PHYSICAL SCIENCE WEEK 5 HANDOUTS 2.

LIPIDS
Building Blocks:
Biological Macromolecules and  Mostly made from carbon and
Stoichiometry hydrogen atoms, some oxygen
Components:
Chemistry makes us understand that the components of living organisms  A fat molecule consists of 3 fatty acids joined to a molecule of
are from the organic molecules glycerol
(carbon based)  Phospholipids
 Phospholipids in cell membranes are made of a
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Branch of Chemistry that deals with carbon- phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains
based molecules.  A lipid molecule (for example, a diglyceride) with a
hydrophilic group attached via a phosphate linkage
BIOCHEMISTRY Branch of Chemistry that deals with the chemical  Found in membrane structure
organizations, processes and composition of living things.  Glycerides
 A major class of lipid
Elements Comprising the Human Body  Composed of a glycerol molecule attached to one,
two, or three fatty acid molecules
 Other lipids
 Sterols: cholesterol and steroid hormones
 Waxes
Oxygen Functions and Examples:
(65% )  Long-term Energy storage molecules—Fats
Carbon  Cell Membranes– in EVERY organism– phospholipids
(18.5% )  Water-proofing– cuticle keeps water in and protects plant
Hydrogen against infection; LIPIDS REPEL WATER!
(9.5 % )  Steroid Hormone (testosterone/Estrogen): chemical signals
Nitrogen
(3% ) 3. PROTEINS
Building Blocks:
Any combination and proportions of these elements can make various  Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, NITROGEN, and
types of simple organic molecules. sometimes SULFUR.

MICROMOLECULES

Any combination and proportions of

these elements can make various
types of simple organic molecules.
Micromolecules

MACROMOLECULES
Micromolecules are then linked together in diverse ways to form large
molecules. Macromolecules
POLYMERS
Macromolecules are made of polymers which are made of smaller,
repeating parts called monomers
1. CARBOHYDRATES
Building Blocks
 Composed of carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio
Components:
 Monosaccharides are the monomer
Examples
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Functions:
 Main source of QUICK
energy for living things
(Monosaccharides)
 Energy Storage–
(polysaccharides)
 in animals glycogen
is stored in the liver
 in plants, starch is
stored in the ROOTS
 Structural– to build
cell walls
 cellulose (plants)
 chitin (fungi)
Components:
 The monomer is the amino acid. The ribosome is where amino
acids are assembled into PROTEINS.
Functions and Examples:
 Speed up reactions-- ENZYMES
 Regulate cell processes--HORMONES
 Form bones and muscles—
 COLLAGEN, ACTIN, AND MYOSIN
 Transport substances into or out of cells–
PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE
 Carrier and Channel proteins
 Gas transport: Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells
transport oxygen to tissues.
 Help to fight disease—ANTIBODIES
 VERY IMPORTANT FACT: The SHAPE of a protein is what allows
it to do its job.
 LOCK AND KEY– if the shape changes even slightly, the protein
may not be able to do its job
Defensive Proteins, Hormonal Proteins, Transport Proteins,
Enzymatic Proteins
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Building Blocks:
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
PHOSPHORUS.
Components:
 The monomer is the nucleotide.
 Nucleotides consist of three parts:
Phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Nitrogenous base (Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine or Uracil)
 Nucleotide structure
 – A nucleotide consists of: A mole is defined as the quantity of a substance that contains the same
• Nitrogenous base number of ultimate particles (atom, ions, or units of ions).
• Pentose sugar 1 MOLE OF ANY ELEMENT IS AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO ITS ATOMIC
• Phosphate group MASS IN GRAMS, ITS MOLAR MASS.
– Nitrogenous bases:
• Purines: adenine & guanine Avogadro’s Number
• Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine (in DNA), &  The number of molecules in a mole of any molecular substance
uracil (in RNA) is the same as the number of atoms in a gram-atom of any
– Pentose sugars: number. This number of atom is called the Avogadro’s
• Ribose (found in RNA) number, the accepted value of which is 6.02483 x 10 23
• Deoxyribose (found in DNA) atoms/gram-atom of any element.
 A mole is the amount of substance that contains as Avogadro’s
number of particles equal to 6.02 x 1023. The particles can be
atoms, molecules, or ions.
 Examples:
 There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 1 mole of carbon
 There are 6.02 x 1023 molecules in 1 mole of H2O
 There are 6.02 x 1023 in 1 mole of Na
 6.02 x 1023 Cl in 1 mole of NaCl

Molecular Mass
Molecular Mass is
equals the sum of the
Function: atomic mases of all
 Nucleic acids atoms in the molecule.
Store genetic information The unit molecular
Transmit hereditary, or genetic information to offspring (DNA) mass is the amu or the
Transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm atomic mass unit.
(RNA)
 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): DNA molecules
(chromosomes) serve as the “master blueprint” for all of
the cell’s proteins. The DNA molecules are transmitted to
offspring during reproduction.
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA): RNA molecules serve as “working
copies” of the genes for the proteins that the cell is
making at any given time.
Molar Mass Molar
Mass is an amount of
the compound equal
to its molecular mass
in grams. The unit of
molar mass is the
gram. The molar
mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms present in one mole of a
substance, which can be an element or a compound. It can be
expressed as a unit of mass per mole like grams/mol, kg/mol.

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

the percentage of each element present in a compound. In chemistry,

this composition is always on a weight basis unless specifically stated
otherwise. Sometimes the composition of the mixture of gases is given
on a volumetric basis. based upon the meaning of the symbols and
formulas. Each symbol stands for one atomic weight’s worth of the
element it represents, and each formula stands for one molecular
weight’s worth of the compound it represents.

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical
reactions.

In chemical calculations it is necessary to consider quantities of

substances in terms of the number of atoms, ions or molecules present.
The unit devised by chemists in expressing numbers of atoms, ions, or
molecules is called the mole.

Prepared by:
Mole
Mr. ADRYAN J. VALIAO
Physical Science Teacher