless component; ostentation
ite-*TTF crowd
i t ? crowd; 'FTF meaningless component
291
£cr1l-{je'cii noise
FevfT noise; ^J?eTT meaningless component
■*" is used
Q To make a negative command.
1. 3TR FFT^ ^TTF FTOTT "ErfetF F ? Please do come with us to the market
today.
2. fa r % fcTC; 3FPTT ^ Please do give me you camera for
3tfarr fA F ! a day!
When used with adjectives TTT, Tft agrees with the N and G of the
object that they qualify.
Examples
293
4. FgcT-% ^TPTwtf-FT (m.) Very many people live like animals,
^ tc tt I
% *Ftf-FT 4>TFT (m.sg.) cflfau, I Take any one out of these ‘kurtas1.
Examples:
294
4 %?f Tt Tpft Tiff eft %^JRTT Water the plants or else they will
«ll^1 I wither.
1. 3T^ eft TFT rR> 'ft Tiff «HI ^<t>efl I Anu can't even make tea.
2. % cfl'i "fts
O *11<M ePt I eft Those people seemed somewhat
F^f <kcitt><. "ineet <R> 'ft =ft I annoyed. They didn't even greet
us with 'namaste'*.
3. T§t eft ~3Wft TTTcT ^ft % *TTC I don't even remember his / her
T$r I face well.
4. 3TM ^t ftT ^ FT^ 14l4 'ft Tiff We haven't even had tea for two
iti
6. f^T 'R W 4R^ % 'ft ^F Even after working the whole day she
cTTff cuicfl 11 looks fresh.
* An all time Indian greeting.
295
4. 3fT& % yHTCT c^HTt ft?T ft More than half the people in this
ft^ tpTHT ftt ^fftt fftetdT I country don't get enough food to fill
their stomachs.
8. ^dft tfTcft WT4 3TTC; Ft I 3Tlft ftt You have come after so many years.
■Grrft 4ft tz m r <fti 3tNt ’rcfttsf You started talking about leaving the
ftt ftft ftT; fft>T "4ft «tNi I moment you arrived. Let me look at
you to my heart's content; after that
you may go.
one just has to do 'X' where 'X' stands for 'v.r. + 'ft'
Examples :
1. fffft 4 ^ SR 4ft ftT ft, ft ^ You just have to say it; I shall do
4R |4T | everything.
2. ftnrft *rc 4ft ftr ftt; zrrft He just had to ask for it; his brother
■mft ft rjRd sppfr 4 R ^ft ft ftti immediately gave him his car.
Q When the subject of the two sentences is different, but activity is same,
■ftt1follows immediately after the subject of the second sentence.
Examples :
1. Tfftt Wcf
C\
ufTcft ft I ftldl ^4>d
Oi
Zkft ft I
Tfftt WcT
CN
ufTrft ft I tftdl ftt <r+d
C\
Zlrft ft I
296
2. ^JcF tfhFfft i | I Ttft F # ^JcF 11
# =|cF #0cft f I F # *ft ^JcF tftecft t I
Examples :
1. FT I ^ «pft% %cRft f I
# FT if- f I ^ FTft% deleft f I
1. Ff-F-Ft,' F F ^ FF5
O FeRT FFF f^FT Certainly he has done something
tl wrong.
2. 3fM i n IrT t ; f^T *TT tarif i t # Of course I won’t keep eating all day;
i t (^) Tifit I I am observing a fast today.
3#T T it <Tt JRT Of course, it is like this (if not..., what else)
298
S. FF & FTTR Even if she is very angry with
Ft, % FcTT Fl?t <TF4 ^c?t I somebody, she does not let her
face show it.
Use of HcH
.'( *fc1T *f TFT FF FFT F>F% erfl ? Why would I say all this ?
1 3TFT TJF ‘l^'lcl FRfTf, eft rJF? You will succeed if you work hard.
*14x4dI foMf I
2 3PTT ^ FTCcf 3TRT, eft ciMFFd If I came to India I would certainly
3TF9F 4<|4l I see the Taj Mahal.
3 SHTT 3TFT f o FPT ftft, eft t W TR If you join me, I shall do business.
+<sMII I
299
4. 3PR s n R o i 3T5jft I |C eft FiTTeT If the rains are plentiful, there will be
TrofccT Fbft i a good harvest.
3a. ^ ' - cFT F>T4> TFft % 3FPTT FFTF Some how Rani managed to have
FFFTFT I her house built.
3b. # T t-ttt FT% TFft % 3FFTT FFTF
«M4I4I I
4a. -TFf FTF ^Nt FF% 3TFFT 'llwi Somehow I managed to get rid of
T5FFTT
O• I him/her.
4b. ^ t)-^ ft F T ^ FF% 3FFTT
T5FTFTI
O•
300
Use of — Fft-FTf
TT, <4t will depend on the gender and number of the object that
is the same as before.
2. P ThT ^f|rT 3TT PleTT I met Ram after a long time. Even
3tR <4t «4t-^>r-c4t 11 today he is exactly the same.
'X' rft ’X', 'X' 4*T W W*TT, 'X' eft TFT - 'not to speak of X'
In the sentences where the subject is in the nominative case, 4*4 44,
4*4 4*4 *£t agree with the subject. See 1 ,2a, 3a given below. In the
sen tences where subject is in the oblique case, this expression
agrees with the object. See the sentences 2 (b), 3 (b), given below.
302
Use of Ft’ !»t — 'for no reason or purpose'
1 TFT ^ 3FT^ ^TT% FtFF; F t F t I?t Ram dismissed his old servant.
P ifih i
2 FF F t I?t ^ F ^ F ^ FF l We went for a stroll just like that
(without purpose).
3 FT? Ft I?t qlcidi TFcTT % I He keeps on talking for no reason.
1. FFT F"CtF FFT , FF ftF FFFt Whether poor or rich, all have to go
FTFit I one day.
2. FFT FFTF FFT F’ft TTT^t FT%I Young or old, all danced at the
wedding.
3. FFT F?FT FFT fIM *f, F^F Whether on the roads or in the
% Sft I lanes, there was crowd every
where.
5. FFT FFcTT FFT %
cTT, 3TPFFFT FF Whether the people or the leaders,
I I all are corrupt these days.
303
*}IKK ift - Hardly
304
English equivalent of this structure Is ‘one may do what one likes':
Examples :
1. TJF (m.) FTFt FFF Ft I You may wear whatever you like.
2 . FF (f.) ^fFT FT!? FT 11 We can go wherever we like.
3. silHcihi (m.pl.) F F FTI? F’Tft FFT You people may come to our
house 3JT 11 whenever you like.
4. FF (f.) FTI? FF F4?d) 11 She may marry whomsoever she
likes.
5. TJF (f.) F t FTFt FS FFFft #11 You may read whatever you like.
6. IFF (m.pl.) 3d4K ^ t F t rn^' FF On Sundays the students can do
FF5^ 11 what they like.
305
(Vr. + %) + ^PTT • to express ability or inability to do something
Language structure
Examples :
★ ★ ★
308
48 C om pare and C om p reh en d
1. # T R sft I Ft I
Kamla was sick. Kamla became sick.
2. 3lfdcl ^cTT % I 3iPiel ^Idl W-T TRTT ft1
Anil is a leader. Anil has become a leader.
3. TR I1 M Ft 11
They are friends. They are becoming friends,
Use of !?, FtcIT I?, TFFT t - 'to be', 'to become', 'to remain'
309
Use of the verbs 3JFTT, ^fFTTT
to denote X knows (how to do) Y
6a. ^ diqfrH
d ill'll 3TRTT *TT I When I was ten years old, I knew
6b. W ^ grofrR how to play the violin.
del'll «IMcfl I
310
iRlfft .... cP^lfft / r f t ’f t / l f t R ’f t / ’ft 414^4 / Ft t §<( ftt
Although.... even then / 'In spite of X'
1a. 4F ffttfc ft, eft *ft ^ R4R Although he is poor (even then) he
ftl is generous.
b. ffttfa Ftft # 414^4 ^F R4R 11 In spite of being poor he is
c. fftsfr F t t fir *ft 4F R4R ft1 generous.
2a. ira fr *IF =FT5T RRtT ft, rft *ft Although this cloth is cheap, (even
f i'f l* ft I then) it is of very good quality.
b. RRTT Ftft f t 414^4 4F W In spite of being cheap this cloth is
fi+ l* 11 of very good quality.
c. trrt Ftft §t( *ft w w t
11
3a. ^rafft % ftw r % toft ft, ftt ftt Although he is the chief of the
RR? <ccfl ’R fcl*ru5 Rftf I institute, he is not at all arrogant.
b. TR?TT % TOFT Ftft f t vT'ft In spite of being the chief of the
Tcrft ’R ’ft SFRR Rift I institute he is not at all arrogant.
C. TRRT % F5FT Ffft IjTJ *ft RR> TRft
*R W ? Rftf I
4a. ^rafft 4F Fft^JT <fl*HK TFRT ft, ftfR Although he is ill all the time (even
’ft fftrft 4>FT ft eTFRRTfft Rift RRRT I then) he is not careless with any
work.
b. Fftw ftftTR TFft 'ft 414^4 RF In spite of being ill all the time he
fftftt RRR ft eTPRRlftt Rftf RRRT I does not show negligence in any
C. Fft?TT ftftTR TFcT inj ftt RF fftftf work.
RTO ft d m 4 l$ Rftf RRRT I
5a. q4tft RF ftlRR RljR *4lRB£. Rift, Although this food is not very tasty
tftR ’ft RI|R ft1 (even then) it is very nutritious.
b. RfR TRtR<*: R fttft f t 414^4 RF In spite of not being very tasty this
R^TR RI|R HlfSdR> ft | food is very nutritious.
C. RIpT WlR^i R fttft IRr ’ft RF
RMR RI|R HlRc.'t' ft I
311
More on Present Continuous Perfect Tense
Model [T]
In all the above models for past continuous perfect use FT, *t, rft,
Instead of if, t , Ft, f I
Examples :
312
2a. % tfo F 5PRT % WT tmf FT TFFFT
F>T^ 3JTtr ff |
b. % tf^ F FFcT % WT tuff FF WWFT They have been respecting all
FTTTt 3fT T^ t I religions since the Vedic period.
C. % 3R+ F>ld ft TTF Wlf FF tt*-HH
F ^T T ^f I
313
Use of F / .... ’ft ..... ’ft
not only.... but / .... as well as
314
3PTTt / 3RT / ^ ............i t 'if... (then)....’
315
Examples:
1. 3PR e£*T *TTCT % TftlMHifl Ft*t, What will you do if you are the
eft W ? Prime Minister of India ?
2.- 3PTT *IKd % '9'tJHd^l |>t2„
eft W ?
3. 3PR <J*T *TRxf 4>
eft 4^TT <t>0 ?
^ta^T, I What would you do if you were the
Prime Minister of India ?
4. <jhk rj^r ^ kci % srapnMt gift,
eft 4*fT ct*<.c) ? )
5. 3PTT 'MKd USn-TT^t What would you have done if you
Ftft, eft W R>*tl FtefT ? had been the Prime Minster
of India.
316
Making W ishes!
3HR ... cit ; if ... then ; I wish
317
Use of emphatlcs *ft, at, #t, with reference to things that did not
happen in the past and also are not going to happen In future.______
The sentences using 'either' at the end to rule out a possibility u ses
*ft, while the'neither ....not* sentences require the use of rft’, ‘f t ’
la. 3F SiTUT *ft 3TP37TT *ft -Tiff I He didn't come and he won't come
either.
lb. rft 3F 3JFTC 3?tT ^ stfott I Neither did he come nor is he
coming.
2a. 3ft ^PTT ^ t I have never cooked food and won't
3?fT W ^ f t *ft I cook either.
2b. =T rft 3ft ifnft ^FTT TOW t 3?fT Neither have I ever cooked food
=T ft M+ljM) ift I nor will I ever do so.
3a. ^3*ft ftfft 4ft ’ft aftr 4F She has not stolen and she cannot
*ft ^ I steal either.
3b. 4T gt ^ f t ftfft # t 3?lT ^ Neither has she stolen nor could
3F 4iT # *PFrft ft1 she ever steal.
4a. ^F ®ik MClffIT ft me ■if?l She did not pass the examination
3?Tt Fftft ftt 4 # l this time and will never pass it either.
4b. =T eft 4F FH ^TT FftSTT if W Neither did she pass the examina
3?tT ftt Fftt Fbft I tion this time nor will she ever pass.
5a. 3ft Fftt fttTTFF FFft I have never worn a foreign dress
3?tT MS^Fl ’ft 'Tiff I and I will never wear it either.
5b. ^ rft ftft fftM ftTCTFF FFft I have neither worn a foreign dress
ft 3?fT FF^fftt ftt i nor will I ever wear it.
6a. ftft 4>ftt ?J5 'left 4lcil 3?fT 4>ftf I have never told a lie and will
qlejfti ’ft l never tell one either.
6b. I have neither told a lie nor will I
Fftt 41^11 ift I ever do so.
Use of PPC and IPC with reference to activities involving lapse of time
1a. Rcrfl Ft Fief Ft 7|TT It has been two years since they
tl left Delhi.
b. 'd-fM f t c # Ft FW FF^ 1 They left Delhi two years ago.
c. m% PrcTl TF^t Ft FlcT Ft
7m f i They have been living in Delhi for
d. % Ft mcr % f e # xf Ft ? i two years.
2a. 't'Hdl =Ft f ^ t ^ Ft It has been several years since
7m f i Kamla learnt Hindi.
b. 4>Hdl ^ F*f FF^ 1 Kamla leamt Hindi several years ago.
c. 4>Hdi mt ffMt Fmr Kamla has been learning Hindi for
Ft 7m ^ i several years.
d. ‘t'Hcll 47^ FTcFt % ffly X^t f* 1
3a. f >t fft^ Fm rfrr T^t^ It has been three months since the
Ft 7m ff i child took the medicine.
b. % cftF 7^t% FF^ FFT^ 1 The child took the medicine three
months ago.
c. 4^ ^ t fft^ ^ cfm m?t% The child has been taking medicine
Ft tut f | for three months.
d. f ^ ft cfFr % fft^ xft 11
4a. 3|pTcT Ft FiRT FT? FTpT It has been a long time since Anil
m m Ft tm f | studied in France.
b. FlPlcl % «lgrt m m Hgrt mm Anil studied in France a long time
H<SI^ F^t 1 ago.
c. 3iPi ci F t ftf fs% inj f § ct
m m Ft TmT f? i Anil has been studying in France
d. 3?Pmr 4^d mm ^ frt if ff for a long time.
TFT t 1
319
Use of emphatic ‘eft’
1. ft eft tn??TT i? I
I do study. What else shall I do ? I (indeed) study (meaning - 1don't
know about others).
4. gft Tncft ftt ft) 4t, ft) 'll left) ftt ftt I
Hill 41ft *TTI He (certainly) abused me.
He did abuse me, but did (meaning - 1don't know whether he
not hit me. abused any body else or not)
■s* English language speakers will not actually use these bracketed
words. The emphasis would be conveyed by mere Inflexion of the
voice, where as Hindi speakers must u se ftft’ for the required
emphasis.
