SWITCH PARASITIC ARRAY ANTENNA

FOR 5G COMMUNICATION

By

Jam Talha Abbas

CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD
Hajra Khan
CUI/SP15-BCE-023/ATD

BS Thesis
In

BS Electrical (Computer) Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad

Abbottabad Campus-Pakistan
Spring, 2019

i
COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus

Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G

Communication

A Thesis Presented to

COMSATS University Islamabad- Abbottabad Campus

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirement for the degree of

BS Electrical (Computer) Engineering

By

Jam Talha Abbas

CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD

Hajra Khan

CUI/SP15-BCE-023/ATD

Spring, 2019

ii
 Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G
Communication

An Under Graduate Thesis submitted to Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer) Engineering.

Name Registration Number

Jam Talha Abbas CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD

Hajra Khan CUI/ SP15-BCE-023/ATD

Supervisor

Dr. Imdad Khan

Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering

Abbottabad Campus

COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)

Abbottabad Campus

July, 2019

iii
 Final Approval

This thesis titled

Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G

Communication

By

Jam Talha Abbas

CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD

Hajra Khan

CUI/SP15-BCE-023/ATD

Has been approved

For the COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Supervisor: ______________________________________________

Dr. Imdad Khan, Associate Professor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering/Abbottabad Campus

HOD: ______________________________________________

Dr. Imdad Khan, Associate Professor

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering/Abbottabad Campus

iv
 Declaration

We, Jam Talha Abbas (CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD) and Hajra Khan (CUI/SP15-

BCE-023/ATD) hereby declare that we have produced the work presented in this
thesis, during the scheduled period of the study. We also declare that we have not
taken any material from any source except referred to wherever due that amount
of plagiarism is within acceptable range. If a violation of HEC rules occurred in
this thesis, we shall be liable to punishable action under plagiarism rules of the
HEC.

Date: _________________ Signature of the Students:

____________________

Jam Talha Abbas

CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD

____________________

Hajra Khan
CUI/SP15-BCE-023/ATD

v
 Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G
Communication” submitted by Jam Talha Abbas and Hajra Khan is an authentic work
carried out by them successful under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge the
matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other university/ institute
for the award of any degree or diploma

Date: _________________

Supervisor:

_________________________
Dr.Imdad Khan
Associate Professor

Head of Department:

_____________________________
Dr. Imdad Khan
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

vi
 DEDICATION

Starting with the name of ALLAH ALL MIGHTY, against WHOSE WILL we
are nothing but dust. We dedicate this thesis to our Parents who have never
failed to give us financial and moral support as well as fulfilling all our needs
during the time we developed this system and throughout the course of our
educational career. Their evergreen love and encouragement never let us down,
and empowered us to purpose beyond our imaginations. To our supervisor ‘Dr.
Imdad Khan’ for humbly accepting our proposal, for his support, teachings and
his enlightening ideas, which kept us working day and night with devotion to
reach our goal. To our friends for their incessant support, and their streaming
philosophies no matter how absurd they were, that helped us in understanding
most of the things which alone or small group cannot achieve. We are also
thankful to various colleagues, teachers and other lab staff who supported,
advised and assisted our project.

vii
 ACKNOWLEGDGEMENTS

All praises to ALLAH, the source of knowledge, wisdom within and beyond
comprehension who enable us to accomplish our goal. The completion and
production of every book and project is not a single man’s task. One should
definitely take the assistance and cooperation of some people. We have also
completed our work on the same format. Many people have extended their
valuable assistance, which enable us to give final shape of this manuscript. We
express our heartfelt gratitude to our parent and family for their prayer, moral
support and sincere wishes for the completion of our work. We want to thank our
thesis project supervisor Dr. Imdad Khan for their continuing interest and
support of our work. Their generosity to share his ideas with us was the starting
point for the work of this thesis. We would like to offer thanks to our friends for
their help and valuable suggestions.

