APTER

BIOMOLECULES
4Carbohyadrates
dra tes Classification (aldoses and ketoses),
monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L

otion, Proteins -Elementary idea of amino Concept videos

igurati

0n18ntide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure

acids, peptide
Four
of Levels
Structure

oteins primimary, secondary, tertiary structure of Protein

o fp r o t e i n s

nary structures (qualitative

idea only), http://www.mbdnytra.com/

quate S AR/mo12che64.mp4
afuration of proteins.
a n d

ids: DNA and RNA

N u c l e i cA c i d s : D N

Learming Plan and

(Glucose
Monosacchar
Topic 1: Carbohydrates and their Classification, Page 145

Fructose). Page150
Proteins.
Amino acids, and Structure of Page 153
dnic
Topi
2: Proteins,
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
Topic 3:
Topic

Page 158
Covering complete chapter
TERCISES
Page 1711
olfAssessmentT'est

and
opie1
monosaccharides (glucose
their classification,
Carbohydrates and
fructose)

ewiasio Notes ketones or

substances

active polyhydroxy aldehydes or

Carbohydrates are optically

compounds.
produce such as:
which upon hydrolysis
The carbohydrates
are broadly classified
Classification of carbohydrates. in taste and are soluble
substances which are sweet
crystalline
Sugars. These are
in water.
(sucrose)
cane sugar
a r e insoluble
in
e g , glucose, fructose, are tasteless
and
solids which
are amorphous
Non-sugars. These
water.
etc.
e . g , starch, cellulose,
145
 146 MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank Chemistr
-X1
Systematically, Carbohydrates may be classified as:
Monosaccharides. These are the simplest carbohydrates which
hydrolysed into simpler compoun About 20 monosaccharides occur cannot be
They have the general formula
e.g, ribose, C5H1005,
(CH,O), where n = 3-7. naturally.
glucose, CoH0g, fructose,
CH12D6, etc.
Oligosaccharides. These are the carbohydra whichgive two to ten monos
molecules hydrolysis. These are further classified
on 10saccharide
monosaccharide units present in their molecules. For depending
upon the number oe
example,
Disaccharides:Carbohydrates hich on hydrolysis give two molecules of the
or different monosaccharides. same
e.g., sucrose, lactose, maltose.
All these have the molecular
formula C1,H22O11
Trisaccharides : Carbohydrates which
different monosaccharides.
same or
on
hydrolysis give three molecules of
the
e g , raffinose (C1sHg2016).
Tetrasaccharides: Carbohydrates which
same ordifferent monosaccharides.
on
hydrolysis give four molecules
of the
e.g., stachyose (C24HO21)
Polysaccharides. These
hydrolysed to give a large numbercarbohydrates
are
which are
of monosaccharide units. polymerie
and can
be
e.g., cellulose, starch,
The general formula of
glycogen, etc.
starch and cellulose is
get hydrolysed to give monosaccharides. (CHO)n, where n 100-3000. These =

Counmit to Memory
The general formula of disaccharides is C2Hz2O11»
They give monosaccharides on hydrolysis.
Sucrose gives glucose and fructose
Maltose gives glucose only (two units)
Lactose gives glucose and galactose.
The linkage between two monosaccharide units is
through-0-, called
linkages. glycosidic
The sugars are divided into two families, the
molecular configurations. D-family and L-family which differ in their
These configurations are represented with respect to
CHO glyceraldehyde as the standard.
CHO
H-COH-OH towardsHOC-H-OHtowards
right left
CH,OH CH,OH
D-Glyceraldehyle L-Glyceraldehyle
If-OH is towards
right, it is D -

If-OH is towards
left, it is L-
The sugars are also called D-or
L-depending upon whether the
D-glyceraldehyde or L-glyceraldehyde. configuration is related
 ISure Shof
LECULES