★ ★ ★
320
Antonyms ftd lH
49
3TTF9RF> necessary 3RTTRWRR' unnecessary
=hleli dark (complexion) FlTT fair ( complexion)
?TRT tranquil, peaceful STSTFcT agitated, disturbed
3TRT income cIRT expenditure
useful SRjqgRcT unbecoming,
improper
3TRtT9T sky MIdlei the nether world
^iHd soft RTStT hard
chief fW subsidiary;
w secondary
SJjf religion irreligion
rare; unavailable easily available
yiHI-if ordinary; common M®f special
STRUCT import PrafcT export
TT^TRFTT good behaviour <j<4qgK bad behaviour
FcRF light Rift heavy
kind cruel
cR^T tall •ncl short (height)
complete ST^TT incomplete
W
near w far off
Wf heaven ■1<.R> hell
?ttR> grief rtf joy
yi4H ancient srqMH modern
P rtt slander; backbiting praise
3TF ignorant fair one who knows;
wise
<?#Tr right RRTT left
stable 3#TT unstable
ip^T dirty WF clean
TT&R abridged (form) fecfTT extension, detail
321
'jkH birth ^3
death
clear unclear
generous 3FJ5K not generous
cfg short long
intelligent ¥
foolish
merit 3fapjoT demerit
3TRT respect 3HKT disrespect
flcT benefit / interest 3ff^rT harm / damage
ara^t devilish godly
TOT mortal / perishable 3TTOT immortal /
imperishable
^f%?T proper 3FJ^RT improper
3M+R service 31TOT disservice
3nfepF theist '1lRocr> atheist
desire SlRl^l disinclination
★ ★
322
S ynonym s
323
R'dKI : cT3T, <ftr, <^TT, W coast, bank of river etc.
|RT FFT, 3^+J-m, 3TJW kindness
^ eott R f f , wpt , TftqTcT, R R a r Lord Krishna
WT FSft, R m , FFFT bird
W H<jiR>'fl, «tkg4l, ^rpftrsSt, the river Ganges
^dd£)
MF frt, ff elephant
TFtF : IIUIMRI, RdW*, FFTFF Lord Ganesh, Hindu god of
learning
4<, ■illdldt PlFdd house / dwelling
F
<^yid, Ri^ui, y41ui, ft clever
^FZ ftc, s# r, ^ 5, tt#* t moon
•clPfi'M ^?FF7, moonlight
del ctiR, ^fl<, dl4, wff, FF water
d Jld RR-1, <t>M*1, <4KUF, dd forest / jungle
ftft wiciydiH, diRyyid waterfall
RrFT, 3TFTF, 3FJF a lie, untrue
FdFTT ^TFT, tF^F, dKdld, dS^lF sword
dKI fstf , Rcnrr star
dldN ftift , fftsw , fftf pond
rPtr FFT, FT, FT arrow
ff F’PFT, %FF>, 3RRT, HR-4K+ servant
Rf f^ST, ^6 {, f^T day
5 :^ *ter, ocrt, f * f , %fft pain / unhappiness
F ^ th, # r , f f , f r f milk
W F cT wicked person
<iddl, FFT, ^T god
% FFFT, FftT, FF, FTF body
FTcft ^cft, ■gRr, frjfjtt, R# earth
W™ FTF, SKIFF, bow
F^t f R ft, ft IM , FRRt river
hff + k MW, 3lRlFTFF, ffh * greetings
FFT ••jdd, dl^Mld, dd new
HI4 FRiT, Fttt, FTWft boat
324
*7%eTT, ^PfcTT woman
king
*TR, TTTT^cT, Pi <t K always / eternally
w f t , TJMTEfTT, srMw husband
3T«fMt, *rmf, TITT wife
R tTT, ctl*^d, ''TtT leaf
^R, cTTcT, «PRf> father
«1i\, SfTfJRT, *jcT son
3RR3n, cFj^TT, gaT daughter
TW , flower
6!
w r, *% , m love / affection
a
★ ★ ★
325
S om e S ound W ords
51 in Everyday U sage
326
sound produced by a bow ti^ r
+ 4 + d H l sound produced by grinding of teeth
sound of train \ef»1P£t
e![^> ' f x . ' l l
★ ★ ★
327
Idioms
52
1. *R PRR RS^TT to loss one's sense of discretion and
judgement.
^ tjR 3RcT *R FRR PF t , 3FPTT ^ EFT if FPTT TFT 11
2. 3i w tftEIT FRRT to grind one's own axe, to make a
wrongful gain by duping someone
3PPTT ‘f t 'l l 3IN <?j«t 3TTcTT ^ |
3. 3Tq% ^ t^rcff ^TTT to beat one's own drum, to praise
oneself
3rq^ ijF fimf % W cTPT, ^Irf Ft M t RF ^ cTYR 3TFT W I
^1
4. 3PT% qfR t|x ^ t f cjn-FI^ HKnl to act in a manner detrimental to
one'sown interest
3TPt TOFTRTTOf % 5PTFT W , FRSTt 3FPt TO if 3TFT <£<rFlit RRRT ! i
5. 3PJ3T to F T i thumb one's nose at; to turn down a
request
FFT* pfrcft 3IRR FF% R3F RP1% 11 ft*5?t T O ? F*Rf Ft tft (200)
w ( fc r % fotr retr R F t-R '3'-#} f ^t 3 h p f^rr fo u l
6. 3fT^r % W T #TT to be very very angry
ift t o t M - s M FRT FT Stl^r % RTFT Ft Rpt 11
7. 3JT# if sjcT #4>RI to deceive / to throw dust in one's
eyes
fo r for % F ^ cfR 3tT# if STfo FR TRT if ^TFT I
8. 3IT# <ft FRT FtRT to be the apple of one's eyes
3FJ 3?tT RT if U5tctTl 3TPFt FF OKI ^ I
9. 3TR#^r FFT enemy in the garb of a friend
ip f « iW if R fo ft fo n ^ I irft £t ftpFT 3rftR>lft % 4R% R*pt i f o
c ra ^ R !^ l RF Ft W p r if STRtftF RiT # T ffoRF I
10. 'fcT RF RRTF r f r % forr tit for tat; nose for a nose, eye for an
eye
Rfff R?[^ HRltfl ^9T RTTF ^ftFT RT 3»lst>-Hul 'tfoll Ft RKd % «ldH 'fcT RF RRIF
RRR % ^ I
328
11. FF ^ FtFT to be rarely seen
rJF Ft FF RTF Ft tier Ft; FF?f t?t Ff?f ^ I
12. i z % f z «MMI to destroy completely
3TFftFF %TT1F> ~tz %^ Z «MI 4t I
13 fHT FpOT, TIER R if to be between the devil & the deep
sea; a difficult situation under any
conditions.
't'W FF?T FT?f 3TRTT FFT FRF, WE ^31T % iFER EFlf I
14. 3 " f l y /^ F FF 3trr FtFT a negligible difference
^ ^ tw ktkf FT^ T^F l?t FFTF FFTt t I FTTFF R^ffa-ktF FF 3RTT $\ I
15. RFcft d*HI to point the finger at
^FTt FT RFcft ^ 61*11 F*F clt'Tl F*t FTt^TT FT?f E}FT I
16. 'd'idt FT 'i^ i’ii to make someone dance to one's
tune
FTFRT 3FRt Ffct F?t FT FFF RFcft FT FFTcft 11
17. RFcft fkfi?FT FFFTFFT to be quick on the uptake
FFTt FFT T5FT Tit t , FF Ft FFrft fkf^FT FF'FHrt 11
18. e*Fe #t F F^t Tt FTFTFT to treat all alike
c J F F F F ? T E ^ r ft F F ^ t % # T F t F t I E 5 t t - F t F F ST T F T E F F T F # et jftr f ^ r
% FFF etFT F#ET|
19. F^t F t^t FF F#TT etft FRFI to work very hard
T p f t % f F tJ tc f t T?t • f t F 'f t F > t F l k fcTF; E ^ t F l t f l F F F ? ffF T ErF> F R k F T |
20. FiFT FTFT of back to be broken; to be very
disappointed
WFTT F it t ^ ft Ft F>FT ZZ I I
21. FFFJFett FFFT to be a puppet
22. RF^t FFT FFtFT for things to go against the accepted
norms
FFlk FUMHsfi 3TF^ f If F F> FFTt F^t FESJFcft F% t I FF Ft dc-cfl FFT FF
T^t 11
23. F^PFT 'gF Fk 3JTFT to be excessively unhappy and
pained
RTTFkt FRFWt F^t FS FR ^TTT Ft FRtRT e| f F?t FTFt 11
329
24. FFF R ^ F ^TRT to turn a deaf ear; to absolutely not
to pay any attention
i f t F% t£tmn 3?R RTF T5t?^ FgF FFFTFT t , Rcj; FFFt FFF R Feft
"ffFTftl
25. fa r FT FR5F FTF FR ^ c in to risk one's life; to have no fear for
death
F m t RFTF TftFTFf RTT % fotr fa r FT FR5F FTET FR FHct t I
26. FTtT^ FF «tcT FFFT to work day and night
FTTF if FR^Tt F>t icT F^t FT? FFF FR% FT ’ft Ft FFF WFT FT?f RtcH
Midi I
27. FTT^ if RFT to be kept in abeyance
TTFT if FFfFT FFFT if c M % F 3Tt% % FTFRT FR5 FR t3 if F? FFT 11
28. TTft-^ft tjFMI to call a spade a spade; to be out
spoken without caring to be pleas
ant
F? Ff|F FFF % ?if FFT T?T FT I 3tlRu I'twct d'FI? if% R f 3T1%FTFt
Rifi aftr 0-<fi (I TjFrf i
29. Frft-TFt^t *jFMI to speak out bitter truths
TTF % F R FTFF if frrft ).lddFi?<ft % F R F ^ f FgF TTft-TTt^t TJFTt FTRJ
dRdfoFdl RTF FR F? FgF R5FTFT I
30. TJF FF TFTFT ?tFT to thirst for blood; to be bent upon
killing someone
RTRFR FRJSft % fell!, TFRT FF'-'jtA ^ TJF % ?t FTt ff I
31. FTR if FPR FTFT to put things in a nutshell
F? ^ 5 FF Ft FTR if FTR i 1
32. F% ^ FTT1FFT to rake up the dead past; to flog a
dead horse
Rt gFT Ft g3TT, 3IF F% ^ RTITRt % ^ RTF F^f I 3TRt R?t F t f ^ I
33. FTS if FTSTFT to make a note of
RF if F?cft FR FT % FH^ RFT, Ft Rid I ^ Ft^, %cTT, *1(1 FF’ FRT FT5 if
FTF ^ I f^TTRft FR«ft FTR Ft, FF^ ^t i r FFRFT I F^¥f FF R F TIFT I
34. PHfid ^ t FT? TF FFcTFT to change like a chameleon
FRrR R fo?FTF F^ff^FT Rt FFFTT I F? Ft RtrPtF fR FT? TF FFRFT t I
35. gF^t FF cTTR a jewel in rags
RTcTFFTgT WT^t gF^t cFlef I
330
36. FT F t gift FTH «ki«K #TT an easily accessible thing, howso
ever good, is not appreciated
3TFt FT t Ft t FT F t FTR «KI«K ^ I F it Rid-ii H'f'dM «tdic£,
cR l| lisfidl F it FRFT I
37. FT ^ ciHivii ttsHI to ruin oneself for cheap pleasure
c p ^t RF RtFt 3 % Ft Rt FT *fjff FR FFTCTT t n t t1
38 F1F FT FFF* to add insult to injury
FtF*t F fo R t t FFTR FF RTF t t FfF <£st 11 RFFt M RFTFR FFF* FTF
FT FFF> fws^'ll t I
39. FTeT-FTcT F*T FFft itFT to be widely travelled and experi
enced
RT^ F RFRTt, t t FTF-FTF FF F ltt RlFT t flT RFet ftftFT FFFTFFT f I
40. F it %F FR HtFT to sleep like a log
F F t FFFt t r F"2t FRT^ I M l % eRFTRI F #R T I TJTTFftFR F i t t F FR
Ft TFT FT I
41. Rkif eft 3T&TT nearer the church, farther from God
ft(sO FFt F it t F*F R lti'k jT3TTI FF c?T Rr TF elt 3T*tTT i t FFTI
42. ^T^FT F ltt t ^F FTFT to die of shame
t/FT FRF FFF F R t ej*t Fhf F 3Tlt; ^Pe^ FT F ltt t ^R F t I
43. t i t FT FFTW RFFT to be terror struck
e£F?lt t i t FT FFTFFT FFt RF Tit t ?
44. t F F t F it RRTFT to live comfortably
RR % RFRt F t t f e t t RrF*et t , t t F F t R?t RRlt t I
45. (RFT FFF FR tFT to bestow plentifully as a godsend/
windfall gain
RR FFRTF teTT I? Ft (RFT FFF FR tFT 11
46. (Ret FT tjf FRFT to be a source of constant vexation
RtFFt 3PRft FRTTF RFFt (Ret FT ^JF F t, R F t RFFR F tF <£*ltwrtt FlFT?
47. (Ret FT FTF RtFFT to turn green with envy; to be very
jealous
FTFFt t t t FFFT t FFF F R t RlRt F t (Ret FT FTF e t i TFT t1
48. (Ret *£RFT to swell with pride
JR t mOsTTt FFF TRTF FFF F R t FT Rid I F t (Ret JjeF F^ I
49. R t FT FFF> fesF>dl to add insult to injury
FF Fl F F t £t FtfflF t ; R^t 3?R J # FR% R t FT FFF* F I
331
50. TOT % TOT FFFT to be in the jaws of death
7TT#r % g^FTO/TF Ft% FT FgF TTFlfMt % F#f FF FtF f^TT 3?R FgFf F?t TOT
% dlel FF FT( |
51. PlTOt) % f^T ^ FRFT to count one's days / to live a
difficult and hard life
%TOT TOTHfe M t FTF f«M t % ftF ^ FR TFT11
52. FFF FT TOW ^tFT to refuse point-blank
3ft ^flcTT ^ TOT FT FFF FR^t FT) F^T, FF% ^?t FFF-FT TOW 3 f^FT I
53. ifF FRFT to brag / to boast
FF TOFTTT F*F f , # T TOFT FRFT 11
54. Fcjir TOFT to lick (someone's) boots/ to indulge
in abject flattery
Tjft frftt % cigtr tUFFT FTFF F#f I
55. frtcT FF FTF «MIFl to make a mountain of a mole hill
s f t f t - T O $ IcIcT FF TO FF"ft F?t ^ l ( 1 3TTFcT «H|cr FRW t I
56. cjcft FTcTFT to hold unquestioned sway
3TTTOTT FFft TOR 3f FRTT FTTO F?t c^ft Ftrftt 11
57. ^ TOT-TOT 3f TO-TO for one to go deeper in the matter
than the other
3TTF TOT-TOT |r Ft ft Hld-FTF ^ I TOT Fft FF FF> HgFFI ftft Irik. TOt TOT FF
fteT 11
58. ?JF5 FR TOFT to eat one's own words; go back in a
promise
TIHlftg aroft TOT FF SFft t , ft) FFFT t FF FRFT f , 2JFI FR TOFT RFFF
tFFIF Flft I
59. TOtt FF tF F one whose opinions follow self-in
terest
ftcTT etcll Ft FTeft FF ftFF Ft% ft1
60. FF ft FF 3TTFT to feel relieved (of some tension,
agony, etc.)