Jam Talha Abbas (CUI/FA13-BCE-044/ATD)

Hajra Khan (CUI/SP15-BCE-023/ATD)

viii
 ABSTRACT

Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G Communication

This is an Era of wireless communication so to achieve effective and affordable

communication in wireless technology compact and effective results in 5G
communication. One of the best radiator is Monopole. Monopoles being made up of
straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of
conductor surface called a ground plane So in this project we will use twelve monopoles
as a parasitic elements and one monopole as a driven element. We will achieve higher
directivity and it is capable of 360 degree steering. We will achieve our results by
making some of the elements short and some of the elements open.

ix
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Wireless Communication ................................................................... 2

1.2 Research Gaps .................................................................................... 2

1.3 Problem Statement ............................................................................. 2

1.4 Main Objectives ................................................................................. 2

1.5 Background Knowledge ..................................................................... 2

1.6 Work Covered in Thesis ..................................................................... 3

1.7 Summary ............................................................................................ 3

Literature Review .............................................................................................. 4

2.1 Antenna .............................................................................................. 5

2.2 Antenna Parameters ............................................................................ 5

2.2.1 Bandwidth ............................................................................ 5

2.2.2 Directivity............................................................................. 5

2.2.3 Gain ...................................................................................... 7

2.2.4 Radiation Pattern .................................................................. 7

2.2.5 Efficiency ............................................................................. 8

2.2.6 Return Loss .......................................................................... 8

2.2.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio .............................................. 9

Monopole Antenna .......................................................................................... 10

3.1 Introduction to the Monopole ........................................................... 11

x
 3.2 Basic Characteristics ........................................................................ 11

3.3 Advantages of Monopole ................................................................. 12

3.4 Basic Shapes of Monopole ............................................................... 12

3.4.1 Crescent-shaped monopole ................................................ 13

3.4.2 Feed Spanner Monopole .................................................... 13

3.4.3 Monopole ........................................................................... 13

Feeding Methods .............................................................................................. 15

4.1 Micro-strip Transmission Line Technique ....................................... 16

4.2 Co-axial probe Feeding Technique .................................................. 16

4.3 Slot Aperture .................................................................................... 17

4.4 Co-Planar Waveguide Feed ................................................... 18

Parameters ....................................................................................................... 20

5.1 Monopole Parameters ....................................................................... 21

5.1.1 Monopole Length ............................................................... 21

5.1.2 Monopole Radius ............................................................... 21

5.1.3 Ground Radius.................................................................... 21

5.1.4 Ground Thickness .............................................................. 21

5.1.5 Frequency ........................................................................... 21

5.2 DESIGN PARAMTER ......................................................... 22

Results and Future Work ............................................................................... 23

6.1 Results of Switching Elements ......................................................... 24

6.1.1 Result 1 ............................................................................... 24

xi
 6.1.2 Result 2 ............................................................................... 25

6.1.3 Result3 ................................................................................ 26

6.1.4 Result4 ................................................................................ 27

6.1.5 Result5 ................................................................................. 28

6.1.6 Result6 ................................................................................ 29

6.1.7 Result7 ................................................................................ 31

6.1.8 Result8 ................................................................................ 32

6.1.9 Result9 ................................................................................ 33

6.1.10 Result10 ............................................................................ 34

6.1.11 Result11 ............................................................................ 35

6.3 Conclusion .............................................................................. 36

6.4 Future Work ............................................................................ 36

References ........................................................................................................ 38

xii
LISTOF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Antenna Working…………………………………………………………..5

Figure 3.1 Crescent Shaped Monopole…………………………………...………….13
Figure 3.2 Feed Spanner Monopole ………………………………………………….13
Figure 3.3 Monopole ………………………………………………14
Figure 4.1 Micro-strip Transmission Line Technique………………………...……....16
Figure 4.2 Slot Aperture Technique…………………………………………………..17
Figure 4.3 Co-axial Probe Feeding Technique….……………………………………18
Figure 4.4 Co-planar Waveguide Feed…….…………....……………….……………18
Figure 6.1 Result 1 …………………………………………….244
Figure 6.2 Radiation Pattern 1 ………………………………….……………...255
Figure 6.3 Result 2 …………………………………………….255
Figure 6.4 Radiation Pattern 2 ………………………………….……………...266
Figure 6.5 Result 3 ………………………………………….....26
Figure 6.6 Radiation Pattern 3 ………………………………………………...27
Figure 6.7 Result 4 …………………………………………….27
Figure 6.8 Radiation Pattern 4 …………………………………………………28
Figure 6.9 Result 5 ………………………………………………………………28
Figure 6.10 Radiation Pattern 5 ……………………………………………29
Figure 6.11 Result 6 ………………………………………….……..29
Figure 6.12 Radiation Pattern 6 ……………………………………………………...30

