Republic of the Philippines

TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY

College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature

According to Mario G. Beruvides (2015), In order to minimize maintenance cost

and improve rural transit vehicles services, a Regional Maintenance Center (RMC)
concept was conceived and utilized by the Illinois Department of Transportation (DOT)
to maintain and repair rural transit vehicles within a geographical region. The key
attributes of an RMC is the resource sharing between urban and rural transit during
their respective idle time – the urban transit maintenance facility is utilized to provide
vehicle maintenance and repair to rural transit vehicles. Benefits of RMC for rural transit
providers include lower vehicle maintenance costs and better maintenance quality.
Benefits of RMC for urban transit include lower maintenance operating costs and higher
maintenance facility utilization rates. Previous studies show that RMC is a new concept,
and research in creating and managing RMCs does not exist. In attempt to assist
practitioners in creating and managing RMCs, this study examined existing literature and
attempted to identify research, tools, and techniques that are relevant to RMCs. The
foci of the literature review are rural and urban transit vehicle management, rural and
urban transit vehicle maintenance, vehicle maintenance management, resource sharing,
performance measurement on transit vehicle maintenance, and best practice in transit
maintenance. A total of 169 publications were found. An analysis of the existing
literature showed that research in public transportation management had increased
significantly over the past 50 years, with 60% of the existing literature focused on urban
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

transit and 32% focused on rural transit. This study provides an analysis of research
relevant to creating and managing a RMC, and provides a compendium of publications
in public transit vehicle maintenance and management.

Transit Cooperative Research Program (2016), Use of Automotive Service

Excellence Tests within Transit Standards represents an important program activity at
APTA and within the public transportation industry. APTA, through its policy and
planning committees, has played a major role in the development of standards.
Hundreds of industry volunteers serving on numerous working committees have
developed standards for bus, rail transit and commuter rail operations, maintenance,
procurement, and Intelligent Transportation Systems. These consensus-based standards
are being used to achieve operational efficiencies and safety improvements in services
vehicles.

Although some terms are often used interchangeably, types of documents published by
APTA include:

 A generally accepted practice, method, or prescribed manner by which

something is achieved by authority as a rule, measure of quality, or value.
 An established or usual way doing something usually based on repeated actions
or widely established processes.
 General options on how to accomplish the task at hand
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

Local Literature

According to Ruben Manahan IV (2018), Designed to make car maintenance

easier for vehicles, a local-based, online platform for has formally been launched in the
country. Aimed to connect car-related inquiries on maintenance to the proper
establishments–from the usual preventive maintenance service up to car services–
Beepbeep.ph, the online platform, gateway, and destination for one’s car needs has
been launched. Beepbeep.ph founder Anton Ojeda told CARMUDI PHILIPPINES he saw
the need for one since there is no available app in the market yet. “Before I use to work
with Zomato (an online directory for restaurants and alike), and saw there is more than
enough attention on car sales and no to very little on car maintenance,” he narrated. He
also noted that since almost anything can be done using a mobile phone, his team
decided to open up a new way to make life easier for car owners. “We at beepbeep.ph
are ushering a new age of convenience for car owners,” Ojeda added. Beepbeep.ph
Chief Operating Officer Paolo Acosta echoed Ojeda’s sentiments, saying that it is high
time “we make the lives of car owners easier.”

According to Jules Matabuena (2016), studied about Regular car maintenance: A

cheat sheet, for most of the Filipinos, a car is the very first investment that we’ll make.
And while we’d willingly spend hundreds of thousands or even millions of our hard-
earned cash for one, many would become so hesitant to spend some more for regular
car maintenance. Most of the time, it’s simply our realistic, frugal side manifesting itself.
Filipinos have always been practical, and the top priorities of many don’t always include
regular car maintenance. As long as their vehicles aren’t showing any visible signs of
wear and tear and it are still up and running, believing that there’s no real need for all to
bring it in for servicing. But think about it. What’s the point in buying something as
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

pricey and important as a car and neglect caring for it altogether? It wouldn’t want to be
lamenting over your new car falling apart even before you’ve even made the most out
of it, right? Prevention is indeed better than cure. Regular maintenance may seem
costly, but spending for repairs once your car starts breaking down is costlier. Keep in
mind that spending for a car does not stop at buying one, and that part of being a
responsible car owner is making sure it’s in always tip top shape so it can be used for
years, even decades.

