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Year : 2008  |  Volume : 26  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 53-58
  Chawla H S
Setia S
Evaluation of a mixture of zinc oxide, calcium hydroxide, and sodium fluoride as a new root Gupta N
canal filling material for primary teeth Gauba K
Goyal A
HS Chawla, S Setia, N Gupta, K Gauba, A Goyal
Unit of Pedodontic and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate     Search in Google
Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India Scholar for

Chawla H S
Correspondence Address: Setia S
H S Chawla Gupta N
Oral Health Sciences Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Gauba K
Chandigarh - 160 012 Goyal A
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None Calcium hydroxide

pediatric endodontics
root canal filling
Check material
sodium fluoride
DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.41616 zinc oxide

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Endodontic treatment was performed on 25 pulpally involved mandibular primary molars in 4
to 9-year-old children; the root canals were obturated with a new root canal filling material      Add to My List *
consisting of a mixture of calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, and 10% sodium fluoride solution, * Registration required
using hand-operated lentulo-spirals. All cases were evaluated clinically every 3 months and (free)  
also radiographically every 6 months to assess the success of the treatment; we also examined
the resorption of the root canal filling material from the root canals and the status of
overpushed material, if any, as the tooth resorbed with the passage of time. At 6 months,      Abstract
endodontic treatment in 2 of the 25 teeth had failed and one tooth had exfoliated; the
     Introduction
remaining 22 teeth were without any signs or symptoms. At the end of 2 years, 14 teeth could
     Materials and Me...
be evaluated; out of these 12 had physiologically exfoliated. It was observed that the rate of
     Results
resorption of this new root canal obturating mixture was quite similar to the rate of physiologic
     Discussion
root resorption in primary teeth. In three cases, where there was an overpush of the mixture, a
     References
gradual partial resorption was noted.
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     Article Tables
Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, pediatric endodontics, root canal filling material, sodium
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Chawla H S, Setia S, Gupta N, Gauba K, Goyal A. Evaluation of a mixture of zinc oxide, calcium
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    Introduction  
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Endodontic treatment of primary teeth is more challenging than that of their permanent Acrylic Material
counterparts; [1],[2],[3],[4] this is because of the anatomical complexities of their root canal
systems [5],[6],[7],[8] and their proximity to the developing permanent tooth, coupled with the
difficulty in behavior management in children. [9],[10],[11],[12] A major requirement for the
success of root canal treatment of the primary teeth is that the root canal material should
resorb at the same rate as the physiologic resorption of the roots; the other factors are that the
root canal material should be radiopaque, nontoxic to the periapical tissue and tooth germ,
easy to insert, and non-shrinkable; it should also have disinfectant properties. [11],[13]

