KENDRI

YA VI
DYALAYA SANGATHAN
KOLKATAREGI
ON

TWODAYSWORKSHOPONLEARNI
NG CONTENT I
N

THESUBJECTPHYSI
CS

FORTHECLASSESXIANDXI
I

(08-
07-
2019TO09-
07-
2019)
Venue:
KENDRI
YAVI
DYALAYA,
O.F.
DUMDUM
OURPATRONS

MS.
P.B.
SUSHA,
DC
,
KOLKATAREGI
ON

COURSEDI
RECTOR

MR.
ANI
LYADAV
 PRI
NCI
PAL
KV,
OF,
DUMDUM
 RESOURCEPERSONS

MRS.
DEBJANI CHATTERJEE,
PGT-
PHYSI
CS,
KVASANSOL

MR.NAWINKUMAR,
PGT-
PHYSI
CS,
CRPF,
DURGAPUR

SPECI
ALASSI
STANCE

MR.MANOJKUMARSINHA,
PGT-PHYSI
CS,
KV,
OF,
DUMDUM
 UNI
T-I(
ELECTROSTATI
CS)

LEARNI
NGCONTENTS

LEARNI
NGOBJECTI
VES

 Pr
oper
ti
esofchar
ges

 Coul
omb’
slawofel
ect
rost
ati
cs

 Pr
inci
pleofsuper
posi
ti
on

 El
ect
ri
cfi
eldduet
oapoi
ntchar
ge

 El
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nes

 El
ect
ri
cdi
pol
e-el
ect
ri
cfi
eldataxi
alandequat
ori
all
i
ne,
tor
que,
pot
ent
ial
ener
gy

 El
ect
ri
cfl
ux

 Gauss’
slawandi
tsappl
i
cat
ions

 El
ect
ri
cpot
ent
ial
-poi
ntchar
geandel
ect
ri
cdi
pol
e

 Equi
pot
ent
ial
sur
faceandi
tspr
oper
ti
es

 Conduct
orsandi
nsul
ator
s

 Capaci
tance-par
all
elpl
atecapaci
tor
s

 Combi
nat
ionofcapaci
tor
s

 Ener
gyst
oredbycapaci
tor

LESSONATAGLANCE

1.El
ectr
ostat
ics:Thebr
anchofPhysi
cswhi
chdeal
swit
hchangesatr
est
,thef
orcebet
ween
thechar
ges,f
iel
dandpotent
ial
betweent
hechar
ges.

2.Charge:I
tissomethi
ngpossessedbymateri
alobj
ect
sthatmakesi
tpossi
blef
ort
hem t
o
exertelect
ri
calf
orceandt
orespondtoelect
ri
calfor
ce.

3.
Proper
ti
esofchar
ges:

 Quant
isat
ionofcharge:I
tist
hatpropert
ybyvir
tueofwhichal
lfr
eechar
gesar
e
i
ntegr
almulti
pleofabasi
cunitofchargeofanelect
ron.

q=±newher
e, 6×10-19C
e=1.
  Addi
tivenat
ureofcharge:I
tispr
opert
ybyv i
rt
ueofwhichtotal
chargeofasy
stem i
s
obt
ainedbysimplyaddingal
gebrai
cal
lyal
lchargespr
esentanywhereont
hesyst
em.

q=q1+q2+q3……………………….
.+qn

 Conserv
ati
onofcharge:
Itist
hatpr
oper
tybyv
irt
ueofwhi
cht
otal
char
geofan
i
solat
edsystem al
waysremai
nsconst
ant.

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.If109el
ect
ronsmoveoutofabodyt
oanot herbodyev
erysecond,
howmucht
ime
requir
edtogetachar
geof1Contheotherbody?

2.
Howmuchposi
ti
veandnegat
ivechar
gei
sther
einacupofwat
er?

4.Coul
omb’slaw:Thefor
ceofint
eract
ionbetweent
wopoi
ntchargesisdi
rect
lypr
oport
ional
tothepr
oductofchar
gesandinver
selypropor
ti
onal
tot
hesquareofthedi
stancebet
ween
them.

1
F∝q1q2and F∝ 2
r

qq
F=k 122
r

Wher
eki
sconst
antwhi
chdependsonsy
stem ofmeasur
ementandnat
ureofmedi
um

1
K= =9×109Nm2/
Kg2
4πε0

5.Uni
tofchar
ge:
SIuni
tofchar
gei
scoul
omb(
C).

Onecoul
ombisthatchar
gewhichwhenplacedatadist
anceof1m apartfr
om a
9
equal
char
geandsi
mil
archargei
nvacuum woul
drepelitbyaf
orceof9×10 newtons.

CGSUNI
TIS1st
atcoul
ombor1el
ect
rost
ati
cuni
t

omb=3×109st
1coul atcoul
omb

6.Forcebetweenmult
ipl
echar
ges:Accordi
ngtopr
inci
pleofsuperposi
ti
on,tot
alfor
ceonany
chargeduetoanumberofchargeatresti
svect
orsum ofal
lforcesonthatchargeduet
o
otherchar
ges,t
akenoneatati
me.
7.
Elect
ricf
iel
d:I
tisanimaginar
yandhypothet
ical
spacearoundt
hesour
cechar
geduet
o
whi
cht het
estchargewil
lexper
ienceaf
orceofinter
act
ion.

8.El
ectr
icf
iel
dintensi
ty:
Atanypoint,i
tisthest
rengt
hoffi
eldatthatpoi
nt.I
tisdef
inedas
thef
orceexper
iencedbyaunitposit
ivechargepl
acedatt
hatpoint.

9. El
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
ntensi
tyduet
oapoi
ntchar
ge:

10.Uni
tofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
ntensi
ty:
TheSIuni
tofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
sNewt
onpercoul
omb.

11.Elect
ri
cfiel
dintensi
tyduetomul
ti
plechar
ges:El
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
ntensi
tyatapoi
ntduetoa
groupofchargesisequaltothev
ect
orsum oftheel
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
ntensi
tyduetoi
ndi
vidual
chargeatthatsamepoint.

12.
Electr
icfi
eldl
i
nes:
Iti
sthepathst
raightorcurvedi
nelect
ri
cfi
eld,
sucht
hatt
angentat
anypointofi
tgiv
esdi
rect
ionofel
ect
ricfiel
datthatpoi
nt.

Pr
oper
ti
esofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nes:

 El
ectri
cfiel
dli
nesaredi
scont
inuouscur
ves.Theyst
artf
rom posi
ti
vechar
geandend
atnegati
vecharge.

 Tangentt
oel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nesatanypoi
ntgi
vesdi
rect
ionofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldatt
hatpoi
nt

 Notwolinesofforcecani nt
ersectwi
theachotherbecauseatthatpoi
ntof
i
nter
secti
on,ther
ewi ll
bet wopossibl
edirect
ionofel
ectr
icfi
eldwhichi
snotpossi
ble.
Hence,
thelinesdon’tcrosseachother.

 Theel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nesar
eal
way
snor
mal
tot
hesur
faceofconduct
or.

 Theelect
ri
cf i
eldl
i
nescont
ractl
ongi
tudi
nal
l
y,onaccountofat
tr
act
ionbet
ween
unl
ikecharges.

 Elect
ri
cfiel
dli
nesexer
tal
ater
alpr
essur
eonaccountofr
epul
sionbet
weenl
i
ke
charges.

13.El
ect
ri
cdi
pol
e:I
tisasy
stem ofequal
andopposi
techar
gessepar
atedbyasmal
l
di
stance.

14.Dipol
emoment:
Itisgi
venbypr
oductofmagni
tudeofei
therchar
geanddi
stance
betweenthet
wocharges.

Thedi
rect
ionofdi
pol
emomenti
sfr
om negat
ivet
oposi
ti
vechar
ge.

15.Fi
eldi
ntensi
tyonaxi
all
i
neofdi
pol
e:

16.Fi
eldint
ensi
tyatapoi
ntont
he
equat
oriall
i
neofdipol
e:

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Twochar
ges±10μCar
epl
aced5.
0mm apar
t.Det
ermi
net
heel
ect
ri
cfi
eldat

(
a)Apoi
ntontheaxi
soft
hedi
pol
eat15cm awayf
rom t
hecent
reoft
hedi
pol
eont
he
ax
ial
li
neand

(
b)At15cm awayf
rom t
hecent
reoft
hedi
pol
eont
heequat
ori
all
i
neoft
hedi
pol
e.

17.Tor
queonadipol
einunif
orm el
ect
ri
cfi
eld:
Tor
quei
sper
pendi
cul
art
obot
hdi
pol
e
momentvect
orandelect
ri
cfi
eldvect
or.

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Def
ineTor
que?Fi
ndthetor
queacti
ngonanelect
ri
cdipol
epl
acei
nauni
for
m el
ect
ri
cfi
eld.
Givet
hecondi
ti
onfort
orqueact
ingonanel
ect
ri
cdipolei
s
 (
a)Zer
oand(
b)maxi
mum

18.Elect
ri
cfl
ux:I
tisrepresent
edbyel
ect
ri
cf i
eldli
nepassi
ngnor
mall
ythroughagi
ven
2
surf
ace.SIuni
tofelect
ri
cf l
uxisNewt
onm /coulomb.Iti
sascal
arquant
ity
.

1
19.
Gauss’
slaw:
Elect
ri
cfl
uxov
erai
nvacuum cl
osedsur
facei
s t i
mest
hechar
ge
ε0
encl
osedbyi
t.

20.El
ect
ri
cfiel
dduet
oan i
nfi
nit
elonguni
for
mlychar
gedwi
re:
Foral
i
nechar
ge
wit
hunif
orm

char
gedensi
ty,
elect
ri
cfi
eldatdi
stanceri
s

21.El
ect
ricfi
elddue toaunif
orml
ychar
gessphericalshel
l
: LetRbe
theradi
usof uni
for
mlychar
gedensi
ty‘
σ'.Electr
icf
ieldata
dist
ance‘r’
when

22.El
ectri
cfi
elddue toathi
ninfi
nit
eplanesheetof
charge:Letσbethe sur
facechargedensi
tyonthe
sheet.El
ectr
icfi
eldi
s i
ndependentofthedi
stancefr
om
theplanesheet.

σ
E=
ε0

23.El
ect
ri
cfi
eldduet
othi
npar
all
elsheetofchar
ge:
Elect
ri
cfi
eldbet
weent
hepl
atei
sE=0

σ
Andi
nther
egi
ononei
thersi
deoft
hepl
atesE=
ε0
CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Defi
neli
nearchargedensit
y.Gi
vetheSIuni
tofi
tsmeasur
ement
.Al
sogi
vet
he
for
mulatofi
ndt heli
nearchar
gedensi
ty.

2.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngs.Al
sogi
vet
hei
rSIuni
t

(
a)Sur
facechar
gedensi
ty(
b)v
olumechar
gedensi
ty

24.El
ectr
ostati
cpotenti
aldi
ff
erence:
P.Dbetweentwopoi
ntsi
nanel ect
ricfi
eldi
sdefi
nedas
theamountofwor kdonetomov eaunitposi
ti
vechar
gewi
thoutacceler
ationf
rom onepoi
nt
toanot
her.SIunitofP.
Disvolt
.

25.El
ectr
ostati
cpotent
ial
:El
ect
rostat
icpot
enti
alatanypoi
nti
nel
ectr
icf
iel
distheamountof
workdoneinmov i
ngaunitposi
tiv
echargefrom i
nfi
nit
ytot
heatt
hatpoi
nt.
Potent
ial
isa
scal
arquant
itymeasuredinvol
ts.

26.Elect
rost
aticpotent
ial
atanypointduetoadi
pol
e:Pot
ent
ial
atadi
stancerf
rom t
he
centr
eofadi poleatanangleθwit
ht heaxi
sofdi
pol
eis

pcosθ
V=k 2 2
r-
a
 CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Fi
gshowst
hef
iel
dli
nesofaposi
ti
veandnegat
ivechar
ger
espect
ivel
y.

a.
Giv
ethesi
gnsoft
hepot
ent
ial
dif
f enceVp-
er Vq;
VB-
VA.

b.Gi
vethesi
gnsoft
hepot
ent
ial
ener
gydi
ff
erenceofasmal
lnegat
ivechar
gebet
weent
he
poi
ntsQandP;AandB.

c.
Giv
ethesi
gnoft
hewor
kdonebyt
hef
iel
dinmov
ingasmal
lposi
ti
vechar
gef
rom Qt
oP.

d.
Giv
ethesi
gnoft
hewor
kdonebyt
heext
ernal
agencyi
nmov
ingasmal
lchar
gef
rom Bt
oA.

e.
Doest
heki
net
icener
gyofasmal
lnegat
ivechar
gei
ncr
easeordecr
easei
ngoi
ngf
rom Bt
o
A?