Foreign Study

According to Thomas Thüm, Sandro Schulze, Mario Pukall, Gunter

Saake, and Sebastian Günther (2015) that conducted a study about the Secure and
Customizable Data Management for Automotive Systems, database management
systems (DBMS) are an essential asset, especially for embedded systems. The
continuously increasing amount of data in automotive systems and the growing network
of embedded devices can profit from DBMS. Restrictions in terms of processors,
memory, and storage require customizable DBMS that contain only the needed
functionality. We present AutoDaMa, a customizable DBMS designed for automotive
systems. With AutoDaMa, it is possible to generate tailor-made DBMS for different
scenarios, for example, by restricting the storage size of the DBMS or adding security-
related features such as asymmetric and symmetric encryption. Demonstrate the
feasibility of approach through applying different tailor-made DBMS versions derived
from AutoDaMa in an automotive testing environment. Our experience is that
AutoDaMa can dramatically reduce the development effort and can increase reliability
using efficient reuse mechanisms.
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

According to Zhou Chuanyu, Guan Wei, Xiong Jie and Jiang Shixiong (2016) in the
study entitled Dynamic dispatching strategy of customized bus, in recent years,
customized bus as an innovative mode has become an important choice of public
transport. It helps to change transportation structure and alleviate traffic congestion,
which has great efficiency for energy conservation and emission reduction. However, it
is relatively simple and cannot be well integrated into the intelligent transportation
system. Therefore, this paper discusses the intelligent dispatching strategies of
customized bus on the basis of dynamic traffic information. Finally, an example is given
to confirm the effectiveness of these strategies. We anticipate that the strategies could
help improve the punctuality of customized bus arrival and attract more private car
owners, which can provide more opportunities for the intelligent development of
customized bus.

According to Martin Cramér and Anders Matsson (2014) entitled Customization

through Standardization a study on Atlas Copco Tools & Assembly Systems (ACTA) is
world leader in industrial tools and assembly systems for safety-critical joints. One of
the products the company sells is fixtured nutrunners, mainly to the motor vehicle
industry. The margins on these highly customized products have been decreasing –
much depending on changes in the purchasing behavior of the automotive industry.
Traditionally, the marketing of the fixtured nutrunners has been concentrated to the
parts of the product instead of the final product. Today, there is a belief within the
organization that many of the sold customized products could be replaced by more
standardized applications. There is also a wish to turn the focus of the market offer from
the parts towards the final application. These beliefs and wishes resulted in this study,
with the purpose to propose a new market offer to increase profitability and give more
customer benefits. To reach this purpose started out with theoretical studies of several
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

different areas. Among those was mass customization, a strategy that combines the
benefits of mass production with those of customization. Performed a prestudy at the
headquarters of ACTA in Sickla and visited major customers in Sweden. Using the
collected knowledge from the theoretical studies and the prestudy, conducted an
indepth case study by interviewing customers and people working at ACTA, both in
Sweden and in the USA, in order to analyze today’s situation. In the analysis found
several problems with today’s offer. For instance, find out that similar problems are
solved with unique solutions, which has lead to poor cost control and has made it
difficult for ACTA to assure the quality of the ordered products. A further problem is the
poor sales support and the lack of traceability of sold systems, which reduces sales and
leads to unnecessary special solutions. A problem linked to that is the difficulties in
getting accurate and sufficient information from the customer, which leads to extra
errors and a lot of extra work. To solve the problems, they recommend ACTA to
implement a mass customization strategy. Of course, not all of ACTA’s products can be
mass customized, but to a large extent it should be possible. To implement a mass
customization strategy, they argue that ACTA should take three measures, namely
design standard products, modularize the products, and implement a computerized
configuration tool. Also suggest that the implementation of the new market offer should
be done stepwise. With the proposed new market offer, they believe that ACTA can
increase profitability in the area of fixtured nutrunners without losing the flexibility of
the products.

