2.

2 Macromolecules Comparison Chart

1. What are the 3 polar bonds: O-H, N-H, P-O. C-H is non-polar.
2. Hydrogen bonds hold together intramolecularly or extra molecularly.

Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids Protein

Organic?? - Yes - Yes, they are organic as - Yes, contain carbon - Yes, contains carbon
they are chemically backbone rings
bonded together through
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen bonds

Types - RNA (ribonucleic acid) - Monosaccharides - Triglyceride: glycerol + 3 - Amino acids: bond
- DNA - Disaccharides fatty acid chains together to form
(deoxyribonucleic - polysaccharides - Phospholipid: phosphate peptides
acid) + glycerol + 2 fatty acid - Peptide: two amino
chains acids bonded with a
- Steroid: 4 ring structure peptide bond
(eg. hormones, - Polypeptide: three or
cholesterol) more amino acids
bonded together with
a peptide bond

Structure(s) - Repeating units of - Sugar molecules have a - Triglyceride and - Protein: a polypeptide
nucleotides ring structure phospholipids have a twisted and folded
- Nucleotide is a  Monosaccharide: long chain of fatty acids into a specific 3D
nitrogen base bonded a single sugar, (carbon backbones). shape (shape
to a sugar, bonded to either glucose, Straight chain = maintained by
a phosphate fructose, or saturated, bent chain = hydrogen bonds)
- Nitrogen base is a galactose unsaturated. - Protein shape
single or double ring  Disaccharide: - Trans fat has a kink, determines protein
structure double sugar, therefore most function
- Nucleic acids are either sucrose, unhealthy - When hydrogen
 repeated units of lactose or maltose bonds are broken the
nitrogen, bases, sugar  Polysaccharide: protein is denatured
and phosphate chain of sugars and ineffective
chemically bonded (carbon rings), - Denatured by:
together = organic either starch,  Change in
macromolecules cellulose, or temp
glycogen  Change in
acidity
 Harsh
chemicals

It is a polar bond because Sugar contains many OH groups - Most of lipids are non- - Amino acids have a
nucleic acids have polar bonds therefore it is polar. polar, with phospholipids polar covalent O-H
Polar or Non- like: having hydrophilic heads group, so polar
polar? that are slightly polar, so
Why - O-H
water molecules really
- N-H
can’t stick or mix with
- P-O
lipids

Yes, the P-O bonds in it allow Yes, the OH groups make it water - Triglycerides contain
it to dissolve soluble. many C-C bonds, so they
are non-polar
- No attraction exists to
Water Soluable? the polar water
molecules, so they are
insoluble
- Water and fat do not mix
- They are polar, but
the specific way in
which proteins fold
determine whether
they are soluble

Functions - Both are involved in
directing the
formation of protein
- Replicating
- Messenger RNA
- In animals carbohydrates - Used for long term - Main structural
are used for short term nutrient energy storage component of living
energy storage (starch) - Insulation - Assist with transport
and long term (glycogen) - Cushioning of internal of material across the
 copies the code for a - In plants cellulose is used
single gene of DNA in
transcription
- In translation transfer
RNA transfers the
message back to its
original code to bring
the appropriate amino
acid to the ribosome
for assembly
for structural support and
starch for energy storage
organs cell membrane
- As hormones to send - Function in immunity
messages around the - Act as chemical
body messengers
- Primary structural (hormones)
component of the cell - Function as enzymes
membrane helping with chemical
reactions throughout
the body