Chavez Gabreille R.

October 08, 2019

BS Pharmacy 2-E T|1:30-3:30|PhyPharmLec

Crystal Forms (EXAMPLES)

Cubic Tetragonal Hexagonal
Diamond Anatase Apatite
Fluorite Apophyllite Aquamarine
Garnet Chalcopyrite Beryl
Gold Rutile Cancrinite
Halite Scapolite Emerald
Pyrite Scheelite Goshenite
Silver Wulfenite Morganite
Spinel Zircon Sugilite
Magnetite Zincite

Rhombic Monoclinic Triclinic

Aragonite Azurite Amazonite
Alexandrite Chrysocolla Aventurine Feldspar
Andalusite (Chiastolite) Diopside Copper sulfate
Celestite Epidote Kyanite
Chrysoberyl Gypsum Labradorite
Chrysoberyl Hiddenite Rhodonite
Danburite Howlite Turquoise
Dumortierite Kunzite
Enstatite Lazulite
Hemimorphite Moonstone
Iolite Muscovite (Mica)
Tanzanite Orthoclase
Topaz Petalite
Zoisite Serpentine
Spodumene
Staurolite
Vivianite

Types of Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability of solid materials to exist in two or more crystalline
forms with different arrangements or conformations of the constituents in the
crystal lattice
1. Enantropy
When the change of one polymorphic form to other at the transition temperature is
reversible, the phenomenon called Enantiotropy and the polymorphic forms are called
enantiotropes.
E. g Carbamazepine Enantiotropy
2. Monotropy
Monotropy occurs when one form is stable and the other metastable. The metastable
changes to the stable form at all temperature and the change is not reversible.
E.g Chloramphenicol palmitate, Metolazone Monotropy
 Anisotropy
When the properties of a material vary with different crystallographic orientations
 Refractive Index (RI)
Refractive Index (Index of Refraction) is a value calculated from the ratio of the
speed of light in a vacuum to that in a second medium of greater density. The
refractive index variable is most commonly symbolized by the letter n or n' in
descriptive text and mathematical equations.
 Optical Rotation
Optical rotation is the extent (measured in degrees) to which a solution of a
molecule will rotate plane-polarized light, as measured by a polarimeter. Optical
rotation is dependent on concentration, path length, temperature, and the
wavelength of light used, as well as the solvent.
 Polarization
The process of transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
It refers to the orientation of the vibrations of a light wave. When the vibrations are
mostly in one direction, the light is said to be polarized.
Polarization, also called wave polarization, is an expression of the orientation of
the lines of electric flux in an electromagnetic field ( EM field ). Polarization can
be constant -- that is, existing in a particular orientation at all times, or it can
rotate with each wave cycle.