2.
Vehicl
escar
ryi
ngi
nfl
ammabl
emat
eri
alusual
l
yhav
emet
all
i
cropest
ouchi
ngt
hegr
ound
dur
ingmoti
on.Why?

27.Equi
pot
ent
ial
sur
face:
Thepar
ti
cul
arsur
faceatwhi
cht
heel
ect
ri
cpot
ent
ial
isconst
ant
thr
oughout
.

Pr
oper
ti
esofequi
pot
ent
ial
sur
face:

I
.Nowor
kisdonei
nmov
ingachar
gef
rom onepoi
ntofequi
pot
ent
ial
sur
facet
otheot
her
.

II
.Foranychar
geofconfigur
ati
on,
equi
pot
ent
ial
sur
facet
hroughapoi
nti
snor
mal
tot
he
elect
ri
cfiel
datthatpoi
nt.

I
II
.Equipot
ent
ialsur
facearecl
osert
oget
heri
nther
egi
onsofst
rongel
ect
ri
cfi
eldandf
art
her
apar
tinweakelectr
icfi
eld.

I
V.Not
woequi
pot
ent
ial
sur
facescani
nter
sectwi
theachot
her
.

28.Potenti
alener
gyofsyst
em ofcharges:I
tisdef
inedastheamountofwor kdonei
n
bri
ngi
ngt hevari
ouschar
gestothei
rrespecti
veposit
ionsf
rom i
nfi
nit
elyl
argemutual
separ
ations.
29.Expr
essi
onf
orpot
ent
ial
ener
gyf
orasy
stem ofchar
ges:

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Plotthegraphshowi ngt hev ari

ationsof
(
a)Elect
rostat
icpotentialwithdi stancer
(
b)Elect
ri
cfiel
dintensitywi t
hdi stancer
2.(
a)Calcul
atethepotenti
al atpointPduet oachargeof4×10-7Clocatedatapoi
nt9cm
away.
(b)
Henceobt ai
nthewor kdonei nbringingachar ge2×10-9Cfrom i
nfi
nityt
othepoi
ntP.
Does
theanswerdependont hepat hal ongwhi chthechargei
sbr ought?
3.Deri
veanexpressiontof i
ndt hepot enti
alduetoanel ect
ricdi
pole
(I
)atapointont heaxisoft hedi poleand
(
II
)atapointont heequat oriall
ine

30.El
ect
rost
ati
csofaconduct
or:

 El
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
nsi
deaconduct
ori
szer
o.

 Noext
rachar
ger
esi
desi
nsi
det
heconduct
or.

 Elect
ri
cf i
eldj
ustout
sidet
heconduct
ori
snor
mal
tot
hesur
faceoft
he
conductor.

 El
ect
rost
ati
cpotent
ial
isconst
antthr
oughoutt
hev
olumeoft
heconduct
orand
hast
hesamev al
ueasonitssurf
ace.

σ
 El
ect
ri
cfi
eldatt
hesur
faceofconduct
ori
sE=
ε0

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.
Whati
sthev
alueofel
ect
rost
ati
cfi
eldi
nsi
deaconduct
or?

2.Whati
sthedi
rect
ionofel
ect
rost
ati
cfi
eldatev
erypoi
ntont
hesur
faceofachar
ged
conduct
or?

3.Whati
stheamountofnetchar
gei
nsi
det
hechar
geconduct
or?

4.Whatcanyousayaboutt
heel
ect
rost
ati
cpot
ent
ial
thr
oughoutt
hev
olumeofachar
ge
conduct
or?

5.
What
aredi
elect
ri
csubst
ances?Howar
etheydi
ff
erentf
rom conduct
ors?

6.
Whati
stheef
fectofex
ter
nal
elect
ri
cfi
eldonaconduct
orandadi
elect
ri
csubst
ance?
7.
Whatar
epol
arandnon-
pol
armol
ecul
es?Gi
veexampl
esf
oreach.

8.
Whatismeantbypol
ari
zat
ion?Gi
vet
her
elat
ionbet
weenpol
ari
zat
ionandappl
i
edel
ect
ri
c
fi
eld.

9.Auni
for
mlypolari
zeddiel
ect
ri
camount
stoi
nducedsur
facechar
gedensi
tybutnov
olume
char
gedensi
ty.Expl
ain.

10.
Whati
stheef
fectofext
ernal
elect
ri
cfi
eldonapol
armol
ecul
eandanon-
pol
armol
ecul
e?

CONCEPTBUI
LDI
NG

1.Def
inecapaci
tanceofacapaci
tor
.Gi
vet
hef
act
orsonwhi
cht
hecapaci
tance
 depends.Whati
sthesy
mbol
i
crepr
esent
ati
onofaf
ixedcapaci
tanceandav
ari
abl
e
capaci
tance?

2.Gi
vet
hecommonuni
tsofcapaci
tance.

3.Whathappenst ot
hecapacitanceofaparal
lel
plat
ecapaci
torwhenadiel
ect
ri
c
medi
um ofdielect
ri
cconstantKisint
roducedbetweent
heplatesoft
hecapaci
tor
?
Al
soshowt hatC=kC°.

4.Aslabofmateri
alofdi
elect
ri
cconstantkhasthesameareaasthepl
atesofaparal
lel
3
pl
ate3capaci
torbuthasathickness(d) ,
wheredist
hesepar
ati
onoftheplat
es.How
4
i
sthecapaci
tancechangedwhent heslabisi
nser
tedbet
weenthepl
ates?

I
MPORTANTFORMULAE

S
N
O. EQUATI
ON FORMULA WHERETO
APPLY
14. σ E=El
ect
ri
cfi
eld Fieldint
ensit
ydueto
E=
2ε° thininfi
nit
eplane
ε°=El
ect
ri
cper
mit
ti
vi
ty sheetofchar ge

15. C=4πε°r C=capaci

tance Capacit
yofisolat
ed
spher
icalconductor
r=r
adi
usoft
heconduct
or

16. εA A=ar
eaofpl
ates Capaci
tanceofa
C= °
d par
all
elcapaci
tor
d=distancebet
weent
he
pl
ates
17. Gr
oupedcapaci
tor
s Cs=equi
val
entcapaci
tancei
n Tocalculat
e
ser
ies equiv
alent
(
a)I
nser
ies capacit
anceofa
Cp=equi
val
entcapaci
tancei
n ci
rcuit
1 1 1 1
= + + par
all
el
Cs C1 C2 C3

(
b)I
npar
all
el

Cp=C1+C2+C3

18. 1Q2 1 2 1 U=Electr

ost
ati
cenergy Ener
gystor
edi
nsi
de
U= = CV + QV
2C 2 2 st
oredinacapaci
tor acapaci
tor

19. 1 E=el
ect
ri
cfi
eldst
rengt
h Energydensit
yofa
U= ε°E2
2 paral
lelpl
ate
capacit
or

20. CV+CV V=Commonpot

ent
ial Tof i
ndcommon
V= 1 1 2 2
C1+C2 potenti
alduet
o
shari
ngofcharge
2
21. CC( V- V) E1-
E2=Lossofener
gy Lossofener
gydue
E2= 1 2 2 1
E1- toshari
ngof
2(C1+C2)
charges

22. C t
=thi
cknessofsl
ab Capacit
anceof
C= °
t paral
lelplat
e
1- d=dist
ancebet
weent
he
d capacit
orwi t
h
pl
ates conductingslabi
n
C°=capaci
tance between

22. εA K=di
elect
ri
cconst
ant Capacit
anceof
C= °
1 paral
lelpl
ate
d-
t(
1-)
k capacit
orwi t
h
diel
ectr
icslabin
between

23. ε εr=Rel
ati
veper
mit
ti
vi
ty Str
engthofforcei
n
=ε
ε° r anothermedium
 UNIT-
I

(
ELECTROSTATI
CS)

LEARNI
NGCAPSULES

Ver
yShor
tAnswerTy
peQuest
ionscar
ryi
ng1mar
keach

Q.
No. Quest
ions

1 Twoi
dent
ical
conduct
ingbal
l
sAandBhav
echar
ges–Qand+3Qr
espect
ivel
y.
 Theyarebr
oughti
ncontactwit
heachot
herandt
hensepar
atedbyadi
stanced
apar
t.Fi
ndthenat
ureofCoulombfor
cebet
weenthem.
Ans. Whenincontactnetchargewi
l
lbe+2Q.Whensepar
atedeachhaschar
ge+Q.
Sofor
cewill
ber epul
sive.
2 Amet all
icspher
icalshel
l hasaninnerr
adiusR1&out
erradi
usR2.
AchargeQis
pl
acedatt hecentreoftheshell
.Whatwi l
lbethesur
facechar
gedensi
tyont
he
(i
)innersurf
ace&( ii
)outersurf
aceoftheshell?
Ans. Ont
hei
nnersur
face-Q/4πR2
Ont
heout
ersur
face+Q/4πR2
3 Twochargesofmagni
tudes–2Qand+Qar elocatedatpoi
nts(
a,0)and(
4a,
0)r
especti
vel
y.Whati
stheelectr
icf
luxduet
ot hesechar
gesthr
oughaspher
e
ofr
adius‘
3a’wit
hit
scentreattheor
igi
n?

Ans. Φ=netchar
ge/
ε0=-
2Q/
ε0

4 Expl
ainquant
izat
ionofchar
ge.

Ans. Theelectr
icchargeofanobj ecti
sal
waysintegr
almult
ipl
eofabasi
ccharge
equal
t othechargeofelectr
on.
5 Namet hephysicalquanti
tywhoseS.I
.uni
tisJC-1.I
sitascal
aroravect
or
quant
ity?

Ans. Pot
ent
ial
.Iti
sascal
arquant
it
y.

6 Whydonott
woel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nesi
nter
secteachot
her
?

Ans. Thetangentdr awnatapoi ntonanelectr

icfi
eldli
nerepr esent
sdir
ect
ionof
elect
ri
cf i
eldf
ort hepoi
nt.So,ift
wofieldli
nesareint
er secti
ng,i
twoul
dmean
thatatthepointofint
ersecti
onther
ewoul dbet wodirectionsofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldat
thesamepoi ntwhichisnotpossibl
e.
7 Whyel ect
ricf
ieldli
nesdonotf or
m closedloops?

Ans. El
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nesst
artf
rom posi
ti
vechar
ges&endsatnegat
ivechar
ges.

8 Whyar
eel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nescont
inuous?

Ans. I
fanel
ect
ri
cfi
eldl
i
nei
sdi
scont
inuous,
itwoul
drepr
esentt
heabsenceof
el
ect
ri
cfi
eldi
nthegap.

9 Namet
hephy
sical
quant
it
ythatmeasur
est
hest
rengt
hofel
ect
ri
cfi
eldata
poi
nt.

Ans. El
ect
ri
cfl
ux.
10 Whati
sther
equi
redcondi
ti
onf
oranel
ect
ri
cfl
uxt
obemaxi
mum?

Ans. Angl
ebet
weenEl
ect
ri
cfi
eldandar
eael
ementv
ect dbe00.
orshoul

11. Wor
kdoneonat
estchar
gedueachar
geQi
sposi
ti
ve.pr
edi
ctt
hesi
gnofQ

Ans. Q>0(Posi
ti
ve)

12 Def
ineel
ect
rost
ati
cpot
ent
ial
.

Ans. Theamountofwor
kdoneinbri
ngingaunittestchargef
rom i
nfi
nit
ytoapoi
nt
i
nelect
ri
cfi
eldi
scal
ledel
ect
rost
aticpot
enti
alatthatpoi
nt.

SHORTANSWERTYPEQUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG2MARKSEACH

1. At
estchar
ge‘q’i
smovedwi
thoutaccelerat
ionf
rom At
oCalongthepat
hfr
om
At
oBandt henf
rom Bt
oCinelect
ri
cfieldEasshowninthef
igur
e.

(
i) Cal
cul
atet
hepot
ent
ial
dif
fer weenAandC.
encebet

i
(i
)Atwhi
chpoi
nt(
oft
het
wo)i
stheel
ect
ri
cpot
ent
ial
mor
e?

