Carbohydrates

Group : Tengku, Luqman, Iqbal, Raja, Aiman, Aisha

BIOLOGY F4
 Organic compound
-Chemical compounds that contain carbon elements. Large
and complex compounds from macromolecules. Most
macromolecules are polymers comprising small molecules
known as monomers (building blocks).
Carbohydrates,proteins and nucleic acids are polymer
molecules are organic compounds

Types of
carbohydrates
monosaccharides . disaccharides . polysaccharides
(simple sugars) . (double sugars) . (complex sugars)
Carbohydrates are important as a source of energy and the basic structure . .
of of some organisms. Carbohydrats are organic compounds consisting of
the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) in the ratio 1;2;1
and with chemical formula (CH20)n.
 1 MONOSACCHARIDES
-Carbohydrate monomers, which are the simplest carbohydrate units
-Monosaccharides can combine to form polymers through condensation reaction
-Most monosaccharides taste sweet, can form crystals and dissolve in water.
-Monosaccharide has reducing power which is ability to transfer to hydrogen (or electron) to other compounds
-When monosaccharide is heated in Benedict's solution, the monosaccharide will reduce blue copper
(II) sulphate to brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide which is not soluble in water.
-All monosaccharide gives this reaction and it is known as reducing sugars.

Examples of monosaccharides:
-Glucose is a sugar found in plants such as rice and wheat as well as fruits such as grapes. Glucose is
the most commonly found monosaccharide and most polysaccharides are formed from this sugar
-Fructose is the sugar found in honey and sweet fruits.
-Galactose is found in milk.
 2
-Disaccharide moleculesDISACCHARIDES
are formed when to simple sugar molecules (monosaccharide) combine
through condensation to disaccharide unit. This process involves the removal molecule.

Glucose + glucose (condensation) Maltose + water

Glucose + fructose (condensation) Sucrose + water
Glucose + galactose (condensation) Lactose + water

-Disaccharide can also be broken down to their monosaccharide through hydrolysis and one water molecule

Maltose + water (hydrolysis) Glucose + glucose

Sucrose + water (hydrolysis) Glucose + fructose
Lactose + water (hydrolysis) Glucose + galactose

Examples of disaccharides:
-Sucrose (non-reducing sugar)
-Lactose (reducing sugar)
-Maltose (reducing sugar)
3 POLYSACCHARIDES
-Are sugar polymers consisting of monosaccharide monomers.
-Similar to disaccharides, polyssaccharides are formed through the condensation process and
involves hundreds of monosaccharides to form long molecular chains.
-Polysaccharides are not soluble in water due to their large molecular size.
-Polysaccharides neither sweet nor crystallise.
- Polysaccharides can also disintegrate through hydrolysis with the help of dilute acides. boiling and
enzyme reaction.
-Polysaccharides play various roles in organisms.
 Importance of
4
carbohydrates in cells

1.Everyday we obtain carbohydrates through the food we consume

2. Carbohydrates are important :

(c) FOR FORMING

(a) AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY (b) AS A FOOD RESERVE
MACROMOLECULES

Cell use carbohydrates, Excess glucose will be Some glucose will be

primarily converted through assimilated into ribose
glucose as the main condensation to form and deoxyribose sugars
source glycogen as a form to form DNA and RNA
of energy of food reserve molecules
Thank you!