REVISION MAP

Biomolecules
These are the macromolecules essential for survival of life, e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, etc.

Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins, Nucleic Acids

These are polyhydroxy aldehydes or These are polymers of a
-amino acids. and Hormones
ketones or their derivatives, e.g. glucose.

Amino Acids Vitamins

These contain amino as well as carboxyl These are essential but in very small
functional group. amounts. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat
Sugars
They may be essential or non-essential. soluble while rest are water soluble.
These are the carbohydrates having sweet
taste.
They may be reducing (e.g. glucose)or

=
Zwitter Ion Deficiency Diseases
non-reducing (e.g. starch).
Ion containing positive as well as negative Vitamin Deficiency Disease
charge is called Zwitter ion. A Xerophthalmia
O B1 Beri-beri
Glucose B12 Pernicious anaemia
e.g. R—CH—C—O–
It is obtained by hydrolysing starch or
? C Scurvy
—

cane sugar. +NH

3 D Rickets
? Its reactions are as: E Muscular weakness
HI
Glucose D
n-hexane Denaturation
NH2OH
Oxime ?
It is the process of destroying 2° or 3°
3 mol structure of protein by heating and by Nucleic Acids
Br2 water changing pH. These are the polymer of nucleotides (sugar
Gluconic acid + base + phosphoric acid).
Acetylation ?
Due to this, protein losts its biological
Pentaacetate
CH3COCl activity.
HNO3
Saccharic acid ?
e.g. Coagulation of egg white on boiling. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
It contains pentose sugar (deoxyribose),
purine base (adenine, A and guanine, G)
Sucrose pyrimidine base (Thymine, T and
It contains D-(+)-glucose and
? Structure of Proteins cytosine, C) and phosphoric acid.
D(–)-fructose joined together by
b-1,2-glycosidic linkage.
? It is also called invert sugar. Primary Structure
It shows the sequence of amino acids Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
in a protein. It contains sugar (ribose), purine base
Starch (adenine, A and guanine, G) and
pyrimidine base (uracil, U and cytosine, C)
It contains two components: amylose
?
Secondary Structure and phosphoric acid.
(water soluble, 20%) and amylopectin
(80%, water insoluble). It is formed due to hydrogen bonding
and may be a -helix or b
-pleated sheet
? It is the reserve food of plants.
structure.

Hormones
Cellulose These are the secretions of endocrine glands.
Most abundant in plants and contains
? Enzymes
glucose units, joined together by These are the proteins which catalyse
b-1,4-glycosidic linkage. reactions occurring in human body, so also
called biocatalysts, e.g. maltase, zymase,
etc. Steroid Hormones
e.g. Sex hormones, bile acids, etc.

Non-steroid Hormones
These do not have steroid ring, e.g.
insulin.