3TFF^FTF FT TOT TO TOT ^T FtFT TOT, Ft FTcTT-ftdT FT FF ft FF TOT I
61. FF ’gFFT for one to find it difficult to breathe
% 3 ftlT FF ^FFT11
332
62. toT t o tocfT q«Hn to be wonderstruck/aghast
FTT TT FT t o % «t ld<=r> % TPTT F>F F>T FT I|F FTcto Tl TFFTT,
FT F^tol % t o t t o TjtoT FFT eft I
63. FTeT FFFT #TT (for there to be) something fishy
3TTF TF TTFT-TTFi ‘t'B'J,, 'g^T Ft Fj?J FTeT If FHeTT eFT TFT t I
64. FFT ewiMi to sully one's reputation
3fto «lto FFFTF
O ff TF F>T 3lto FTT
O F^T FFT Tiff milcl I
65. gF FF gsj FFff FF FFff just decision
FTtfT to FFT: +FgO ^ FTFT iff c^PTt % Ffto PiMCIrl *f I toeTT FTeT TTF
% gET FF ^ET to r Hl'fl FF Hl'fl FT t o I
66. toTT % to W f Ttt even walls have ears
tottofeTTri totTf % to FFT t o t
67. ?£T ^ FTeT T to T Fk-t! to be old and truly experienced
f t o w r g§T fft ftttt toto;, ff t f t a r to f t f ttfft f i
fto SJF Tf Flel t o n •to RiV, ? I
68. TTF^-fito ci'iiii to exaggerate
TTTWT-Fto FFT: TTFf T T T -M eFTIFT fel# t o t 11
69. T to r T %TF 3f of no consequence
TTF?T TFT <toT T toTT TF? W i t ; % Tt T ftoft to # F f T ftTF I
70. 'iitt> FFTTT to lose face
f^IrTT to % t o ftto % T ito g?T T to t o % F4FT FT! f t o I totTTTTFTTr
t o to r Hl'fl Hl'fl to FFT I
71. Tito t o FFFTTT to harrass someone too much
t o t o % a t o ttw Tktoto to Tito t o f f f f Ti
72. Tito FTF FT TRT to be in a sad plight
wtot ! t o gT eTTF 9kkd <t><'1l t o wlil*!, FT f(to TFT gFT to g^-Slfl TTto
FFT 3TT FT to I
73. FIT to TtoeT sin'll to bring someone under control
tft 3ito t o to t o w tff to to to wcftt T t o 11
74. TFT TTTTT to earn name and fame
totocTT t o r ^ T t o apEST ttt fwftt 11
75. Tt ^T 'Hks #TTT to make good one's escape; to turn
tails
g fto % TTTT-TTcT FT F f t o % F to t o to Ft WRF FT W I
333
76. zz w n to be hit by calamity
eft Tfcg %«tR tf^TR ^R 3#raf 4^T*TFR f?t Z Z TRTI
77. trer ciqfU gHl gospel truth
t f t ^TcT 4?t 3RT RRT 4?t cT^tT ^nf^TR I
78 RRT 4v^TT FRT a heart of stone
tj=T% ^R ’ft 33^; 3 tf f^T^Rt; RrTT Ft4R ’ft RR3T ^RR 43 sRtRT
11
79. 4 R t 3HjfeRR # t #TT to have one's bread buttered on both
sides
STRRieT «J|4K 3PR5T *IcT TFT t l RT4t iM Jilfalff sft t t I
80. td ' t 4Ttt tRT to be precocious
WO
% *R t 4Ttt F t# 11
81. *R <?R4T to suffer the pangs of hunger
r ! o ^ i *R t ^ <?R 7 t I1
82. t t 4RF FfTT to have things one's own way
3TH4R F R t RFTT-RFff F*rft R 3TR t, F*r « fc 4 ) 3 ? t TTT 4 t 3 K .F t F HTt
R F t t 4lft R t FtrTT t 1
83. ReTT
CN
4 TPTRT to be in the seventh heaven
■5R T3T 3l4d{l W 4R% cR4 % cfRl, RT% RctT-f%T ^ 4 TRT T t *t I
84. R4>-tRF
C\ CN
3R 4R3 <.<fHI to tread on eggs
u w
Lh4i-4^cf,
CN C\
^ 3iRT H3HI RT43 TRTR t I
85. 4 R FR 43 %cT too easy a job; child's play
4 ? 433 TTt 4 R 134 43 TtcT t I
8 6 . 4TcT ’ft 4T43 4 FtRT to escape unscathed
4 R TRR R F3TTT ft4?TT 3c=R 34T, W | TFTRT 4RT ’ft 4T43 4 f31T I
87. ’M t f^ c # RT4T to be meek and quiet
4 | 4 4R T T T t 4 R T t S f l t% T ^ t 4 ? t ^ t ’f h ft f a e # R R 3?tT
3 F p f t - 3 P R f t g ? 4 4 > H d 'l e h t I
88 . 3R4T to idle time away
Tpff 4$t TjftdTTt
O *N
t 3R% % 3TR5T f ^ Fl4t TftR 4t I
89. ip. c1l<+*HI to look to someone for support
4 t RRTT-f'fcTT 3T34T TR SR 3T ^3^ 3R ^ 4? ^5T^f R’RiT ^ TTRkT
tl
334
90. Tp? FT FFTW 3FHI to be terror-struck
fuftM m FiRmt % tjf ft fftfft enfti
91. tp? FtF FFTF ^TT to give a shattering reply
FiFcTT FT WIcT FF ^ TJF FtF M t % 3fFt W F ^ t F#f ^FTcTT I
92. i j r f t F*f FRFT to grease somebody's palm
FTTF 3lMF'd Sifll'tilRql F^t "Thf Riy, f®Hl F ^ FFF "l^f «l*ictl I
93. TF FF FFFT for a happy occasion to be marred
TFft F^t FIT# % Ft f#T 9 # T3FT# fa n Fft FFT F*t I FF TF # FF FF FFT I
94. TfF^ TT%FtFT to give one the creeps
3rq^ f ^ # F t - # # r # t # f f f if t f t F t Trt st ff ; i
95. cTF?tT FF FF#T FtFT to be a traditionalist
FT FRT # el4iH FF Hi‘£)<. Ft% F?t 3FF9FFFTT FT?t, Fp? jRg, % FFF cftf^TF I
96. c=TT? FF #F?T TF RPTT to swallow an insult
3TR F>SF # 3THTTFFi % f^TT FFTF #TT 3TFFTF f#FT | ff eT^ FF #FR TF
FFT I
97. ct# % f f MI to face a tough, nerve-recking task
FTFT # ! sRT FTRTF # T # % ^Ff FFTFT t I FT 1 # # # FF # t F # I
98. R<4HI to raise false hopes
FTF: <h«M
•
FHI R<fH<t><. Fit?
O
FFR «t^Fl F^T 3FT% ^FT ef Flrl t I
99. F%F SJ5 a barefaced lie
3tRfef % F£F f#FT I FF FTF F #F ^ 11 # ^TTRTTT ^ I FF ^ FT f \
F # TTFTcTTI
100. Riciki f f f >h of stars to be in the ascendent
3TTFFFF t^FTT f^TTTT FFFT §3TT 11 3 *f R t?% FT % RlT^t # #FT Ft FT#
335
104.FPT ^cT something worthless
%TT FFT ^>T ^cT % I dl<l fciy, ?t
«Tlcf t I
★ ★ ★
336
P roverbs
53
1. 3tR = t R # f PT wisdom is more powerful than body
2. 3 ) H ' f l - 3 H ' f l S H ic d 3 i m i - 3 H H I <IJI absolute lack of concord
3 3T #^f R R T R ? R ^ f R f c R R R one can't achieve much alone
4 3TSRTef 'M id W c-W d R R half filled pot splashes and overflows
5. 3r r jr t t t r t t F ta , r r It is no use crying over split milk
^IT %cf
6. 3F?Jt i f W 1 <.m i a slightly intelligent person among
the fools
7. 3fT f c T 'g^ r R R to invite troubles for oneself
8 3 M % 3 f& , R R a man with a name absolutely
opposite to his character
9. 3 J R % 3 T R ^ J sfc R t % R R to doubly benefit from something
10. drci r Tt qdddlci RT 3TT^ the one at fault blaming the
innocent person
11. R ^ f J < w d I£ fR T T O F I more show, less work
12. PR 2 fc ft % absolutely alike
13. P R fo R T R i f R f R R R T ^ R # f R F you can't run with the hare and
R R c ff hunt with the hounds
14. P R R T RT W Kill two birds with one stone
15. P R trap R t R P R many hands make work light
16. PR FR Tt died Rl?t q«ied it takes two to make a quarrel
17. RTS R#t RTR-RTR Rl?f RScft one cannot deceive again and
again
18. q i 'i ic d i f 3TTST iflcTT to face misery after misery
19. RRTR % pTRcTT #C RTRT R # 3TTRT a word spoken is past recalling
20. RtRT RFR Pi'Fed ^lf?qi the gain is much less than effort
and expectation
21. R T T R P; R I T T R , R R R T R f R R R T R R one without any firm mind of his
own
22. R T R T ^ T eTRT <S1% mutual discord and hostility brings
disaster
23. R T R T ^ R T d $ , f i f R->d) R T F T when the cat is away, the mice will
R #f play
337
25. 'W FF> Wf cTF cfF> 3TRT while there is life, there is hope
26. «nft fttX Fft eftM X# half a loaf is better than none
27. 'SfFTXTCFF!F XTF where there is a will, there is a way
28. eflft TTOFft % might is right
29. ftt FX^fft t %FXflft barking dogs don't bite
30. 3J<5 %ftift wr ? lies have no feet
31. ?®lft ftft let'll FF «gKl a frail support
32. ftft ftfa W ftft ftft eTfftt ftk cut the coat according to cloth
33. ftft fftxt tM4c ftWT t let's see what the result is
34. ^Xf F>T^XTSift FF HIft) to do justice
35. ^ Stk ^p^ft Ftft t distant fields seem green
36. ftx 31IX.^XXfT 3fT^ better late than never
37. 'ft H4>4 F cl <5 nJEITX cash dealings are better than
credit
38. HN X ufft 3TPFT 2<il a bad workman blames his tools
39. XFT ftl fc f JXRT ft) f^T old is gold
40. *[F ft XTFFFeTft '0ft outwardly polite but actually a cheat
41. FF ft FFFTF <fXT give a dog a bad name and hang
him
42. ftftfTft? F^fXTFF ft) 3JFTF^FTft F) evil results in evil
43. FTF •T FTF ft ftxi ftFFFT an uninvited guest
44. FTFTFftFraTfftftF^XF^XcFftFTF rich people get richer
45. W ( fftftf % ffttj FI?) i>$Xdl time doesn't wait for anybody
46. ffft ff>ft) ftter f)f he lays best who lays last
47. w Fft f always the same; neither overjoyed
nor sad
48. ftift ft) FX ^nft cTTft ft) F z t do something in such a way that the
subject benefits without harming
anybody
49. FX F>ft F> fftF FFcft) ?
o
every dog has his day
50. FTF H>JM ftft 3nxftt FFT no proof is required for the obvious
51. Ffftt %FTFXITft %fttx fftXTTft ftk fraud and deception
★ ★ ★
338
Key structure
| Present simple!
TFT F>FTT c[TF?fF % *fFK<ldl 3Rft RtTTFT ‘FTTcftF *#TTT Fft fftFFFf ’ % feTRFfftFTRT
Fft tlftl % TTFHlcF'K F><. Tft ft I
TFT F^FTT : W T , TFft TT#FT, fT O Fft 3FFft TTFTFF R h ^-mT % Flft ft
FFTFF I
TFft TTTfftFT : ft ffR TJFF FTT F% R3cft f |
TFT FiFTT : TFT ! 3TFT W f t TjFF FIT FRcft ft ?
TFft TTTfftFT : TTFft FFft ft TFFT F><ft) IT I
TFT F^FTT
O : FIT 3TTF FFT FTF FT TFFT FRcft ft ?
TFft TTlfftFT : ftt Fftf, ft FTF FT TFFT Fftf FRcft I ft 3FFf FT FT
TjTTcFFTft ^ TFTF FRcft f ; RTpft FTF ft ^JRT FRcft f I
TFT F>FTT : 3TR5T, 3TFT tJRT ftt FRcft t! FFf 3TPT TfR ftfftr if ^RT FRcft
TFT FFTTT
O : 3ftr T3TT#r ftf ?
TFft TTTfftFT T3TT%FTF ft FfFTTFT FRcft f ; 3?tT RTT% FTF ft FFJFT FRcft
fl
FTTcTT FRft-FRft ft 3TTFFIT ftt FFcff ^ I
TFT FFfTT
O : 3TTF FT9cTT TTTtft-FT ft FRcft ft ?
TFft TTTfftFT ftt Fftf, ft FTFcTT fttRF-FRT ft FRcft f I
TFT F>HK
O : 3TTF fftF FF TTTFT fccFt Fft TFcft ft ?
TFft TTTfftFT ft fftF FF TFFTT FtFFT Fft TFcft f I
339
TFT tH
OK : 3?lT % FIT 3TTF FFT FTcff t ?
T p ft F # F T : TFF* % FK 3WIFF FTT F% cFF %3TITFT FTcft f I FTT F^T
% FFF F% FF> ^ FFT %?) f| 31)t cTFTT % TTx?t ^ I F f F
F% %~ 0:F«f FF> FF H<Scfl ^ H3l FcFT i? 3TtT rtW<)
F^T 3TTF9FF> 3TT^FTM ) ^ I WF ^T t?: F«T ctFTT I?Rft ^ 3?lT
3TF^ F% 3?tT F^Ft FT FTF *pft% *f TFelcft f I
TFT +OFK : 3TTF TTF FF FtFF I'f'd'f F% FTT?) ff ?
Tpft F#FT : t TTF FT) 3TT5 F% FtFF FTcft f I
TFT 4>HK
O : 3TIF mFFFl'O t FT FTFTFrft ?
Tpft F#FT : ^t, 3f 911+IFlfl f I FlFF % FTF-FFT FF ^ T #F ^ f,
3tTt TFF^ tj'l cT j?1 TTF F>T FF F% FF FF FT FTcT f I
TFT F^FTT
O : EFFFTF TFfT Flt^FT I f^T:F^F 3TTF f^FFFf FgF =FFT ^tT
TtFF> f?1
Glossary
^TFFfF (m.) television
FTSTTcFFT (m.) interview
TTFFFTT
O (PN) masculine name
FFKFTFT (m.) reporter
FlFTF (Eng.) programme
FTFftF (adj.) Indian
F%eTT (f.) woman
R- m 4 (f.) daily routine
f ^ ttmt (PN) a city in Punjab state, India
Tpft (f.) queen
FFTF (m.) respectful greeting; salutation
FiftFT an expression of respect used for women
FTFFF (adj.) ordinary
f Tft ; FFFT get up (after sleep)
FF ! (adv.) really!
FF% FF^ (adv./adj. superlative) first of all
340
Mid (m.) landing place
TFTFT (m.) bath
FTH W IT (v.t.) to take a bath
gnerapn (m.) bathroom
(f.) worship
(m.) temple
Ml'J'I'WM (m.) yoga practice
(m.) kitchen
^ P T -W (m.) dining room
Rm <MM1 (m.) lunch
R>a^| ? (adv.) what time ?
SPTO^ (m.) afternoon
3fKW (m.) rest
3TTTW 4><Ml (v.t.) to take a rest
Sfc (f.) meeting
■X1 % ^ w n (v.t.) to meet X
^frwc (m.) servant
3)N^4> (adj.) necessary
’3TTCt5T (m.) order; command
'df?c-Hi (v.i.) to take a stroll
TTcT ’Hl'Jl'1 (m.) dinner
wnwrff (adj.) vegetarian
(adj.) non-vegetarian
tfl«A (f. pi.) news
ERJMT? (m.) thanks
RT:TRf (adv.) no doubt
=M<rd (adj.) busy
(adj.) interesting
★ ★ ★
341
R-2
Key structure
Imperative
G lo ssa ry :
Glossary
# # (f.) stairs
TFFT/TtI/T F # #FT to stand
FFTFTT (m.) the act of waiting
X FT FFTFTT FTFT (v.t.)x to wait for X
'X' FT 3T# it #T FT FTFT for 'X' to be late to arrive
FTFT pTFcTFT (v.i.) to go out
FFTT (f.) queue/ line
#F# (IPC; adv.) running
XF% FT# 3TtT on the right side of X
X # t FT# 3TtT on the left side of X
TFFT-#FT (adj.) tall and broad; big-bodied
FF#(f.) a head-dress made from a
long piece of cloth usually 5
meters; turban
F # - # (adj.) rather big
SJFFTF (m.) smoking
SJFFTF FFFT (v.t.) to smoke
★ ★ ★
343
R-4 ^ e ll+ ld
Key structure
Pres. prog, tense
t?