Ans. i
()VC–VA=4E

i
(i
)VC>VA

2. Whatist
hegeomet
ri
cal
shapeofequi
pot
ent
ial
sur
facesduet
oasi
ngl
e
i
sol
atedchar
ge?

Ans Theequipotentialsur
facesduetoasingl
eisol
atedchar
gear econcentr
ic
spher
icalsurfaces.Asthedist
ancefr
om thechargei
ncreasestheelect
ri
cfiel
d
str
engthwilldecreaseandthedist
ancebetweenthespheri
calsurf
aceswi l
l

i
ncr
ease.

3. El
ect
rost
ati
cpot
ent
ial
isconst
antt
hrought
hev
olumeoft
heconduct
or.Why
?
Ans. dV
AsE= asel
ect
ri
cfiel
dE=0I nsi
detherefor
eV=const
ant
dr
4. Whati
smeantbydi
electr
icst
rengthofadielect
ri
cmedi
um?

Ans. Themaxi
mum el
ect
ri
cfi
eldt
hatadi
elect
ri
cmedi
um canbewi
thst
andwi
thout
br
eakdownofi
tsi
nsul
ati
ngpr
oper
tyi edDi
scal
l elect
ri
cSt
rengt
h.

Exampl
e:Forai
riti 106Vm-1.
s33x

5. Aspher
ical
conduct
ingshel
lofi
nnerr
adi
usr
1andout
err
adi
usr
2hasachar
ge
Q.

(
i) achargeqi
splacedatthecentr
eoftheshel
l.Whati
sthesur
face
char
gedensi
tyontheinnerandout
ersurf
acesoftheshel
l
?

(
ii
) (i
i
)ist
heelectr
icfi
eldi
ntensi
tyi
nsi
deacav i
tywi
thnochar
gei
szer
o,
eveni
ftheshel
lisnotspheri
cal
?Expl
ain.

2 2
Ans. (-q/
4πr1, Q+q/
4πr2,0)(
whenchargeqisplacedatt
hecentr
eoftheshel
l,
a
charge–qi si
nducedatt
heinnersur
faceand+qattheout
ersur
faceofthe
shel
l)

SHORTANSWERTYPEQUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG3MARKSEACH

1. Def ineelectr
icf l
ux.Isi tascal arorav ectorquant it
y?Apoi ntchar gesqi sata
distanceofd/ 2directlyabov ethecent reofasquar eofsi ded.UseGauss' law
toobt aintheexpr essionf ort heelectricf l
uxt hrought hesquar e.(b)Ifthepoi nt
char geisnow mov edt oadi stance' d'from t hecent reoft hesquar eandt he
sideoft hesquar eisdoubl ed,explainhowt heelectricfluxwi llbeaf fected.
Ans Elect r
icfl
uxisdef inedast henumberofel ectri
cf i
ledlinescr ossingt heperuni t
area.I tisscalarquant i
ty.Whencubei sofsi dedandpoi ntchar geqi satt he
cent reofthecubet hent het otalelectri
cf l
uxduet ot hischar gewi llpassev enl y
throught hesi xfacesoft hecube.So,t heel ectri
cf l
uxt hroughonef acewi llbe
equalt o1/6oft het otalel ectri
cf l
uxduet ot hischar ge.i .
e.,Fluxt hrough6
faces= q/0Fl uxthr ough1f ace=1/ 6xq/0( b)I fwemov edpoi ntchar ged
from cent reandsquar esi dechangest o2d,st il
lthepoi ntchar gecanbe
i
magi nedatt hecent reofacubeofsi de2d.Agai nthef l
uxt hroughonef aceof
thecubewi l
lbe1/ 6oft het otalelectri
cf luxduet ot hechar geq.Hence,t he
elect r
icfl
uxt hrought hesquar ewi l
lnotchangeandi twi llremai nt hesamei .e.
,
q/ 6∈o.
2. Aspher eS1ofradiusr 1e nclosesanetchar geQ.I fther eisanot her
concentri
cspher eS2ofr adiusr 2(r2˃r1)enclosingchar ge2Q.

(
i) Fi
ndt
her
ati
ooft
heel
ect
ri
cfl
uxt
hroughspher
eS1andS2.

(
ii
) Howwi l
ltheelect
ri
cfl
uxthroughsphereS1change,ifamedium
ofdi
elect
ricconst
ant5isintr
oducedinthespaceinsideS1i
n
 pl
aceofai
r?

Ans (
i)Ф1=Q/
εo,Ф2=3Q/
εo Ф1/
Ф2=1/
3

i
i
)ifadi
elect
ri
cmedi
um ofdi
elect
ri
cconst
ant5i
sinser
tedt
hen

Ф1’
=Q/
5εo=Ф1/
5

Ans4.(
i)t
otal
char
geencl
osed=Q+Q/
2=3Q/
2

So,Ф=3Q/
2ε0

i
i
)St
atementofGauss’
slawal
ongwi
thmat
hemat
ical
expr
essi
on

(
ii
i) For geatA, F=3Q2/
ceonchar 4πε0x2

4 Threepointchar
gesq,-4qand2qareplacedatthever
ti
cesofanequi
lat
eral
tr
iangl
eABCofsi de‘l’
asshowni nt
hef i
gur
e.Obtai
ntheexpr
essi
onforthe
magnitudeoftheresul
tantel
ect
ri
cforceact
ingonthechar
geq.

Fi
ndoutt
heamountofwor
kdonet
osepar
atet
hechar
gesati
nfi
nit
edi
stance.
Ans Themagni
tudeoft
her
esul
tantel
ect
ri
cfor
ceact
ingont
hechar
geqi
sgi
venby
2 2
Fq=1/
4πɛ₀
[(
-4q)
(q)
/l +(
2q)
(q)
/l ]

2q2/ 2
=- 4πɛ₀
l

b.Theworkdonetosepar
atet
hechar
gesati
nfi
nit
edi
stance=-
pot
ent
ial
energyoft
hesyst
em

=1/
4πɛ₀
[(
-4q)
(q)
/l+(
2q)
(q)
/l+(
-4q)
(2q)
/l 10q2/
]=+[ 4πɛ₀
]

LONGANSWERTYPEQUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG5MARKSEACH

1 .
(a)Def
ineel
ect
ri
cfl
ux.Wr
it
eit
sSIuni
t.

(
b)Theel
ect
ri
cfi
eldcomponent
sduet
oachar
gei
nsi
det
hecubeofsi
de0.
1m
.Ex=αxwhereα=500N/Cm

Ey=0,
Ez=0

Cal
cul
ate(
i)t
hef
luxt
hrought
hecube,
and(
ii
)thechar
gei
nsi
det
hecube.

2 Using Gauss’sl aw deducet heexpr ession fortheel ect

ri
cf ield duet oa
unifor
ml ychargedsphericalconduct
ingshel lofradiusRatapoi nt(i
)out si
de
and( i
i)insidet
heshell.Plotagraphshowi ngt
hev ari
ati
onofel ect r
icfiel
dasa
functi
onofr˃Randr˂R( rbei
ngthedist ancef
rom thecent r
eoftheshel l
).
3 a.Deriveanexpr essi
onfortheelect
ri
cf ieldEduet oadipoleoflengt h’2a’ata
pointdistantrf
rom thecentreofthedipol eontheaxiall
ine.

b.Dr
awagr
aphofEv
ersusrf
orr
>>a.

c.Ifthi
sdipol
ewerekeptinauniform ext
ernalf
iel
dE0,diagr
ammat ical
l
y
representt
he posit
ionofthedipoleinst
ableandunstableequil
ibr
ium
andwr it
etheexpr
essionsfort
het or
queactingonthedipoleinboththe
cases.

4 Deri
veanequat i
onf orCapaci
tanceofacapacit
orwi t
hadi el
ectr
icsl
abof
t
hicknesstplacedinsi
de.
5 Deri
veanexpr essi
onfortheel
ectr
icfi
eldduet
oanelect
ri
cdi
ploealongi
ts
 Axiall
ine
 equator
 UNI
T-I
I(CURRENTELECTRI
CITY)

LEARNI
NGCONTENTS

 ECECTRI CCURRENT
Flowofchar ge.Thedi rectionoff l
owof+v echar geisthedirecti
onofconvent i
onal
cur rent.I
tisopposi tetot hedi recti
onoff l
owofel ectr
on.
 STRENGTHOFCURRENT
Δq
Steadycur r
entI=q/ t,Av eragecur rentI=Δq/ Δt,I nst
antaneousCur enti
r =l im
Δt→0 Δt
 CUREENTCARRI ERS
Elect ronsinmet als,Ionsi nelectrolytes,holesandel ectr
onsi nsemiconductorsand
elect ronsandcat ionsinpl asma.
 OHM’ SLAW
V=RI
Inr emedi alclassstudent smaybeal l
owedt orepeattheexper i
mentonOhm’ sLaw.
 DRI FTVELOCI TY
Av eragespeedofel ectronsi naconduct orundert heinfl
uenceofelectri
cfield.
E=V/ L
a=F/ m =eE/ m
∑v /
n=[∑( u+at )
]/n =( ∑u/n)+∑at /n
=a∑t /n
Vd=aτ=eEτ/ m
 DERI VATIONOFOHM’ SLAW
I=nAv de

Or ,I=nAeeEτ/ m
2
Or , I=neτAV/ Lm
2
=(neτ/ m) (
A/L)V
m L
Or ,V= 2 I
neτA
V αI
Thisi sOhm’ sLaw
 Pr
obabl
eQuest
ions:

1.Def
inedr
if
tvel
oci
ty.

2.Howdoesdr
if
tvel
oci
tydependont
emper
atur
e?

3.Der
iveOhm’
sLaw.

4.Howdoesr
esi
sti
vi
tyofaconduct
or/
semi
conduct
ordependont
emper
atur
e?

5.Drawagraphshowi
ngt
hev
ari
ati
onofr
esi
sti
vi
tyofamet
al/
all
oywi
th
temper
atur
e.

6.Drif
tvel
ocit
yari
sesduetofor
ceexperi
encedbyel
ectronsi
nel
ect
ri
cfi
eld.Why
thendoelect
ronsacqui
reast
eadyaveragevel
oci
ty?

7.Doelect
ronsmoveinstraightl
i
nesi
nconduct
orswhenapot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encei
s
appl
i
edacr ossaconductor?

CELLS,
EMF,
I
NTERNALRESI
STANCE

Ter
minalpotdi
ffofacel
l=pot ent
ialdi
ff
erencebetweencopperel
ectr
odeandt
he
el
ectr
oly
te+potenti
aldi
ff
erencebetweentheelect
rol
yteandzincelect
rode

+potdi
ff
erencebet
weent
woendsoft
heel
ect
rol
yte.

V =V+ -(
-V-)-I
r

V =E-I
r

EMFofcel
li
sequal
toi
tst
ermi
nal
pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encewhennocur
rentf
lowst
hrough
i
t.

I
fanext
ernal
resi
stancei
sconnect
edacr
osst
hecel
lthecur
rentdr
awnf
rom t
hecel
li
s
gi
venby

E
I=
R+r
 Maxi
mum cur
rentt
hatcanbedr
awnf
rom acel
l

E
I=
r
TWONONI
DENTI
CALCELLSI
NPARALLEL

E1r+E2r
1
r.r
V= 2
-I1 2
r+r
1 2
r +r
1 2

Er+Er
Equi
v entemfE= 1 2 2 1
al
r +r
1 2

r.r
Equi
val
enti
nter
nal
resi
stance= 1 2
r +r
1 2

 KI
RCHHOFF’
SLAWS

Fi
rstLaw:
Inanet
wor
kofconduct
orst
heal
gebr
aicsum ofcur
rentmeet
ingapoi
nti
s

zer
o[Junct
ionRul
e,cur
rentr
ule]

Secondl
aw:
Theal
gebr
aicsum ofchangesi
npot
ent
ial
aroundanycl
osel
oopi
szer
o.

[
Loopr
ule,
vol
tager
ule]

Si
gnconv
ent
ion-
 AtoBther
eisfalli
npotenti
al
So VA–IR =VB
BtoAther
eisriseinpotent
ial
VB+IR=VA
Acr
ossaBatter
ypositi
vetonegat
ivet
ermi
nal
,i
tisf
all
inpot
ent
ial
andnegat
ivet
oposi
ti
ve
t
her
e
i
sri
seinpot
ent
ial
Pr
obl
em 1

1. I
ntheci
rcui
tbel
owf
indt
hepot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encebet
weenAandC.

2.Whati
stheEMFoft
hecel
l
?

