Bonite, Stephani Cris V.

CONTEMPORARY WORLD

BSA 201

MODULAR ACTIVITY 8

GLOBAL MIGRATION

 Identify the reasons for the migration of people

 Document why states regulate migration; and
 Write the effects of global migration on the economic well- being of states.

ACTIVITY 8.1

Identify of the Migrants:

Reason of Migration: Migration is becoming a very important subject for the

life of cities. Many opportunities and attraction of big
cities pull large numbers of people to big cities.
Migration can have positive as well as negative effects
on the life of the migrants.

Migration is a way to move from one place to another

in order to live and work. Movement of people from
their home to another city, state or country for a job,
shelter or some other reasons is called migration.
Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased
in past few years in India.

People who move from one place to another in search

of work or shelter are called migrants. Most of the
times migrants people are not skilled or educated
therefore they usually employed as daily wagers
(workers who are paid at the end of each day, for their
services). Daily wagers do not get enough money for
the survival of their families and suffering from many
problems such as they do not have enough food to eat,
sanitation, hygiene, a proper place to live etc.
Migration Regulation: The United States of America (USA) is a North
American country covering a major part of the
continent. Often called “Land of Dreams”, your
American sojourn will unfurl with surprises for
everyone. There are eclectic cities like Las Vegas,
Miami, and New York City; then there are surprising
and serene small towns like Carmel-by-the-Sea and
Galena. If you are a road-tripper, the country’s 4
million miles of highways will lead you to many
destinations unheard of. In the mood for romance, the
oceans that lie on both side of the USA have some of
the most spectacular island nations. And these islands
provide nearly endless opportunities for relaxation and
exploration. Music-lover? Food-lover? USA has got it
all covered!

If you are planning to visit the USA, chances are you

will require a visa to enter The States, unless you are a
permanent citizen of one of the countries under the US
Visa Waiver Program. Don’t know where to start? This
US visa guide will help you understand the basics of
applying for and obtaining a US visa.

 If you wish to enter the United States of

America, you must obtain a visa (irrespective of
the purpose of visit) unless you satisfy one of
the following conditions:

 You are a permanent resident of the U.S.

 You are a citizen of the Compact of Free

Association states: the Federated States of
Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau

 You are a citizen of Canada, including those

applying for TN status at the border

 You are a British Overseas Territories citizen

with a connection to Bermuda

 You are a citizen of one of the 38 countries that

are part of the Visa Waiver Program

 You are a citizen of The Bahamas or a British

Overseas Territories citizen with a connection to
 the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands or
Turks and Caicos Islands, under certain
conditions

 You are holding a Form I-512 ("Authorization

for Parole of an Alien into the United States")

Effects on the economic Migration is currently a very hot topic in both the US
lifestyle of the Migrants and the EU. Immigration issues have come to the
migrated in the states. forefront due to the problem of rapidly ageing
populations, the refugee crisis, and growing
anti-immigration political rhetoric.

The economic effects of migration vary widely.

Sending countries may experience both gains and
losses in the short term but may stand to gain over the
longer term. For receiving countries temporary worker
programs help to address skills shortages but may
decrease domestic wages and add to public welfare
burden.

The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the

level of output and development of rural areas. The
influx of workers in urban areas increases competition
for the job, houses, school facilities etc. Having large
population puts too much pressure on natural resources,
amenities and services.

A survey of economists shows a consensus behind the

view that high-skilled immigration makes the average
American better off. A survey of the same economists
also shows strong support behind the notion that
low-skilled immigration makes the average American
better off.According to David Card, Christian
Dustmann, and Ian Preston, "most existing studies of
the economic impacts of immigration suggest these
impacts are small, and on average benefit the native
population". In a survey of the existing literature, Örn
B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write, "a
comparison of the evidence from all the studies...
makes it clear that, with very few exceptions, there is
 no strong statistical support for the view held by many
members of the public, namely that immigration has an
adverse effect on native-born workers in the destination
country."

ACTIVITY 8.2

1.Why are migrants mostly beneficial for receiving countries?

Many people move overseas to improve their career prospects. Thanks to an

effect known as the ‘immigration surplus,’ they boost the host country’s economy at
the same time. How well immigrants blend into the host country’s labour force is
directly proportional to their economic contribution to the growth of the nation.By
expanding the workforce, immigrants increase the level of output, which is one of the
main drivers of economic growth. As immigrants are not bound to a particular part of
the host country, they are free to move and take up jobs wherever the need is greatest.

Migrants bring to us a diversity, in other words, the different cultures come

together and interaction occurs. And it makes citizens aware that they are part of
something bigger, a world behind the city borders. Because the diversity brings the
world a bit closer, due to new cultural experiences in terms of food, language and
symbols. Next to the fact that it might be socially appreciated, there is evidence that,
economically speaking, cultural diversity is beneficial.