’sftw ft *r>Hdl : ^JSt ^ F - W P « lg n *=hl-H F l o i % I i % fcTT* R > d l ^ (
7 T ® ft, f i s r i 3 n t i w T if t i | i
anr^TcT : W 7 F W % R>FT t ?
W t I 3T W F W t W C 4O
^ 5 i g H I I 3TT 7% f I
344
3H M IC 1: ^ F>F 3TT T^ f ?
sJtarftFfFcTT: % 3TR #FFT # FT# % 3fT TT? I I
(FTF% % # ^#cT 3T# t )
# f# anraTcT afk
sfhTcft <=r>'MdI : 'IF**! ^flrt # ! 3TFT FFTT % 3TTT^ ? ?
?ffr ^"fld : 3fT F # , FT TFT ^ I FTFT # 41JHK ? I FT# # FfjTT F^TTH
FT T # 11 5Wi < TjFTT FF icTM FcT TFT 11 Tp|r Jdl^ FT
TFT f I 3TE55T FFF # , 3T# #? # T # 11 # F Pr3# I F F^t I
Glossary
FFFJ (f.) street
■geTTFFF (f.) meeting
Pixel'll (v.i.) to come out
FTF% % from the other side, in front
F#% FF FTFTF (m.) monthly provisions
STrFftiF' (adv.) extremely
<t'*-M'fl (f.sg.; Eng.) company
W^UF>(m.) manager
'X' FF FF5 FF# # #FT for 'X' to be in a hurry
%F7F (m.) guest
^FT (m.) younger borther of husband
#TTT# (f.) wife of younger brother of husband
3T## (adv.) alone
cTT% (f.) date
# fft (f.) noon
#FFT # t F I# (f.) noon train
F#FTF (adj.) troubled
$dM (m.) treatment
‘X’ FF W FFFT to be under the treatment of 'X'
3T# just now
^T Ft T # t It is getting late
★ ★ ★
345
R-5 ^ <1 •T W T f ^ 1?
Key structure
Recapituation
★ ★ ★
346
R-6
Key structure
Past prog.
Glossary
★ ★ ★
347
R-7 ^ T T M R c lK
Key structure
P ossessive case
Glossary
• ••
348
Vocabulary - Indian names for blood-relations
★ ★ ★
349
R-8 ^H FT
Key structure
Time; Inner compulsion
3r : swt m fe p f snrft I ?
«T Weft «W’ ? 3TTWFT W? ^THT t ?
3f : WcT ^TWT “TO' I W #W T ^TRT 11
«T : WrT TWT ^ WTT ^ (1:15) 3TTC?ft I
3f : focpf «T% ? % WT5TT ^T#f I
^ TT^f «W4>< WS1? ft-lTT ^TT I
3f : ^ W t W «MI t ?
«T : TW T O w t WTF ^ f (12:30) f I
3T : # ?
«T w £ WT? - *Tpf) «TKF ^?PFT rffa I
3T : cW 3pft # T W T 11
3p5 ulc'^l ^ I 2'ttfl % ^dl WRTT ^ I
EpiRK ! ^TW^ I
*T : WWfl
Glossary
Key structure
Past tense
fF f£ £F
RR WT W . fR R r M ^ F r R ft FT I F F TOf Rt *pR FT
FT F # FT I
£
I
Glossary
351
^ (adj.+f.) several times
“W $ in / on the bus
(f.) shopping
ft* again
(adj.) good
★ ★ ★
352
R-10 W 3TFT 2 # c t T # ^ ?
353
% €r i
%t o r t o f t t o 2ri
MC'fl ^»T "1IH *THl$ft *TTt
%FF (twenty-three) 'St I
^F weM if FSTrft *St I
RfcT =TFT WFtetT «TTI
3F ««4k (twenty-six) I
^f ^ ra r if w r mi
if t o w ^ t o n : fti
Glossary
ftF ( m .) friend
X %*PTc=T^ next door to 'X'
t o n (m.) family
■X' ^ t t o t o to the right of 'X'
« l t o / ot'iiciqidi (adj.) of Bengal
■X14ft t o t o to the left of 'X'
*rtot / Hsieqidl (adj.) of Madras
to -ftt ? which one ?
*TM(f.) language
3 ^ - ^ t (adj.) broken; not fluent
-itat. (m.) servant
% ^TFT with each other
w t: (adj.) lovable / lovely
W T (adj.) young
Mfcl-Mr-fl husband and wife
'fl't'ft <m HI to have a job
™ (f.) age
4 ^ (m.) year(s)
41^14 if (adv.) in fact
(adj) happy
★ ★ ★
354
R-11 # 3T T q^t W ^ f ?
Key structure
Miscellaneous
Glossary
★ ★ ★
355
R-12 W Ft W t
Key structure
Pres, prefect
Pres, perfect cont.
TlfTf: F F ^ , 'ft'TT I FFT cjF 3pft *tt F3 T^t Ft ? 3P? %cRt FF O T #1 FFT
ll
(I'll : FHcft ^ 3T»tt FF ct>M d£f Rvtll I <
Qi5d<tlcl F>T% «1I<f I
t; ftrTT FTR F?l ^#Pt I
TTtpT: ^F F*f % F? T^t Ft ?
-(H T : «nTF F ^ t % F S T ^ t if I
TTipT: c)F%R>d'l tiqld F>Tfrit* f ?
(I'll : ct'(lisl-ct'(15l Ft FF ff I %FcT Ft TF FF t? I
TlfcT: % FTC FT ?tFT I
■ft-TT : F1?f, *t FF FFF FRF> I?t <f)fJfl I
Tlt^cT: ^tF> f cJF I?t 3PTF7 FIF F>T cTt, «U'jlR 3TT oil'll I FI?f Plel'l I
Glossary
★ ★ ★
356
R-13 m # 3*r f
Key structure
Miscellaneous
T^fldl : W Fd 71?t Ft ?
TFft : FF vHF^Ifl ‘rft^FT' | £pF<F flHHtUflt
FF FF«fF FFpf f o m fodT 1 1
$=ftdT : FF dt FIpT ePFT ^RTRT 1 1 ^T FS% F?t FcFTF f%*Ff *})?
Tpft : FT, f dt cTRT 1 *f t d % FS T^t f 1 3T»tt 3TTOT Ttt d tf FST
W l WT dF? FTC t , FFTeTT ^ F*t F5% ^FT ZIT 1
: §F% 3PT dF* fcrPt ^ 5 F l t ?
TT-ft : oPTFF Ft^ Ft dt (175) I FFT dt 3PT t 3*T f I ^5T cP^t
f't'dl^’ Frt5 F*F I?t ^TTcft 11
^ ftm : ^ i
Glossary
★ ★ ★
357
R-14
Key structure
Can
Glossary
Key structure
Can
-fid I : IcFt I
359
FTcTO 3pE# cTTF Ft I W F faft ^"TT Fl?f, «rf^< %ft W TF
%I F F*FcT * f, s ffc t> itT T ^TT F f^ F T T I F F T 3 n f e f 1 1 «HFT F F F T , 3rf%cT,
Glossary
★ ★ ★
360
R-16 to lW ^ F t 7! ! ?
Key structure
Future tense
«T : ^ # 3fT^tt I
^4)1 ^ft 3TF#FF % 3fT5 (8 ) cil{1<ft F^t cllSft I % vdH<+> FTF •# (9)
ft# r # t f # Fipnft i t r !f fft^ ^rFR if anqit i FFuifFFT^
3TS%FT it%^ t I
3T : f#FF FTTFTTFF % FtFT FT 3fTgPT^ %?
F : FFl! FFT RqiP F[?5 3Fgf^TFi # FtFT I
*}FF FRFft if FF# Ft# I
FTTF F?I FT FT FTFF Ft# I
FF FTFcT if FF ¥3f# # T fifF 3TTFf^cT F # I
TTHT-#FT FTFT I FTF'Tnf F # # I
ft>T Hus4 if f ^ m %FIT# Ft# I Tift if F^ F# FF *pj?f t I
ftt# %ftc # # # ff hRfk 'Ttfftf jft rtfft i
^3tt # 3?R *|FF # <£!# f#T FFTT# F lfM w ft^ t I
361
Glossary
t o w (m .) marriage
M (f.) mother's sister
n to K (m.) family
★ ★ ★
362
R-17
# TFT f
Key structure
Planned future
Glossary
F% FtF^T when (you) grow up
F?T% F?t FtFFT (planned future) planning to do
FF% F?t FtFFT (planned future) planning to become
^ F tM (m.) astrologer
f^FTT (m.) thought, idea
f^FtF FF % (adv.) specially, particulary
TtTFTT (f.) inspiration
Ff^FFFtt (f.) forecast
363
4>MHI (v.t.) to get predictions made
3R^TT «mi c-Ml to make one's own life
TkPTTf (adj.) daily
f P T (f.sg.) problem
BTTWtT (f.pl.) problems
(m.) solution
a fts r (m.) future
tPUT (m.) profession
(m.) customer
Tnft (f.) shortage
(adv.) always
£PT (m.) wealth
3fft T^rf (continuative comp; fut.) will keep coming
(m.) belief
TH*FTT(f.) desire
+I»HIU (f.pl.) good wishes
Zodiac (rreft-^RF)
Signs of the zodiac (nttrar)
1. Aries 2. Taurus 3. Gemini
4. Cancer 5. f t? Leo 6. ^TTT Virgo
7. cjcfT Libra 8. Scorpio 9. Sagittarius
10. a^T Capricon 11. Aquarius 12.#T Pisces
★ ★ ★
364
R-18 d'Mklctl
Key structure
PPC; IPC
Glossary
FFFfft (adj.) the one who mimics
F^FT (m.) monkey
f tf t (f.) cap
ftftFTcTT;ft|ft ftFftFTcTT (m.) the one with the cap; the cap seller
3TFFT (adv.) often
FTFT (m.) city
eiiFT (FT! -conj.) bring and
ftFT FTeTT FT (past hab.) used to sell
365
wi'lci % f?R*T -conj.) via jungle
«iHl-3imi (m.) commuting;
(v.i.) to commute
TT3rTT zfT (compul. str. past hab. tense) used to have to
(adv.) once
Tpff (f.) summer
(m.) season
(f.) noon
tET*PT(m.) time
^ (f ) sunshine
cl«r (adj.) sharp/strong
■c!dc)-tieic) (adv.) while walking
(f.) fatigue
«T¥PT cPPTT (verb; used with sub + ^1) to feel tired
srerFT cPT% c=pft(inc. comp.; past tense) began to feel tired
(obi. pi. off. ^Pft) of caps
(m.) bundle
W tT (v.t.) to keep
~U3 f^TT (comp, v.t.; past tense) kept
(reflexive) himself
(adj.) a little
3flTFT (m.) rest
<rfccPTT i t (obi. pi. o f ^ t f.) of leaves
WTT(f.) shade
^•TT (v.i.) to lie down
cte W (comp. v.i. past tense) lay down
I?t (v. root + % + I?t) as soon as (he) lay down
'X' 3TT «TFfT for 'X' to fall asleep
#3; (PPC. adj.) sleeping
{(verb root + cf) + ift} as soon as (he) saw
^ (PPC; adj.) seated; sitting
tfruH! (vi.) to climb down
OTT 3tttr (compound v.i. past tense) climbed down
366
hither and thither
R-20
w ( f .) vision
^ T T (v.t.) here : to turn round
F ft (PPC; adj.) lying ________________
F5ft(f.) bundlr
fftplft f tn (used with subject with ftt) to be visible
^Tt (aggregative) a lot of; heaps of
^ (m .) a human being
fftr (m.) head
FFft ^ (PPC; adv) wearing
ftF^FT (ftsFTT + conj.) see and
FT tTEj> (adj) every one; each one
3FT% 3Fft (reflexive) their respective
FFF’ ft^TT (comp, v.t.) to wear
FFF eft (comp.v.t. past tense) wore
FFF% f t {(v.r.+ft+ft) as soon as (they) wore
ft) to each other
ftfft eft (inc. comp; past tense) began to laugh
f i f HI (v.i.) to dance
FjFTT (v.i.) to jump
eft (inc. comp; past tense) began to dance and jump
■ftr (v.i.) noise
(FP! conj.) hear and
'X' ft) ftft T|cHT for 'X' to wake up
'X' ftr fttST 3TPTT for 'X' to get angry
FIFTT (adj.) returned
FTFTT ftFT (comp.v.t.) to take back
TJFFT (m.) plan, scheme
FTcT (adv.) immediately
FFTTFT (v.t.) to remove
^3FTT F>T (F>T -conj.) remove and
(IPC. adv) throwing
FFFTft (adj.) one who imitates
367
3PRf)-3PRft dllM their respective caps
3PT%-3PT^ fa r % from their respective heads
(f.) ground
R%*Rr (adj.) first of all
^TRR (m.) stone
HK'I I (V.t.) throw stones at
^ (adv.) far
’WPTT (V.t.) to chase away
rtcW9T?[ (adj.) thereafter (then after)
^fR3T, ^fRR, (adj.) collected/together
^fRST WTT (v.t.) to collect
3TSHT (v.t.) to tie/pack
WTSRR (sITORT + 3R conj) tie/pack and
R?T¥R ( I W + ^fR conj) keep and
RR R?T (comp, v.i.) set out
R-21 ^ 3 fT
Key Structure
continuative compound
RR? RTTRrT RRf R Ft^ %+KUI TJTRTRF RRTI cl't'fk'l R’R', dlc-IIR,
rRri, -1lei $rHlR <j<fl RT( I 3TRTfR HI'fl R^t R>*fl R?t RRF %RT^f TPt I
R^ RfTRW cPft I RF RIRTRt RRi RRF-RRF R£R>cll 'TFT3?lT Rpft
TRTRRTTFTI FTt Rpft R>£( R f^TcTTI RTf %«l%3RR>I RR PlR>d TFTRTI
RFR R
O ? R t % RT% T TFT 3ftT R^ FRTRRfRRTTFTI RcRt f \ RF%T TTRpfTrR
RcTTST^ RFT-RFTFF%RRTI TJFcT-T3F%RR?TRTRRTF%R-RRFTRwf RrTI RF
#R #TFFR^TRFTRfRTI FTT^ Rt t 5TTRTRTTRw I FTT^f RTFT-RTRpft RTI Rpft
RRTRT^ffRT^T RT# RiT^gFRRiTTFT^%RRRRRF3FRft’RTR^TRTRfRTRRRI
FTT%R^t B'-Rct 3?|T TJST-R[?T^ RRRfeIRTI
3TTR9RRTRsnf^RRT R^t RR^fT11 3TRTRR>F%R^ FRTRTJ3TTI RFR|R RRR
RR> TTR’-RR’ RT^I 3Fpff rIr ^ RRTR>T RRJF dIdI TFT3flT Rpft %RT>
if Rleldl TFTI RRf-RRt R^ if RcRTTR?t RRRTRFcft sff, ?Rt-?Rt HI'fl RRTRT
FRTT3TTRTRTRTRTI 3fRR; Rpft RRTRTRRTT3RRRTI R^lR% RT%FR-ft ^RTR
^rrf 3?It rrr- rrr rtrt t?3it f f rrt i
Glossary
370
(pi. of nm) pitchers
M^rrr (adj.) narrow
'J1W (v.t.) to quench thirst
(»•) wisdom
MWWOI (f.) need
Mlf^PIT (m.) invention
(f.) mother
'TtTFPF (adv.) suddenly
q^p-TT^ F>T (adv.) one by one
#ET (f.) beak
'.'3HT (v.t.) to hold
•,'«(!+< (<;«(MI + 3>T- conj.) holding
rfTTT(v.t.) to bring
eTTcTT TFT (cont. comp.) kept on bringing
sicm (v.t.) to put / to pour
5icioi TFT (cont. comp.past tense) kept on putting
Tfljf-'Jtjf (ind.) as
'Tc^TTt (oblique pi. of Fc^TT m.) stones
T M (f.) number
33TT (v.i.) to grow
WT# (prog, comp.) went on increasing
37TT 3TRTT 'TIFT FT (prog, comp.) went on coming up
3TFTT: (adv.) finally
rft 'FT % to one's heart's content
TFF-FFF (m.) act of crowing
FTTTT ^3TT (IRC; adv.) doing
★ ★ ★
371
R-22 ^ % <eJ9h?lcf)
Key Structure
progressive compound
ftfiRR tK'+'fi srfaopsf 3R^ f^¥T TFrft 11 if?TT xfR^ ^
3te# rr) 11 >^kf<5] M if str: ^rfor c^m- R fe w
T5^ I , *R Epft c?HT RRT R5Rf TF^ t I MRutm'tWT R f o RtR xmTCT il^ k
Ft% «n% f i c M if arro w ^ cftt rtrt I , RRxft w r t ^ Rfift t , Rir r Ft ift
^ - R F F cR
\
R ^ R f if l I c % T T 3 fF W ^ c T ^ ^ I I U IH K ifi+R iFtrfTfFfI I RRFR
R R R R R T R t R>f ^ T 3R % % siHli) « N rfl <Fcfl 1 1 y M K I-i-y R R l ciV?l R>t < W lK
M TFcft 11 WcT ^7T ^ 3HRT<ft ftR-Rfctf^R RSrft RT l£ t %, 3?R RTTtRR RT
I
q ft *pft ^TEiTtfr TFR ^ r OTFT if R3RR W EfRTf T^, RT ^ # 4 1 RRRTTRt
RTT RRTtJH FtcTT RTOTR I RR% W Ffrf RTC?) I RRif R^TRRT RSrft RTCnff
3jk ^ T RTf% % RR RT RRRT §3ff ^TFTR FtcTT RTC7TT I
Glossary
★ ★ ★
373
R-23 W Wlr> 3p5^T
Key structure
1 Adjectives
3iPlcl - ^ to ft 1 "1*1^ 1
’ifpTcft - dH<R 1
Glossary
^ 5 (p n ) name of a popular detergent sold in India
+K<?IMI (m.) factory
RfiT3> (m.) distributor
RcrTl ^ TF%^Teft (f.) resident of Delhi
'X'% fJrfeTTr meet 'x'
^T O (m.) washing room
itdT, i)ef, (adj.) dirty
(m.) pile
R r+ d (adv.) absolutely
ckp of the same type
f^ f t 3Fq some another
3TE^ r?t y'FK % of good quality
£l SFFTT ^ of several types
sTMTT if f 1 are in vogue/ are being marketed
"EfipT (m.) selection
R> arrr 7^!? as you can see
fiTW=ft (f.) carefulness, caution
fiwsjpft ^ (adv.) carefully
(PPC; adj.) told/mentioned
ftSFRT (f.) instruction
'X' PTePT EFTfiT (v.t.) to follow Y
W WTT (m.) soap compartment
'X' ^ T if STePTT to put Y in y
>3Rid (adj) right; appropriate
fiTP (m.) temperature
T ™ (v.t.) to select
fi|fi r4 (adj.) hot
375
^rrenr^T irtf (adj.) warm
(adj.) cold
W^TT (m.) slot
(adj.) by itself
^TTT (v.t.) to do work
^T=TT (v.t.) to begin
'tx.'ll ^?T f^TT I began to work automatically
g?RiT f)lfR UTRT washed and ready
STT^-SITT Ft «imi to shut automatically
3TN W ^TT t? (exp.) what would you say / what is
your opinion?