Local Study
According to Analee E. Mayo (2016) studied about Analyzing the Value of Vehicle
Maintenance Activities This thesis work presents an analytical view of the value of
maintenance activities from two main perspectives; the truck OEM and the transport
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

providers. It is written related to one of the work packages of the “Efficient

Maintenance for Sustainable Transport Solutions” (EMATS) project. Three main research
questions of this study have been formulated around value of maintenance activities,
definition and cost elements of poor maintenance and lastly the future expectations of
actors regarding future transportation solutions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is
analyzing and increasing the value of maintenance from different perspectives through
reduction in cost of poor maintenance and investigating future expectations of actors.
When analyzing the value of maintenance activities, first of all information about
maintenance management has been provided in theoretical framework in order to give
an overview about maintenance to readers. Furthermore, business strategy and
industrial marketing and purchasing theories have also been explained in order to have
a better understanding about network approach and the relationship between the
actors in a network. Finally as the core of this thesis work, value perception as a balance
between the benefits and costs has been given in theoretical framework. The main
theoretical contributions of this work are the creation and the increase of value along
with the minimization of the cost of poor maintenance. The empirical data is gathered
by interviewing experts in the field in each of the truck OEM and the transport provider
sector. Together, the empirical data and the study allow an analysis of the value of
maintenance from the truck OEM’s perspective, value of maintenance from the
transport providers’ perspective, a comparison of the two perspectives and the
consequences for the truck OEM. A discussion is open to argue the feasibility of
maintenance on new technologies, especially the electric vehicles, along with a
discussion about the influences of other industries on the truck industry. In the
conclusion of this study, the cost aspects that correspond to poor maintenance have
been highlighted and recommendations have been given to reduce these costs in order
to increase the value. Also, future expectations of actors have been evaluated. In
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

addition to that, the value concept has been discussed from a holistic supply chain
management perspective.

According to Foronda, Jonard C. (2015), this study is to develop a new car

maintenance service concept and service path for the business customers of SCaG
Automotive Services. Both the maintenance service concept and the service path were
developed using empirical data collected from the business customers of SCaG
Automotive Services. The theoretical framework was built around service concepts. The
issues dealt in the theoretical framework are service path, service concepts, service
blueprint, goods and service-dominant logic. The empirical data were collected using a
sentence completion form. The respondents were chosen from among the decision
makers of the customer companies of SCaG Automotive Services. The invitation to
respond to the sentence completion form was sent by e-mail to 38 decision makers, of
whom 17 returned the completed sentence completion form. The response rate was 45
%, which can be considered relatively high. In the analysis, the completed sentence
completion forms were read through to gain a general overview of the results. After
reading the forms the answers were listed according to sentence beginnings and
individual answers in an Excel worksheet. The results were written in exactly the same
form as they were presented on the sentence completion forms. The purpose of the
data collection was to find answers to the empirical research problems concerning SCaG
Automotive Services repair services and their maintenance functions for business
customers. The main results of this research are a description of the improved service
path, a maintenance service concept and the service concept worksheet template
together with modular model of the maintenance service. There are procedures and
actions that should be changed based on the negative feedback. The negative feedback
received relates to parking spaces, spare part deliveries and to the efficiency of the
 Republic of the Philippines
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY
College of Information and Communication Technology
General Santos Ave., Upper Bicutan, Taguig City

maintenance service. There are also actions that should be promoted as they have
received positive feedback. Positive feedback from the business customers focused on
such areas as service attitude and contact channels. Based on the service path and the
service concept together with the modular model of the maintenance service SCaG
Automotive Services is able to improve its maintenance services and thereby improve
customer satisfaction and the profitability of the maintenance services.