xiii
Figure 6.13 Result 7 ……………………………………..…….31
Figure 6.14 Radiation Pattern 7 …………………………………………..……31
Figure 6.15 Result 8 …………………...……………………………………..….32
Figure 6.16 Radiation Pattern 8 … …...……………………………………..….33
Figure 6.17 Result 9 ………… ………...……………………………………..….33
Figure 6.18 Radiation Pattern 9… ……...……………………………………..….34
Figure 6.19 Result 10 ………………...……………………………………..….34
Figure 6.20 Radiation Pattern 10…… …...……………………………………..….35
Figure 6.21 Result 11 …………………...……………………………………..….35
Figure 6.22 Radiation Pattern 11…… …...……………………………………..….36

xiv
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 DESIGN PARAMETER…………………………………………………22

xv
 ABBREVIATIONS

MR Monopole Radius

ML Monopole Length

GR Ground Radius

GT Ground Thickness

F Frequency

xvi
Chapter 1

Introduction

1
1.1 Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is a term that describes the communication between two

devices using a radio signal instead of a wired connection[1]. For this the entire world
is using efficient radio signal receivers and transmitters. Monopole is one of the kind.it
being an effective radiator also supports many features including ease of fabrication,
high directivity and gives flexibility in design and to analyses the results in order to
achieve required resonant frequencies depending upon our coverage requirements.
Monopoles have high radiation efficiency, bandwidth and gain enhancement which
makes them prior to the dipole. Monopole is in rod- shaped. The Monopoles have
properties such as very less phase noise, small size, stability in frequency and
temperature, ease of integration with existing technologies and other hybrid MIC
circuitries, flexible construction and the ability to withstand harsh environments.
Monopoles are very promising for applications in wireless communication.

1.2 Research Gaps

In this project we will try to fill the gap of achieving high directivity using monopoles
is resonating on at particular frequency.

1.3 Problem Statement

Switch Parasitic Array Antenna for 5G Communication.

1.4 Main Objectives

The main objective of this thesis is to cover the basics of antennas, their different
parameters like Gain, Radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, efficiency, polarization
etc. Further moving towards Monopole antennas how we obtain beam in a specific
direction by making some of the elements short and some of the elements open[1].

1.5 Background Knowledge

The area under the consideration is wireless communication in which the study on
Monopole antenna is being carried out. Monopoles being effective radiators are well
known in the world of wireless communication.

2
1.6 Work Covered in Thesis

This thesis covers the switching of parasitic elements by making some of the elements
open and short.

1.7 Summary

This entire work comes under the umbrella of wireless communication in which
antennas play a vital role. Monopoles are under consideration in the present era due to
their unique properties. Here the switching parasitic elements by making some of
elements open and short[1]. We are using twelve parasitic elements and one driven
element. By switching the parasitic elements we are capable of 360 degree beam
steering and achieving higher bandwidth.

3
 Chapter 2

Literature Review

4
2.1 Antenna

Figure 2.1 Antenna Working

An antenna is basically a device which can radiate or receive radio signals. It can be a
receiving or transmitting antenna. The receiving antenna catches radio waves and
convert them into electrical signals which are then fed to different connected devices.
The Figure 2.1 shows transmitting antenna which on the other hand works opposite it
converts electrical signals into radio waves which can move long distances in a or
random direction. The radio waves are electromagnetic radiations in which electric field
and magnetic field are produced that propagate in a particular direction.

2.2 Antenna Parameters

Antenna parameters are defined as the properties of an antenna. Which are explained
below

2.2.1 Bandwidth
Bandwidth is defined as the range of frequencies over which the antenna satisfies
conditions. The bandwidth can be considered to be a range of frequency on either side
of center frequency where the antenna characteristics are within acceptable value of
those at center frequency. For broad band antenna the bandwidth is usually expressed
as the ratio of upper to lower frequency of acceptable operation. Because the
characteristics of an antenna do not necessarily vary in the same manner or are even
critically affected by the frequency there is no unique characterization of the bandwidth

