Physiology 2nd Week Summary

Cell Membrane

Proteins A.Carbohydrat
Lipid Bilayer es
60-70% 30-40%
B.1-3%

Phospholipids Peripheral Integral Proteins Glycoproteins

Proteins (Structural (Proteoglycans)
*Polar head (hydrophilic)
*Fatty acid tail (hydrophobic) (Surface Proteins) Proteins) protein +
carbohydrate

Cholesterol Glycolipids
Attached to the inner
consistency, firmness or outer surface of the lipid + carbohydrate
membrane and do NOT Extend into or
extend throught it through the lipid
bilayer
Ex. channels/Carrier Glycocalyx
Ex. Receptors , Enzyme, glycolipids +
marker glycoproteins

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary

Cell Membrane Characteristics:

1. Separates Intracellular (Internal Environment) from Extracellular (External Environment)
2. Selective Barrier: controls what moves to or from the cell
3. Permeable to lipid soluble molecules
4. Plays a role in cellular communication
5. Constantly moving (flip flop + lateral), not static – fluid mosaic model),
6. Consistency/Firmness of membrane is determined by
* Cholesterol >>> Increase consistency, firmness by
Separate phospholipids preventing the fatty
acid chains from coming together and
crystallizing.
* Unsaturated fatty acids >>> (More concentration of
these = more fluid the Plasma Membrane becomes).

Membrane Proteins
Amount/Types of proteins in cell membrane is different from cell to another depending on the function

Type of Proteins Function Example

Receptors - Cellular Recognition (recognize Hormones & their receptors:
ligands/hormones)
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- A ligand: a molecule that binds with a Receptor
receptor (hormones) - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Receptor
- Insulin Receptor
Channels - selectively permeable to certain substances
- opened or closed by gates :

- a) Ungated channel>>>
transport through it determined by size,
shape, distribution of charge, etc. - Water channels (aquaporin
channels)

- b) Gated channel :
*Voltage gated channels: open or close by
electrical signals - Voltage gated Na+ channels
*Ligand gated channels: open or close by - Voltage gated K+ channels
chemicals that bind to it
- Chemical gated Na+ channels
- Chemical gated K+ channels

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary
Transporter - Selectively move substances through the - Na+/Glucose transporter
(carrier) membrane by changing shape

Enzymes - Catalyze chemical reactions - disaccharidases (breakdown

Cell Identity - Distinguish your cells from other
Markers - Structure: proteins + carbohydrates
(Human: self-
- Unique for each person => why? =>
antigens)
help immune system to recognize the self-
antigens from the not-self-antigens
(bacteria and viruses)
certain types of sugar)
- Disaccharidases such as
lactase, maltase and sucrose
-
- Major Histocompatibility
proteins (MHC) – organ
transplant
- ABO Antigens: Blood groups

Linkers - Anchor filaments inside and outside cells - Tight Junctions

- Gap Junctions
- maintain stability and shape of cell - Adhering junctions
(Desmosomes)
- Help in cell movement and linking cells

1. Human cell membrane:

a) Is impermeable to fat soluble substances.
b) Consists almost entirely of protein molecules.
c) Is a fluid rather than a solid matrix.
d) Consists almost entirely of carbohydrate molecules.
e) Has no structural proteins.

2. Concerning the proteins of the cell membrane:

a) They act as carriers.
b) They act as receptors.
c) They function as pumps for transporting ions.
d) They function as enzymes.
e) All of the above are correct.

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary

Cellular Transport
With Concentration Gradient: from higher concentration to lower concentration, or from higher
pressure to lower pressure (gradient: difference)
Against Concentration Gradient: from lower to higher

Transport
Active Transport Passive Transport
(Uphill) (Downhill)

- Against Concentration - With Concentration Gradient

Gradient - Does NOT requiere energy (ATP)
- Requires energy (ATP) - May or may not require a
membrane protein

1) Primary Active 2) Secondary 3)Transport in

Transport Active Transport Vesicle 1) Simple 2) Facilitated
3) Osmosis
Diffusion Diffusion

Carrier-mediatedd Channel-mediated

Ungated Channels Gated channels

Ligand-Gated
Voltage Gated
(Chemical Gated)

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary

Passive Transport
Main Characteristics:
1- Does NOT require energy
2- Substances move ALONG concentration gradient (Higher to lower concentration)
3- May or may not require a membrane protein

