INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

MIDTERMS

Complete Name John Matthew Santiago

Mighty Queen Marquez
Course and Section FRSCNS1, BFA

1. In connection to our next topic on the structure and function of large biological molecules,
complete the given table below. Use the given example as your guide.
Large Biological Components (paste an image of Examples (give 3) Functions (give 2)
Molecules the component being
represented)
a. - • Strengthens plant cell
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides walls
: glucose,fructose • Stores glucose for
energy
-Disaccharides: • Stores glucose for
lactose, sucrose energy
• Strengthens
-Polysaccharides: exoskeletons and fungal
• Cellulose cell walls
(plants)
• Starch (plants)
• Glycogen
(animals)
• Chitin (animals
and fungi)
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
MIDTERMS

b. Lipids -Triacylglycerols
(fats or oils):
glycerol + 3 fatty
acids

Phospholipids:
phosphate group
+ 2 fatty acids

•Component of cell
Steroids: four membranes (cholesterol)
fused rings with • Signaling molecules that
attached travel through the body
chemical groups (hormones)
c. Proteins • Catalyze chemical
reactions
• Enzymes • Provide structural
• Structural support
proteins • Store amino acids
• Storage • Transport substances
proteins • Coordinate organismal
• Transport responses
proteins • Receive signals from
• Hormones outside cell
• Receptor • Function in cell
proteins movement
• Motor proteins • Protect against disease
• Defensive
proteins
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
MIDTERMS

d. Nucleic DNA: -Stores hereditary

acids • Sugar = information
deoxyribose
• Nitrogenous
bases = C, G, A, T
• Usually double-
stranded -Various functions during
gene expression, including
carrying instructions from
RNA: DNA to ribosomes
• Sugar = ribose
• Nitrogenous
bases = C, G, A, U
• Usually single-
stranded
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
MIDTERMS

2. Write a precise and concise description for the following biomolecules.

Biomolecules Description (in bullet form)
a. Carbohydrates  Serve as fuel and building material
 Include both sugars and polymers of sugars
 The simplest carbohydrates are the monosaccharides
 Disaccharides are double sugars, consisting of two
monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
 Include macromolecules called polysaccha- rides, polymers
composed of many sugar building blocks

b. Lipids  Are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

 Does not include true polymers, and they are generally not
big enough to be considered macromolecules
 Share one important trait, they mix poorly, if at all, with
water
 Hydrophobic behavior of lipids is based on their molecular
structure
 Consist mostly of hydro- carbon regions
 Varied in form and function
 They include waxes and certain pigments

c. Proteins  Include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of

functions
 Greek word proteios, meaning “first,” or “primary”
 Proteins speed up chemical reactions

d. Nucleic acids  Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information

 Is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and
viruses
 Encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins
 "Nucleic acid" is the term we use to describe specific large
molecules in the cell
 They’re actually made of polymers of strings of repeating
units
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
MIDTERMS

3. Paste an image representing the DNA and RNA on the space provided.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) RNA (ribonucleic acids)

Reference of image: Reference of image:

http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7615/1/paci_giulia_te http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7615/1/paci_giulia_te
si.pdf si.pdf

Enumerate the nitrogenous bases present in Enumerate the nitrogenous bases present in
DNA in bullet form: RNA in bullet form:

 Cytosine  Cytosine
 Guanine  Guanine
 Adenine  Adenine
 Thymine  Uracil
 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
MIDTERMS

References:
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Nucleic-
Acidhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161547https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understa
nding/howgeneswork/protein/