Design of RCC structures

Detailing of Reinforcement
(IS456-2000, IS13920)
 WHO IS AN ENGINEER?
 The great liability of the engineer …compared to men of other
professions……is that his works are out in the open where all can see
them.
 He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like the DOCTORS.
 He cannot, like the ARCHITECT, cover his figures with trees
 A design engineer’s responsibility should include assuring the structural
safety of the design, details, checking shop drawing.
 Detailing is as important as design
 Requirements of Good Detailing
 Should be simple for fabrication and placing
 Check spacing for crack control – maximum
spacing
 Minimum spacing for concrete placing
 Check for splicing requirements and
development length
 Special care for section of varying depth and
sloped slabs
 Care for corner joints, beam column junction,
openings etc.
 Cont.…
▪ Detailing for gravity loads is different from the lateral loads specially
for the SEISMIC FORCES.
▪ Apart from the detailing for the above there is a different detailing
required for the rehabilitation and strengthening of damaged
structures.
▪ Detailing codes SP16 and IS456-2000
▪ EQ code is 13920 as required for seismic forces.
 Minimum Nominal Cover
Clear cover shall be provided
❖To develop the desired bond strength
through out the perimeter of steel
❖To protect against corrosion and fire
❖Slab 20mm
❖Beam 25mm
❖Column 40mm
❖Footing 60mm
For detail see Table-16 IS 456-2000
 Spacing of reinforcement
The horizontal distance between two
parallel main reinforcing bars shall not be
less than
The diameter of the bar if the bars are of
equal diameter
The diameter of the larger bar
5mm + nominal size of aggregate

Maximum spacing ----as per design

Further reading Page 167 A. K. Jain
 Limits for reinforcement
 Beam
 Min As/bd = 0.85/Fy
 Maximum = 4% of bD
 Compression = 0.2%
 Web reinforcement = 0.1% of web area
 Vertical Shear bars not exceeding 0.75d or 300mm whichever is less.
 Minimum shear bars = cl 26.5.1.6
 Slab = min 0.12% for Fe415 and 0.15% for Fe250

Clause 26.5, IS456-2000

 The stirrups shall be minimum size of 8mm in the case of lateral load
resistance .
 The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .
 In column size of bar not less than 12 mm
 Spacing of bars not greater than 300mm
 Arrangement of lateral ties as per cl 26.5.3.2
 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS

FOR A CONCRETE GRADE M20 &STEEL

STRENGTH Fy=415
SLNO BAR DIA. TENSIONm COMPRESSION REMARKS
m
1 8 376.0 301.0
2 10 470.0 376.0
3 12 564.0 451.0
4 16 752.0 602.0
5 20 940.0 752.0
6 22 1034.0 827.0
7 25 1175.0 940.0
8 28 1316.0 1053.0
9 32 1504.0 1203.0
APPROXIMATELY USE 50Xdia FOR TENSION
 Lap splicing -clause 26.2.5.1 IS456-2000
Lap splicing as per clause 26.2.5.1 IS456-2000
 Lap splices should not be used for bar larger
than 36mm
 Larger than 36mm bar may be welded
 Lap length including anchorage value of
hooks in flexural tension is development length
(Ld)or 30ϕ whichever is greater.
 Lap length including anchorage value of
hooks in direct tension is 2Ld or 30ϕ whichever
is greater.
 The straight lap length should not be less than
200mm or 15ϕ whichever is greater.
Lap splicing Cont.….
 Lap splices are considered as staggered if
the c/c distance of the splices is not less
than 1.3 times the lap length.
 The lap length in compression is equal to
the development length in compression
but not less than 24ϕ.
 Lap length is calculated on the basis of
diameter of smaller bar when bars of
different diameters are to be spliced.
 DO’S For Detailing
 Prepare drawing properly and accurately
 Prepare bar bending schedule, if necessary
 Indicate proper cover to the reinforcement
 Decide location of the openings/hole and supply adequate
details for the reinforcement around openings.
 Commonly available size of bars and spirals shall be used for
reinforcement.
 For a single structural member the number of
different sizes of reinforcement bar should be
minimum.
 The grade of reinforcement bars should be
clearly mention in the structural drawings
 When reinforcement is left exposed for future
construction, it should be adequately protected
from corrosion and weathering.
 Congestion of the reinforcement should be
avoided at points where members intersect and
make certain that all the reinforcement shown
can be properly placed.
 Show enlarged details at the corners, beam and
column joint and at similar special situations.
 Do Not's for Detailing
Flexure reinforcement shall not be
terminated in a tension zone.
Lap splices should not be used for
bars larger than 36 mm dia.
Different types of reinforcing bars
such as deformed bars and plain
bars and various grades should not
be used side by side as this practice
would lead to confusion at site.
 Do’s for Columns
A reinforced column should have min 4
bars for rectangular or square column
and minimum 6 bars for circular
columns.
Keep outer dimensions of the column
constant, as far as possible, for re-use
of forms.
Preferably avoid use of two grades of
vertical bars in the same element.
 Do’s for Beams and Slabs
Where splices are provided in the
reinforcing bars, they should be
staggered, and away from the sections
of maximum stress.
Where the depth of the beam exceeds
750 mm in case of beams without torsion
and 450 mm with torsion side face
reinforcement shall be provided.
All spacing shall be c/c spacing of the
bars.
 Deflection in beams/slabs may be reduced by providing
compression reinforcement.
 At beam column intersection ,ensure that the main beam bars
avoid the main column bars.
 At beam column intersections , main reinforcement may be so
arranged that layers in mutually perpendicular beams are at
different levels.
 To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make
secondary beams shallower than the main beams at least by 50
mm.
Curtailment of reinforcement