147
t to emory
tter D-or
Thenle is assignedL-carbohydrates represents
represents configuration. By convention,
e oleCH,OH groupD-configuration confi
(last chiral if the-OH group attached to the carbon djacent
up atta
on of other groups. On carbon) is on the right the
spective of
ght hand side irres)
OH group attached the other hand, the molecule
position

the
to the carbon is assigned -configuration
left hand side.
been found
adjacent
jacent the-CH,OH roup is
to the on

It
has that all
D-glucose, D-ribose, D-fructose,naturally
etc.
occurring sugars belong to D-Series, 5
ng
Reducingg sugars: The
reagent are esaccharides
ed reducing sugars. which reduce
s which reduce Fehling's solution and Tollen s
D-glucose, D-fructose, maltose
H and lactose.
O
ncing sugars contain:-C-=O or
-C- group
OH
educing
redu
sugars. The OH
Non
eagent arecalled saccharides which donot reduce Fehling's solution ana
Tollen's

e.g, sucrose
non-reducing sugars.
Key Hotes
Amon disaccharides, suCrose is non-reducingg sugar while lactose and maltose are
reducing sugars.

Glucose
Glucose 1S an aldohexose and is also known as dextrose. Its molecular formula 1s

CHOg CHO
Tts structure is (CHOH),

CH,OH
On prolong heating with Hl it forms n-hexane,
suggesting that all the six C atoms in glucose are in a straight chain.
CHO
(CHOH) L, CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,
n-Hexane
CH,OH
Glucose reacts with HCN to form glucose cyanohydrin, with hydroxyl amine (NH,OH)
to form oxime,
suggesting the presence of carbonyl (C=0) group.OH
CH-NOH CHO CH CN
HCN
(CHOH) NHOH
(CHOH) (CHOH)
CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH
Glucose oxime Glucose Glucose cyanohydrin
 148 MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank Chemist
Glucose reacts with Br, water to form gluconic acid,
ry-X
suggesting the carbonyl group is aldehydic group.
CHO COOH
Br, Warter
(CHOH) (CHOH)
CH,OH CH,OH
Gluconic acid
Glucose reacts with acetic
anhydride to form pentaacetate,
suggesting the presence of five-OH groups.
CHO COOH

(CHOH),+5(CH,CO),0 Zn Cl (HOCOCH)
CH,OH CH,OCOCH,
On strong heating with nitric acid, both-CHO group and-OH groups are
Gluconic acid also gives the same product. oxidised
suggesting the presence of primary alcoholic group.
CHO CHO CHO

(CHOH)4 HNO3 (CHOH)4 HNOg

(CHOH)
CH,OH COOH CH,OH
Glucose Saccharic acid Gluconic acid
Glucose has two forms a-D-glucose and B-D glucose which differ in configuration
only at
C atom. Such pairs are called anomers.

Key Motes
I n a-D- glucose, OH group at C is on the right while in p-D-glucose, -0H group at
C is on the left.
Cyclic Structure of Glucose
Open structure of D-glucose could not explain the following reactions:
Despite having the aldehyde group, glucose does not give Schiff's test and 2, 4-DNP
test.
Glucose does not react with sodium hydrogen sulphite to form addition product.
The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxyl amine showing the absence
of free -CHO group.to
Whenglucoseis heatedwithmethanolinthepresenceofdryHClgas, itformstwoisomeric
monomethyl derivatives known as a-D-glucoside (m.p. = 165°C) and B-D-glucoside
(m.p 107°C). Since only one molecule of methanol is used for the formation of
methyl glucoside, these must be hemiacetals.
The cyclic structures of a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose are called a-D-glucopyranose and
B-D glucopyranose (Haworth structures)
Fructose is a ketohexose with ketonic group and has molecular formula CgHO
Fructose also exists in anomeric forms a-D-fructose and p-D-fructose.
Its cyclic structures (Haworth structures) are called a-D-(-)-Fructofuranose and
B-D-(-)-Fructofuranose
 149
OMOLECULES

