BIOMOELECULES/MACROMOLECULE  ORGANIC- made up of C atoms.

-molecules that are essential to life.  INORGANIC- absence of C atoms.

- Most abundant
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:
- Water H2O
 Biochemistry-metabolism
 Organic Chemistry- structure&functions PROPERTIES OF WATER
A. Makes up 70% of the living cell.
CARBOHYDRATES (Glucose) B. Universal solvent (except oil).
-biomolecules that provides energy for the system. C. High Heat Capacity- large amount of heat is
-made up of C,H,O [C x(H2O)Y] needed.
-hydrates of Carbon -Regulate body temp.
-primarily produced by plants. D. High Vaporization Rate- prevent dehydration.
-active polyhydroxy aldehides or ketones. E. Ability to form H-bonding.

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES: PROTEIN

1. BEHAVIOR DURING HYDROLYSIS
-Biomolecule that makes up 20% of human body.
a. MONOSACHARRIDES- simple sugars
-structure, function, regulation of body tissues and
-can no longer be hydrolysed into smaller
organs.
units.
-made up of amino acids bind together to form large
[e.g Glucose, Ribose, Fructose, Galactose]
complex molecules.
b. OLIGOSOCHARRIDES- yields into two to ten
groups.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
c. POLYSACHARRIDES- comples sugars
A. ACCORDING TO THE POLARITY OF THE R-GROUP
-more than more than 10.
[e.g Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose]
AMINO ACIDS
HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC
2. NO. OF C ATOMS & THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP Non-Polar Polar
PRESENT IN THEM Alkyl (straight) Aryl (cyclic) Acid, Neutral, Base

No. of C Atoms General Name B. ACCORDING TO THEIR ESSENTIALITY

3 Triose/s 1. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID- not synthesized by
4 Tetrose/s the body but needed in our diet.
5 Pentose/s 2. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINNO ACID- synthesized
6 Hexose/s
by the body but not needed in our diet.
7 Heptose/s
C. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
Aldehyde Keytones
Aldotriose Ketotriose/s  CATALYTIC- enhances metabolic process.
Aldotetrose Ketotetrose/s  REGULATORY PROTEINS-maintaining the
Aldopentose Ketopentose/s order of complex.
Aldohexose Ketohexose/s  PROTECTIVE PROTEINS- secure/protect
Aldoheptose Ketoheptose/s defense system.
 STORAGE PROTEINS- store amino acids.
H CH2OH  TRANSPORT PROTEINS- transport
O-Aldehyde -Ketone  STRUCTURAL PROTEINS- toxic.
C=O
C (Aldose) (Ketose)  SECRETARY PROTEINS-hormones.
CH2OH  EXOTIC PROTEINS-
 D. ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION STRUCTUREOF AN ENZYME
 SIMPLE PROTEIN- yield only amino acids  Composed of a protein and a non-
and no other compound on the protein.
hydrolysis.  Protein part (Apoenzyme).
 CONJUGATED PROTEIN- yield other  Non-protein part (Cofactor).
compounds in addition to the amino acids  Apoenzyme + Cofactor =Holoenzyme
on hydrolysis,
CONJUGATED PROTEINS CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
Name Composition  ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF REACTION THEY
Glycoproteins P bonded to carbs CATALYZE
Lipoproteins P bonded to fats & oil
Hydrolases
Metalloproteins P bonded to metal ion
Nucleoroteins P bonded to RNA Isomerases
Phosphoproteins P bonded to phosphate Ligases
Lysases
E. ACCORDING TO ITS 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE
 FIRBOUS PROTEIN- Oxidoreductases
- Consist of polypeptide chains Transferases
arranged side by side in long
filaments.
- Tough and insoluble to water.
Hydrolysis of an ESTHER &
- Used for structural mat’ls the PHOSPHATE group:
living system. Hydrolases
 GLOBULAR PROTEINS
Lipases
- Coiled into compact and nearly
spherical shape. Nucleases
- Are usually soluble to water and
Proteases
are mobile within the cell.
COMMON FIBROUS & GLOBULAR
FIBROUS GLOBULAR
Collagen Hemoglobin
Elastic Immunoglobulin
Fibrinogen Insulin
Keratin Ribonuclease
Myosin

ENZYMES
-large proteins that acts as catalyst for biological
reactions.
-specific in their action
- can catalyse one single reaction of a single compound.
-don’t affect the equilibrium constant of a reaction and
can’t bring about chemical changes that are otherwise
unfavourable.
-act only to lower the activation energy of a reaction
thereby, making the reaction take place faster or at a
lower temperature.
[e.g starch and water]