Clause26.2.3 IS456
 Cont.…

 Cont.…
 Positive moment reinforcement, Cl26.2.3.3
 Negative moment reinforcement,Cl26.2.3.4
 Curtailment of bundled bars,Cl26.2.3.5
 Further reading A. K. Jain p 172
Simplified rules of curtailment as per BS 8110-1985
Bar Bending Schedule

Bar Bending Schedule should include:

❖Identification of structural member
❖Position of each bar in the member
❖Bar marks and diameter of each bar
❖Number of bars
❖Shape and bending dimension of each bar
❖Length of each bar
❖Remark, if any
Typical example for slab, beam and column: see
page 180 (A.K. Jain)
 IS13920:1993,Ductile Detailing of
RCC Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
This code applies to all RCC
structures which satisfy one of the
four conditions-
 The structure is located –

In zone IV or V
In zone III and I> 1.0
In zone III and industrial structure
In zone III and is more than 5 story high
What is EQ Resistant Design?
The acceptable response levels of
the structure under design
earthquake.
Designer should exercise some
degree of control on magnitude
and distribution of stiffness, mass
and relative strength of member
and their ductility to achieved
desired results.
 Seismic Design Criteria(IS 1893)
Earthquake Desired Behavior Controlling parameters

Minor No damage to non- Control deflection by

structural components providing stiffness

Moderate No significant structural Avoid yielding of members or

damage, minor cracks in permanent damage by
beam and columns, providing strength
Response should be
predominantly elastic

Severe, No collapse of the system Allow structure to enter into

Catastrophic which could cause loss of inelastic range and absorb
life. energy by providing ductility
 If elastic strength of structural elements exceeds the greatest
imposed load upon that structure there can be no significant
damage.
 In severe earthquake some of the resisting elements will be loaded
to their full strength. If they are brittle, they will fail, throwing their
share of the load on the remaining elements. If they are ductile,
they can continue to participate in resisting the lateral force up to
their full strength after they yield.
 DUCTILITY
A ductile material is the one that
can undergo large strains while
resisting loads
Ductility implies the ability to
sustain significant inelastic
deformations prior to collapse.
Brittle material is one that fails
suddenly upon attaining its
maximum load
 Brittle and Ductile force-deformation
behavior
Brittle
Force

Ductile

Δy Δu
Deformation

 Significance of Ductility
 It can be expected to adapt to unexpected overloads, impact and
structural movements due to foundation settlements and volume
changes.
 Occupants will have sufficient warning of the impending failure thus
reducing the probability of loss of life in the events of collapse.
 All joints and splices must be able to withstand forces and
deformations corresponding to yielding of the reinforcement.
 Design for Ductility
Structural layout should be
simple and regular.
Amount of tension
reinforcement in beams should
be restricted and more
compression reinforcement
should be provided.
 Cont.…