Mutarotati ation: The optically activ

time tospontaneous
of an
ound wit
compound with l achange
nge in specific rotation

has
an
equilibrium value isis called mutarotati
D-glucose specific rotation of 1
a
+ 111° B-D-glucose has a specific rotation o
When a- form dissolvod is while
l 1 while
value
19.2. a constant
its specific rotation falls until
9.5° is reached. On the ater,
other hand, when B-formn s dissolved in water, its
of

increases and becomes constant

rotation i n c r e a
on
+ 52.5°. Thus, there is an equilibrium mixture
s, th
a-
and B-forms in solution.
of
-D-(+)-Glucose

rotation
= 111 Equilibrium Mixture B-D-(+)-Glucose
19.2°
Sp
sp. rotation= +52.5° sp.
rotation = +

is c a l l e mutarot
This

Multiple Choice Questions

is:
and fructose are Q5. An example of disaccharide
Jucos (b) ribose
a) structural isomers (a) glucose
(c) cellulose (d) lactose.
(b) functional isonmers
(c) anonmers Ans. (d)
disaccharide.
d) geometrical isomers Bxplanation: Lactose is a
both the
Q6. In which of the following pairs,
Ans.
(6)
E x p l a n a t i o n :
Glucose and fructose have saccharides are not mono saccharides?
same
molecular formula CH0 (a) Ribose, galactose
erent (b) Fructose, maltose
have
functional groups (c) Glucose, mannose
CHO, glucose) and C-0, fructose).
Which of the following is a polysaccha- (d) Ribose, fructose
82. ride?
Ans. (b)
Bxplanation: Fructose is a monosaccharide
(a) Cellulose (b) Sucrose
(c) Galactose (d) Maltose. but maltose is a disaccharide.
Q7. Glucose reacts with HNO, to give
Ans. (a)
(a) Gluconic acid (6) Sorbitol
03, a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose are (c) Saccharic acid (d) Hexanoic acid
(a) enantiomers
(6) geometrical isomers Ans. (c)
Q8. Glucose on reaction with HI and red
c)anomers
P gives n-hexane. This suggests the
d) epimers
presence of
Ans. (c)
Explanation: a-D-glucose and B-D-glucose (a) one primary-OH group.
differ in the configuration only around (6) straight chain of six C atoms
(c) one aldehydic group
C atom and are called anomers. (d) one double bond
94. Which of the following is not true about
glucose?
Ans. (b)
(a) It is an aldohexose. 99. Which of the following is not reducing
(6) On heating with HI, it forms sugar?
n-hexane. (a) maltose (b) ribose
(c) It does not give 2, 4-DNP test. (c) glucose (d) sucrose
(d) It is present in furanose form. Ans. (d)
Ans. (d) Q10.Wuch of the following is a keto hexose?
planation: Glucose is present in pyranose (a) Galactose (b) Glucose
orm and it is never present in furanose (c) Fructose (d) Mannose
form. Ans. (c)
 150 MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank Chemiste
ETopic2 2 emistry-XIL
Proteins, amino acids, and structure of proteins

Reuisio Hotes
Proteins are high molecular mass
complex biomolecules present in all
Chemically proteins are condensation polymers (polyamides) in whichliving
the
cells
units are a-amino acids. monen.
1er
Amino acids: These are
organic compounds containing both an amino group (-NE
and carboxylic
group (-COOH) in their molecules.
Amino acids are building blocks of
proteins.
Essential amino acids cannot be
synthesised in the body and must be obtained
through food. These 10 essential amino acids are: ined
valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, lysine, threonine,
tryptophan and histidine. methionine, phenylalanine
Non essential amino acids are
those amino acids which can be made
bodies and we do not by our
require them in our diet.
Rey Note
T h e essential amino acids are
required for the growth of ourbody and lack of these
essential amino acids in diet can cause diseases such as
kwashiorkor.

Comnit to Memory
Amino acids exist as dipolar ions and are called zwitter ions.
H
Acidic character is due to-NH," group
R-C-COOH R--CO0 Basic character is due to-C00 group
NH NH
zwitter ion
When an acid is added to amino acid, -CO0 group accepts and gets converted
a protor
to-COOH. Therefore, the basic character is due to
-CO0 group.

