GEN.

BIO REBYUWER by huwebes TYPE A

–Universal recipient
Carries antigen A and B
DIHYBRID CROSS
TYPE O
–mating of 2 different traits –Universal donor
–two different parents wt 2 different traits e.g
e.g
a. Color of the seeds (YELLOW vs. GREEN)
IA IB
b. Shape of the seeds (ROUND vs. WRINKLED)
SOLUTION: i IAi IBi
YYRR x YYRr i IAi IBi
YR YR YR YR YR Yr YR Yr

DNA- DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

YR YR YR YR –nucleic acid-macromolecule/ biomolecule
YR YYRR YYRR YYRR YYRR –blueprint of life.
Yr YYRr YYRr YYRr YYRr –code –coding of amino acids
YR YYRR YYRR YYRR YYRR
Yr YYRr YYRr YYRr YYRr 3 COMPONENTS OF AMINO ACIDS
Genotype:8 YYRR & 8YYRr GR: 8:8 a. 4 NITROGENOUS BASES:
Phenotype: 16 yellow round PR:16:0
PURINES
NON-MENDELIAN  Adenine and Guanine
PYRAMIDINES
–any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not  Uracil/Thymineand Cytosine
segregate in accordance with mendelian laws.
When complementary:
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE A-T
– Pattern of inheritance resuling to the blending G-C
of traits
When we want to duplicate DNA:
–neither of the traits is dominace
1st trait = R1 R1 2nd trait= R2R2 3rd trait= R1R2
T-A
e.g: C-G
Black & White
B1B1 x B2B2 e.g
=B1B2, B1B2, B1B2, B1B DNA STRAND: GCTAATCGACGTACG
CODOMINANCE COMPLIMENTARY: CGATTAGCTGCATGC
–The expression of both traits
e.g THYMINE TO URACIL WHEN CODING
Red & White RNA:
RR x WW RNA STRAND: GCU/AAU/CGA/CGU/ACG
RW RW RW RW *need 3 bases to create codons- amino acid
*ANTICODON- 4th process
MULTIPLE ALLEILISM
– Third non-mendelian patterns that contains 3 or
more alleles. b. PHOSPATE GROUP
–ABO Blood Groups – Compose of phosphorous
Type A= IAIA or IAi c. DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
Type B= IBIB or IBi –compose of Carbon atoms
Type O= ii
 3 PROCESS CENTRAL DOGMA OF which disrupt the stabilizing structures.S tructure
becomes random and disorganized.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
–can also be denatured by heavy-metal ions such as
Hg2+, Ag+, and Pb2+ that interact with —SH and
A. REPLICATION carboxylate groups.
cmost important .
-Complemtary DNA strand SUBSTANCES THAT DENATURED PROTEIN:
1. Heat and ultraviolet light -Disrupt hydrogen
bonds and ionic attractions by making
B. TRANSCRIPTION molecules vibrate too violently; produce
-codons coagulation, as in cooking an egg
C. TRANSLATION 2. Organic solvents (ethanol and others
-message is translated miscible with water) - Disrupt hydrogen
Amino acid+amino acid bonds in proteins and probably form new
=Nucleotides ones with the proteins
3. Strong acids or bases- Disrupt hydrogen
MAIN CLASS SOME TYPE OF bonds and ionic attractions; prolonged
SUBCLASSES REACTION exposure results in hydrolysis of protein
CATALYZED 4. Detergents- Disrupt hydrogen bonds,
hydrophobic interactions, and ionic
Hydrolases Lipases Hydrolysis of an attractions.
Nucleases ester group
5. Heavy-metal ions (Hg2+, Ag+, and Pb2+)-
Proteases Hydrolysis of a
Phosphate Form bonds to thiol groups and precipitate
group proteins as insoluble heavy-metal salts
Hydrolysis of an
amide group
Isomerases Epimerases Isomerization of
stereocenter
Ligases Carboxylases Addition of
Synthesases Carbon Dioxide
Formation of
New bond
Lyases Decarboxylases Loss of Carbon
Dehydrases Dioxide
Loss of Water
Oxidoreductases Dehydrogenases Introduction of
Oxidases double bond by
Reductases removal of H2
Oxidation
Reduction
Ligases Kinases Transfer of a
Transaminases phosphate
group
Transfer of an
amino group

PROTEIN DENATURATION
–caused when the folded native structures break
down because of extreme temps. or pH values,