 Cont.…
The shear reinforcement should be
adequate to ensure that the
strength in shear exceeds the
strength in flexure and thus, prevent
a non-ductile shear failure before
the fully reversible flexural strength
of a member has been developed.
See on clause 6.3.3 in IS13920
 BEAMS
 At least two bars should be provided continuously both at top and
bottom.
 The positive moment resistance at the face of the joint should not be
less than one –half of the negative moment resistance provided at that
face of the joint.
 Neither the negative nor the positive resistance at any section along the
member length should be less than one-fourth of the moment resistance
provided at the face of the either joint

Clause 6, IS13920
 MIN 2 BARS FOR FULL LENGTH
ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE
AS > MIN. Bd
AS < MAX Bd

50 mm max 50 mm max

db
2d 2d
HOOP SPACING
> d /2
HOOP SPACING
< d/4 and 8 db
B = BREADTH OF BEAM
db = DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL BAR

BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Spacing of hoops over a length of
2d at either end of the beam shall
not exceed-
d/4
8 times the diameter of the smallest
longitudinal bar, need not be less
than 100 mm
Elsewhere, the beam shall have
vertical hoops at a spacing not
exceeding d/2.

Clause 6.3.5, IS13920

 COLUMN

 Cont.…
The special confining reinforcement shall
be provided above and below the beam
connections, in a length of the column at
each end which is largest of the following-
1/6 of the clear height of the column
Larger dimension of the column
450 mm
When a column terminates into a footing,
special confining reinforcement shall
extend at least 300 mm into the footing
 SPECIAL CONFINING
REINFORCEMENT
> 300 mm

PROVISION OF SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT IN

FOOTINGS
 lO

JOINT REINFORCEMENT
lO AS PER 8.1

> hc / 4

TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT
hC
AS PER 7.2.1
> hc / 4
lO

CONFINED JOINT WITH BEAMS

FRAMING INTO ALL FOUR SIDES
CONFINING REINFORCEMENT AS
PER 8.2

COLUMN AND JOINT DETAILING

The spacing of hoops used as
special confining reinforcement
shall not exceed –
¼ of the minimum member
dimension
need not be less than 75 mm
nor more than 100 mm
For further information see on
Clause 7.4.6 and 7.4.7 in IS 13920
 db

Ld = DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH IN TENSION

Db = BAR DIAMETER

FIG. 1: ANCHORAGE OF BEAM BARS IN

AN EXTERNAL JOINT.
 LAP SPLICES IN BEAM
Not more than 50 % of the bars shall be
spliced at one section
The longitudinal bars shall be spliced , only if
hoops are provided over the entire splice
length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm
The lap length shall not be less than the bar
development length in tension.

Clause 6.2.6 IS13920

 Cont.…
Lap splices shall not be provided-
within a distance of 2d from the joint
face
within a joint
within a quarter length of the member
where flexural yielding may generally
occur under the effect of earthquake
forces.
Use of welded splices and mechanical
connections may also be made as per
IS456-1978

Clause 6.2.6 IS13920

 Ld

db 150 mm
Ld = DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH IN TENSION

db = BAR DIAMETER

FIG. 2: LAP, SPLICE IN BEAM

 Web Reinforcement


Clause 6.3 IS13920

Cont.….
 CANTILEVER BEAM
crack

INCORRECT

Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS

Ldt/2

Ld/2 Ld/2 CORRECT

Ld
 crack
NON PRISMATIC BEAM

INCORRECT

Ldt
CLOSE
STIRRUPS

Ldt/2

Ld/2 Ld/2 CORRECT

Ld
GRID BEAM

INCORRECT

Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d

2#extra bars Hanger

Slope 1:10
bars
CORRECT
Details of Main & Secondary beams Secondary
beam

Main
INCORRECT beam

Secondary beam
Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d
60degree

Hanger Main
bars beam
CORRECT
 BEAM

1/4OR INCORRE
1/5 SPAN
CT

Ld
Ld
LINE OF CRACK

d/2
t
t
d/2

1.5d d/2+d/2Cot(t)