Simple & Facilitated Diffusion

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion
Through specific proteins:
Movement of
Through the membrane directly - Channel Proteins
Substances - Carrier Proteins
Lipid Soluble: Lipid Insoluble:
Gases (O2, CO2, N2, NH3)* Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-) -channels
Types of Lipids: Steroids Glucose – carrier
Substances Fat-soluble vitamins Amino Acids – carrier
(with Glycerol Urea
examples) Alcohol
Simple diffusion <=Water (H2O) => Through Aquaporins (?)
- Unsaturable > why? - Saturable >> why ?
- There is no Tmax ( Transport depends on the amount of proteins
Maximum) ( channel /carrier ) in the cell
membrane
- Transport Maximum (Tmax or Vmax):
Maximum amount can be
transported ( in certain time )

- After Tmax ( Transport Maximum) no

more additional substances can be
transported

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary
Factors effecting simple diffusion (Fick’s law of diffusion)

J = P(C2-C1) *S J=DA*(ΔC/ ΔX),

ΔC=concentration gradient, A=Area,
P=permeability in lipid ΔX=Thickness of the membrane,
(C2-C1)= concentration gradient, D=diffusion coefficient (depends on
S=surface area the solubility in lipids, molecular
weight).

Directly related Inversely related

(as it increased the diffusion increased) (as it increased the diffusion decreased)
Permeability of the cell membrane (P) Thickness of the cell membrane (delta X)

Temperature (T) Size of the molecules

 M. Wt.
Electrochemical gradient of the substance Size of the ion
across the membrane (delta C)

Lipid solubility of the substance

Surface area (S)

Diffusion coefficient (D)

QUESTION :

1- The highest rate of diffusion is when:

1) low permeability, high concentration gradient, high diffusion coefficient
2) low permeability, low concentration gradient, low diffusion coefficient
3) high permeability, high concentration gradient, low diffusion coefficient
4) higher permeability, higher concentration gradient, higher diffusion coefficient

2- The lowest rate of diffusion is when:

1) low permeability, high concentration gradient, high diffusion coefficient
2) low permeability, low concentration gradient, low diffusion coefficient
3) high permeability, high concentration gradient, low diffusion coefficient
4) higher permeability, higher concentration gradient, higher diffusion coefficient

3- Same amount of O2 and CO2 passes between the lung and the blood even though the concentration
gradient for O2 is 60mmHg and for CO2 is 5mmHg, why? the permeability of the membrane to CO2 is higher

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary
Real-Life applications of simple diffusion:

1- Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in Anesthesia:

N2O is used because:
- It is a gas, which makes it lipid soluble => uses SIMPLE DIFFUSION
- Faster and easier anesthesia for patient
- Faster and easier recovery for patients
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- Pulmonary Edema:

Alveoli are separated
from blood by a thin
respiratory membrane
(to allow quicker
movement of gases)
Disease
• Excess fluids in the lung (between alveoli and
vessel, in the interstitial space)
• Pulmonary Edema

Respiratory Membrance becomes thicker

Hypoxia • Decreased O2 Diffusion to the blood
• Increased CO2 in the blood

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- Emphysema:
Emphysema Decreased
Surface Area
• Lung Disease Hypoxia
•Decreased O2
• Destruction of Diffusion to the
alveoler walls blood

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary

Osmosis (3rd type of Passive Diffusion)

Movement of Water Across a Semi-Permeable Membrane?

From:
Higher concentration of water to the lower concentration of
water (lower concentration of solute to the higher
concentration of solute)

More Less
water water

Less More
solutes solutes

Osmolarity (Osm/L) Molarity (Mole) * Number of

Osmolality (Osm/Kg) particles

How to calculate osmolarity? #Number of dissociated particles (or

If Molarity (mM) is given: ions):
NaCl :
Osm = mM * Number of dissociated particle(or ion) CaCl2:
Glucose:
+:
If Mass (g) is given: Na :
+
K:
Osm = (g/Mw) * Number of dissociated particles(or ions) Cl2:

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Physiology 2nd Week Summary
Exercises on Osmosis
1- Which of the following has the highest osmolarity:
a) 100 mM of CaCl2
b) 120 mM of NaCl
c) 200 mM of Glucose

2- Calculate the number of osmoles:

Molecular weight:
a) 1 gram of Na+
Na: 23g/mole
B) 2 gram of K+
K: 39g/mole
Ca: 40g/mole
Cl: 35.5g/mole
Glucose: 180g/mole
3- Which of the following has the lowest osmolarity:
a) 100g of Glucose
b) 23g of Na+
C) 80 g of Ca+

4-

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