(m .) difference
‘X1 TR in 'X's' opinion
'X' 3t^r«TT in comparison with 'X'
f i m (adj) soft
going to buy
f^f^tcT (adv.) certainly
3RT/ (adj.) other
★ ★ ★
376
R-24 i> \ ^ e P T T 3 fk ^ ff 4 4
Key structues
Adjectives
377
W % cRT% FTSH Ftrt
fSrcf%w ft #r w #1%If i % ^ arfiw Rfem
^ t t i straps Tn^JT a rf^
t , Fvft # T R Fftft t I
*fT«Hld+K<*> : 3TWft FRft wC
l^4t
\ 3f 3TT% #T feTO; # t FRl^ ? # f t *ft FTTcT
'ft nl^eii<ft % f^W «i H<m (1 % ietU, FRTft 3?lT PHi(
<9f^ft 3ft 3jtr % eif?<r> ti>-i(qi<; !
^JT : IF33TC ! ^TR^t I
G lossary
W ™T (f.) comparison
tfTSiici ■*>!<. (m.) interview
?nSiio+K4> (m.) interviewer
(m.) viewers
f^TTcT (adj.) vast
ft?T (m.) country
ftfa (m.) village
fftTSIT HFTPT (m.) educational institutions
HTc=T (adj.) easy
+IH«t>l<fl 3?lTcr (f.pl.) working women
*Ac^ 3(1lei (f.pl.) house wives
TR(f.) opinion.
WfFRFT (adv.) usually
(a£lj ) satisfied
tii4)*j| (adj.) belonging to village
TTFft (adj.) belonging to city
wci-5i (adj.) free
r HUouH (m.) entertainment
^ ( f .) free time
Ffe=TT(f.sg.)/H^cW( (f.pl.) woman/women
(adj.) healthy
% fft*W ^ (PPn.) about
eiR'f (adj.) hearty
^IH'hrft (f.) information
★ ★ ★
378
R-23 a iW K t from th e n ew spaper
Key structure
Glossary
379
(f.) cleft chin
FjFfer (adj.) well built
(adj.) rough
cHd (m. Eng) label
FST-^THT (adj.) torn and old
cTM (m.) copper
s^H ld t^ T p T (PPC; adj.) used
f^FT (Eng) railway track
Tn# -Eft (f.) railway track
(f.) back
F F (m.) wound
f )t f (adv.) immediately
FtftcT FTFT (v.t.) to declare
FF (m.) dead body
TFT FftSTT (f.) postmortem
3R^ #F T -F F f during his life time
T5F-W F FT ^TC (m.) standard of living
arrfSfF M e t (f.) financial condition
^ (m.) robber
^fTT F # cTFTT it doesn't seem
Tj^TT cPTcTT t it seems
enemity
★ ★ ★
380
L etters
1. Application (sr^far
Sherry writes to the Head of Hindi Department for a four week leave
of absence on account of her illness.
fa*rmsrer
fiMt fr*TPT,
- 221005
M
fosnsff,
sw ^
: 18.9. 2007
Glossary
to
honorific expression for men
j^TFT (m.) department
W T (m.; adj.) honorable; respected
Ril'Wtf't' (m.) doctor
f a n # «prrr (m.) typhoid
381
T* (adJ ) complete
3TTCR (m.) rest
t^T¥ (adj.) humble
msfaT (f.) request
3f^5T9T (m.) leave of absence
|KTTsf (v.t.) to oblige
SFIFT-^ (m.) certificate
W ^T (PP) attached
3ii?ii<T'|RuD (adj.) obedient
P i^ -i t (in applications)
eee
382
2 . From India-* letter from d au g h ter to Father
(*TR<T ftxTT ^ TPT)
Key structure
Passive
Rc-cfl
fcTO 12.9.2007
p F Rdt
^TTFX SPFPT !
^ FTWFR# f 3TN3?TXFX% M # tl FFTXTFfR W
3Ri W f FX FTXFF§F FFTSfT, FXRJ XTUF %PT %W 1 R?# FfR 3^t
fxf^ rfxfffi xnm ff? *rfffr ffxxttxft i Rxcft
FFTf 3?st FX FfcT p 2ft I 5ft? R?fR F # FF XFT FT I FH FFXF F^f FTFF
«n«R R RIFT FFT I FFT f R xftffXT (24) ^ FtdXT $ XXTT FFT I ^ Rf
FfaF stesct ft i ff x%
r Rftf t R?# xnq trti 3itf%ftF >>ft ff| x g?T
ffR anst fx RR afrx 3R^ ftf fx R ffi anft ff rfft fx fx if i
FdF> FftFTX % cTtR F p 3nR f |
FFF XFT F?T ff% FTXcftF FTRF ftFI I ^TcT, Fidel, <1cD, d®41 F T^tX w f I
f Tr f f § ct wiRf>d an 1 ff rfff FTxrftF Rirf fftft xf^fr i
FFrff «h k « RT^fti fft Fp?t #r ff Rr<iRxnew rtM # x tRft R m f %
fR R ^5-cTT?5 WJft I 3XFT 3Fpft %FF FF SFTF xR I FX R XtFF>T FFIFRF
RxT yullH F xRf fR I
3TTF% FF F^t FtfRlT R,
G lossary
3 ^ ( f .) daughter
Rdl R dlF to father
HTFX (adj.) respectful
383
FTTH (m.) greetings
3F*T (adj.) other
W T (v.i.) to circle around
p (f) mist
fcTFT (m.) aeroplane
^TcT (f.) lentil
"ErraH (m.) rice
■M(f.) Indian puffed bread
(f.) vegetable
Rrtw (f.) dessert made from milk and rice
(adj.) delicious
3T%9T (m.) entrance/admission
Rrpt (m.) rule(s)
^-cTT?? (f.) enquiry
(f.) health
(adj.) suitably
(m.) love
SRfr«TT (f.) waiting
SfTWWTfM (adj.) obedient
384
3. Letter from older sister to younger sister
H IW
ftFTF? : 30 afTRTTT 2007
faR faTFT,
3TTFF ^ ^ T?TR FeF Fpetft FFFT Ft^t I cJ*FTTT FF Fp? fcF FF^ focF RRT RT I
g?t T37cTT ^ #T H FTT$ feTC; 5f OTT RTFcft f I
RFT W TTFR RRf RE^ 11 FFFt) R*tf 3?tT'3FTT11 ff ^ dldH 3TT^t FI?f
i |l RFT TO: I4dc41 FI?f TFcft I ITft q>KU| FF5 ■t>f3>ll{ Ft Tf?t 11 ift ftF
FFRt t 3RT^ Risf cTF> ^ Rjff 3?TT 7PTTT *f, f a n fspFctt % TF% F^t 3TTFcT
FF -m.*n I RTTcT 7?: FJgCj; Ftcft t - qd-d F[c£, TftsF FfcJ, FRf Ffc£, RTTR
FiEcJ, RlI^K FJcJ 3?tT ^H'-d FRJ 1
RTTcT RsJlld ^RT 11 ^TFT f ^ F F FRTt % FtR' ReTR'-STcRT %RT-’JRT FFF^ f ,
sitr 3jdJ|-3iciJ| yq>K 7t RH-i q-iici 3?tT <Flct |f I qni TTtR nidigiO t , FTRJ
srfstFFFT HPT !>IIF>lf?lO t I RFT 3TT% % FFTt HRcF RT f t RTTcftR RtRF *t
Hlfcq> adii F^t q>4) Ftcft ePfl i rft rtfr^ tt !4qi<. rrcf rrt ^ i
RTTcflR RTTFFFrft FtRF 4t nql^ci 4lfSeq'11 St dlq cjXf, Rift, <ld1 FF $FR TT^
FTFT F ^ f I
ff =
tw r ^ r ^ 3PRft rf? r# % r# rir ft rtf^ 4) i rf FftFTT stiffs'i O
% I Srft TT# F^t FTcTT^ % RF7) FIR St TTR^RRF RFF7 Sf I THft RgcT TFTft1^
St RpT FTTRFlFt FF?li R k 7£3ft FF F7TFT RFT% F^t f4f& RcTT^ I
# RcRT ^ FT fcW FF c]^ Spsr T#f f I cjR RFFR RFFt FF MW FFRT
3?tT fd<qdl Tdl^ Sf RF ■41^1 ^rft cT>ff I I
^FRF (15) 3FTTcT RTTcT RF TTdRdl f^RTT RTI 3fTR % f^T TFT ^ 4 t o #
^cTT#TT (1947) ^T RTTcT TRcTR |RT RT I FFTf FF^ RFT 3 fM FF TRR RTI
FT«5t ^ ^ FFFT TTcFFTF R k Rf^FT % 5TTT ^T ^T TRR % TRcTR
+ T4IRI, RF F #^c=T ftR ^ RT7^ RF^ ^T ^ d l d |^TcT 11 Ft F% Ft ^ 3TR[ft
^7d+ cT+7 FRFT I
3ld6l{d (28) cTr% ^ t TCTRFR RT I RF ^ 3 7 ) FF F ^ cRtFR % I W
cRlFTT FT RF^ 3R% RT^it FRT^ FT TT# RTRctt t , fifSlf feeTTcft f ,
385
W WRT TOrft t I ^ FT ^ 3TT#R 3TOft <5IFRt
^ TSTf F>T RTO f? I *j^T *IF rMlgK «l§fl TOR 3TOTI
t o -t o ft t 3rq% w % 3Fj%r#r % sift *f foroft T fft i
386
* n w rft (adj.) non-vegetarian
w rw ifl (adj.) vegetarian
HlRd't' (adj.) nutritious
(m.) element(s)
(m.) use
'W (adi ) abundant
JTT5tT (f.) quantity
(PP) invited
(m.) dainty dish/ food prepared for
festivals or other special occasions
Mir (f.) method
^ 5 (m.) page
OTTCT (m.) effort
Wd5ldl M rt (m.) independence day
^cfsr (adj.) independent
sriM) ^>T TF?!T (m.) British rule
HrUTUF (m.) insistence on truth
3rf^T (f.) nonviolence
^RTIcT (adj.) unique
^STRr (m.) example
Beginning f o m , 3ng®TFT,
End f^RT^, j w
★ ★ ★
387
R-25 RECEPIES
w m f) :
250 HIH
1 /2 ciieilJi’f ««icw aid «Hm I
1 /2 d '-H d ■d d f d l H fld l, -T d g d J ll d l
m :
a^t afrpif ^ t % fr?f if i ’f r %c=r if ctfra; i amr a s m ifrft
a # a ; I d dgd d dgd t M i gaFt: Ffr dT if % fr^IH ?f i aa^ft
% a ra taut; 3?k frarch
G lossary
tfro ft (f.) ingredients
^aa(m .) gram flour
TfW (m.) salt
Fr<ft (f.) turmeric
d ld fr d (f.) red pepper
afrar (m.) coriandar
3TR3FFT (m.) carom seed
3R^T (m.) mango powder
frc=T (m.) oil
fref (m.) batar
388
(polite imperative of «h m i to make) please make!
'McTT (adj.) thin
ITfST (adj.) thick
TOR % 3FJHTT as per liking
t r o (m.) obergine
(f.) cauliflower
tor (m.) onion
w^(m.) potato
Rlfft (m.) etc
^ ’ft (pronoun.) any
(f.pi) vegetables
(subjunctive imperative of cPTT to take) please take!
tftfcTC; (polite imperative of tftc-HI to peal) please peel!
(polite imperative of tJPTT wash) please wash!
(adj.) small
(m.oblique pi.) pieces
(polite imperative of W2TO to cut) please chop!
fftfa (f.) method
(fppc) that has been chopped
(polite imperative of ^ M l to dip) please dip!
(polite imperative of dcHI to fry) please fry!
3fPT (f.) fire
TOTO (adj.) medium
Rlftftr (compulsion structure) ought to be
R R neither...nor
« M (adj.) slow
I^TFTT (adj.) golden
^ 5 # (f.) frying pan
Pl'hWHI (v.t.) to take out of
(subjunctive imperative of WTI to eat) please eat!
