1.

2 CABOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES
- Organic compound.
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in ratio of 1:2:1
- Molecular formula is (CH2O)n
a) State the classes of carbohydrates such as monosaccharide, disaccharides and
polysaccharides

CLASSIFICATION
Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide
- Single / Simple - Double sugar molecule - Polymer chains of many
sugar molecule monosaccharides joined
- Contain two monosaccharides together through
joined together through condensation reaction.
condensation reaction.
b) Identify the structures α-glucose & β-glucose (monosaccharide), maltose
(disaccharides) and cellulose (polysaccharides)

MONOSACCHARIDE
- Molecular formula is (CH2O)n ;
- n = number of carbon (3 < n < 6)
- e.g. the molecular formula for glucose that has six carbon is C6H12O6

Characteristic Importance
- Sweet taste - Monomer for disaccharide and
- Soluble in water polysaccharide.
- Can be crystallized
- Cannot be broken down to simpler molecule
- Reducing sugar

Monomer
- Glucose, fructose, galactose

α-glucose β-glucose

Importance of glucose
- Main respiratory substrate in plants and animal/Main source of energy for cells.

DISACCHARIDES
- Molecular formula C12H22O11 Characteristics
- Consists of TWO monosaccharides joined - Sweet taste
by glycosidic linkage / bond - Soluble in water
- Eg : Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose - Can be crystallized
MALTOSE
Structure Structure
Monomer
α-glucose + α-glucose

Chemical bond
α-1,4 glycosidic bond/linkage

POLYSACCHARIDE
- Molecular formula (C6H10O5)n; Characteristics
- n = number of monosaccharides / - Has no sweet taste
monomers - Insoluble in water
- e.g cellulose in plant - Cannot be crystallized
glycogen in animal - Non-reducing sugar
starch in plant - Can be hydrolyzed to simpler molecule

CELLULOSE
Structure Function
monomer : β-glucose Major component of plant cell wall that provide the
Long, straight and unbranched chain. structural support
Chemical bond : β-1,4 glycosidic bond/linkage
Each chain is arranged parallel to other chain by
hydrogen bond.

Structure

c) Describe condensation and hydrolysis

Condensation Hydrolysis
Formation of molecule by removal of water Breakdown of molecule by adding of water

One water molecule is lost / removed

 d) Illustrate the formation and break down of maltose

FORMATION AND BREAKDOWN OF MALTOSE

Formation of Maltose

Breakdown of Maltose

* Function of carbohydrate
- Main source of energy
- Act as polysaccharides storage in animal and plant cell
- Act as structural polysaccharides