 Leading is that management function which

“involves influencing others to engage in the

work behaviors necessary to reach
organizational goals”.
 Leaders are said to be able to influence
others because of the power they possess.
◦ Power refers to the ability of a leader to exert force
on another.
 The power possessed by leaders may be
classified according to various bases.
 They are as follows:
1. Legitimate power
2. Reward power
3. Coercive power
4. Referent power
5. Expert power
Legitimate Power – a person who
occupies a higher position has
legitimate power over persons in
lower positions within the
organization.
Reward Power – when a person has
the ability to give rewards to
anybody who follows orders or
request, he is said to have reward
power.
Rewards may be classified into
material and psychic.
(recognition, praises)
 Coercive Power – when a person compels
another to comply with orders through threats or
punishment, he is said to possess coercive
power.
◦ Punishment may take the form of demotion, dismissal,
withholding of promotion, etc.
 Referent Power – When a person can get
compliance from another because the latter
would to be identified with the former, that
person is said to have referent power.
 Expert Power – Experts provide specialized
information regarding their specific lines of
expertise. This influence, called expert
power, is possessed by people with great
skills in technology.
 Leadership may be referred to as “the process
of influencing and supporting others to work
enthusiastically toward achieving objectives”.
◦ Leadership is expected of any manager in charge of
any unit or division.
◦ One cannot expect a unit or division to achieve
objectives in the absence of effective leadership.
Even if a leader is present, but if he is not
functioning properly, no unit or division objectives
can be expected to be achieved.
1. A high level of personal drive
2. The desire to lead
3. Personal integrity
4. Self confidence
5. Analytical ability or judgment
6. Knowledge of the company, industry or
technology
7. Charisma
8. Creativity
9. Flexibility
 Leaders need to have various skills to be
effective, they are:
1. Technical skills
2. Human skills
3. Conceptual skills
 Those in positions of leadership exhibit a pattern of
behavior that is unique and different from other
patterns. This total pattern of behavior is called
Leadership Style.
 Several approaches used in classifying
leadership styles:
1. According to the ways leaders approach people
to motivate them.
2. According to the way the leader uses power.
3. According to the leader’s orientation towards
task and people.
 There are two ways, a leader may approach
people to motivate them:
1. Positive leadership
◦ Emphasizes rewards, may be economic non
economic
2. Negative leadership
◦ When punishment is emphasized by the leader,
ex. Reprimand, suspension, or dismissal
  Leadership styles also vary according to how power
is used. They are as follows:
1. Autocratic
◦ Make decisions themselves without consulting
subordinates. Motivation take the form of threats,
punishments, and intimidation of all kinds.
2. Participative
◦ Invites his subordinates to participate or share in
decisions, policy making and operation methods
3. Free rien
◦ Set objectives and allow employees or subordinates
relative freedom to do whatever it takes to accomplish the
objectives.
◦ Weakness – very little managerial control and a high
degree of risk.
◦ If the leader does not know well the competence and
integrity of his people and their ability to handle this kind
of freedom, the result could be disastrous.
 Leaders may be classified according to how
they view tasks and people. Consequently, a
leader may either be;
1. Employee oriented
◦ When a leader considers employees as human
beings of intrinsic importance and with individual
and personal need to satisfy.
2. Task oriented
◦ When a leader places stress on production and
technical aspects of the job and the employees are
viewed as the means of getting the work done.
 ◦ The contingency approach is “an effort to determine
through research which managerial practices and
techniques are appropriate in specific situations”.
 The various contingency approaches are as
follows:
1. Fiedler’s Contingency Model
2. Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational
Leadership Model
3. Path-Goal Model of Leadership
4. Vroom’s Decision Making Model
 Identify an engineer (any engineering faculty
member).
◦ Describe his leadership style.
◦ Are there important changes that have to be made
in his style?
◦ What are those?
◦ List down the proposed character change
applicable.
 Answer case 8. Buenavista Electric
Cooperative Inc., : Masquerade
Thank you!