Various root canal filling materials for primary teeth have been used from time to time; the
most commonly used and readily available materials are zinc oxide eugenol (ZnOE) [8],[14],[15],
[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] and calcium hydroxide. [4],[21],[22],[23] ZnOE has a slow rate of resorption [2],
[4],[18] and has a tendency to be retained even after tooth exfoliation; [2],[18],[19],[24] in some
cases unresorbed material has been found to cause deflection of the succedaneous tooth. [24],
[25] ZnOE has also been used in combination with different fixative agents, viz, formaldehyde,
[26],[27] formocresol, [16],[19] paraformaldehyde, [26],[28] and cresol, [26] all of which have
inherent cytotoxicity apart from other drawbacks. [29],[30],[31],[32] Calcium hydroxide, despite its
antiseptic and osteoinductive properties, [33],[34],[35] has a tendency to get depleted from the
canals earlier than the physiologic resorption of the roots. [4] Besides these materials, various
iodoform-based root canal filling materials are currently in use. Iodoform paste (after
Walkhoff's paste) [36] is commercially available as KRI* and contains iodoform, camphor, para-
chlorophenol, and menthol. Iodoform paste in combination with Zinc oxide is available as
Maisto's paste which, in addition to the above-mentioned constituents, also contains thymol
and lanolin. [37] Iodoform paste in combination with calcium hydroxide has also been used; it
is commercially available as Vitapex** [25] and Metapex***. [38] These iodoform-containing
products resorb if inadvertently pushed beyond the apex, but the rate of resorption of the
material from within the canals is faster than the rate of physiological root resorption. [25]
Another root canal filling material - a mixture of iodoform, calcium hydroxide, and zinc oxide -
is commercially available as Endoflas; [39] in addition, it has eugenol (triiodomethane, Zinc
oxide, calcium hydroxide, barium sulphate, and iodine di-btiloorthocresol, with the liquid
consisting of eugenol and paramonochlorophenol). It is reported to resorb when extruded
beyond the apex but resists resorption intraradicularly. [39] Eugenol, one of its constituents, is
known to cause periapical irritation. [40] However, there is a questionable safety with the use of
iodoform or its combinations because of reports of allergic reactions to iodine in some
individuals. [41] It also has the drawback of causing discoloration of the teeth. [42] Moreover, a
few studies have shown that iodoform is irritating to the periapical tissues and can cause
cemental necrosis. [43] In addition, bismuth iodoform paste has been reported to cause
encephalopathy when used as wound dressing following head and neck surgery. [44]
In order to overcome the disadvantages of ZnOE, calcium hydroxide, and iodoform, and their
different formulations, Chawla et al . [45] reported the use of a mixture of zinc oxide powder
and calcium hydroxide as a root canal filling material in primary molars. This mixture, like
calcium hydroxide, was also reported to resorb earlier than the physiologic resorption of the
roots of the primary teeth. Since intracanal and the overpushed material get resorbed, and do
so at a rate faster than the rate of physiological root resorption, one of the authors (HSC) felt
that if the root canal filling material contained fluoride, it would leach out fluoride, which
could be beneficial to the erupting tooth. In addition, there was the possibility that the
combination of zinc oxide powder and calcium hydroxide might form a mixture that would
delay resorption.

The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate a mixture of zinc oxide powder,
calcium hydroxide, and sodium fluoride as a root canal filling material in primary mandibular
molars.

    Materials and Methods  

The present investigation was carried out on 25 mandibular molars in 4 to 9-year-old children.
The cases were selected from amongst the patients attending the outpatient department of the
Unit of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate
Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Primary mandibular
molars requiring endodontic treatment, showing adequate bone support and root length, with
no radiographically discernable internal or pathological external resorbtion, and without any
sinus were included in the study; care was taken to select the sample from children with no
history of any systemic disease.

The root canal procedure involved primarily single-sitting pulpectomy, which was carried out
by the same operator (SS) in all cases. The root canal treatment in each case was carried out
under rubber dam after administration of local anesthesia. The procedure involved cavity
preparation, removal of all carious tooth structure, making a straight-line access, and
extirpation of pulpal debris from the root canals using files, and copious irrigation with 2.5%
sodium hypochlorite. A diagnostic radiograph was taken to ascertain the exact length of the
root canal, with snugly fitting files extending periapically to an average length of the root canal
of that particular tooth. A good fit of the file into the canal is desirable to avoid error due to
increase or decrease of the inserted file length during the radiographic procedure. The
radiographic procedure involved the removal of the rubber dam sheet from the frame and
tying of the free ends of the sheet together by slipping the rubber band over it. After
establishing the working length, the canals were prepared with H-files (30-35 size), using a
pullback motion. Care was taken to do selective filing, i.e., while filing the root canal, more
pressure was maintained along the outer wall of the canal as the walls towards the
interradicular areas are generally thin due to physiological resorption and there is an
associated risk of perforation. The root canals were thoroughly irrigated with sodium
hypochlorite; I.V. metronidazole solution (0.5%) was used as the last irrigating solution. The
root canals were filled using the mixture made out of calcium hydroxide paste and zinc oxide
powder, with 10% sodium fluoride solution as the liquid. To standardize the quantity of each
ingredient in the mixture, 70 mg of zinc oxide powder was preweighed, placed in empty
capsules, and sterilized. A standard length of 7.5 cm of calcium hydroxide paste (Reogan
Rapid)* was placed on the mixing pad and the zinc oxide powder from the preweighed capsule
was emptied beside it. The two were mixed together along with drops of 10% sodium fluoride
solution to achieve the desired consistency. Hand lentulo spiral was used with a clockwise
rotatory motion to fill the material into the root canals. The lentulo spiral was rotated in a
clockwise direction while inserting the material into the canal and once the predetermined
length was obtained, an agitating motion was done several times. Anticlockwise rotation was
carried out while withdrawing the lentulo spiral from the canals. The access cavity was sealed
with a fast-setting ZnOE paste followed by permanent filling; in some cases stainless steel
crowns were given.