R-CH-coo RCH-COOH
NH Accepts a proton
acts as base
NH
Basic group is
COO
When an alkali is added to amino acid,-NH" group releases the
proton and changes
to amino (NH,) group. Therefore, the acidic character is due
to-NH, group.
R-CH-CO0 OH R-CH-co0+ H,O
NH3 Gives a proton
NH
acts as an acid
Acidic group is
NH
 151
oMOLECULEs
an
of
which a
particular amino acid u n d e r the
influence

alled
is cal does not mig
The
ric
field isoelectric point of that amino acid. a-amuo
elides are compounds ormed by the condensa more same
or different
pep The resulting-CO-NE n s a t i o n oftwo or bond.
peptide
called a peptide linkag o r to
acids
(hundreds
alypeptides or proteins are chains ofa large number a - a m i n o acids

ge number of a-amino
of
t h o u l ands) joined together peptido
by peptide bonds.
sfa65ification
of p r o t e iner
ins
side Dy
Clatbrous
Fb proteins consist of linear
thread molecules which
tend to lie
side to
form fibres
a r thread like molecu
keratin, myosin, fibroin.
into
lobular proteins are polypeptide molecules which are folded together
compact nits, forming spheroidal
e.g.,1nsulin, albumin. shapes
ure of oteins
o
StrDrimary structure: The sequence in which the amino acids are linked in one
more polypeptide chains ofa protein is called the primary strue the
in which
Secondary suructure: T'he secondary structure gives the manner

conformation
of
polypeptide chains are folded or arranged. It
gives the shape
or
theprotein molecule. This bond and
the plane geometry of the peptide
rom
hydrogen bond between #h g r o u p s of different peptide bonds.
Secondary

structure 1s of two types:

(a) a-Helix structure
(6) B-pleated sheet structure
Tertiary structure: It arises due to folding, coiling and bending of polypeptu
chains producing three-dimensional structures. This structure gives the overa
shape of proteins.
Quaternary structure: It refers to the determination of the number of sub-units
and their arrangement in an aggregate protein molecule.
Native state o fa protein is the most energetically stable state of a protein. In this Suz

the protein possesses maximum hydrogen bonds and it corresponds to the protelns
found in a biological system with a definite configuration and biological activity.
Denaturation of protein is a process that changes the physical and biological
properties of proteins without affecting its chemical composition. Denaturation 1s
caused by certain physical or chemical treatment such as changes in pH, temperature,
presence of salts or certain chemical agents.
eg, coagulation of albumin present in white of egg. curdling of milk.

Key Wotes
Denaturation does not change the primary structure of proteins.
The importance of primary structure of a proteinliesin the fact that even a change of
one amino acid can change drastically the properties ofthe entire protein. It also creates
a different protein. For example, a normal haemoglobin has 574 amino acid units and
changing just one amino acid in the sequence results in defective haemoglobin found in
patients suffering from sickle cell anemia.
Normal haemoglobin
Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-GluGlu-Lys
Sickle cell haemoglobin
-ValHis Leu -Thr Pro-Val-Glu-Lys
 152
MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank Chemi
nemistry -X
Cammit to Memony

Tests of Proteins
Proteins give different colour tests. added to an alkalino
Biuret test. When a few drops of
dilute CuSO, solution are
is present
aline (10%) i

reddish-violet colour is obtained if protein

solution of a protein, a
is treated with conc. HNOG, yellow col ur is
Xanthoprotic test. When a protein
obtained.
(solution of mercurous nitrate and mo
precipitate is obtereurie
Millon's test. When Millon's reagent
of protein, a white
nitrate in is added to the solution
HNO,)
which turns red on boiling.
phenolic groups in their side chos
This test is characteristic of proteins containing ins.