3.Whati
sthepot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encebet
weenBandD?

Pr
obl
em 2

1.I
nthegi
venci
rcui
tfi
ndt
hev
alueofr
esi
stanceoft
hecar
bonr
esi
stor
.

2.Dr
awt
her
elev
antci
rcui
tdi
agr
am usi
ngsy
mbol
s.

3.UseKi
rchhof
f’
sLawst
ofi
ndCur
rentt
hrougheachar
m.

4.Whati
sthepotdi
ffbet
weenAandB?
  WHEATSONEBRI
DGE

Condi
ti
onf
orabal
ancedWheat
stonebr
idge

X RAC
=
R RCB

 METREBRI
DGE

Pri
nci
ple:
Iti
sbasedonthepr i
nci
pleofbalancedWheatst
onebr
idge.Thi
sbr
idgecanbe
usedt
of i
ndunknownresi
stancebynulldefl
ecti
onmethod.

Aresist
ancewi r
eisint
roducedingapSandt heresistanceboxisingapR.Oneendofthegal
vanometeri
s
connectedtoter
minalDandi t
sot herendi
sconnectedt oajockey
.Asthejockeysl
i
desovert
hewireAC,i
t
showszer odefl
ect
ionatthebalancingpoi
nt(
nullpoint)
.

I
fthel
engt
hABi
s ,
thent
hel
engt
hBCi
s  l
(100- 
).
Then,
accor
dingt
oWheat
stone’
spr
inci
ple;
 

                                   
Now,
theunknownr
esi
stancecanbecal
cul
atedas,

                                 
  POTENTI
OMETER

Compar
isonofEMFoft
wopr
imar
ycel
l
s.

I
tworksontheprinci
plet
hatwhenaconst
antcurrentf
lowsthroughawir
eofuni
for
m cr
osssect
ionalar
ea,
pot
enti
aldi
ff
erencebetweeni
tstwopoi
ntsi
sdirectl
ypropor
tionalt
othel
engt
hofthewi
rebet
weent he
twopoi
nts.
 

Afi
xedamountofcur
rentwi
llbeal
l
owedtofl
owthroughthepotenti
ometer.Bal
anci
ng
l
engt
hforthet
woexperi
mentalcel
l
scanbeobtai
nedseparat
elysayatL1andL2then

E1/
E2=L1/
L2Canbeobt
ained

DETERMI
NATI
ONOFI
NTERNALRESI
STANCE

Ci
rcui
tDi
agr
am

E= ( )
L1
L2
-1R
 UNI
T-I
I(CURRENTELECTRI
CITY)

LEARNI
NGCAPSULES
1MARKQUESTI
ONS:

1 Howdoesthedr
if
tvel
oci
tyofel
ect
ronsi
namet
all
i
cconduct
orv
arywi
thi
ncr
easei
n
t
emperat
ure?

2 Twodi f
fer
entwir
esXandYofsamedi ameterbutofdif
fer
entmater
ialsar
ejoi
nedi
n
seri
esandconnectedacr
ossabattery
.Ift
henumberdensi t
yofel
ectronsi
nXistwi
ce
thatofY,f
indt
herati
oofdri
ftv
elocit
yofelectr
onsinthetwowir
es.

3 Uni
tofspeci
fi
cresi
stancei
s

a)Ohm-1-
( m-1 (
b)Ohm-1-
m ( m-1 (
c)Ohm- d)Ohm-
m

4 Twowi r
esofequall
engt
honeofcopperandt
heot
herofmangani
nhav
ethesame
resi
stance.Whi
chwir
eist
hicker
?

5. TheV- Igr
aphf
oraconductormakesangl
eѲwi
thV-axi
s,whati
sthe
resi
stanceoft
heconduct
or?

6. Ther
esist
anceinthelef
tgapofamet
rebri
dgei
s10Ωandthebalancepoi
nti
s45cm
fr
om t
heleftend.Cal
cul
atet
heval
ueoft
heunknownr
esi
stance.

7. Howcanwei
mpr
ovet
hesensi
ti
vi
tyofapot
ent
iomet
er?

8. Whyi
spot
ent
iomet
erpr
efer
redov
erav
olt
met
er?

9. Whichlamphasgr
eat
err
esi
stance(
i)60W and(
ii
)100W whenconnect
edt
othesame
suppl
y?

10 Theplotoft
hevar
iat
ionofpotent
ial
dif
fer
enceacr
ossthecombi
nati
onofthree
i
denti
calcel
l
sinseri
esisshowninthefi
gure:
whati
stheemfandint
ernal
resist
anceof
eachcell
.
11. Thevar
iat
ionofpot
enti
aldi
ff
erenceVwithlengt
hlfort
wopotent
iomet
rsPandQare
asshown, whi
choneofthet
wowi l
lyouprefert
ocompari
ngemfoftwopri
marycel
l
s
andwhy?

12 V–Igraphforametall
i
cwir
eattwodif
fer
entt
emperatur
esT1andT2i
sasshowni
n
t
hef
igure.Whichoft
hetwotemper
atur
esishi
gherandwhy?

13 Twomet all
icr
esi
storsareconnect
edfir
sti
nser
iesandtheninpar
all
elacrossad.
c.
suppl
y.PlotofI–Vgr aphisshownfort
hetwocases.Whichoner
epresentsapar
all
el
combinati
onoftheresist
orsandwhy?

14 I–Vgraphfortwoi
dent
ical
conduct
orsofdi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsAandBi
sshowni
nthe
fi
gur
e.Whichoneoft
hetwohashigherr
esi
sti
vi
ty?
15 Twoi denti
cal
cel
lseachofemfEhavi
ngnegligiblei
nter
nalr
esi
stancear
econnectedin
paral
lelwit
heachotheracr
ossanext
ernal
resistanceR,whati
sthecurr
entt
hroughthi
s
resi
stance?

16 A10Vbatter
yofnegl
igi
blei
nter
nalr
esist
anceisconnectedacr
ossa200Vbat
ter
yand
ar
esi
stanceasshowninthefi
guref
indtheval
ueofcurrenti
ntheci
rcui
t.

17 Showonagraphthev
ari
ati
onofr
esi
sti
vi
tywi
tht
emper
atur
eforat
ypi
cal
semi
conduct
or?

18 Asteadycur
rentf
lowsinamet al
l
icconductorofnon-
uni
for
m cr
oss-
sect
ion.Whi
chof
t
hesequanti
ti
esisconstantal
ongtheconductor
:

Cur
rent
,cur
rentdensi
ty,
dri
ftspeed,
elect
ri
cfi
eld?

19 Twoconducti
ngwiesXandYofsamedi
r ameterbutdi
ff
erentmateri
alsar
ejoi
nedin
seri
esacr
ossabat
tery.I
fthenumberdensi
tyofel
ectr
onsinXistwicet nY,
hati fi
ndthe
rat
ioofdr
if
tvel
oci
tyofel
ectronsi
nthetwowires.

20 Def
inet
het
erm‘
mobi
l
ity
’ofchar
gecar
ri
ers.Wr
it
eit
sS.
I.uni
t.

21 Showv
ari
ati
onofr
esi
sti
vi
tyofcopperasaf
unct
ionoft
emper
atur
einagr
aph.
 ANSWERSOFONEMARKQUESTI
ONS

1 r
emai
nst
hesame

2 Vdx/
Vdy=ny/
nx=½

3 (
d)

4 Mangani
n.

6 R=CotѲ

7 S=12.
5Ω

8 Byincr
easi
ngt
hel
engt
hofpot
ent
iomet
erwi
reorbydecr
easi
ngt
heemf
acr
ossit.

9 Becausenocur
renti
sdr
awnwhi
l
ecompar
ingt
heemforwhi
l
eget
ti
ngt
henul
l
poi
nt.

10 R=V2/
P, Rα1/
P,60l
amphasmor
eresi
stance

11 WhenI =0emfoft
hreei
dent
ical
cel
l
sinser
iesi
sequal
to6V,
hence
E=2V,
r=2Ω

12 AsPot
ent
ial
Gradi
entk=V/
l,Pot
ent
iomet
erQwi
l
lbepr
efer
red.

13 Formet
all
i
cwi
reR=V/
Iincr
easeswi
tht
emper
atur
e,henceT1wi
l
lbehi
gher
.

14 I
nparal
l
elcombinat
ionlessr
esi
stancewill
betheequi
val
entr
esi
stance,
t
her
efor
eAwi l
lrepr
esentpar
all
elcombinati
on.

15 Bwi
l
lbeofhi
gherr
esi
sti
vi
ty

16 I
=200-
10/
38=190/
38=5Amp.

17

18 Cur
rentwi
l
lremai
nconst
ant

Cur
rentdensi
tywi
l
lchangewi
thnon-
uni
for
m ar
eaofcr
osssect
ion

Dr
if
tvel
oci
tywi
l
lchangeasar
eachanges(
I=neAVd)
 El
ect
ri
cfi
elddependsonchar
ge/
cur
rentdensi
ty.

19 As(
I=neAVd)
,i
nser
iescombi
nat
ioncur
rentr
emai
nsame.I
nbot
hXandY,

nVdwi
l
lbeconst
ant
.

Ther
efor
ether
ati
owi
l
lbeVx/Vy=1/
2

20

Vd eτ 2
μ= = , m C/
sJ
E m

21

SHORTANSWERTYPEQUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG2MARKSEACH(
Elect
ri
cit
y)

1 Apieceofsilv
erwirehasaresi
stanceof1Ω.Whatwi
llbet
heresi
stanceofthe
constantanwir
eofonethi
rdofit
sl engt
handonehal
fofit
sdiameteri
fthespeci
fi
c
resi
stanceoftheconst
ant
anwireis30t i
mesthant
hatofthesi
l
ver?

2 Cal
cul
atet
hecur
rentshownbyt
heammet
eri
ntheci
rcui
tinf
ig1

1
1
1 1
A+
-
5

3 Thepl
oti
nfi
ggi
venabov
eshowst
hev
ari
ati
onofcur
rentIt
hrought
hecr
osssect
ionofa
 wi
reov
erat
imei
nter
val
of10s.Fi
ndt
heamountofchar
get
hatf
lowst
hrought
hewi
re

I
(A

ov
ert
hist
imeper
iod. t
(s)

4 Fi
ndtheresi
stancebet
weent
hepoi
nts(
i)AandBand(
ii
)AandCi
nthef
oll
owi
ng
net
work

10 10 10

A B
10 10

C
D
10 10 10

5 Twowi r
esofthesamemater
ialhav
inglengthsi
ntherat
io1:2anddi
ameter2:
3are
connect
edinseri
eswi
thanaccumulator.Computet
herati
oofp.dacr
ossthetwowir
es.

6 Howdoest
hebal
anci
ngpoi
ntofaWheat
stonebr
idgegetaf
fect
edwhen

i
) Posi
ti
onofcel
landGal
vanomet
erar
eint
erchanged?

i
i
) Posi
ti
onoft
heknownandunknownr
esi
stancesi
sint
erchanged?

7 Ni
chromeandCuwi r
esofthesamel
engthandsamediameterar
econnectedi
nser
ies
i
nanelect
ri
cci
rcui
t.I
nwhichwirewi
l
ltheheatbepr
oducedatahigherr
ate?Gi
ve
r
eason.

8 Anelect
ri
cbul
brat
edf or500W at100Vi
susedincir
cui
thav
inga200Vsupply
.
Cal
culat
ether
esi
stanceRt hatmustbeputi
nseri
eswit
hthebul
b,sot
hatthebul
b
del
i
vers500W.

9 Twobulbsar
emarked220V-
100W and220V-
50W.Theyar
econnect
edi
nser
iest
o220V
mai
ns.Findt
her
ati
oofheatgener
atedi
nthem.

10 Twoelect
ri
cbulbsPandQhavetheirr
esi
stancesi
nther
ati
oof1:2.Theyar
econnect
ed
i
nser
iesacrossabat
ter
y.Fi
ndtherati
oofthepowerdi
ssi
pati
oni
nthesebulbs.

11 I
napot enti
ometerar
rangementfordetermini
ngtheint
ernalresi
stanceofacell
,the
balancepointofthecell
inopencir
cuitis350cm.Whenar esist
anceof9Ωi susedin
theexternalci
rcui
tofthecel
l,
thebalancepointshi
ft
sto300cm.Det erminet
heinternal
resist
anceofthecell
.