The teeth were clinically evaluated regularly after 3 months and also radiographically every 6
months or till the exfoliation of the teeth. At each follow-up visit, the teeth were assessed
clinically for pain, tenderness on percussion, and mobility; the teeth were also radiographically
assessed for resorption of overpushed material (if any) as well as for resorption from the root
canals, comparisons being made with the immediate postoperative radiographs.

    Results  

Single-stage pulpectomy, using a mixture of calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, and 10% sodium
fluoride solution as a root canal obturation material, was carried out in a total of 25 teeth (7
first and 18 second primary molars) in 25 children aged 4-9 years [Table 1]. The teeth were
followed up at regular 3-month intervals for a period of 24 months. For the radiographic
assessment, the mesial canals were considered as a single canal because of superimposition of
the two canals seen on the intraoral periapical radiographs.

Initially, out of a total of 50 canals (25 mesial and 25 distal) in 25 teeth, adequate filling was
observed in 33 canals (19 mesial and 14 distal), underfilling in 14 canals (5 mesial and 9 distal),
and overpushing of the material in the periapical region in 3 canals (1 mesial and 2 distal)
[Table 2]. After a follow-up period of 6 months, the treatments in 2 out of the 25 teeth were
found to have been unsuccessful and therefore the teeth were extracted, one at 3 months and
another at 6 months. After a follow-up period of 2 years, 14 children (involving 14 mandibular
molars) could be assessed; the roots of 12 primary molars had naturally resorbed and got
exfoliated. The timing of physiologic exfoliation is depicted in [Table 3]. In the 14 teeth,
involving 28 canals, initial radiographic assessment showed adequate filling in 18, underfilling
in 7, and overfilling in 3 canals. Over a period of 2 years, the resorption of the material
matched the physiologic root resorption in all the 28 root canals, i.e., the root canal material
from within the canal (intraradicularly) resorbed along with the resorption of the roots [Figure
1] and [Figure 2]. In three subjects in whom the material got overpushed, there was a slow
resorption of the overpushed material but even after a follow-up period of more than 2 years
the overpushed material did not resorb completely [Figure 3] and [Figure 4]. One tooth with
overpushed material beyond the apex got exfoliated physiologically along with the remaining
extruded material.

    Discussion  

With predictable management and the cooperation of children in clinics for dental treatment,
using nonpharmacological methods, nitrous oxide sedation and better understanding of the
morphology of the root canals of primary teeth, more and more clinicians the world over are
recommending and performing pulpectomy procedures in teeth. The primary goal of root
canal treatment is to eliminate infection and retain the tooth in a functional state until it is
normally exfoliated.

Pulp management of infected primary teeth involves not only thorough debridement of the
root canal system but also obturation by using a material which is biocompatible and would
resorb at the same rate as the roots of the involved tooth, without endangering the
succedaneous permanent tooth and its eruption. Till date, a number of investigators have
tested different materials but none of these have been shown to possess the requisite
properties of an ideal root canal filling material for primary teeth, especially with regard to the
major desirable property of having a rate of resorption matching that of the physiologic root
resorption of the primary teeth. ZnOE paste is the most frequently used root canal filling
material for primary teeth. Clinical studies conducted on animals and humans have shown the
success rate of ZnOE paste used alone to range from 65-95%. [13] To improve its properties and
success rate, ZnOE in combinations with different compounds like formocresol, [16]
formaldehyde, [26],[27] paraformaldehyde, [26] and cresol [26] have been tried out, but the
addition of these compounds neither increased the success rate nor made the material more
resorbable as compared to ZnOE alone. Moreover, the use of phenolic compounds are not
advocated due to their fixative nature; they have been proven to have cytotoxic, mutagenic,
and carcinogenic potential. [29],[30],[31],[32] Calcium hydroxide, virtually an all-purpose
medicament in dentistry, [46],[47] has been widely used in permanent teeth for pulp capping
and apexification, but its use in pulpotomy in primary teeth has been limited due to the risk of
internal resorption. [48],[49] However, its use as a root canal filling material in primary teeth
following pulpectomy has been reported by a few authors [4],[21],[22] to provide considerable
success. A study conducted by Mani et al . [23] has however revealed the rate of calcium
hydroxide resorption to be faster than the rate of physiologic resorption of the roots and the
material was seen to deplete from the canals much before root resorption.