2.2.2 Directivity
It is defined as how much directive the antenna radiation pattern is. Basically, the term
directivity in the new 1983 version has been used to replace the term directive gain of
5
the old 1973 version. In the 1983 version the term directive gain has been deprecated.
According to authors of the new standard this change brings this standard in line with
common usage among antenna engineers and with other international standard notably
those of the international electrochemical commission (IEC) therefore directivity of an
antenna defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in given direction from the antenna to
the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The average radiation intensity is
equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4. If direction is not specified
the direction of maximum radiation intensity is implied. Stated more simply the
directivity of non-isotropic source is equal to the ratio of it radiation intensity in given
direction over that of isotropic source [3]. In mathematical form it can be written as
Prad.

𝑈 4𝜋𝑈
𝐷=𝑈 =𝑃 (2.1)
0 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑈 4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷𝑜 = 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (2.2)
𝑂 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

D= Directivity

Do = Maximum Directivity

U = Radiation Intensity (W/unit solid angle)

𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

𝑈𝑂 = Radiation intensity of isotropic (W/ unit solid angle)

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = Total radiated power (W)

𝐷𝑜 = Maximum Directivity

4𝜋𝑈𝑂
Dθ = (𝑃 (2.3)
𝑟𝑎𝑑 )𝜃 +(𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 )∅

4𝜋𝑈𝑂
D∅ = (2.4)
(𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 ) +(𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 )
𝜃 ∅

𝑈𝜃 = Radiation intensity in given direction contained in field component

𝑈∅ = Radiation intensity in given direction contained in field component

6
(𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 )𝜃 = Radiation power in all direction contained in field component

(𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 )∅ = Radiation power in all direction contained in field component

2.2.3 Gain
Gain is defined as how much received power antenna radiates in a particular direction.
Although the gain of antenna is closely related to the directivity, remember that
directivity is measure that describes only the directional properties of the antenna, and
it is therefore controlled only by pattern. Absolute gain of an antenna is defined as the
ratio of intensity, in a given direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained
if power accepted by antenna were radiated isotropically[2] The radiation intensity
corresponding to isotropically radiated power is equal to the power accepted by the
antenna divided by 4. In equation form this can be expressed as

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑈(𝜃,∅)

Gain = 4𝜋 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑒𝑟 = 4𝜋 (2.5)
𝑃𝑖𝑛

In most cases we deal with relative gain, which defined as the ratio of power gain in a
given direction to the power gain of reference antenna in its reference direction. The
power input must be same for both antennas the reference antenna usually a dipole horn
or any other antenna whose gain can be calculated or it is known. In most cases however
the reference antenna is lossless isotropic source. Thus

4𝜋𝑈(𝜃,∅)
G= (2.6)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 (𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒)

When the direction is not stated the power gain is usually taken in direction of
maximum radiation

2.2.4 Radiation Pattern

The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the relative field strength of the radio
waves emitted by the antenna at different angles.

It is typically represented by a three dimensional graph, or polar plots of the horizontal

and vertical cross sections. It is a plot of field strength in V/m versus the angle in
degrees.

7
2.2.5 Efficiency
The total antenna efficiency eo is used to take into account losses at the input terminals
and within the structure of the antenna [3]. Such losses may be due, to two factors given
below

1. Reflection because of the mismatch between the transmission line and the antenna

2. I2R losses (conduction and dielectric)

In general the overall efficiency can be written as

eo = er ec ed (2.7)

Where,

eo = total efficiency

er = reflection efficiency

ec = conduction efficiency

ed = dielectric efficiency

2.2.6 Return Loss

The definition of return loss is that it is the loss of power in the signal returned / reflected
by a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fibre. This is normally expressed in
decibels.

In other words if all the power was transferred to the load, then there would be an
infinite return loss. Conversely if there is an open or short circuit termination, then all
the power will be returned and there will be no return loss.

The return loss is normally calculated as follows:

R = 10 log10 (PiPr) (2.8)

Where

Pi = incident power

8
Pr = reflected power

Then as the reflection coefficient Γ is the ratio of the forward and reflected voltages,
and power is proportional

R = 20 log 10 Γ) (2.9)

Return loss is a figure which is widely used for assessing items like the input
characteristics of an RF component, or when measuring the characteristics of a network
using a vector network analyzer. As such the return loss is an important characteristic.