Highly developed countries are more likely to have knowledge-intensive

economies. These kinds of economies are more likely to have higher levels of
complementarity between labor. The economies can more readily adapt to the new
forms of labor (for more, see the counter-arguments at the suppression of wages of
natives page).
People in developed countries are in a better position to experience the global
benefits of open borders and capture a larger share of these locally. For instance, if
immigrants provide the labor, capital, and entrepreneurship to set up a new business
that caters to a global market, many of the benefits to consumers are global, but some
of the benefits of the economic activity are concentrated in the area where the
business was set up.
Migrants bring diversity. In other words, different cultures come together and
interaction occurs. Research shows that diversity is what people appreciate the most in
cities. On the one hand it makes citizens aware that they are part of something bigger, a
world behind the city borders. On the other hand, diversity brings the world a bit closer,
due to new cultural experiences in terms of food, language and symbols. Next to the
fact that it might be socially appreciated, there is evidence that, economically speaking,
cultural diversity is beneficial. Research shows that locals who live in American cities
that score higher on cultural diversity earn a higher wage and are financially better-off
than locals who don’t live in such cities.Migrants maintain transnational connections.
In a world that is getting more competitive, cities benefit when its resources come
from all over the world. Migrants connect the globe and use their transnational social
network to strengthen their local socioeconomic activities. One can imagine, if a city
caters these transnational connections and eventually becomes a hub in the
transnational migrants’ social web, then it will certainly take a lead on the
transnational ladder of competitiveness.

2.What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant

remittances?

Remittances have been in existence for a very long time. Although in these
current years, remittances have become an enormous phenomenon in international
financial transfer. Remittances are becoming a key source of funding for many
projects in developing countries. Surveys show that remittances are the second largest
financial in flow that developing countries receive.

The majority of remittance income is consumed - adding to aggregate demand

(AD) - Through the multiplier effect they can lead to an even greater boost to
economic growth. Higher remittances flows will increase liquidity in financial
markets which may push down the interest rate and lead to an expansion of credit and
investment A large outflow of workers from the home country can cause labour
shortages, driving up wages and worsening competitiveness. Big inflows of
remittances may cause an appreciation of the exchange rate causing a fall in
competitiveness for.

Remittances have risen spectacularly in recent decades, capturing the attention of

researchers and policymakers and spurring debate on their pros and cons. Remittances
can improve the well-being of family members left behind and boost the economies of
receiving countries. They can also create a culture of dependency in the receiving
country, lowering labor force participation, promoting conspicuous consumption, and
slowing economic growth. A better understanding of their impacts is needed in order
to formulate specific policy measures that will enable developing economies to get the
greatest benefit from these monetary inflows.

3.Why is migrant integration a challenging issue for states?

The international bodies or organisations and research community that have
consolidated and analysed data at the global or regional level have substantially
advanced the study of integration. It’s incredible to imagine that, because of visa
restrictions, people are willing to risk their lives to find safety and opportunity. They
will pay ten times what a legal trip on an airplane would cost, huge sums of money, to
make dangerous overland trips or flee on unsafe boats. This is because we are
intentionally making it difficult for people to migrate. We need more channels of safe,
legal migration.
Integration cuts across different policies and various aspects of migrants’ lives
and therefore data on migrant integration cover a wide range of information, including
whether migrants are integrating into the economic, social, cultural, and political
spheres of society, the discrimination they face, how policies affect migrants’
inclusion, and how the public perceives migrants and immigration.
The process by which migrants become accepted into society, both as
individuals and as groups….[Integration] refers to a two-way process of
adaptation by migrants and host societies…[and implies] consideration of the
rights and obligations of migrants and host societies, of access to different
kinds of services and the labour market, and of identification and respect for a
core set of values that bind migrants and host communities in a common
purpose.

4. How do migrants prompt xenophobia and racism in receiving countries?

One in every fifty human beings more than 150 million persons live and outside
their countries of origin as migrants or refugees. They are highly vulnerable to racism,
xenophobia and discrimination. The extent and severity of these phenomena are
becoming increasingly evident in the reports of mistreatment and discrimination
against migrants, refugees and other nonnationals, which are emerging from every
region in the world. The fact that an increasing proportion of international migration
today is irregular and un authorised, facilitates abuse and exploitation. But, even when
their movements are legal and authorised, non-citizens face high levels of
discrimination. The challenge before us is to work together towards a world of respect
- respect for diversity. We must act to shape a world in which all human beings can
live in safety and dignity, and enjoy access to decent work and living conditions.

ACTIVITY 8.3

1.The students will be graded using the analytic rubric (see the appendices)

2.The students will answer the process questions:

a. Why are migrants mostly beneficial for receiving countries?

Many people move overseas to improve their career prospects. Thanks to an

effect known as the ‘immigration surplus,’ they boost the host country’s economy at
the same time. How well immigrants blend into the host country’s labour force is
directly proportional to their economic contribution to the growth of the nation.By
expanding the workforce, immigrants increase the level of output, which is one of the
main drivers of economic growth. As immigrants are not bound to a particular part of
the host country, they are free to move and take up jobs wherever the need is greatest.