Iodoform paste and its combinations with other compounds have been used by a number of
authors, with a success rate ranging from 70-90%. [3],[10],[11],[13],[50] Good clinical results with
Walkhoffs paste [36] have been reported in several studies. High rates of clinical and
radiographic success has been reported using Vitapex, [25] a commercial paste containing
calcium hydroxide and iodoform that is available in premixed form in syringes with
disposables tips. The above-mentioned materials have the drawback of being resorbed earlier
than the roots during physiologic resorption of primary teeth. Fuks et al . [39] carried out a
retrospective study using Endoflas as a filling material; this is primarily a mixture of calcium
hydroxide, zinc oxide, iodoform, and eugenol. The resorption of this material has been shown
to be limited to the excess extruded extraradicularly and it does not get depleted
intraradicularly. The authors observed a lower success rate of 58% when there was overfilling
but 83% success in cases with flush and underfilled root canals. The overpushing of the root
canal filling material in primary teeth is unavoidable in some cases because of the thin
dentinal walls of the root canals toward the interradicular areas, which may give way during
filing of root canals. However, the use of iodoform-containing products in dentistry is of
questionable benefit because of reports of iodine allergy, [41] discoloration of teeth, [42] and
even encephalopathy leading to coma. [44] Till such time as the doubt regarding the safety of
iodoform as root canal filling material is cleared it seems unlikely that the material will gain
much popularity for use in primary teeth.

To overcome the draw backs of calcium hydroxide (faster rate of resorption from within the
canals) and ZnOE (slow rate of resorption), Chawla et al . [45] used a mixture of calcium
hydroxide and zinc oxide as a root canal filling material, but this material also got depleted
from the canals earlier as compared to the physiologic root resorption. In the present study, a
mixture of calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide powder, and sodium fluoride (10%) was used,
combining the advantages of both calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide. Calcium fluoride as a
reaction product added radiopacity to the root canal filling material, without the need for
addition of any other radiopaque material. The addition of fluoride was seen to give this
material a resorption rate that matched the resorption rate of the roots of the primary
pulpectomized teeth.

The extrusion of root canal material in the present study was seen in the periapical area and
not in the interradicular area. This may be due, firstly, to the 'selective filing' procedure carried
out while preparing the canals and, secondly, to the inclusion criteria for the teeth in the
present study, i.e., absence of sinus and interradicular radiolucency. Taking into consideration
the fact that the walls of the root canal toward the succedaneous tooth are thin and weak and
are prone to perforation during instrumentation, one has to accept that at times extrusion of
the material cannot be prevented. In the present study, in all three cases of overfilling, a slow
resorption of the root canal filling material was noted and it was seen to be a continuous
process; therefore, there seems little danger of the overpushed material being retained after
natural exfoliation of the primary tooth. The overfilled material was not seen to completely
resorb even after 2 years of follow-up and so care should be taken not to overpush the material
beyond the apex.

A study is already in progress to evaluate the resorption of the root canal filling material
intraradicularly, interradicularly, and periapically, using mixtures of zinc oxide and calcium
hydroxide along with different concentrations (2, 6, and 8%) of sodium fluoride as a liquid. The
mixture made by using 8% sodium fluoride is showing good results in the mid-term evaluation.

 
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    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]

 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]

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[Pubmed] | [DOI]

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