CORRECT
 Continuous Beam
Span/4 Span/4

Span/4
Span/4 Span/4

incorrect

Span/4 Span/4

1.5d
1.5d 1.5d

correct
 CONTINUOUS BEAM
SPAN/4 SPAN/4
SPAN/4

.08L1 100% CRACK 100%

CRACK
CRACK
.08L1
L1 .08L2 L2
INCORREC
T
100% L1/4 L2/4
L1/4 20%
20%

0.1L1 100% 100%

.15L1
L1 .15L2 L2
CORRECT
NONPRISMATIC
SECTION OF
BEAM CRACK D

D
D
INCORRE
CT

CLOSE RING

D
CORREC
CLOSE RING
D T
CANTILEVER BEAM PROJECTING FROM
COLUMN

COLU
INCORRE MN
NOT CT
LESS NOT LESS THAN GREATER OF 0.5L OR Ld
50mm
THAN
0.5Ast
Ld

0.25Ast
COLU
CORREC Ld/3 MN
SLOPING BEAM

CRAC
K

Ld

Ld

CORRE
CT
 HAUNCH BEAMS

CRACK CRACK

INCORRE
Ld
CT Ld

CORRECT
Ld L/8 TO Ld
L/10 L/8 TO
L L/10
STRESSES AT CORNERS C-COMPRESSION
C

t
T-TENSION
C CRACK
t

RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR

ACROSS CORNER(ONE PLANE)

RESULTANT TENSILE STRESS FOR

t ACROSS CORNER(DIFFERENT PLANE)

CRACK
c
t

c
 SHEAR AND TORSION REIN. IN BEAMS
Stirrups taken round
outermost bars
spacing<=x1
<=(x1+y1)/4
Min 0.2%bd to control
deflection as well as for
<=300mm
INCORRE seismic requ.
CT n

d y1

Skin rein.10dia is D
100 to
required when 200mm
D-n>500mm

depth exceeds
450mm(0.1% of D/
web area 5
distributed x1 CORREC
equally on two T
b
 CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOAD

Shear
rein.
INCORRE
CT

2/3
d L d
d

CORRECT
L
d Extra ties
 openi
ng

crack crack

INCORRECT OPENING IN WEB OF

BEAM
d/ openi d/
2 ng 2
Closed Closed
stps for stps for
d/2 Ld d/2

OPENING IN WEB OF
BEAM CORRECT
BEAM COLUMN JUNCTION-EXTERIOR COLUMN

INCORRECT

2”max
CLOSED STPS
U TYPE BARS

Ld

IN TENSION-Ld

CORRECT
 SPLICE DETAIL FOR
COLUMN
COVER

CLOSE
SLOPE 1:6
TIES
@S/2

S-SPACING

CORRECT
INCORRECT
 REDUCTION
COLUMN BOTH
SIDES

INCORRECT

SPLICE
SLOPE 1:8 FROM
BEAM BOTTOM 3NO.CLOSE TIES

CLOSE STPS SPACIN

<=75mm
3NO.CLOSE TIES

CORRECT
INCORRECT

Ld

CORRECT

TERMINATION OF COLUMN BARS INSIDE BEAM

 *COL.CORE HAS TO
BE CONFINED BY
CIRCULAR OR
RECTANGULAR TIES
IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGION
SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2

COL.
END REGION
CORE*

SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES
<=100mm
END REGION
BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION

INCORRE SPACING OF
CORREC
CT LATERAL
TIES <=d/2 BEAM COL.TJUNCTION-EQ
REGION

EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR
 incorrect First stirrups correct
50mm from
END
REGION beam END
faceREGION-h/6 or D or
450MM whichever is
greater

COLUMN
h DETAILS IN
b d EQ REGIONS

END
REGION END
REGION

Spacing of shear
Spacing of shear
rein. In columns
 EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS
BEAM
INCORREC
T

50mmmax CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼

AREA OF BARS AT COL.FACE CORRECT
A=L1/3 A=L1/3 A=L1/3

Ld

stp@maxd/2 stp@maxd/2
2d 2d
2d Stirrup spacing=d/4 or
100mm or 8dia which
ever is the least
 FOOTING-DETAILS(INDEPENDENT)

INCORRECT COLUMN
BARS

STARTER
NATURAL
BARS
G.L

COVER TO
STARTER

Lb
3” SIDE COVER Ldt
Min.300

COVER50mm
Ldt
IF p.c.c below
CORRECT or 75mm
 INCORREC
CRACK T

CORRECT
Ld

Ld
Ld

SECTION OF TRENCH
 INCORRECT

Extra
Ld(mi bar
n)
Ld(mi
n)
Ld(mi
n)
CORRECT
STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB
Dist.

Alternat
Main bare 1

Main bar

SLABLESS STAIRCASE
 SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Main bar
L=horizontal
span

Alternat
A=0.25L e2