Migrants bring to us a diversity, in other words, the different cultures come

together and interaction occurs. And it makes citizens aware that they are part of
something bigger, a world behind the city borders. Because the diversity brings the
world a bit closer, due to new cultural experiences in terms of food, language and
symbols. Next to the fact that it might be socially appreciated, there is evidence that,
economically speaking, cultural diversity is beneficial.

Highly developed countries are more likely to have knowledge-intensive

economies. These kinds of economies are more likely to have higher levels of
complementarity between labor. The economies can more readily adapt to the new
forms of labor (for more, see the counter-arguments at the suppression of wages of
natives page).

People in developed countries are in a better position to experience the global

benefits of open borders and capture a larger share of these locally. For instance, if
immigrants provide the labor, capital, and entrepreneurship to set up a new business
that caters to a global market, many of the benefits to consumers are global, but some
of the benefits of the economic activity are concentrated in the area where the
business was set up.

Migrants bring diversity. In other words, different cultures come together and
interaction occurs. Research shows that diversity is what people appreciate the most
in cities. On the one hand it makes citizens aware that they are part of something
bigger, a world behind the city borders. On the other hand, diversity brings the world
a bit closer, due to new cultural experiences in terms of food, language and symbols.
Next to the fact that it might be socially appreciated, there is evidence that,
economically speaking, cultural diversity is beneficial. Research shows that locals
who live in American cities that score higher on cultural diversity earn a higher wage
and are financially better-off than locals who don’t live in such cities.Migrants
maintain transnational connections. In a world that is getting more competitive, cities
benefit when its resources come from all over the world. Migrants connect the globe
and use their transnational social network to strengthen their local socioeconomic
activities. One can imagine, if a city caters these transnational connections and
eventually becomes a hub in the transnational migrants’ social web, then it will
certainly take a lead on the transnational ladder of competitiveness.

b.What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on migrant

remittances?

Remittances have been in existence for a very long time. Although in these current
years, remittances have become an enormous phenomenon in international financial
transfer. Remittances are becoming a key source of funding for many projects in
developing countries. Surveys show that remittances are the second largest financial
in flow that developing countries receive.

The majority of remittance income is consumed - adding to aggregate demand (AD) -

Through the multiplier effect they can lead to an even greater boost to economic
growth. Higher remittances flows will increase liquidity in financial markets which
may push down the interest rate and lead to an expansion of credit and investment A
large outflow of workers from the home country can cause labour shortages, driving
up wages and worsening competitiveness. Big inflows of remittances may cause an
appreciation of the exchange rate causing a fall in competitiveness for.

Remittances have risen spectacularly in recent decades, capturing the attention of

researchers and policymakers and spurring debate on their pros and cons. Remittances
can improve the well-being of family members left behind and boost the economies of
receiving countries. They can also create a culture of dependency in the receiving
country, lowering labor force participation, promoting conspicuous consumption, and
slowing economic growth. A better understanding of their impacts is needed in order
to formulate specific policy measures that will enable developing economies to get the
greatest benefit from these monetary inflows.

c.Why is migrants integration a challenging issue for states?

The international bodies or organisations and research community that have

consolidated and analysed data at the global or regional level have substantially
advanced the study of integration. It’s incredible to imagine that, because of visa
restrictions, people are willing to risk their lives to find safety and opportunity. They
will pay ten times what a legal trip on an airplane would cost, huge sums of money, to
make dangerous overland trips or flee on unsafe boats. This is because we are
intentionally making it difficult for people to migrate. We need more channels of safe,
legal migration.

Integration cuts across different policies and various aspects of migrants’ lives and
therefore data on migrant integration cover a wide range of information, including
whether migrants are integrating into the economic, social, cultural, and political
spheres of society, the discrimination they face, how policies affect migrants’
inclusion, and how the public perceives migrants and immigration.

The process by which migrants become accepted into society, both as individuals and
as groups….[Integration] refers to a two-way process of adaptation by migrants and
host societies…[and implies] consideration of the rights and obligations of migrants
and host societies, of access to different kinds of services and the labour market, and
of identification and respect for a core set of values that bind migrants and host
communities in a common purpose.

d.How do migrants prompt xenophobia and racism in receiving countries?

One in every fifty human beings more than 150 million persons live and outside
their countries of origin as migrants or refugees. They are highly vulnerable to racism,
xenophobia and discrimination. The extent and severity of these phenomena are
becoming increasingly evident in the reports of mistreatment and discrimination
against migrants, refugees and other nonnationals, which are emerging from every
region in the world. The fact that an increasing proportion of international migration
today is irregular and un authorised, facilitates abuse and exploitation. But, even when
their movements are legal and authorised, non-citizens face high levels of
discrimination. The challenge before us is to work together towards a world of respect
- respect for diversity. We must act to shape a world in which all human beings can
live in safety and dignity, and enjoy access to decent work and living conditions.