12 Deri
veanexpr
essi
onf
ordr
if
tvel
oci
tyoff
reeel
ect
ronsi
naconduct
ori
nter
msof
rel
axat
iont
ime.
13 When5Vpot enti
aldiff
erenceisappl
iedacr
ossawireofl
engt
h0.1m ,
thedr
if
tspeedof
-
4 28 -3
electr
onsis2.5x10 m/ s,ift
heelectr
ondensi
tyi
nthewir
eis8X10 m .calcul
atethe
resist
ivi
tyofthemat er
ialoft
hewi r
e.

14 Cal
cul
atet
hecur
rentdr
awnf
rom t
hebat
ter
ybyt
henet
wor
kofr
esi
stor
sshowni
nfi
gur
e

15 Usingtheconceptofdri
ftveloci
tyofchar
gecarri
ersi
naconduct or,
deducet
he
rel
ati
onshi
pbet weencurrentdensi
tyandresi
sti
vi
tyoftheconductor.

16 Av ar
iableresist
orRi sconnect
edacrossacel
lofemfEandint
ernalr
esi
stanceras
showni nthef i
gure.Drawaplotshowingt
hevari
ati
onof(
i)t
erminal
volt
ageVand( i
i
)
thecurrentI,asaf unct
ionofR.

17 I
nthepotenti
ometerci
rcuitshown,
thenul
lpoi
nti
satX.St
atewi
thr
eason,
wher
ethe
bal
ancepointwi
l
lbeshiftedwhen

(
a)Resi
stanceRi
sincr
eased,
keepi
ngal
lot
herpar
amet
ersunchanged;

(
b)Resi
stanceSi
sincr
eased,
keepi
ngRconst
ant
.

18 Apotent
iometerwi
reoflength1m hasar
esi
stanceof10Ω.i
tisconnect
edtoa6V
bat
teryi
nseri
eswit
har esist
anceof5Ω.Det
erminetheemfofthepri
marycel
lwhi
ch
gi
vesthebal
ancepointat40cm
19 Awireof15Ωr esi
stancesisgraduall
ystr
etchedt
odoubl
eitsori
ginall
engt
h.I
tist
hen
cuti
ntotwoequalparts.Thesepartsaret
henconnect
edinparal
l
el acr
ossa300volt
batt
ery
.Findt
hecurrentdrawnf r
om thebatter
y.

Ans.I
=3/
15=0.
2amp

ANSWEROF2MARKSQUESTI
ONS(
Elect
ri
cit
y)

1 40Ω

2 R=2ΩandI=5A

3 Ar
eaundert
heI
-tgr
aph,
q=37.
5C

4 (
i)RAB=27.
5Ω (
ii
)RAC=30Ω

5 R=ρl
/A=4ρl
/πd2 RA/
RB=9/
8 VA/
VB=I
ARA/
IBRB=9/
8

6 a)Nochangewi
l
lbet
her
e.

b)I
nthiscondi
ti
ontheci
rcui
twillbenol
ongeri
nbal
ancedcondi
ti
onand
gal
vanometerwil
lshowdefl
ect
ion.
2
7 P=IR PαRHeatpr
oducedi
shi
gheri
nNi
chr
omewi
re.

8 Resist b=V2/
anceofbul P=20Ω,I=5A, fort
hesamepowerdi ssi
pat
ion,cur
rent
shouldbe5Awhent hebul
bisconnectedtoa200Vsuppl y
.Thesafe
resi
stanceR’=V’/I=40Ω.Ther
efore,
20Ωr esi
storshoul
dbeconnectedin
seri
es.
2 2
9 H1/
H2¬=IR1/
I R2=R1/R2=½

10 P=V2/
Rhencet
her
ati
owi
l
lbe2:
1

11 E
r=( -1)
R
V
 l 350
r=( 1-1)
R=( -1)
9=1.
5Ω
l2
300

12 eτ
I=neAVd, V=- E
m

13 Resi
ti
vi
ty 56x10-5Ωm
=1.

14 Astheci
rcui
tissi
mil
art
oawhaet
stonebr
idge5Ωr
esi
storcanber
emov
ed
,t
henR=2Ω

Hencei
=2amp.

15 I 1
j= =neVd j=σE= E
A ρ

16

17 a.Pot
ent
ial
gradi
entwi
l
ldecr
ease,
henceshi
ftt
owar
dsB

b.NoChange

18 E2=1.
6V

19 I
=3/
15=0.
2amp

SHORTANSWERTYPEQUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG3MARKSEACH(
Elect
ri
cit
y)

1.i
)Wr
it
etheprinci
pleofworkingofamet erbr
idge.
i
i)I
nameterbr
idgethebalancedpointi
sfoundatl1wit
hresi
stanceRandSasshown.
Anunknownresi
stanceXisnowconnectedinparal
l
el t
other
esi
stanceSandt
hebal
anced
poi
nti
sfoundatadi st
ancel
2.Obt
ainaformulaf
orXi nter
msofl
1,l2andS.

2.Def
inet
hecur r
entsensi
ti
vit
yofagal
vanometer
.Int
heci
rcui
tsshowni
nthef
igur
e,t
he
gal
vanometershowsnodeflecti
oni
neachcase.
Findther
ati
oofR1andR2.

3.Aresi
stanceofRdrawsacurr
entf
rom potenti
ometer
.Thewire,AB,hasatot
alr
esist
ance
ofR0.Av olt
ageVissuppl
iedt
othepot
entiometer.Der
iveanexpressi
onfort
hevol
tage
acrossRwhent hesl
i
dingcont
acti
sinthemi ddl
eofpotenti
ometerwir
e.

4.Ast udentconnectsacell
ofemfE2andi nt
ernal resi
stancer2wit
hacel lofemfE1and
i
nternalresi
stancer
1s ucht
hattheircombinat
ionhasaneti nt
ernal
resi
stancelesst
hanr
1.
Thiscombi nati
onisthenconnectedacrossar esistanceR.
Drawadi agram ofthesetupandobt ai
nanexpr essionforthecurr
entthroughR.

5.Thet emper at
urecoeffi
cientofresi
sti
vi
tyfortwomat
eri
alsAandBar 00310C
e0.
0
And0. 0068 Cr espect
ivel
y.
Twor esist
orsR1andR2madef rom mater
ial
sAandBhav eresi
stancesof200Ωand100Ωat
00C.Det er
mi nethetot
al r
esistanceoftheseri
escombi
nati
onofR1andR2att hetemper
atur
e
0
100 C.

6.Drawacir
cuitdi
agr
am ofapot
enti
ometer
.St
atei
tswor
kingpr
incipl
e.Der
ivet
henecessar
y
for
mulatodescri
behowiti
susedtocomparet
heemfsoftwocell
s.

7.Wit
hthehelpoft
hecir
cuitdiagram,expl
aint
heworki
ngpri
nci
pleofMet erBridge.Howisi
t
todet
ermi
netheunknownresistanceofagivenwi
re?Writ
ethenecessar
ypr ecauti
onsto
mini
mizetheerr
ori
ntheresult
.
Answer
sto3-Mar
kQuest
ions(Cur
rentEl
ect
ri
cit
y)
1.
i)
Expl
anat
ionofWheat
stonebr
idge (
1)
 i
i)R/ S=I 1/ 100-I 1
R
Also =I2/100-I 2 (1)
XS/ X+S
I1S(100- l2)
Onsol ving,X= (1)
100(l2-l1)
--
--
---
-----
---
--
---
---
--
----
----
--
---
---
---
--
--
--
---
---
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
2.I
S=NA B/K.
P R
Aspert heci rcuit, =
Q S
4 R1
From 1, =
6 4
6 12
From 2, =
R2 8
Or,R1/ R2=2/ 3.
1 1
3.Resi stancebet weenAandC = +1/ R0/2=R.R0/2/R+R0/2
RAC R
R2=RAC+RCB=(R.R0/2/ R+R0/2)+R0/2 (
1)
I
=V/ R2=V/ (R.R0/2/ R+R0/2)+R0/2
Letcur r
entt hroughRbeI 1,ThenI1=I (R0/2)
/R+R0/2 (
1)
Voltageacr ossR, V1=I 1R =2RV/R0+4R (
1)
4.Circui tdiagram (1)
Equiv alentinternal resistance=r 1r2/r1+r
2 (
1)

e1 e2
Equival
entemfe=( + ) r (
1/2)
r
1 r 2
I=e/R+r (
1/2)
5.ForR1
R1’=200( 1+0. 0031×100)=262Ω (1)
ForR2
R2’=R2( 1+0. 0068×100)=168Ω (1)
Hencet ot
al r
esistance=262+168=430Ω (1)
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
-
6.Pri
nciple:whenaconst antcur
rentfl
owsthroughawi reofunif
orm crosssect
ional
ar ea
andcomposi tion,thepotenti
aldropacrossanylengthisdi
rectl
yproporti
onalt
othatlength.
Vαl

Whenthecel
lE1i
sint
roducedi
ntheci
rcui
t,l
ett
hebal
ancedpoi
nti
sfoundatJ1sucht
hat
AJ1=l1
E1=kl
1
Whenthecel
lE2i
sint
roducedi
ntheci
rcui
t,l
ett
hebal
ancedpoi
nti
sfoundatJ2sucht
hat
AJ2=l2
E2=kl
2
 E2 L2
Then, =
E1 L1

7.Pr
ici
ple:I
tisbasedont hepr
inci
pleofWheat
stonebr
idge.
Whenbridgeisbalanced,
R L
=
S 100-L

Wor ki
ng: ResistanceRi stakenoutf r
om theresi
stancebox.Jockeyismovedovert
hewir
eto
fi
ndt henul lpoint
.
Resistanceofwi r
eABαl andr esist
anceofwireBCα( 100-l
)
L
Or,S=( )R
100-L
Precautions: i
)Resistanceofthecopperst r
ipsandconnectingscrewshavenott
aken
account .Sot heresi
stanceSshoul dnott
oosmal l
.
i
i)Thecur r
entshoul dnotflowf oralongti
me; ot
herwisetheresi
stanceoft
hewirewil
l
change.

LONGANSWERTYPE QUESTI
ONCARRYI
NG5MARKS
EACH(
Cur
rent El
ect
ri
cit
y)

1.Thefoll
owing graphshowsthevari
ati
on
oft
erminal potenti
alVacr
ossa
combinati
onof 3cellsi
nseri
estoregi
ster
ver
suscurrentI
.

a)Cal
cul
atet
heEMFofeachcel
l

b)Forwhatcur
rentIwi
l
lthepowerdi
ssi
pat
ionoft
heci
rcui
tbemaxi
mum

i
i
)Determi
net
hecur
rentdr
awnfrom 12voltsuppl
ywit
hint
ernal
resi
stance0.
5Ohm byThe
I
nfi
nit
enet
wor
kshowninthef
igureeachresist
orhas1ohm r
esi
stance.
2.Def
iner
esisti
vi
tyofaconduct
or.Howdoestheresist
ivi
tyofametal
li
cconduct
orchanges
wit
htemperatur
e?Drawapproxi
mategraphofresi
sti
vit
yplott
edagai
nsttemper
atur
efor

i
)met
al.i
i
)anal
l
oyand i
i
i)asemi
conduct
or.

3.
i)wr
it
ethepr
inci
pleofaPot
ent
iomet
er.

Howcani
nter
nal
resi
stanceofacel
lbef
oundwi
thi
t?

i
i
)a)
Whydowepr
eferapot
ent
iomet
erwi
thl
ongerBr
idgewi
re?

i
i
I)whyi
stheuseofpot
ent
iomet
erpr
efer
redov
ert
hatofv
olt
met
er?

4.
i)
Der
iveanexpr
essi
onf
ordr
if
tvel
oci
tyofel
ect
ronsi
naconduct
or.HencededuceOhm’
s
l
aw.

i
i)Awirewhosecrosssect
ional
areaisincreasi
ngl
i
nearl
yfrom i
tsoneendtotheot
her
,is
connectedacr
ossbatt
eryofVv ol
ts.Whichofthef
oll
owingquanti
ti
esremai
nconst
anti
nt he
wire?

a)
dri
ftv
eloci
ty b)
cur
rentdensi
ty c)
elect
ri
ccur
rentJust
if
yyouranswer
.
Chapt
er4:
Mov
ingChar
ges&Magnet
ism
LEARNI
NGCONTENTS
I
mpor
tantf
ormul
a:
Lor
ent
zMagnet
icFor
ce:

F
Fm =q(
vxB)

or
q+ B
Fm =(
qvBsi
nθ)n θ
I v
wher
eθi
stheangl
ebet
weenvandB
Speci
alCases:

I
• Ifthechargeisatr
est
,i.
e.v=0,t
henFm =0. q- θ
B
So,
ast ati
onarychargei
namagneti
cfi
elddoesnot v
experienceanyfor
ce.
F
• Ifθ=0°or180°i
.e.i
fthechar gemovesparal
l
elor
anti
-par
all
elt
othedir
ecti
onoft hemagnet
icfi
eld,
thenFm =0. Fm (max)=qvB
• I
fθ=90°i
.e.if
thechargemovesper
pendi
cul
art
o
t
hemagneticfi
eld,
thenthef
orcei
smaximum.