R=lcii^(subjunctive imperative of RddMi to feed) please offer to eat!
★ ★ ★
389
mmff ■.
100 tjft
150-200 TTFT xfcft, % 3Fj^TTC
300 ftofcfO Fpft
75 WT 3fftTfT
4-5 P #
50 xrm R^rPrei, w ? anft
(tsT% ^ t) w tt ~u\ - %
m :
# ;f t # r Tipff ^ '^rr^ft «fttc; i tjp m ^ t t f foen^ i M p #
#3, # 7 FTFft 3 fircTR I ^ ^ if FeT^T ^ T ?ft #T% ^
I -41^41 P ld lU , I «1<'<51 u f e ^ t B c TTXt I 4 > ts <?HHI F t% H 7) 3 f t r %
ftr-T T * # 5 % c P t, F t f ^ T f r m , W , ^ f^reTP^ I 3TRT % F 7 7 ? ) I F c F lT ^ T R
%\
G lossary
^ (f-) semilina
RtT? % 3FJHTT as per taste
FTcfr *dW41 (f.) green cardamom
1^R#m(f.) raisins
^ F f (m..) almonds
3Tlf^ etc.
FTFft (f.) sugar-syrup
sHiU, (subjunctive imperative) please make
FiT) FcRI TF (m.) (edible) orange colour
R +dt % (adv.) optional
fadlU,(subjunctive imperative) please mix
iftrf, (subjunctive imperative) please peel
^ (subjunctive imperative) please grind
390
S em ^T F tt (adj.) light golden
^ (subjunctive imperative) please roast
ufrft (adv.) quickly
flcTTC; (subjunctive imperative) please stir
SftT (adj.) solid
oh) (subjunctive inceptive) may begin to become
(m.) pot
ft'iiX (m.pl) edges
c=nt (subjunctive inceptive) may begin to leave
3tT?r (f.) fire
(subjunctive imperative) please remove
M I (m.) solid
(fan (adj.) ready
391
VOCABULARY
wheat
*IT3cT (m.) rice
«TRTT (m.) millets
^ (m.) barley
(f.) maize
STfiTT (m.) whole wheat flour
(m.) black gram flour
(m.) white flour
semolina
*RT $ r (f.) split green lentil
■?TcT (f.) lentil
^TcT *RT (f.) split black grams
W 3R5T (f.) a kind of pulse
<Sld > s £ / (f.) splipt black beans
(f.) whole green lentil
^ (f.) whole lentil
<I«WF (m.) kidney bean
392
'wgcA '^nrr (m.) chick peas
^ (m.) Bengal grams
W F (m.) salt
W # (f.) turmeric
c rra M (f.) red pepper
(m.) white cumin seed
^IcTT (m.) cumin seed
(f.) cinnamon
cffrr (m.) cloves
3R^FFT (f.) carrom seeds
(f.) aniseed, fennel
(m.) nutmeg
(f.) mace
Tl^(f.) mustard
(f.) asofoetida
(f.) onion seeds
3T^T(m.) mango powder
aPniT (m.) coriander
cMMcdi (m.) bay leaf
3FTT (m.) fenugreek seed
3HR<SMI (m.) pomegranate seed
W W (f.) poppyseed
f^c=T (m.) sesam e seed
(m.) saffron
W f t (f.) tamarind
(m.) vinegar
(m.) garlic
393
(rrf) ginger
5 ^ T (m .) mint
4. Cooking
(v.t..) to beat
(V.t..) to cut
^ x R T (V.t..) to scrape
(v.t.) to knead
394
3TTW T W t ?
I^TTT 3TFT ^ F I H * g 4 q ic 4 1 f ?
1tO H ? If ¥ * fH ^ I
IfcfETt 3TFT ^ F T % ? ?
tO If 3i*i 4?lct>i %^ i
l<fcF?T 3TE??r I H 3T R 3 W f t o H T F ^ fa r H 1 1 3 T N EFFT T F c ft t ?
tO H , 3T R ^ cT I f ^T O T I f « F fK ff ¥FFT I f T F fft f I
I^T2T[ 3TTF W T W f ?
to I f ifF T f M t * f ? H f I
tO (^ r# r r m % ) - i If M f i If a n r fto H T F ^ T c ft f i
ht#rraT IfT T T W ^ f # T O T 1 1
3TFT W T % < F ^ l e l t ?
-f'Wrrar If «tlM M t g - l q i c i i i? l
to ^TET ! 3 T R ^ Plci<+>< ^ Ip T X j H I
<f’l41didi H i fc r fa S fti
Glossary
395
EE-2 ^ W H T s r o f % t^ T e m t I
3f : ! ^ C T , I f 3 T F ^ t <fUT 7 fa T 7 IW f ?
* : ^ JltlH'Mltf % forFTT % I
3T W 7ft 'dH+l fteT% ?>T 7TOT Hlff ^ I
W : ^t, If ^TFTTTT f I W § TTTTt T7 if tt #T ^ I1
3?t ^ 7 m fcTTOT 11
3T 3^77 ^?f xrfyTcT*77 rfH H*-«H^>*771 3*1'N % I 37PT «TT«^cf |f
«7 : t l « I
Glossary:
(polite imperative of <t>p'ii.=to say) here: yes!
I f 3TFT W TPfTTT f ? here: May I help you, sir!
w-TT^nf (m.) principal of a school
Tf^R=T(f.) storey
X% ftcRT to meet with X
ftci-t 7 m (m.) meeting time
X% W Ft ^FTT have had already talked to X
7FT% ^ft ^TTT Ft 11 I have already talked to him.
'JiH'ti (v.t.) to know
17ft 7 m at this (very) time
^mT to call, to ask to come
^R 7(f.) storey
Bt'R nfaci the storey above
★ ★ ★
396
EE-3 Ft
M ft^ , ftrft f t ?
ftft I 3 T ^ # ^ | cJ*T f tf t f t ?
ft f t 3TE?ft i ||
§ * f t t ^flcT # % # ?
:H % f t 3H^ f I
ftftr ftr ?
M ftftS T E tftcT C ^tl ftl ^TFT *W ftft t ?
ftft^ fft f t * { « r f t ^ t l
spirarei
3 n s ft, t s t
G lossary:
★ ★ ★
397
EE-4
fo m ff : ^ c?ft ?
R^IWIefT : ^ W[ I
: !?, ^TcTt I
(«ftO t^ O ^0
: tft& ^ tl ^ E r f l^ F f t % ^pff 9tT gS^TT I
(^?5 ^TWT)
«W, WT I 51FHTW W U H^TTC !
G lo ssa ry :
★ ★ ★
398
EE-5
sffalt f$F i
!D hD ’RTeTF : SFWT I 3 fSTT Tt TJ=nr Tit It; #ETT, 3fTF% f^TcTcfT
^1
’SftRrft ftfF «HpT 3TE?5Tf^TT 3TFFt I If It 3HWt FTF lit It 3TtT
3tN% FFT 3TTl 3?t FfF It Tit It I
FF^ «)cll^T, W fl^iff F’JFT FT Tpf ?
1i£toft 'Hexll : cRk^ FF I If 3flt-3Tlt #FT It 3TT Tit f I
^fPrlt ftrF W*t W I ?
(t!3> Hfa'fl ^ i|tr) FF, 3TFT FTT ^T FF m!sIcM Ffi?F;
If FTF ^FT 3T(lt f I
(ftft fiD I)
G lossary
★ ★ ★
399
EE-6 ^ T F ra T ^ e f W f
TJTOT t ?
G lossary
400
EE-7
Glossary
(m.) traveller
3r«fr (p n ) (1) name of a river in Varanasi
(2) name' of a locality in Varanasi
RTTFTTO (PN) a small township near Varanasi where
Lord Buddha preached his first sermon
W (f. Eng.) bus
RfTCFT (m.) mode
3TRTR^F (adj.) comfortable
(adj.) matchless
W R F ? (adj.) to one's taste and liking
(Eng.) conductor
(PN; m.) a locality in Varanasi
as it is
(PN; m.) the temple of goddess Durga
M+d*j)xH (PN; m.) the temple of Hanuman
TTFTRT (PN; m.) the temple of Lord Ram
H £x^uf (adj.) important
<^M)4 R^Tcf (m.) sightseeing places
RSWTT (V.t.) to found
(m.) teaching and training
ciW4> (adj.) worth seeing
R9<HI«T Tff^T (PN, m.) the temple of Lord Shiva
main gate
x ^ rr to be available to 'X'
3im ft (adj.) grateful
W W (a d j..) happy
★ ★ ★
402
EE-8 #^ - 1
4 4 T * f 4 F T “F T o R ’ 4 4 F T ?f44TT f ?
# 8 (2 0 ) y n ^ T Ic % ( 4 0 ) gC f 3TT5 * ft ( 8 0 0 ) 4 0 I 4F
eftf^rq; 3 r o # (8 0 0 ) 4 0 3? t t 4 F t a n q 4 f t i
Glossary
403
t ^ - 2
3 T N «TR T W T # ? H T R # t R R c ^ R cT T ?
f R 31^10 RTRt I
Glossary
404
g q m s r (m.) deposit reinvestment
e^4l «wt (m.) cumulative deposit
®qrsr (m.) interest
®4m T t (f.) interest rate
arafir (f.) time / period
dM'Hl<tdi (m.) consumer
olM+lO (f.) information
ylcWig (adv.) every month
7 # r (f.) amount
q<f^rar (PP) here : saved and put together
Ifa* 4“<SK -3
Glossary
405
EE-9 3 ^ r T T fK « lk h fc l
R fftr ^ft,' W
o
’ft pNlel} if d+cfa> Fftft 11
FWZR ’p ft# t ?
FTR2R # PMdldl t ?
h {1«1 #FT-ftFT I
SIRC i W R # «n.lcl< tlcft ^ T f f t t J + H R T f t R R T f I TFTft R T
HRS 3fR crffaT ^ P R R 3 fm t «fdT ftiTTl ^ Rpft ftPl^ll I
FrRT ’ftRR <f|lei'll 3lk f t - # T fc r fftRR if 3TRFT fttfftRTTT
R rft ft 3Rft f t Rftft I <dcH ftft RT ftR f*Hci ftlR>iy,4l I
h O'I : ftt 3R?5T | b'-qqiq I - H # I
Glossary
407
^ \ i ^ F T
J+ H 4 K f f ?% i f% j ?
FTFF? FF^I fFM FF F ^ FT fc*# f £ FFRFT ^ ^Tfarr I aftT
fw ff ^ ffrf, ^ar 3frr #Tt TFFT 11
JFFFFR «Hi') *T FFFF 'tdictld f$R^ (45 minutes) ei*)*! I
3flF FFT «Tt5F>T $d«lK F^Tt, FT ciTctk 3TTF7T ?
FTFF* fR 50dl FFF ci*|J|l Ft If <jF{) TstOdlO FR% 3TT3FTT;
3T*ft^f, FT clfTFRI
j +h fr 3TIF <si{ki{) FR^ 3TRF I cik<M ^T <5)RlU I
FTFFf «W4c»k I
(f r ? f f f ftf )
408
Glossary
jFW W ^TT 1
£«WH4K 314*1*4 1 «KI 3ft*. I
ft>d*ll ci *1*11 ?
J+ H 4 K t^F |
¥T54> m d*F ^ Hmdlcil JFFTT d 3fR tTTHFT cacKcTT F 1
?*IT STN ^ Mae) ?
'ft *rff i ^<£1 3iiq!#<44'cii ^ i ft ft ftftnyii
ERT4K 1
Glossary
★ ★ ★
409
EE-10
Glossary
410
sr+ w } - 2
411
3T c=T<PT ^ Tf|%TT ?
*r arrs fc r *f i
3T W ^ MtT^T q % W ^THT FPlT? W M^Jd
H||dc) t ?
^ vft 'T^t, M'flyo TT^ %4cT <al^ =T *i°c. Ft 'di't % ylct Ft%
tl $rt W Tf^FTT ^f I1 3?|T W*Ft ^
^ Ttfk tl FW* *1# fad<«l gfaEJT 11
W*t FF ftcf Rdftd FtdT 11
G lo ssary
412
W §3TT (PPC) kept
3R=PM) (adv.) separately
^ R T (f.) information
«rT«+< ( - conj.) having packed
^Frpn (V.t.) to close, to seal etc.
«<"; <M ef> (f>T - conj.) having closed
3||«lw‘t'cii (f.) need
(m.) duty
(m.) customs
*i'hun (m.) declaration form
(v.t.) to fill out (a form here)
(^T -conj.) fill out and
^TT (v.t.) to give
(adv.) only here
(m .) registration
TT^t=RTT^TTT (v.t.) to register
m (m.) registered letter
^PTT (v.t.) to lose
# ufPTT (comp, v.i..) to get lost
f t mini (v.i.) to get damaged
^ ^ (PPn) against
(adj.) protected
<.!«!*•£ < (Eng. m.) register
T #?(f.) receipt
WTT (v.t.) here to enter (in the register)
¥lff> (m.) customer
cjtrT (adv.) immediately
R ckui (f.) delivery service
RaRo fP n (v.i.) to be delivered
fo r m *fo (f.) express delivery
# P T (t.) facility
★ ★ ★
413
EE-11
Glossary
414
N a m e o f s o m e c o m m o n v e g e t a b l e s in In d ia
(f.) ginger
3R^t (f.) a kind of taro
arn^ (m.) potato
ifM t (f.) cucumber
(m .) a kind of taro
^T F 3TFT (m.) raw mango
aci (m.) jackfruit
3TO (f.) lotus root
‘t'Xeii (m.) bitter gourd
(m .) a kind of sour berries used
chiefly to make pickles and jams
#TT (m.) cucumber
jf o iM (f.) knol khol
t o r (f.) carrot
(m .) beetroot
T O (m .) tomato
^ (m .) lemon
W t M f (f.) capsicum
w tot (m.) spinach
gfrTT/^tfrTT (m.) mint leaves
(t.) cauliflower
sjtoM (f.) cabbage
f r o (m .) aubergine; brinjal
M r (f.) okra; lady's finger
T O T (m .) peas
^ (f-) radish
( t t (f.) bottle gourd, pumpkin
(f.) sweet potato
%*T (m.) beans
ftt aM n (m.) green coriander
★ ★ ★
415
EE-12 4 jc 1 ^
r v \_ c \
4id4iil ^t, ^jst Ft f%dt <Tlf^i<< i
4 > d 4 ld l : KTM KFT F#T % f^KIK it t , dtd it R#f I
: TTPTj t^ll«H!>I if FTd f?t if 3TR% if 3MT ^ I 6Hl} if Kt
*St ?fld it faf^t 11 #C, ^ F^fd ^ %I ?
4 > d 4 ld l : vtt, $a<.4lct 3TT3 W J q'jfd 3?k dtKqlct FK KF^ 4«fq I
f\N «\
lq 'k ll % fk w ( F^KFlit T^j ^ ^tf^ftr I
4 * 1 4 Id I : aftr fk
o? ?
ftM : Kdk 3ftr ^ i k ’ft ^'ftfSk i it1%K FFit MiFtT
ft«r d k Kdrit fit fft ftk % ?