Multiple Choice Questions

Q11.Which ofthe following is not an essential Eaplanation: During denaturation of

amino acid? proteins, the secondary and tertia1ary
(b) Leucine structures get destroyed but primar
(a) Alanine
structure remains as such.
(c) Valine d) Lysine.
Q15. The number of amino acids present in
Ans. (a)
insulin is
Q12. Proteins on complete hydrolysis give (a) 5100 (6) 516
(a) a-amino acids
(c) 51 d) 574
(6) lipids Ans. (c)
(c) peptides Q16. Which of the following amino acid is
(d) nucleic acids.
neutral?
Ans. (a) (a) Lysine (6) Histidine
Q13.An example of fibrous protein is: (c) Arginine (d) Leucine
(a) Albumin 6) Keratin Ans. (d)
(c) Fibroin (d) Haemoglobin. Q17.Protein is a polymer of:
Ans. (b) (a) Glucose
Q14. Denaturation of protein leads to loss of (6) Terephthalic acid
its biological activity by (c) Amino acid
(a) loss of primary structure (d) Glycol.
(b) loss of primary and secondary Ans.(c)
structure
Q18. Which of the following is not an a-amino
(c) loss of secondary and tertiary acid?
structure
(a) Serine
(d) formation of amino acids.
b) Aspartic acid
Ans. (c)
 1.53
gMOLECULES
has a m i n o
e) Phenylalanine
in a protein
Z 0 . Each
polypeptide specific
other in a
( d ) T h y m i n e .

acids linked with each acids

of amino
sequence. This
sequence

basic is said to be
medium, glycine s t r u c t u r e of proteins.
wedominantly exists as (a) primary
s t r u c t u r e of
proteins.
(a) Zwitter ion (b) cationic (6) secondary
s t r u c t u r e of proteins.
(d) covalent form (c) tertiary
s t r u c t u r e of proteins.
( c ) a n i o n i c

(d) quaternary

Topic 3
DNA
Nacleicacids DNA and RNA

Cevisios l o t e s

Nucleic acids are biologically important polymers present in living cells which are
le for the transmission of inherent
e s p o n s i b l e
acters, also called heredity of an

organism.

y k yl o t e

structural unit of nucleic acid (monomeric unit) is nucleotide and, therefore, these
The structural

are also called polynucleotides.

There are twotypes of nucleic acids:

(a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
(6) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
s Anucleotide consists of three chemical components:
anitrogen-containing heterocyclic base,
a five-carbon sugar and
a phosphate group.

Nitrogen containing heterocyclic bases.

The heterocyclic nitrogenous bases are of two types:
purines or pyrimidines.
Pyrimidines have a single heterocyclic ring while purines have two fused rings.
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are substituted purines.
oCytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) are substituted pyrimidines.
Both DNA and RNA contain four bases. Three bases are common and one is different.
 154 MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank

Coummit to Memory
Chemistry-
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine present in DNA.
Bases present in DNA and RNA
DNA: Adenine RNA: Adenine

Cytosine Cytosine
Guanine Guanine

Thymine ...Uracil Different bases

Sugars
There are two types of ugars present in nucleic acids. The sugar present in RNA
ribose and is
in DNA is B-D-2
deoxyribose. B-D
The sufix 2-deoxy in the name of 2-deoxyribose means that it lacks an
position-2. a
Nucleosides: The molecules in which one of the nitrogen bases (purine or
Pyrimidine) is bonded with a sugar molecule are called nucleosides.
Base+Sugar- Nucleoside
Phosphate groups are responsible for the linkage in nucleic acid polymers. It is

O-P-0
The phosphate group is bonded to
attached to the nucleoside, the
hydroxyl group of sugar. When the phosphate groun
compound formed is called nucleotide pis
Base +Sugar + Phosphate Nucleotide
Consecutive joining of sugar unit of one nucleotide to the
nucleotide results in a long chain polymer called nucleic acid. phosphate group of netx

Base Base Base

SugarPhosphatet SugarPhosphate Sugar

Nucleic acid backbone
Commit to Memory
Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic acids
The molecule in which one of the
nitrogen bases (purine or pyrimidine) is bonded with
a
sugar molecule is called nucleoside.
Base +Sugar Nucleoside
The nucleosides of RNA and DNA
differ in two respects.
The sugar in RNA nucleoside
is ribose while the
deoxyribose. sugar in DNA nucleoside
The nucleoside of RNA contains
uracil base in place of
The other three bases are same in
both.
thymine present in D
MoLECULEs 155