For
ceonacur
rent
-car
ryi
ngconduct
ori
nauni
for
m Magnet
icFi
eld:
 I
F
F=I(
lxB)

v
d or
dl θ
- B
A l F=IlBsi
nθ

Cy
clot
ron

HF
Osci
l
lat
or

S B
B

D1 D2 +
W
D1
D2
N

W
D1,
D2–Dees N,S–Magnet
icPol
ePi
eces W
–Wi ndowB-Magnet
icFi
eld

Working:Imagi
ningD1isposi
ti
veandD2isnegat
ive,
the+v el
ychar
gedpar
ti
clekeptatthecentr
e
andinthegapbetweenthedeesgetaccel
erat
edtowardsD2.Duetoper
pendicularmagnet
icfi
eld
andaccordingt
oFleming’
sLeftHandRulet
hechargegetsdefl
ect
edanddescribessemi-
cir
cul
ar
pat
h.

Wheni ti
sabouttoleaveD2,D2becomes+v eandD1becomes–v e.Ther
efor
ethepart
icl
eisagai
n
accel
eratedint
oD1wher ei
tconti
nuestodescri
bethesemi-
cir
cul
arpat
h.Theprocessconti
nuest
il
l
thechargetrav
ersesthr
oughthewholespaceinthedeesandfi
nal
lyi
tcomesoutwithver
yhigh
speedthroughthewindow.
Theor
y:
Themagneti
cfor
ceexperi
encedbyt
hechar
gepr
ovi
descent
ri
pet
alf
orce
requi
redt
odescr
ibeci
rcul
arpat
h.
2
mv /r=qv
Bsi
n90° (wherem –massoft hechargedpar
ti
cle, q–
Bqr charge,
v–v eloci
tyonthepathofr
adius–r,B
v= i
smagnet i
cfieldand90°ist
heangleb/nvand
m
B)
I
fti
stheti
metakenbyt
hechar
get
odescribethesemi -
cir
cularpathinside
t
hedee,
then
Timetakeninsi
dethedeedependsonlyont he
πr πm
t= or t= ma gnet
icfi
eldandm/qr at
ioandnotonthe
v Bq speedofthechargeortheradi
usofthepath.

I
fTi
sthet
imeper
iodoft
hehighf
requencyosci
l
lat
or,
thenf
orr
esonance,
2πm
T=2t or T=
Bq
I
ffi
sthef
requencyoft
hehi
ghf
requencyosci
l
lat
or(
Cycl
otr
onFr
equency
),t
hen

Bq
f=
2πm

Maxi
mum Ener
gyoft
hePar
ti
cle:
Kineti
cEner
gyofthechargedpart
iclei
s
B2q2r2
2 Bqr 2
K.E.=½m v =½m ( ) =½
m m
Maximum Ki
net
icEnergyofthechargedpart
icl
eiswhenr=R(
radi
usoft s)
heD’ .
B2q2R2
K.
E.max =½
m

Theexpr essi
onsforTimeperiodandCy cl
otronfr
equencyonl
ywhen m
remainsconstant.(
Otherquanti
tiesar
ealreadyconst
ant.
)
Butm v ari
eswit
hvaccor di
ngt o m0
m=
Einst
ein’sRel
ati
vi
sticPri
nci
pleasper [1–(v2
/c2)
]½

Iff
requencyi
svari
edinsynchr
oni
sati
onwit
hthevar
iat
ionofmassofthechar
ged
part
icl
e(bymaint
aini
ngBasconstant)t
ohaver
esonance,
thent
hecyclot
roni
s
cal
ledsynchr
o–cy cl
otr
on.

Ifmagnet
icf
iel
disvar
iedi
nsy nchr
oni
sat
ionwitht
hevar
iat
ionofmassofthe
char
gedpart
icl
e(bymaint
aini
ngfasconstant
)tohav
eresonance,
thent
he

cy
clot
roni
scal
l
edi
sochr
onous–cy
clot
ron.

Cycl
otroncannotbeusedforaccel
erat
ing El
ect
ronsbecausetheygai
nspeedver
y
qui
cklyduetothei
rli
ght
ermassandgooutofphasewi thalt
ernat
inge.
m.f
.andgetlost
wit
hinthedees.
Bi
ot–Sav
art
’sLaw:

x
r P

dl

I
P’

Idlsi
nθ
dBα
2
r

μ0 Idlsi
nθ
dB=
2
4π r

Bi
ot–Sav
art
’sLawi
nvect
orf
orm:

μ0 Idlxr
dB= 2
4π r

μ0 Idlxr
dB= 3
4π r
Val 7Tm A-1 orWbm-1A-1
ueofμ0=4πx10-

Magnet
icFi
eldduet
oaCi
rcul
arLoopcar
ryi
ngcur
rent
:
1)Atapoi
ntont
heaxi
all
i
ne:

dl
C dBcosФ
XY dB
90° r
Ф
a
Ф dBsi
nФ
O x Ф
P dBsi
nФ
I I
Ф

X’
Y’
dBcosФ dB
D
dl

μ0Ia2 (
μ0,I,
a,sinФareconst
ants,
∫dl=2πaandr&si
nФar
erepl
acedwi
th
B= 2 2 3/
2 measurableandconstantv
alues.
)
2(
a +x)
 μ0I
Speci
alCases: B= B
2
i
)Atthecentr
eO, x=0.
ii
)Iftheobser
vati
onpointi
sfarawayfr
om the
coi
l,t
hena<<x.So, a2canbenegl
ect
edin
comparisonwihx2.
t 2 x x
μ0Ia 0
B=
2x3

B
B B
I I

Di
ff
erentv
iewsofdi
rect
ionofcur
rentandmagnet
icf
iel
dduet
oci
rcul
arl
oopofacoi
l

2.Magnet
icFi
eldatt
hecent
reoft
hel
oop:

dl B
a 90 I
x
O

I dB
0 a
 μ0I
B=
2

Amper e’sCi rcuitalLaw:

Thel
i
nei
ntegr
al ∫
B.
dlf
oracl
osedcur
vei
sequal
toμ0t
imest
henet
cur
rent
It
hreadi
ngt
hrought
hear
eaboundedbyt
hecur
ve.
B
I
∫
B.dl
=μ0I
dl

B r
IO

Pr
oof
:
Curr
entisemergingout
andthemagneticfi
eld
∫
B.dl
= ∫
B.dl
cos0°
i
santicl
ockwi
se.
=∫B.
dl=B ∫dl
=B(
2πr
) =(μ0I/2πr
)x2πr

∫
B.dl
=μ0I
Magnet
icFi
eldatt
hecent
reofaSt
rai
ghtSol
enoi
d:
S a R
B

P a Q

x x x x x x x

I I
(
whereI0i
sthenetcur
rent
∫
B.dl
=μ0I
0
t
hreadi
ngthr
oughthesolenoi
d)

∫
B. = ∫
dl B.
dl+ ∫ B. + ∫
dl B.
dl+ ∫ B.dl
PQ QR RS SP
=∫B.dlcos0°+ ∫B.dl
cos90°+ ∫0.dlcos0°+ ∫B.
dlcos90°

=B ∫dl=B.a andμ0I
0=μ0naI B=μ0nI
(
wherenisno.oftur
nsperunitl
ength,
aisthel
engthoft
hepat
handIi
s
t
hecurr
entpassingthr
oughtheleadofthesol
enoi
d)

Magnet
icFi
eldduet
oTor
oidal
Sol
enoi
d(Tor
oid)
:
For
cesbet
weent
wopar
all
eli
nfi
nit
elyl
ongcur
rent
-car
ryi
ngconduct
ors:

Q S

μ0 I
1I2l
F12=F21=F=
I
1 I
2 2πr
F12 F21
B2 x B1
μ0 I
1I2
F/l= N/
2πr
m
r

P R

Q S Q S

I
1

I
1 I
2

F F F F
x x x

r r I
2

P R P R

For
ceofat
tract
ion For
ceorr
epul
sion
Def
ini
ti
onofAmper
e:

μ0 I
1I2
F/l= N/
2πr m
WhenI
1=I
2=1Amper
eandr=1m,
thenF=2x10-7N/
m.

Oneamper eisthatcurr
entwhich,
ifpassedineachoft woparal
l
elconductor
s
ofinf
ini
telengthandplaced1m aparti
nv acuum causeseachconduct
orto
-
7
experi
enceaf orceof2x10 Newt onpermet reoflengt
hoftheconductor
.

Repr
esent
ati
onofFi
eldduet
oPar
all
elCur
rent
s:
I
1 I
2 I
1 I
2

B B

N
Mov
ingCoi
lGal
vanomet
er

Radi
alMagnet
icFi
eld:
S
The(t
opv i
ewPSof)planeoft
hecoilPQRSl ies
al
ongthemagneti
cli
nesofforceinwhichever N S
posi
ti
onthecoi
lcomest or
estinequi
li
brium.
P
B
So,
theangl
ebetweent
hepl
aneoft
hecoi
landt
he
magnet
icfi
eldi
s0°.
Mi
rr
or
ortheanglebet
weenthenor
maltot
hepl
aneoft
he
coilandthemagnet
icfi
eldi
s90°
.
i
.e.si
nΦ=sin90°=1 Lamp 2α
k k
I= α or
I=Gα wher
eG= Scal
e
NAB NAB
i
scal
l
edGal
vanomet
erconst
ant

Cur
rentSensi
ti
vi
tyofGal
vanomet
er: α
=
NAB
I k
I
tist
hedef
ect
ionofgal
vanomet
erperuni
tcur
rent
.
α NAB
Vol
tageSensi
ti
vi
tyofGal
vanomet
er: =
V kR
I
tist
hedef
ect
ionofgal
vanomet
erperuni
tvol
tage.

ByFleming’
sLeftHandRule,t
heconductor
s
experi
encefor
cetowardseachotherandhence
att
racteachot
her.
Conv
ersi
onofGal
vanomet
ert
oAmmet
er:
Galvanometercanbeconv
ert
edintoammet
erby I I
g G
shunti
ngitwithaver
ysmallr
esi
stance.

Potent
ial
dif
ferenceacr
ossthegal
vanomet
erand S
shuntr
esist
anceareequal
.
I
s=I-I
g
I
gG
(
I–I
g)S=I
gG S=
I–I
g

Conv
ersi
onofGal
vanomet
ert
oVol
tmet
er:
Galvanomet
ercanbeconv
ert
edint
ov olt
met
erby
I
g G R
connecti
ngi
twithaver
yhi
ghresi
stance.

Pot
enti
aldi
ff
erenceacrossthegivenloadresist
ance
i
sthesum ofp.dacrossgalvanometerandp.d.
acr
ossthehi
ghr esi
stance.

V
V=I
g(G+R) or
R= -G
I
g

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-X-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Chapt
er:
5

Cont
entofl
ear
ning(
NCERTBOOK)

 Thedi
pol
einauni
for
m magnet
icf
iel
dandt
heexpr
essi
onofmagnet
icpot
ent
ial
ener
gy
(p-
177&178)

 Gauss’
slawi
nmagnet
ism

 Theel
ement
sofEar
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d:def
ini
ti
onwi
thdi
agr
am

 Magnet
izat
ionandmagnet
ici
ntensi
ty(
p-189&190)

 Magnenet
icpr
oper
ti
esofmat
eri
als:
Diamagnet
ic,
Par
amagnet
icandf
err
omagnet
ic

Compar
isonoft
hei
rmagnet
icbehav
iori
ndi
ff
erentcases

 Hyst
eresi
s Loop and i
tsi
mpor
tance i
n sel
ect
ing mat
eri
alf
ormaki
ng per
manentand
el
ect
romagnet.