4*r41dt : j f t > # w ! ! i frdt, aftr K dk frf ( 12 ) w t fodt i
: itd Krr£ Kt Klft t K ? ^ t <ac.2qid ftd Hd-q Klft I
fa lle n : K#f KIM I FF Fdfttft itK If, ^ I
ftM : t§tF> 11 ft <5tPj|n, I j ’Hqi qdl^ij, F>d fft>d-t ftft fK( I if dTT ddftt if
«
V
4 > d 4 ld [ : #*t - fk (10) w t , i k - ftlK (20) w t , w i - fk f f m ; (12),
Fjd ftdlFd go: MTcftK (42) w ; I
: FF KFTK (50) W3; FF KtK 11 3M 3TIS (8) W ( eftKT fttfarr I
K id K Id T : (F*t 3?k 3?TS (8) FFF; ftft |C() it ettfftro; KIM, 3TNFF KIKTK 3?k FtR
ftit I EFFFTF I k d KTFFTTTI
Glossary
416
(adj.) the ones over this side
■3"t| <<4lct (adj.) the ones over that side
per kilo
w z z i, (adj.) sour
<ac£qio) (adj.) the sour ones
tr^JT(adj-) absolutely
nciisn (imperative) please tell
Rtcii<r>< (m.) altogether
«RT ^ l (m.) I am a bit in a hurry!
★ ★ ★
417
EE-13 W$\
M en n tn % ?
TrfeRFT # , nJeRR I 3F3TX 3TT W f it f ?
ld*fetl : qft RTcTT-f^cfT fddt dt RRF RTdt R Ft, dt d R^RFft d RIRR dft^RT
fdRTFRRddll 3TRRR W T O RTR RTRT-ftRT Rd RKMJfl ^R Ft
RTdt I 3ftR 3TTRRft RRST foR % FtF^f Ft RTd t I
TjM r : RF RTRdRld RRTO d RRTt ? RfdTRT RRW R^ 11 ^ RhT *fRR
R>H^ HF't (TQ; ^R Rd t, RtR-RtR % RTRT-RRTRT Ft RFT d1
M rt : qdt t Ridt rr rr i Fd ^ d rtrt d i rtrrdw<Stdd*ndtFtm
d I Red, Rrdt 3FRR Rd I cj^Fld tlR RRRt RR ReRR RTRR efke)
RRR I
HfelRTR : RF <51R> d, Red I
Glossary
419
+<icii <^HI (v.i.) to decide
(m.) responsibility
%iRn (f.) ability
<U4lfa+ (adj.) social
3 n f ^ (adj.) economic
^=T (m.) compatibility, match
3TFW (m.) mutual compatibility,
■qiTRfW (adj.) traditional
ftffr (f.) manner
xJ^TT, (adj.) such
f t s # (f.) situation
ulWR d1Jl (adj. + non.) young people
TP^t #PTT (v.i.) to agree to
+4Ftf(f.) court
HKM'ift (f.) displeasure
(adj.) affectionate
^crRTT (f.; pi.) lights
W PIHT (v.i.) to glitter
ftr (PPC) having worn
★ ★ ★
420
EE-14 «H I<« 'RT - ?
G lossary
421
T* - 2
422
TTF RlF ?Mt FF R'tid eHl fl'll "3^tt FT «tHi fl'ii I «igo
Tft fesf^TT FRT-FTF «t-fl TFtft 1 1 yc*)<T* R=is<^ FT RflFT FttTT f
FFT FvF FF f^FT fteRTT l l
<i)?l : FHt Ft RtT fFctt FF R.F>ci ^ ^Tt ft I
TFT FcTt TJF fpcflqicfl Rf s 'I’) % R ^ d cTt I Fff ?[*% Tlf^ *t *M % frlF;
FFF Flle?l( Ft 3TR6FT Rcl5e£l FT all'll gMll I ^FFiRf R.'t'd ^FT
FtFT I TpFt TIT# ^ tST FT cftT^ ‘diFiltf R f T
F g3TT f t TJ§t FftcT frFT FT FFicTT 11 (FtftFRttl)
<i)91 (3iK*jiui R lS ^ FT) STFT ^tfufTT, ^ fFcf) % fcTtj; FF’ R + d ■qil^ii, I
3TTF R>« 'lift % «lMl Flf?c) ft - )i| ll-«l^1HI, F>l9tl-R9<Hl<F FT tfRft
5^T Jiifl ^ ?
T^FT : W F F F F T F (1 2 )F ^ ?'g & F ?ftT tF T ftftR T * ttF T fttF F F R lc:T
ff\ j<Tl‘?>i Rt>c f ftRi^, i
FFT-«i^i| Tf f t WI1 Fl?f f I 3TTF F’lsfl-R^FHlF FF R + d ^ ctlRln, I
<.t| 9I : ^>W f flRlF I FF R’O't F«t 3ftT f^RT % FTT(ft ?
FT^ FF FFT FFFT FFFF. Rr t (1:55) FT FTF (5) F^FT ^ f i F f %
FTFift |
FTfTT FF F lit ^dF)l4 F W # 3Tlft I ?
FT^ FF %S (1.30) F ^ ?IF> ^TiFT4 FT 3TT F lft 11
(TTF ’ft FRT 3TTFRTT % - Ftft FT% tf'lf ft I T*t9T % FRT TTRTH 3rft)F>
f^TFT TFT FcTTcTT % l)
TFT T^TFT51% 3TFFT TTFTFT iJdFIFT ^ etFT F#tT | <JF 3TFf R F T $
FFT MTT (35) f t # FF> FTFFT ft FT FFFt Ft I TTTt arf&FJ TTFTFT
FF 3iftR<rci ft»<.IFI T<FTFFFTt1 F # TJcTFT#TT ftF> TFFT11 TR^
FclT ?TF^ % ^ TTFTFT FF f^TTFT ^FT FFFT t ^) t FF I FF>
FTTT-iflT; ^ F 3TF% FFFlf^Ft % 1Jt5 FTT RCI^CA P ci'll FT FF F^TFT
il+ TFFT ^ I
T^VT : FT^ TTF c^H't Ft ^ FgcT f t 3T^t$t FHFFft ^ f t t I 3TF FtHT StT
FFT Ft ff> fFcft FgFFTT F rft % Fc'f) FT M^FI «iif'Ii ?
TTF : T^FTF % FTFT Rt'f'd FT J'Ht),’ TFTT,
C\ ’ RF9iI snR' F f t FTFF T3%TF^
423
ff i ^ ^ adcfl f i 2=ttTl u«i£i ^Tly h£^i <i'T) i Rkwi 4lz <
% 3 T R T T tl 1 # S R J R R > Z T ^ c p ft ^tipIT ^T T I *#T T
a r r iR ti T # n t w ^ f i n 1 1
jii^) ^f 3<si ^ i
T^TT : 1
Glossary
HR (m.) knowledge
?TRT (PP) known
^RTt? (f.) enquiry
ulH+'ld (f.) knowledge
WT-dlfrl+l (f.) time table
3n^T^R> (adv.) suddenly; unexpected
(m.) change
4^-1 TsRT (v.i.) to remain alert
4 t w (f.) announcement
^HcTTO W (f.) one way travel
<TTRft *FT fc p z return ticket
W T <5hft(f.) first class
4ldl^4jfclc1 (PP) airconditioned
VWH-hI2vc «t>i (f.) sleeper
xiiH-+K (f.) sleeper-coach
ROTT^T f^PZ ( m l) ordinary ticket
^f) 4*T 4SFT (m.) minimum distance requirement
srrcf^RT (PP) reserved
7ifa (f.) night
zflcT (adj.) fined
WFT (m.) place
«e^i4l (m.) co-traveler
424
in this manner
W T (adv.)
tour of the country
^ T - W (m.)
class
reservation
3TTT8fm (m..)
to have weighed
gciqHl (C-2)
extra
(adj.)
fare
W w (m.)
★ ★ ★
425
EE-15
426
*IFT (adv.) at our place
% 3F<TT (ppn) here; within
^FTT ft>HI (v.i.) to wander
vision
from point of view of sightseeing
«<tfcdH (adj.) best
fofFT^ccTT (m.) meteorologist
% 3FpiTT (pp„) according to
■*rrft (adj.) heavy
(f.) rain
w = n (f.) probability
3n^m (m.) sky
(adj.) entire
4KeT (m.) clouds
3TCH ssmi (v.i.) for the clouds to cover the sky
(adv.) at some places
irc^r (f.) thunder
(f.) lightning
F c ^ t 4)tm (f.) light rain
VS t can fall
F r^t 4*1Wk FF t there can be light rain fall
★ ★ ★
427
APPENDIX - 1
Months - Hindu-calendar
Sanskrit Hindi Corresponding English Months
Western - calendar
«H4(t January ^eTT^ July
RRRft February 3PTRT August
RT*f March Rw«re September
3ft?r April ST^TC October
May W RT November
June December
Hindi Dates
Sanskrit Hindi Sanskrit Hindi
1. ^rfcTq^T hR ri/R ^ rI 9. RWt
2. ftrfrtT IF 10. <4^41
3. (jjRfafT 11. U.'MRvI)
4. *tg4T 12. STcT# 53f14^t
5. W ifi 13. RRtoft
6. W5 14.
428
7. TRT*ft TIRFft 15. 3FTT3W
8. 3PS£T?T 3TRFft Tjf%T
Related vocabulary
TT4cT/«<irtK era; year
^ “TFST Dark half of the month withwaning moon
3PTT4W New moon (the fifteenth day of the dark half of
lunar month)
^JTrT FST Bright half of the month with waxing moon
Full moon
Trernr Hindu Calendar
WT One eighth part of the day
Indian currency
Mathematical calculations
Plus (+) EFT Minus
Multiplication (x) ^TT Division
Equal to (=) «ki«<<
1. wm EFT *TR «HI«H ^ 5 +4 =9
2. TTFT W T «Ki«K RlNr 7 -2 = 5
3. 3TTS 5<r|T # T 8 x 3 = 24
4. ^TTt? 'TFT *ITT«KI«k rffa 12 4 = 3
429
Days of th e Week
mangalvar/bhaumvar Tuesday
^tJ4R budhvar Wednesday
bfhaspativar/guruvar Thursday
§ukravar Friday
9lPl<1K sanivar Saturday
WR/IcT4TT/Tf^4R etvar/ itvar/ravivar Sunday
Example:
I somvar ko on Monday
mangalvar/bhaumvar ko on Tuesday
JHTtT budhvar on Wednesday
name of the month followed by the pp„^t + number of the date + diO<s l
Example:
• ••
430
APPENDIX - 2
Prefixes ( g w f )
431
C o m p o u n d W ord s (^TRW)
432
q^flR? flHIfl : This is an adjectival compound, the last element of
which is a noun and exemplifies some object different from its literal
meaning.33T33 one with ten heads
(Ravana)
Sandhi
Sandhi is the joining of two letters. In sandhi the last letter of first word and
the first letter of second word are joined. It is of three kinds - Svara Sandhi,
Vyanjana Sandi and Visarga Sandhi.
Svar Sandhi (T3T
■ DTrgha Sandhi (<frf )
a- 3T / 3TT + 3f / 3fT ss 3fT
3f + 3 f =3tT W T + 3 rf =w n?f
3T +3TT =3fT 3 3 + 3n^TT = 33T^?T
3TT +3T = 3fT 3TRTT + 3Tcflcr = 3fIWRfl3
3TT +3IT = 3TT 3FT + 3flc3T = 3FTc3T
i / i =i
j =f + ^ 2: =
j +f ftft + # = P rO n
i =f 3 T ft + ' ^ 3 = 3Tfc?5T
i +f =i 3 # +^?T =
3/3; +3 / 3 =3; W + W = ^
3 +3 =3 + 3 tt^9T =
3 + 3=3 eHJ +3^fJf =3 #
+ 3c33 = 3 t£ r3 3
+ A pf =3 T #
w +w = ftcf + ^ R _ = f Jr^Tq;
433
■ Guna Sandhi (^T tffor)
3T, 3fT +J, i = tt
31 + < = TJ ^TT + ■ #
3JT = Tr IN I + = <1^41
w 3f / 3JT + • ? + 3 = 3 |t
3T = 3?t = <j4f<5n
3TT + ? = 2St W + ^ R T = ^ r i^ c T
» 3 r /3 T T + 3 B ;-3 r \
3T +w = 3T \ ^ + TgfSr = ^ f* f
3TT +W =3f\ ■rfi + ?e[R
3fJ + i = TT TPTT + # T T = 7l5R4T
« • 3r / 3 n + ^ + 3 ;= 3 r t
3T + T J = at + vJ^T
«■ 3 r /3 n + t T /^ = ^
«■ 3 r /3 n + ^ / 3 ft = 3 ft
3T + 3*t = 3?t
434
Yana Sandhi tffor)
+3r = + 3Ft1T
3 + 3TT = ^ ^ + 3TPTcT = TBFTcT
3 + XT = \ 3FJ + XTSpiT = 3T%R
3 + 3fT = ^ ^ + 3nWT =
W + 3T = \ fft^f + 3flft?T =
W + 3TT = ^ *T1^ + 3TT5TT = BJBTIT
W + 3 = \ ^ + 3rqft?r = Hlsfm^9l
435
■ Consonant Sandhi (<^o«H P ftl)
436
F followed by "F, change to ^
^ + WOT = J ^ kui + TftF =
S Visarg followed by F, T5 = ^ , z , z = F. , F, F = F,
★ ★ ★
437
G lo ssa ry of Grammar Term s
ability verbs
absolutive participle
active voice
adjective
adverb f e n fepsm
alphabet qufoirii
apprehension language structure aisfi+i »rpsn siNn
aspirate ngram
cases
causative verbs sHuir4+ fen ^
compound sounds ^rf^ET
compound verbs fe n ^
compound words w
compulsion language structure srf^RnfcTT
conditionals
conjuncts
conjunct verbs tng fenn;
consonants ct|ovjH
continuative compounds
demonstrative pronoun fe rn ^ rn r
explicator, vector or intensifier fen
feminine
future continuous tense UlUc4 ^ffenrT +Tcf
future perfect tense Tjof vffetRT
future simple tense nnrRf ■nfencf +id
gender feT .