2.2.7 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

The standing wave ratio (SWR), also known as the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR), is not strictly an antenna characteristic, but is used to describe the
performance of an antenna when attached to a transmission line. It is a measure of how
well the antenna terminal impedance is matched to the characteristic impedance of the
transmission line. Specifically, the VSWR is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum
RF voltage along the transmission line. The maxima and minima along the lines are
caused by partial reinforcement and cancellation of a forward moving RF signal on the
transmission line and its reflection from the antenna terminals. If the antenna terminal
impedance exhibits no reactive (imaginary) part and the resistive (real) part is equal to
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, then the antenna and transmission
line perfectly obeys impedance matching condition.

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
VSWR = (2.10)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚

Where,

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = maximum amplitude of RF voltage

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = minimum amplitude of RF voltage

9
 Chapter 3

Monopole Antenna

10
3.1 Introduction to the Monopole

A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped

conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called
a ground plane. The driving signal from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving
antennas the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the lower end of the
monopole and the ground plane. One side of the antenna feedline is attached to the
lower end of the monopole, and the other side is attached to the ground plane, which is
often the Earth. This contrasts with a dipole antenna which consists of two identical rod
conductors, with the signal from the transmitter applied between the two halves of the
antenna

3.2 Basic Characteristics

The basic features of Monopole are mentioned below:

 The load impedance of the quarter-wave monopole is half that of the dipole
antenna or 37.5+j21.25 ohms.
 There is no inherent conductor loss in dielectric resonators. This leads to high
radiation efficiency of the antenna. This feature is especially attractive for
millimeter (mm)-wave antennas, where the loss in metal fabricated antennas can
be high.
 Monopoles offer simple coupling schemes to nearly all transmission lines used
at microwave and mm-wave frequencies. This makes them suitable for
integration into different planar technologies. The coupling between a
Monopole and the planar transmission line can be easily controlled by varying
the position of the Monopole with respect to the line.[4] The performance of
Monopole can therefore be easily optimized experimentally.
 The operating bandwidth of a Monopole can be varied over a wide range by
suitably choosing resonator parameters.
 Use of multiple modes radiating identically has also been successfully
addressed.

11
3.3 Advantages of Monopole

 As the monopole antenna gets longer and the ground losses are reduced, the
efficiency of the antenna gets better.
 Higher efficiency.
 As the monopole antenna gets longer and the ground losses are reduced, the
efficiency of the antenna gets better. Vertical monopole antennas can achieve
efficiencies of up to 80%.
 A vertical monopole antenna can be used for any frequency shorter than two thirds
of the wavelength.
 Light weight, low volume, and low profile configuration, which can be made
conformal
 Monopole has high degree of flexibility and versatility, allowing for designs to
suit a wide range of physical or electrical requirements of varied communication
applications.
 Easy of fabrication
 High radiation efficiency
 High dielectric strength and higher power handling capacity
 Low production cost
 Monopole antennas are easy to build and install. Passive monopoles are cheap
to make and rugged.

3.4 Basic Shapes of Monopole

The basic shapes of the Monopole are

12
3.4.1 Crescent-shaped monopole

Figure 3.1 Crescent-shaped monopole

A planar multiband monopole antenna is presented for mobile wireless applications.

The antenna is constructed from a crescent-shaped radiator patch, microstrip feed line,
and defected ground structure (DGS). Theoretical and experimental characteristics are
presented for this antenna, which achieves an impedance bandwidth of 58.3% (over
1.7-3.1 GHz), at a reflection coefficient |S11| < -10 dB and has an average gain of 1.75
dBi.

3.4.2 Feed Spanner Monopole

Figure 3.2 Feed spanner Monopole

3.4.3 Monopole
Hemispherical shape DRA offers an advantage over the rectangular and cylindrical
shapes as the interface between the dielectric and air is simpler [5]. By that, a closed
form expression cab obtained for the Greens function.

