GENERAL BIOLOGY Ü

2ND MONTHLY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER Goodluck!

b) Unsaturated Fatty Acids – contains

Carbon Compounds at least one carbon-carbon double
Macromolecules – giant molecules bond
c) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids –
- Made up of thousands or hundreds
contain more than one double bond
of thousands of smaller molecules
of carbon-carbon
- Polymerization: a process in which
4) Nucleic Acids – contains carbon,
large compounds are built by joining
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
smaller ones together (monomers)
(CHONP)
to form polymers
- Nucleotides: polymers assembled
1) Carbohydrates – made of carbon,
from individual monomers
hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1
o Consists of three parts
- Used by living organisms as their
▪ 5-carbon sugar
main source of energy
▪ Phosphate group
- Also used by some animals or plants
▪ Nitrogenous base
for structural purposes
- Stores and transmits hereditary or
- Starches: extra sugar that is stored
genetic information
(complex carbohydrates)
- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and DNA
a) Monosaccharide – single sugar
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
a. Galactose – milk sugar
5) Proteins – contains carbon, hydrogen,
b. Fructose – fruit sugar
oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)
c. Glucose – plant sugar
- Amino Acids: polymers of
b) Disaccharide – two
molecules. Compounds with an
monosaccharides
amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl
a. Sucrose (table sugar) –
group (-COOH)
glucose + fructose
- R-Group: side chain of amino acid
b. Lactose – glucose +
o Can be acidic or basic
galactose
o Polar or nonpolar
c) Polysaccharide – large molecules
o Can contain carbon rings
formed from monosaccharides
- DNA is responsible in giving
- Glycogen (Animal starch): a
instructions on arranging amino
polysaccharide where animals store
acids
excess sugar
- Can control the rate of reactions and
- Cellulose: plant starch that gives
regulate cell processes
plants’ strength and rigidity
2) Lipids – aren’t soluble in water and Enzymes
made of mostly carbon and hydrogen
Catalysts – chemical agent that speeds up
(sometimes there is oxygen)
a reaction without being consumed by the
3) reaction
- Fats, oils, and waxes are common
categories of lipids Enzyme – a catalytic protein
- Can be used to store energy
- (-ase) to determine an enzyme
- They are formed when glycerol
- Enzymes speed up the reaction by
combines with fatty acids
lowering energy barriers
a) Saturated Fatty Acids – maximum
possible number of hydrogen atoms
- Single bonded carbon
GENERAL BIOLOGY Ü
2ND MONTHLY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER Goodluck!

o Orienting substrates correctly

o Staining substrate bonds
o Providing a favorable
microenvironment
o Covalently bonding to the
The Activation Energy Barrier – initial substrate
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- Supplied in the form of thermal
energy that the reactant molecules
absorb from their surroundings

Factors that Affect Enzyme Function

1) Effects of Temperature and pH – each
enzyme has an optimal temperature and
pH level in which it can function

How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier

- Enzymes catalyze reactions by
lowering the EA barrier
- They do not affect the change in free
energy, they hasten reactions
Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
- Substrate – reactant that an
enzyme act on
- Enzyme-subtrate complex –
enzyme binds to substrate
- Active site – region on the enzyme
where the substrate binds
- Induced fit – enzyme will always
cater a substrate
Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active Site
Metabolism = Catabolism + Anabolism
- Substrate binds to the active site of
the enzyme a) Catabolism – breaking down of
- The active site can lower an EA substances; produce energy
barrier by:
GENERAL BIOLOGY Ü
2ND MONTHLY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER Goodluck!

b) Anabolism – form substances;

requires energy
Cofactors
- nonprotein enzyme helpers
- cofactors may be inorganic or
organic
- Coenzyme – organic cofactor
Enzyme Inhibitors
a) Competitive Inhibitors – bind to
the active site of an enzyme,
competing with a substrate
b) Noncompetitive Inhibitors –
binds to another part of an
enzyme causing the enzyme to
change shape and making the
active site less effective
- Examples of Inhibitors: toxins,
poisons, pesicides, antibiotics