imperative
inceptive compound srnm «rtsj4> fen
indefinite pronoun 3iPi9xinciN'+
infinitive eiHi-n fen
438
interjection 3iomr
intransitive verb
interrogative 5RH4M4*
interrogative pronoun
masculine gender
modal verbs
negative
nominal verb '1IHUKJ
non-aspirate 3T?WT
number CTd-l
object
onomatopoeic words 3|;3)+<u|lrH+
particle 3TcIW
passive voice
past habitual tense 3P£if iJcRiTeT
past participle
past perfect tense
past perfect continuous ^TTcTrllcTT ^
past simple tense WWR ^pPTcT
past simple continuous tense eioc*r srjpf
past subjunctive
permissive compound
personal pronoun «rRtiqi^cr' F^TFr
plural ^P T
positive particle 3fcipT
possessive pronoun
predicate
prefix
present simple tense ^f»TFr
present simple continuous tense dlc+ilei't' 3)>ju[ qcf*TM <t>lel
present perfect tense ’Jjf
present perfect continuous tense dldri) ■
’jyf dcfai-i
present subjunctive W S T c j^ H
presumptive language structure
439
pronoun
reflexive pronoun
relative pronoun
semivowels and liquid consonants 3tcT:FT
sentence 4m
simultaneous activity
subject
subjunctive 4* tt44 t4
suffix 4?44
syntax 4 m T44T
tense 4>Tcf
varga: group of consonants 4*f
sharing an area of articulation in
Devanagri syllabary
Vectors T44> f^4T
verb f^4T
verb - chage of state
verb - intransitive 3)4)4+ 14)41
verb - neutral agreement *n4 'swhT
- object agreement +4f^r si# r
verb root
verb - stative f^)Irl'4ict+
verb - subject agreement 4)4R-y4iJi
verb - transitive w f e 54*4T
vowels *4T
-long <514
- short ¥?4 WT
- conjunct FIT
440
INDEX
441
adathona(ki)3TKct FtTT (4ft) 152 W)i'(’ft) 261,295.296,318
adi3nfft 238 bhinahim(ftf 4#f) 295
adihona(ka-, ke-, ki-) bhr...bhi($\... ftt) 314
(sn^t # tt ^i- , 4ft-) 150 bhulna(’JcFTT) 45
ana3TFTT 310 bolna(ftfctgT) 45
ap<m 207,218 C
aphrsm#1 218 candrabindu(■«l*-*sR-§) 5
apas(aim) 219 cahe(4lft) 261, 264
avasyakta(<JII4W<t>dl) 106 cahe cahe...265
aisa,aise, aisifcETT, t$, ftift) 228 cahejoho(4ift tft) 304
aisanahoki(ft^fT 4 ift fftr) 98 cahekuchbhTho(4lft 4>i? ’ft Ft) 304
aisevaise(t$ tft) 228 cahie for need 105,
B
cahie( B .) for moral obligation 129
xh m
bagair 35 cahtia(4lg-u) 99
baja,baje(^g, sgft) 284 chirhkna(tft'Mi) 45
balkififct) 261, 314 compound words 432
bahuthi(«n^T tft) 225 compulsion constructions 123-129
compusion + continuative compound
banana( ) 309 132
barabar( ) 429 exremal compulsion 125,
internal compulsion 125,
bad(ke)4K (%) 31-32 moral compulsion 127,
permissive compound + compulsion
bahar(ke) (%) 31-32 139,
probability + compulsion 127-128
baremem(ke)(% 4ft ft) 31 conditional constructions 144-147,
bhag(’TFT) 429 315-317
bhalai'm) 299 conditional structure used in all three
tenses 146
bhalehi #f) 298 highly probable condtion future tense
bhar(’TT) 295 144
habitual condition 146-147
bharkrderhona(’TT 4ft ftr #RT) 296 impossible condition past tense, 145
bina ( fft=TT) 35, 268 less probable condition future tense 144
conjunctions 260-266
442
contlnuative compound 129-133: future continuous, 58
+ compulsion 132 future: planned 59
'-'jana 1301 future: frequentative 96
- 'rahna' 129, future perfect 58-59
- stative verbs 131, future simple 56
-passive 133
+ permissive compound 141 G
443
'Iagna'134 jinhoriine (f«P#f%) 217
suru karna' 134 jisfim) 216-218
inherit 13 jisko,jise(Pifli’i, f§Rt) 13,216
inhorhne ) 44 jisase(f^RT%) 216, 263
inko(S'I'T )
h 13 jitna.... utna(f^ici-i 1.... dam) 229, 230
inspite of 121
instead of 121 yo(^t) 216,217
interjection 267-268 jocaho(^T *Tfi?f) 305
introduction to Hindi 1 jokoi(ft 4?T=) 204
/s(W ) 13
jyorhhi..., tyorhhi c4f ft) 75,
ise(j&)isko 13
jyorhjyorh..., tyomtyom (^t ?jff
islie 262
jyorhtyorhkarke c4f 3>T%) 300
islieki(wfcTtr fc) 262 jyorhkatyorh(^Tf 44 ?4f) 110, 301
itna(^HT)229, 230 K
ityadi(^ R) 239
cmi
kabkab 4^) 245
J
kabaka, -ke, -ki -ft) 302
jab(^f) 288, 306 kabhikabhi 4tft) 245
jabtak cR>) 287, 306 kadacit (^if^RT) 263
jaharh(«I5T) 306-307 kaharhX,kaharhY(4^T X, WT Y) 244
jagha(ki)(ft 34
kahirh(44?f) 245
jaisekotaisa ^PTT)229
kahirhkahirh(44?f .... 44?f...) 245
jaisekataisa 4^ ^TT) 229 kahirh...na(4>#f ... 4) 98
jaisa,jaise,jaisi ^TT, kai(*$)239
228-229
jana^ml) 50, 68,168,178-190,309 kai(t) 239
jarina(WPTTf) 311 kaisa,kaise, kaisi(fftt, #%, 228,
jaya(^rm) 93 231
447
R se zyada (% y4Kl) 223-224
rahtahai (TFcTC %) 309 se barb kar (% 223-224
rahna (TF^TT) 129, 309 sayad (wi?) 86-90
rna ( l ”T) 429 sayad hi ( w ? #t) 304
S sa, se, sr (FT, # ) 293
sab (W) 234 sivaya (Rlqm) 35
sab mem 223-224 so (Ft) 216
sub|unctlve 83-85
sabse ) 224 subjunctive future 85
sab se barhkar 224 subjunctive past 83
subjumctive present 83
sadrisy (FfW) 233
samast («hw ) 234 suffixes:
vala (^TrTl) 113-118
sakna (*i+-li) 80
Adjektive + (4TcTT) 115
saman («hm ) 233
Adverb or Place name + (4TcTT) 115
samas (W () 430
Demonstrative pronoun + (died) 114
sambhav (FH4) 85-91
Interrogative pronoun + (dldl) 114
sandhT (Ffaj) 430
Noun + (^TefT) 113,240
sarikha («0<ai) 233
(Verb root + ^) + ^TefT 113,116,240
sa, se, sT (HI, # ) 233, 293
s e ( t) 251,288 suffix ‘FTT’ 236
se adhik (% s i t e ) 223-224 suffix ,FT,%,tft' 233, 293
se pTche (% 41^) 35 T
448
taisa, taise, taisT (f^TT, M t) 228
d a /n a ft^ u ) 171
telling time 284
time expression 288-289 denaftm) 51,59,67, 168
by, by the time 287, during 288, for 288,
since 289, until 287 , while 288 dhamakna (tlh+-il) 170
lena ftrm) 51, 59, 67, 170
thahara, thahare, thahari
nikalna (Pi^n-ii) 169
(55TT, 3?fr) 297
pama (tT^TT)'l23, 125, 169, 172
tho (5t) 238
uthna (3OTT) 168
thore hT («flt ft) 297 conjunct verbs 171-174
toftt) 299,300,301,320 noun + hona 171
adj. + hona 172
titna (fcTcPTT) 229
noun + karna 171
tulna (kl - mem) cJeHTT if) 223-224 adj. + kama + H I 172
tulya 233 noun + khana WTT174
turner) 13,208 noun + lagna d<Ml 173,175
tu ft) 12,207 adj. + lagna cPFTT 174,175
u noun + macna WTT172
utna (dcl-il) 229, 230 noun + macana h^ i-iT172
upsarg (^3wf) 430 noun + pamaxT^TT 172
usages, 290-308 intransitive verb 156
must (have to) 123
v nominal verbs, 177
sense verbs:
'• va (4) 261
noun + lagna ehHT 174-175
vagaira 239
adj. + lagna d'Mi 174
vahft?) 12,208 should/ought to
varnamala (=rjfHic-ti) 4-5 sound verbs 174
transitive verb 156
varna (47TT) 261, 294 to be ( hona) 16-19
to be about to do s.th. 113,117
vaisa, vaise, vaist ttft) 228 to be likely 91
to be used to doing X 150-154
vaise... jaise 228 to begin to do s.th. 134-136
to go on doing s.th. 129-133
Verbs: to keep on doing s.th. 129-133
causative verbs 157-167 to let someone do something 137-143
compound verbs 168-171 to like 69
baithna (36-11) 168 to know 310
to need 105
449
to want 99-104
Vocabulary :
astrology 364
cooking 394
fats 392
grains 392
kith and kin 349
spices 393
wish expression
visarga (f%*T>f) 8
vyanjan (djoui-i) 4
Y
yadi (tfft) 145, 264, 317
yadyapi 264
yah (W) 13, 209
yaham tak ki (JTgT cW f%) 266
ya (JIT) 261
y a .. ya (JTT ... JTT) 261
yani (^Tff^T) 266
ye (^) 12,208
yorh hi (JTt 303
zarurat (ki...hona) W7TT #Rl) 107
450
INDEX - HINDI
451
facHT, focFTT 225, 240 trprfp; to r f 158-168
ffp ft 231 w fp ; to r 157
f a p f f t 231 ^fg^cT RPIP 169-172
ft^Rflci'T' R>PI 157
f e t f f t 231
fopt fatP'P 242-247:
ft^ft, 14, 210
PPT 215,228,284
ftpT, R h 214
PPT....PPT.... 216, 262
R rt%, 201 PPT X PPT y, 305
Rpft 14, 210 WTWW1 216
W
O
211,221, 228 PPt PTT 247
pr?5 f t 213 PPt f t 263
O
ppf pft 246
pJt5-pP-P>S9 213
O O
WT W I, 235
o o
212 Pit.... Pit .... 262
^ f t TPPUt 108-111 Plft^, 106
PTFPT 100
% <?kM 290 Pit PT?5 ft ft, 305
% PRf fpTT 39-40 pPH I 66-68
pt PM^jP, 276 PP 289,308
pt P it 36 PP PPT 288, 308
pf 248-250 f§RT, fSrP, Pt 14, 217-218
pff 210,211 f«[cTPT .... PPPT 227
pff # c 211 f o p t 263,264
210,240 tPT 229
iftf-p-^rf 211 PP tPT 230
pff-PT 295 pt fPT 230
pfp 214 t t ft .... M ft 76-77, 230
pfp «|l-t 215 Pi 14,217
ptp-PT 295 Pt ^tf 211
Pt 6^ 282 Pt Plft 306
sfTR- ^ppl f^PT, 222 ppt ppf..... tfr cfr 302
Rpt, 156-178: Ppf PP / #1 / pt cf! 302
pppfpi ftPT 157 ppt cPt p r# 301
£P-PI<rPP ftpif, 176-177 PT5PT 100-105
PTPPlcj; ftPlf, 178 T5FTT, 3ft, 3?ft 240
RpTR: 172-175 ttt 238
452
284,288 y f 4cfHH RRR, 48-49, 51, 52
fllft 264 y f ftTTR 270
d!r+#T^ f ^ T 73 yf+rfcW fRRT, 120-123
cJRR 234 yy-i fttyr, 276
ft 300, 301, 321 P|i)T(qc(M+ 6<fdlH 209-213
ft 300, 301,321 «!H4N4> <14-1m. 200
ft ... ft 322 ffTRlftp f4^rn^, 158-168
282 199, 203
f t t ft 298 ftcR** 262,315
^TT 309 RfjdRR 186
^IRftft-ftfft 307 10
ftiRP^ 176-177
f%RT36
W-HlrH* W 327-328
ftft 238
R 283, 293
T O R RTR 254
R 262
R .... oiR-'t' 316 RT 297
R ..... R 262, 319 RRT 300
r4 ft 299
=T#f ft 262, 295
1IW 234 ft 297,320
RTRITRJ 178 4ft ... ft 316
IC*: 172-175 RRf 240
*FTRT 172,173 RTRt 266
R3RT 173 ft 256-258, 290
RRRT 174 303
cPTRT 174,175 Rft 132-135,264
<541-11 174 Raft 265
PlcildlftlW 130-134 Raft - RRlfft 263
P|!jtmc(N+ flftlM 209-213 RFT cTR> ft> 266
ftftr&lftf; - ‘R’,293 RT ... RT 263
233 Rlftr 266
W R 3(TRT/RTTRT/ftRT 70-72 4t #r 304
RT 258-260 R“RR> fttyr, 278
RTR 226 RRRT, 135-137, 174, 175-176
qftiWMR, 324-326 ftfR, 192
rTr fttyr, 280
TTT:TT 83
y f ’#HRT 59-60 R 262
y f yiRHcl, 48, 50, 52-53
453
snr'T 199 fan^, 169-172
5TPTT, 262, 295 - ^T T 169
=T?IT, ■aflet, ^Tcfr 114-119 - ^FTT 66
faft TOT, 28-31 - «fPTT 69, 169, 310
faTTJT 270-282 - SlrPTT 172
3JrT ftTPT 276 - t=TT 68, 171
lt§H, 281 - UH+-TT 171
ftTIH 280 - Pl+RnT 170
’jtf 270 - nsm 170
m fa^T, 276 - 96-11, 169
f^ H , 278 - tnT, 68, 171
c tr It^H, 280 f^RTT, 157
W , 323-324 WTT 79
f ^ T 278 tnFTTT ntEm, 68, 87-93
faWT 272-276 HPH 234
W ¥ I 22i-241 nf?T 234
fopf 8 W J , 399
faWT f^F5, 272-276 234
ftWT 294 *pfnTO 13, 14, 207-220:
ci^Pkl ^TER> 207-208 3 # n W W «<fnm 209-213
atixH, 4 faiMiMfipti «<fanT 209-213
WRTOttH', 79-83 5UM4M4> ^fam , 200
WK, 274 ^rqfcer nran; y^rw , 110-112
WPf i t 305 I M t 268
t# ci ^T£R5, 145-148 fan 202,204
tfSPl f^ T , 280 5F4T, 3
THfT 192-206: fanT 157
^fccPT 199, 203 FR 3
frPT 202, 204 nT, %, tt, 284, 294
199 t , 252-254, 289
fan 192 % 3Tnt 36
nfaf, 400 % 4<J+** 37
^ihIco <ii'ci+ ti'CiiH, 110-112 36
t t a nTR^ 15-16, 254-256 t n t 36
«^>n1 3fSR 15 36
tg w 169-172
36 Tppmrate, 79-83
^ T%cT 36 7TFK, 274
%eP?R 37 7TFK 305
% Fl<M 37 84id 4lsj<*', 145-148
% ....cW 289 H&F fdgH, 280
«mc4ai«t'ln<»>* *TFT 192-206:
- srf^sicT ^lc=f, 59 jfcrPT 199,203
- ^TOcT, 43-44 ^ fcPT 202, 204
- 4^*hm "Mrl, 43-44 ^ER 199
WPaf sftEFF fiNr, 79.-83: frPT 192
W=n 79 -82 HfHr, 400
FFTT 83 IFliaT ERF? «<frrR, 110-112
WTF^ #5fa ERR? 15-16, 254-256
- ^TcT, 57 R fR 3TCR 15
- ’JcWTcT, 45-47, 49-50, 54 e*RE? 169-172
- 4cfHH 3FR, 21 pgw fifajrci, 169-172
^TT 309 - 169
FyTTTt 238 - 66
Ft H #T 298 - ESFTT 69, 169, 310
ftTFT f^RF, 270-282 - FTfFTT 172
31F7 fa m f*IFR, 276 - ^TT 68, 171
^raroT 281 - t m d l 171
35trf fa7FT 280 - ft+cHI 170
1Jif f^TTH 270 - 'RS^TT 170
Sf7-T fafR, 276 - %HRT, 169
iTtRF; f^ T , 278 - ^=rr, 68, 171
falRT, 280 i^TT, 157
71^, 323-324 W I 79
foRR fafR 278 *WRT ^TSRF, 68, 87-93
f^WT f^FF, 272-276 rift 234
22i-241 tfpr 234
fo r f 8 RTRT, 399
f^w r f*FF, 272-276 RflEFT 234
f%RPT ^tEW, 294 R^RR 13, 14, 207-220:
cuf^fT ^RFF P+RF, 207-208 3|PHHE14M+ RfRjf 209-213
C40M1-1, 4 209-213
455
y!H<1ITO 200
W 110-112
? tasl 268
T # fa n 202, 204
T4T, 3
f a if a a tr o ftm 157
TTO 3
€ , %, , 284, 294
%, 252-254, 289
% 3 # 36
% «T3TO 37
^ 3 6
% 9^ 36
^ ^ 36
36
% 36
t ?Tt o 37
% ^TTO 37
% ....T O 289
■tl 1rl c-Mcf l«Tl fc|<1><p
- nftTOT TOT, 59
- iJTOTcT, 43-44
- n^TOT TOT, 43-44
«m a f «ftTO f^TT, 79.-83:
TO^TT 79.-82
TOTT 83
d ill'll TOT
- i#TOT tot, 57
- ijcTTOT, 45-47, 49-50, 54
- ctffaFT TOT, 21
^TT 309
FTTlff 238
#T =T #r 298
456
Hindi for Non-Hindi Speaking People is an original two-in-one
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