13
Figure 3.3 Monopole

14
 Chapter 4

Feeding Methods

15
There are several techniques to feed waveguide some of them are include in the
following topics.

4.1 Micro-strip Transmission Line Technique

In this method the Monopole is feed by printed transmission line. As shown in figure
4.1. Conventionally DR is directly placed on the transmission line that is on printed the
Monopole A common method for coupling to dielectric resonators in microwave
circuits is by proximity coupling to micro-strip lines. Micro-strip coupling will excite
the magnetic fields in the Monopole to create the short horizontal magnetic dipole
mode. The level of coupling can be changed by the lateral location of the Monopole
with respect to the micro-strip line and on the relative permittivity of the Monopole.
Micro-strip lines can be used as a series feed for a linear array of Monopole. This is an
easy feeding technique, since it offers ease of fabrication and simplicity in modeling
along with impedance matching . However, as the thickness of the dielectric substrate
being used, rises, surface waves and spurious feed radiation also rises, which hampers
the bandwidth of the antenna.

Figure 4.1 Micro-strip Transmission Line Technique

4.2 Co-axial probe Feeding Technique

In this technique, the monopole is directly placed on the ground plane and excited by a
coaxial feed through the substrate. It is shown in figure 4.2. It provides high coupling
to DR which give high radiation efficiency. In this method, the probe can either be
placed adjacent to the monopole or can be embedded within it .[5] The amount of
coupling can be enhanced by adjusting the probe height and the monopole location. In

16
monopole, various modes can be excited depending on the location of the probe. For
the probe located adjacent to the monopole, the magnetic fields of the TE11δ mode of
the rectangular monopole are excited and radiate like a horizontal magnetic dipole. For
a probe located in the center of a cylindrical monopole, the TE011 mode is excited and
radiating like a vertical dipole. Another benefit of using probe coupling is that one can
couple directly into a 50Ω system, without the requirement for a matching network.
The drawback of this technique is hole needs to be drilled in monopole. The dimensions
of the probe (length and radius) need to match the drilled hole otherwise it can affective
dielectric constant will be affected; this cause a shift in resonance frequency of the
antenna. [4.2]

Figure 4.2 Co-axial Probe Feeding Technique

4.3 Slot Aperture

The most popular feeding technique for monopole is via the slot in the ground plane.
The excitation method is known as Aperture coupling.it is applicable to monopole of
any shapes such as cylindrical. The aperture works like a magnetic current running
parallel to the size of the slot, which excites the magnetic fields inside the monopole.
The aperture type of feeding consists of a slot cut in a ground plane and fed by a micro-
strip line below the ground plane. For avoiding spurious radiation, feed network is
located below the ground plane. Moreover, slot coupling is an attractive technique for
integrating monopole with printed feed structures. The coupling level can be changed
by moving the monopole with respect to the slot. Generally, a high dielectric material
is used for the substrate and a thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top
dielectric resonator patch to optimize radiation from the antenna. The main drawback
of this feed technique is that it is problematic to fabricate due to multiple layers, which

17
also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding method also provides narrow
bandwidth (up to 21%). The main advantage of this method that it avoids direct
electromagnetic interaction between the feed line and the monopole. It is shown in the
figure 4.3

Figure 4.3 Slot Aperture Technique

4.4 Co-Planar Waveguide Feed

Figure 4.4 Co-planar Waveguide Feed

The Co- planar feed is a very common technique used for coupling in dielectric
resonator antennas. Here, figure 4.4 shows a monopole coupled to a co-planar loop. The
coupling behavior of the co-planar loop is similar to coaxial probe, but the loop offers
the advantage of being non-obtrusive. By moving the feed loop from the edge of the
monopole to the center, one can couple into either .

Co-planar waveguide (CPW) feeding technique is also referred as planar strip line
feeding. CPW feeding technique more advantageous compared to other feeding
techniques, because it is having the fallowing attractive features. They are

18
  Lower radiation leakage
 Less dispersion than micro-strip lines
 Active devices can be mounted on top of the circuit like on micro-strip.

It can provide extremely high frequency response (100 GHz or more). Since
connecting to CPW does not involve or require any parasitic discontinuities in the
ground plane. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) is such a transmission line that can
achieve high radiation efficiency demands. In addition, the CPW has lower loss than
the micro-strip line. One promising application with the coplanar waveguide fed
antenna techniques is that a fiber optics system can be integrated with the slot antenna.
Recently, different types of CPW-fed slot antennas have been designed for wideband
applications, achieving 50% bandwidth in a multi-slot design and 60% and width by
optimizing a tuning stub As with micro-strip line excitation, slot antennas excited by
coplanar waveguides also have bidirectional radiation characteristics.