When the phosphate group is attached to the

called nucleotide. the nucleoside, the compound
Ched
formed 1s

Base +Sugar
The polymer nucleotides is +called
of Phosphate Nucleotide
nucleic acid.
rructure of Nucleic acids

DNAhas louble helical structure.

bases project towards each
to
rol e other within this structure while the sugar and phosphate
within
structural framework on this stru
The

an
components
ents forr
form a
Occur is calle the base the outside of the duplex. The order in whicn
b a s e s

sequence.
wo strands are held
together by hydrogen bonds. This hydrogen bonding 1s very
ic because the structures
of bases
is hydrogen bonded to permit only one
one mode
1 of pairing. For example,
quanin
he joined by two hydrogen cytosine
bondsand adenine to thymin
while cytosine and guanine can be joined
three hydrogen bonds.
Strand I
G T C A A G

Strand IIT C A G T TC
ands of
The two stran DNA are said to be
Structure of RNA complementary to each other.
cture
Structun of RNA is similar to DNA except that RNA is a single trand structure.
PNA molecules are of three types and perform different function:
Messenger RNA m-RNA
Ribosomal RNA r-RNA
Transfer RNA :t-RNA
The important functions of Nucleic acid are
Replication
Protein synthesis
Replication: DNA has a unique ability to duplicate or replicate itself, i.e. it can bring
about the synthesis of another DNA copy of itself using certain enzymes.
Mutation: It is a chemical change in a DNA molecule that could lead to synthesis of
proteins with different amino acid sequence. Mutations may result into defective genes
and can cause abnormalities or diseases.

O-Multiple Choice Questions

. In a polynucleotide, the bond which c) phosphodiester bond

joins two nucleotides is called (d) disulphide linkage
(a) glycosidic bond
Ans.(c)
6) aminoester bond
 156 MBD Sure Shot CBSE Question Bank

Q22. Which of the following base is

present phosphoric acid is
Chemistr
DNA but not in RNA?
(a) Adenine
in

sugar position. bonded to C

(6) Thymine (d) In double helix structur
(c) Guanine (d) Cytosine thymine can bond to
Ans. (6)
Ans. (d)
two hydrogen bonds cytosine
Explanation: RNA contains uracil while
DNA contains
thymine and other three Explanation: Thymine can bond
by 2 hydrogen bonds. to adenine
bases i.e.,
adenine, cytosine and guanine
are
present in both Q27. Which of the
Q23. Which of the following pyrimidine?
following 18
not
is not present in
DNA? (a) Thymine 6) Guanine
(a) Adenine (6) Guanine (c) Uracil (d) Cytosine
(c) Uracl (d) Thymine. Ans. (b)
Ans. (c)
928. The three dimensional
Q24. Structure of a DNA molecule is DNA was elucidated by: structure f
(a) Linear (a) James Watson (6) Franklin
(6) Branched (c) M. Wilkinson (d) Dalton.
(c) Single helix Ans. ()
(d) Double helix. Q29. RNA is:
Ans. (d) (a) Single helix strand
Q25. In nucleic acids, the individual (6) Double helix strand
nucleotides are linked through (c) Triple helix strand
(a) peptide linkage (d) None of these.
(6) phosphate group Ans. (a)
(c) glycosidic linkage Q80. According to Chargaff's rule,
(d) hydrogen bonds.
(a) A+U = C + T
Ans. (6)
6) G+A =U+T
Q26. Which of the following statement is not c) A+G =C+T
correct? (d) C+U =G+T
(a) Cytosine and thymine are Ans. (c)
pyrimidines. Eaplanation: Chargaff's rule states that
(6) DNA differs from RNA in sugar as the total amount of purines was equal
well as nitrogenous base to that of pyrimidines in DNA ie,
c) In RNA, heterocyclic amine base A+G= C + T
is bonded to C-1 of sugar and the