I
mpor
tantt
opi
cs:
Magnet
icel
ement
sofEar
th:

Decl
i
nat
ion(
θ):

 The angle bet

ween the magnet
ic mer
idi
an and t
he geogr
aphi
c mer
idi
an ata pl
ace i
s
Decl
i
nationatthatpl
ace.

 I
tvar
iesf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace.

 Di
porI
ncl
i
nat
ion(
δ):
  The angle bet
ween t
he hori
zont
alcomponentofeart
h’smagneti
cfi
eld and t
he ear
th’
s
resul
tantmagneti
cfi
eldatapl
aceisDi
porIncl
i
nat
ionatt
hatpl
ace.

 I
tiszer
oatt
heequat
orand90°att
hepol
es.

Hor
izont
alComponentofEar
th’
sMagnet
icFi
eld(
BH )
:

Thetotali
ntensi
tyoft
heeart
h’smagneti
cfiel
ddoesnotl
iei
nanyhori
zont
alplane.Inst
ead,i
t
l
iesalongthedir
ecti
onatanangleofdip(δ)tot
hehori
zont
al.Thecomponentoftheearth’
s
magneticfi
eldalongthehor
izont
alatanangleδiscall
edHori
zont
alComponentofEar th’
s
MagneticFi
eld.

BH =Bcosδ

Si
mil
arl
yVer
ti
cal
Componenti
s BV=Bsi
nδ

sucht
hat B=√BH2+BV2

 Compar
isonofDi
a,Par
aandFer
romagnet
icmat
eri
als

DI
A PARA FERRO

1.Diamagnet
icsubstancesar
et hose Paramagneticsubst
ancesare Ferromagneti
csubstancesare
subst
anceswhicharefeebl
yrepell
ed thosesubstanceswhichar
e thosesubstanceswhichare
byamagnet. feebl
yattr
actedbyamagnet . strongl
yatt
ractedbyamagnet .
Eg.Anti
mony ,Bi
smuth,Copper
,Gol
d, Eg.Alumini
um,Chromium, Eg.I
ron,Cobal
t,Ni
ckel
,
Si
lver,
Quartz,Mercur
y,Al
cohol
,wat
er, Al
kal
iandAlkal
ineeart
hmetal
s, Gadoli
nium,Dy
sprosi
um,et
c.
Hydrogen,
Ai r
,Argon,
etc. Pl
ati
num,Oxygen,et
c.

2.Whenplacedinmagnet
icfi
eld,
the
l
inesoffor
cetendtoavoi
dthe
subst
ance.
5.Ifdiamagneticliquidtakenina Ifpar
amagnet i
cliquidtakenina Iff
erromagneticl
iquidtakenina
watchgl assisplacedi nunif
orm watchgl assisplacedi nunif
or m watchglassisplacedi nunif
or m
magnet i
cf i
eld,
itcol l
ectsawayfrom magnet i
cf i
eld,i
tcol l
ectsatthe magnet i
cfiel
d,i
tcol l
ectsatthe
thecentrewhent hemagnet icpoles centr
ewhent hemagnet icpoles centr
ewhent hemagnet icpoles
arecloserandcol lectsatthecentre arecloserandcol lectsaway arecloserandcollectsawayf rom
whent hemagnet i
cpol esarefart
her. from thecentrewhent he thecentrewhent hemagnet ic
magnet i
cpol esaref art
her. polesarefart
her.

8.
Magneti
cpermeabil
i
ty Magnet
icper
meabi
l
ityμi
smor
e Magneti
cper
meabi
li
tyμi
slar
ge
μi
salway
slessthan t
hanunit
y. i
.e.muchmoret
hanunit
y.
uni
ty.
UNI
T:3(MAGNETI
CEFFECTSOFCURRENT ANDMAGNETI
SM )
 [
Lear
ningCapsul
e]

ONEMARKQUESTI
ONS

1.Anel ect ri
ccur rentof0. 25Af l
owsi nal oopofr adius0. 2cm.Cal culatet hemagni tudeof
the
magnet i
cdi polemomentoft hedi pol ef ormed.
2.Whyel ect ronscan’ tbeaccel eratedbyusi ngacy cl
ot ron?
3.Agi vengal vanomet eristobeconv ertedi nto( i
)anammet er(ii
)ami l
liammet er(i
ii
)a
volt
met er.
Inwhi chcasewi lltherequi r
edr esistancebe( i)least( i
i)
highest
4.Whyphosphorbr onz ealloyispr eferredf orthesuspensi onwi r
eofmov ingcoi l
galvanomet er?
5.Aci r
cul arcoi l of‘N’ tur
nsanddi amet er‘d’ carriesacur rent‘ I
’
.Itisunwoundandr ewound
to
makeanot hercoi l ofdiamet er‘2d’, cur r
ent‘ I
’remai ningt hesame.Cal cul atetheratioof
the
magnet i
cmoment softhenewcoi l andt heor iginal coil
.
6.Whatwi ll bet hepat hofachar gedpar ti
cl emov ingi nauni form magnet icf iel
datany
arbi
trary
acuteangl e?
7.Anel ect ronandapr oton, mov ingpar all
el toeachot heri nthesamedi rect i
onwi t
hequal
moment a, enteri ntoauni f
orm magnet i
cf iel
d( per pendi culartot heplaneoft he
paper)whi chi sat
ri
ghtangl est ot hei rvel
oci ti
es.Tr acet heirtraject ori
esi nt hemagnet icf ield.
8.Whatt ypesoff orcei sact i
ngbet weent wopar allelwirescar r
yingcur renti nthesame
dir
ection?
9.Whati sthef unct ionoft her adial magnet icfieldi nt hemov ingcoi lgalv anomet er
?
10.Twopar allelwi rescar r
y i
ngcur rentsi nt hesamedi recti
onat tr
acteachot her,whil
ethe
twobeam
ofel ectronst rav elli
ngint hesamedi r ectionrepel eachot her.Giv ereason.

ANSWEROFONEMARKQUESTI
ONS

Ans1.3. 14x10-6Am2
Ans2.Becauser elat
ivi
sti
cmassofel ectr
onsbecomev er
yhighduetoitsveryhi
ghv el
oci
ty,
which
vi
olatesthecondi t
ionofmagnet i
cresonance.
Ans3.Ther equir
edresistancehasleastval
ueincaseofanammet erandmaximum v al
ue
i
ncaseof
volt
met er.
Ans4.Cur rentsensiti
vi
tyismor easitisgiv
enbyknBAI ; Becausekissmal l
for
phosphor
bronze.
Ans5. Magnet i
cmoment( m)=NI A,mB/ mA =2/ 1
Ans6. Hel i
cal
Ans7. Bot hprotonandel ectr
onwil
l makecircul
arpat
hofequalr
adiii
nanticl
ockwiseas
wel
las
clockwisedirecti
onr espect i
vely
.
Ans8.For ceofattr
actionwi l
l actbetweent hesetwocurrentcar
ryi
ngwi res.
Ans.9.Thear rangementpr ovidesl i
nearscalet othegal
vanometer,becauset hepl
aneof
thecoil
alwaysgetsalignedpar al
leltothedirecti
onoftheappli
edmagnet i
cfiel
d.
Ans10.I ncaseofpar all
elwi r
es, onlyattr
activemagneti
cinter
acti
onact s.Incaseof
elect
ronbeams,
theelectr
ostati
crepul sionisstrongerthantheattr
acti
vemagnet icint
eract
ion.

TWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS:

1. Asol
enoi
dofl
engt
h50cm hav
ing100t
urnscar
ryi
ngacur
rentof4.
5Af
indt
he
magneti
cf iel
d (
i)int
heI nt
eri
orofsolenoid(
ii
)outsidethesolenoi
d.
2. Howwi l
lthemagneticfiel
dintensi
tyatthecentreofacir
cularcoil
carryi
ngcurr
ent
changei
ft hecur
rentthroughthecoili
sdoubledandt heradiusofthecoili
shal
ved.

3.Ami l
li
ammet erwhoseresi
stancei
s120hasf ullscal
edefl
ecti
onwithacurr
entof
5mA.How
wil
lyouuseittomeasureamaxi mum cur
rentof100A?
4.Asolenoidi
s1m l ongand3cm inmeandiameter .I
thas5layersofwi
ndingsof800
tur
nseach
andcarr
iesacurrentof5A.FindMagneti
cFiel
dI nducti
onatthecent
erofthesol
enoid.

ANSWEROFTWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS

Ans1.(
i)B=µ0ni=6.28x10-4T (i
i)Bisal
mostzer
o.
Ans2.B=µ0nx2I/2x( R/2)=4B
Ans3.S=0.006 inpar al
l
el.
Ans4.2.
5x10- 2T,paral
l
eltotheaxisoft
hesol
enoi
d.

THREEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.Twostraightl
ongpar al
l
el conductor
scarr
ycurrentsI1andI2inthesamedirect
ion.
Deducetheexpressionfortheforceperuni
tlengthbetweent
hem.Depictt
hepattern
ofmagnet i
cfi
eldli
nesar oundthem.
2.Deducetheexpressi
onf orthemagnet i
cdi
polemomentofanel ectr
onorbi
ti
ngaround
 t
hecent
ral
nucl
eus.

3.UsingAmper e’
scircui
tallaw,obtaintheexpressionforthemagneti
cfiel
dduetoa
l
ongsol enoi
datapoi nt i nsi
det hesolenoi
doni tsaxis.
4.(a)UsingBiot-
Savart
’slaw,deri
vet heexpressi
onf orthemagneti
cfiel
dinthev
ect
or
form atapointontheaxisofaci rcularcurr
entloop.

5.a)Whyisthemagnet
icf
iel
dradi
ali
namov
ingcoi
lgal
vanomet
er?Expl
ainhowi
tis
achi
eved.

(
b)Agalv
anomet erofresistance‘
G’canbeconver
tedi
ntoav
olt
meterofrange(0-
V)
v
olt
sbyconnecti
ngar esistance‘R’i
nser
ieswit
hit
.Howmuchresi
stancewill
be
r
equi
redtochangeitsrangef rom 0t
oV/2?

1.

2.
3. Asol
enoi
disal
ongi
nsul
atedcopperwi
rewoundi
nthef
orm ofacoi
l
.Ift
hesol
enoi
d
i
slong
4.
5.
(a)Needf
orar
adi
almagnet
icf
iel
d:

Therel
ati
onbetweent
hecurrent(
i)f
lowingthroughthegal
vanomet
ercoi
l
,andt
heangul
ar
def
lect
ion()oft
hecoi
l(f
rom it
sequi
libr
ium posit
ion)
,is
 ∅= (NABkI.sinθ)
⃗ ⃗
wherei stheanglebetweenthemagnet
icfiel
dB andtheequi
val
entmagneticmomentµm
ofthecurrentcarry
ingcoi
l.
ThusIisnotdi r
ectl
yproport
ional
to.Wecanensur et
hispr
oport
ional
i
tybyhaving=90.
⃗
Thisi
spossi bl
eonl ywhenthemagneti
cfiel
d,B, i
saradi
almagneti
cfi
eld.I
nsuchaf i
eld,
⃗
theplaneofther ot
ati
ngcoili
salway
sparall
eltoB.

Togetaradial
magneticfi
eld,
thepol
epiecesofthemagnet,ar
emadeconcav ei
nshape.
Alsoasof
tironcy
li
nderisusedasthecore.[
Alt
ernativ
ely:
Accepti
fthecandi
dat
edrawsthe
foll
owi
ngdiagr
am toachi
evetheradi
almagneti
cf i
eld.
]

FI
VEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.(a)Drawaschemat i
csket
chofacy cl
otron.Ex pl
aincl
ear
lytherol
eofcr ossedel
ect
ri
cand
magnet i
cfiel
dinaccel
erat
ingthechar ge.Henceder
ivetheexpressionfort
heki
net
ic
energy acquir
edbythepart
icl
es.
(b)Anα-part
icl
eandaprotonarereleasedfrom t
hecentreofthecy cl
otr
onandmade
toaccelerate.
 (i
)Canbothbeaccel
erat
edatt
hesamecycl
otr
onfr
equency?Giv
er easont
ojusti
fy
youranswer.
(ii
)Whentheyareaccel
erat
edi
ntur
n,whi
chofthet
wowi l
lhavehighervel
oci
tyatthe
exi
tsli
tofthedees?