19
Chapter 5

Parameters

20
5.1 Monopole Parameters

The design parameters are as following.

5.1.1 Monopole Length

Use the formula: Length (feet) = 234 / Frequency (MHz). 234 / 2500 = 0.09 feet
(rounded to nearest 0.1 foot.) Your 4G cell phone 2500 MHz quarter wavelength wire
monopole antenna needs to be 0.09 feet or about 1 inch in length. In our design
ML=L/4.

5.1.2 Monopole Radius

The 0.95-0.98 is the coefficient which is usually used to "shorten" the value of the
length of the monopole as compared to the length of a "perfect" 1/2 wavelength long
dipole and 1/4 wavelength long monopole. This is due to the capacitance created by the
ends of the finite diameter of a practical monopole. In our design MR=0.7.

5.1.3 Ground Radius

The monopole object is a monopole antenna mounted over a rectangular ground plane.,
where: d is the diameter of equivalent cylindrical monopole. r is the radius of
equivalent cylindrical monopole. In our design GD=44mm.[5]

5.1.4 Ground Thickness

The standard input impedance of a thin monopole antenna centered at 2.45GHz which
uses a ground plane of radius λ/2. A general rule is the thickness of
the monopole antenna determines the bandwidth of the antenna. In our design
GT=1.8mm.

5.1.5 Frequency
The bandpass filter, when integrated with a CPW wideband antenna,
produces frequency agility with a wideband mode and a continuous narrowband mode.

21
In our design we operate at F=4.7GHz.

5.2 DESIGN PARAMTER

Table 1: Design Parameter

22
 Chapter 6

Results and Future Work

23
6.1 Results of Switching Elements

The work presents the switching of the elements by making some elements open and
short.

6.1.1 Result 1:
In this design we are making six elements open and six elements short.

Figure 6.1 Design 1

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 Figure 6.2 Radiation pattern 1

6.1.2 Result 2:

Figure 6.3 Design 2

25
 Figure 6.4 Radiation pattern 2

6.1.3 Result3:
.

Figure 6.5 Design 3

26
 Figure 6.6 Radiation pattern 3

6.1.4 Result4:

Figure 6.7 Design 4

27
 Figure 6.8 Radiation pattern 4

6.1.5 Result5:

Figure 6.9 Design 5

28
 Figure 6.10 Radiation pattern 5

6.1.6 Result6:

Figure 6.11 Design 6

29
Figure 6.12 Radiation pattern 6

30
6.1.7 Result7:

Figure 6.13 Design 7

Figure 6.14 Radiation pattern 7

31
6.1.8 Result8:

Figure 6.15 Design 8

32
 Figure 6.16 Radiation pattern 8

6.1.9 Result9:

Figure 6.17 Design 9

33
 Figure 6.18 Radiation pattern 9

6.1.10 Result10:

Figure 6.19 Design 10

34
 Figure 6.20 Radiation pattern 10

6.1.11 Result11:

Figure 6.21 Design 11

35
 Figure 6.22 Radiation pattern 11

6.3 Conclusion

Monopoles have been studied in this thesis their different radiation patterns have been
recorded by making six elements sort and six elements open. By this we achieve beam
steering in 380 degree.

6.4 Future Work

 Monopoles directivities will be increased by using Arrays.

 Measurements of fabricated design will be carried out in future.

36
 Someday monopoles may be common.

37
References

38
1. Energy efficient switched parasitic array antenna for 5g network and IoT by Ahmed
Kausar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University,
Boise, USA

2. Hani Mehrpouyan ,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise

State University, Boise, USA ,Mathini Sellathurai School of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K Rongrong QianSchool of
Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K ,Shafaq
Kausar,Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Sciences and
Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

3. Explain that Stuff. (2019). How do antennas and transmitters work?. [online]
Available at: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/antennas.html [Accessed 6 Apr. 2019].

5. S. Keyrouz and D. Caratelli, "Dielectric Resonator Antennas: Basic Concepts,

Design Guidelines, and Recent Developments at Millimeter-Wave
Frequencies", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2016, pp. 1-20,
2016. Available: 10.1155/2016/6075680

39