2.Whatdoesator
oidconsi
stof?Findoutt
heexpressi
onf ort
hemagneticfi
eld
i
nsi
deatoroi
dforNturnsofthecoi
lhav
ingtheav
erageradiusrandcar
ryingacurr
ent
I
.Showthatt
hemagnet i
cfi
eldi
ntheopenspacei
nsideexteri
ortot
hetoroidi
szero.

ANSWERSOFFI
VEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.(
a)Ifpart
icl
eisper
for
mingcir
cularmot
ionduet
omagnet
icf
orcet
hen
centr
ipet
alforce=Magneti
cforce
2
mv/r=qνBsi
n90°⇒ r=mν
/qB ∴Ti
meper
iod=2πr
/vT=2πm/
qB

T=qBm2π∝ν ° ∴Frequencyf=T1=m2qBπ∝ν °
(b)Cyclot
ronisadevi
cet oacceler
atei
onst
oextremel
yhi
ghv
eloci
ti
es,
by
accel
erati
ngthem r
epeatedl
ythroughhi
ghvol
tages.

Pr inciple–Aposi ti
veioncanacqui resuffi
cientl
ylargeenergywi thasmal l
alternat ingpot entialdif
fer
encebymaki ngt heioncr ossthesameel ectr
icfiel
dt i
me
andagai nbymaki nguseofast r
ongmagnet icfiel
d.
Const ruction-Itconsi st
sofapai rofhol lowmet alcylindri
calchamber sshapedl i
keD,
andcal l
edt heDees;Bot ht heDeesar eplacedundert hecircul
arpol epiecesofa
ver yst rongelect romagnet .ThetwoDeesar econnect edtothet er
mi nal
sofav eryhigh
frequencyandhi ghv olt
ageosci l
latorwhosef requencyi softheorderofaf ewmi ll
ion
cy clespersecond.
Wor king-Char gedioni spassedt hroughelectri
cf i
eldagain&agai nt obeener gised.
Insidedee' sst r
ong⊥magnet i
cfiel
dt urnsthepar t
icletowardsgap.Sor adiusofsemi
circul arpat hincreasecont inuously.

2.
 Foranypoi
ntinsi
detheemptyspacesurroundedbytoroi
dandoutsi
dethetor
oid,
magneti
cfi
eldBiszerobecausethenetcurrentencl
osedi
nthesespacesi
szero.But
magneti
cfi
eldisnotexact
lyzer
o.

TOPI
C-MAGNETI
SM

ONEMARKQUESTI
ONS
1.Relati
veper meabi li
tyofamat eri
alµr=0. 5.Identifythenatureofthemagnet i
cmat eri
aland
wr i
teit
srelat ionofmagnet i
csuscept ibil
ity.
2.Whatar eper manentmagnet s?Gi veoneexampl e?
3.Wher eont hesur faceofear t
h’sv er
tical componentofear t
h’smagnet i
cfiel
dzero?
4.Thehor izont alcomponentoft heear th’smagnet icfieldataplaceisBandangl eofdi pi
s
60°.whatist hev alueofv ert
icalcomponentoft heear th’
smagnet i
cf i
eldatequator
?
5.Whati st heangl eofdi patapl acewher et hehor izontalcomponentandv erti
cal
component soft heear th’smagnet icf
ieldar eequal ?
6.Amagnet icneedl efreetorotateinv erti
cal planeandt endsit
selfvert
ical
l
yatacer tai
n
placeont heear t
hwhatar ethev aluesof
a.Hor i
zontal componentoft heear th’
smagnet i
cfieldand
b.angleofdi patt hisplace?
7.Wher eont hesur faceoftheear thist heangl eofdi p90°?
8.Theper meabi l
ityofamagnet icmat erial i
s0. 9983.Namet hetypeofmagnet icmaterial
,i
t
represents.
9.Thesuscept i
bil
ityofamagnet icmat erial i
s1. 9*10⁻ ⁵.Namet hemagnet i
cmat er
ial,i
t
represents.
10.Thesuscept i
bili
tyofamagnet icmat er i
al i
s- 4.
2*10⁻ ⁶.
Namet hetypeofmagnet ic
mat eri
al,
itr epresents.
ANSWERSOFONEMARKQUESTI
ONS
1.ANS: Thenat ureofMagnet i
cMat eriali
sDiamagnet ic.
µr=1+χm
2.ANS: Per manentMagnetar ethosemagnet swhichhav ehighr et
enti
vit
yandcoer ci
vi
ty.The
magnet isionofper manentmagneti snoteasilydestroyedev enifi
tishandl
edr oughl
yorexposedin
stray
,rev ersemagnet i
cfiel
d,e.
g:steel.
3.ANS: Atequat or,ver
ti
calcomponentwi llbezero
4.ANS: {Thev er
t i
calandhori
zontalcomponent soft heear t
h’smagneticfi
eldsareperpendicul
art
o
eachot her }
Hor izontalcomponentofear th’smagneticfiel
d,
H=Becos60° =B{giv
en}
=Be*½ =B
OrBe=2B
Ver t
ical componentofearth’smagnet icf
ield,
 V=Besi n60°
V=2B* √3/ 2
V=√3B
5.ANS:Theangl eofdi pi sgivenby
Δ=t an⁻
1{ Bᵥ/BH}
Bᵥ=v er
ticalcomponentoft heearth’
smagnet i
cfield.
BH=horizontalcomponentoft heearth’
smagnet i
cf i
eld.
So,asBᵥ =BH
Then,δ=t an-1[1]=45°
Theref
ore,Theangl eofdi pwi l
lbeδ=45° .
6.ANS:a.Thecoi li
sf reet omov einvert
icalpl
ane, i
tmeanst hatthereisnocomponentAtheeart
h’s
magneticfi
eldi
nhor i
zont aldir
ecti
on,sothehorizontalcomponentoft heear
th’
smagneti
cfiel
dis0
b.Theangleofdi pis90°
7.ANS:Atthepol es,theangl eodi pi
s90°
8.ANS:Themagnet i
cmat eri
al i
sDiamagneticsubstancef orwhichµr<1.
9.ANS:Thesmal landposi t
ivesuscepti
bil
it
yof1. 9*10⁻⁵represent
spar amagneti
csubst
ance.
10.ANS:Negati
v esuscept i
bil
i
tydiamagneticsubstance.

TWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS
11.
Anelect
ronmovesaroundthenucl
eusi
nahy
drogenat
om ofr
adi
us0.
5Aͤ,
wit
ha
vel
oci
tyof2*10⁶
m/ s.
Calcul
atethef
oll
owi
ng

(
1)t
heequi
val
entcur
rentduet
oor
bit
almot
ionofel
ect
ron

(
2)t
hemagnet
icf
iel
dpr
oducedatt
hecent
reoft
henucl
eus

(
3)t
hemagnet
icmomentassoci
atedwi
tht
heel
ect
ron.

12.Outofthetwomagneti
cmateri
als,
Ahasrel
ati
veper
meabili
tysl
i
ght
lygreat
ert
hanuni
ty
whil
eBhasl esst
hanunit
y.I
dent
if
ythenat
ureofthemater
ial
AandB.Wi l
lthei
r
suscept
ibi
l
iti
esbeposi
ti
veornegati
ve?

13.
Giv
etwopoi
ntst
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenapar
amagnet
icanddi
amagnet
icsubst
ance.

14.
Wri
tet
wopr
oper
ti
esofamat
eri
alwhi
chmakesi
tsui
tabl
eformaki
ngel
ect
romagnet
?

15.
Therel
ati
vemagnet
icpermeabi
li
tyofamagnet
icmat
eri
ali
s800.
Ident
if
ythenat
ureof
magnet
icmater
ial
andstat
eitstwoproper
ti
es.

16.a.Howdoesadi
amagnet
icmat
eri
albehav
ewheni
tiscool
edt
over
ylowt
emper
atur
e?

b.
Whydoesapar
amagnet
icsampl
edi
spl
aygr
eat
ermagnet
isat
ionwhencool
ed?Expl
ain.

17.
Amagneti
cneedl
efreet
orotat
einaver
ti
calpl
aneparall
elt
othemagnet
icmer i
dianhas
i
tsNort
hti
pdownat60°witht
hehori
zont
al.
Thehori
zontal
componentoft
heearth’
s
magnet
icf
iel
datt
heplacei
sknowntobe0.4G.Det
erminethemagni
tudeoftheeart
h’s
magnet
icf
iel
datt
heplace.
 ANSWEROFTWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS
10
11.
ANS:
Her
er=0.
51*10⁻ v=2*105ms-1
m,

(
1) I=e/
T=ev
/ 6*10-19*2*
2πr=1. 105/ 51*10-10 =10-4A
2π*0.

(
2) B=μ0I
/2r=4π*10-7*10-4/
2*0. 10-10=1.
51* 23T

(
3) M =I
A=ev
/2πr*πr=ev
r/2

6*10-19*
1. 2*105*
0. 10-10=8.
51* 16*10-25Am2

12.
ANS:
Thenat
ureofmat
eri
alAi
spar
amagnet
icandi
tssuscept
ibi
l
ityᵡ
Misposi
ti
ve

Thenat
ureoft
hemat
eri
alBi
sDi
amagnet
icandi
tssuscept
ibi
l
ityᵡ
Misnegat
ive.

13. PARAMAGNETI
ANS: CSUBSTANCEDI
AMAGNETI
CSUBSTANCE

1.Apar amagnet i
csubstanceis 1.Adiamagneti
csubstanceisfeebly
feeblyattr
actedbymagnet . repel
l
edbyamagnet .
2.Forapar amagneticsubstance, 2.Foradiamagnet
icsubstance,t
he
theintensi
tyofmagnet i
zati
onhasa i
ntensit
yofmagneti
sm hasasmal l
smal lposi
tiv
ev al
ue. negati
veval
ue.

14.
ANS: Anelectromagnetconsi
stsofacore,
madeofaferr
omagneti
cmateri
alpl
aced
i
nsideasolenoid.itbehav
esli
keastrongmagnetwhencur
rentf
lowsthr
oughthesol
enoi
d
andeff
ecti
velylosesitsmagneti
sm whenthecur
renti
sswi
tchedoff
.

a.Apermanentmagneti
salsomadeupofaferr
omagneti
cmat er
ial
buti
tret
ainsi
ts
magneti
sm atr
oom temper
atur
eforalongt
imeaf
terbeingmagnet
izedone.

b.Pr
oper
ti
esofmat
eri
alar
easbel
ow:

(
i)Hi
ghper
meabi
l
ity

(
ii
)Lowper
meabi
l
ity

(
ii
i)Lowcoer
civ
ity

15.
ANS:Ferr
omagnet
icsubst
ancesast
hesesubst
anceshav
ever
yhi
ghmagnet
ic
per
meabil
it
y.

Pr
oper
ti
es(
1)Hi
ghr
etent
ivi
ty (
2)Hi
ghsuscept
ibi
l
ity

16.ANS: a.Astheresist
ance( el
ectr
ical
ofmetaldecreaseswi t
hdecr
easeintemper
ature)
nut
fordiamagneticsubstances,thevari
ati
onofsuscepti
bili
tyisver
ysmall
,i
.e.di
amagneti
c
mat eri
alareunaff
ectedbyt hechangeintemperatur
e( exceptbi
smut
h).
 b.Paramagnet
icmaterial
swhencooledduet
othermalagi
tat
iontendencyal
i
gnment
ofmagneti
cdipol
esdecreases.Hence,
theyshowgr
eatermagnet
isati
on.

17.
ANS:
Angl
eofdi
p,δ=60°=π/
3

Hor
izont
alcomponentoft
heear
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d,H=0.
4G

Ear
thmagnet
icf
iel
d(Bₑ
)=?

Hor
izont
alcomponentoft
heear
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d,H=Bₑcosδ

Bₑ=H/
cosδ=0.
4G/
cos60°=0.
4G/
½=0.
8G

Ther
efor
e,Bₑ=0.
8G

UNIT-
IVEMI&AC
[
LEARNI NGCONTENTS]
1 Thephenomenoninwhi
chelectr
iccurr
enti
sgener
atedbyv
ary
ingmagnet
ic
fi
eldsi
scal
ledel
ectr
omagneti
cinducti
on.

2 Magnet
icf
luxt
hroughasur
faceofareaAplacedi
nauni
for
m magnet
icf
iel
dB
i
sdefi
nedas
ΦB=B.A=BACosθ wher eθistheangl
ebetweenBandA.

3 Magnet i
cfluxisascal arquant i
tyanditsSIuni
tisweber( Wb).Itsdimensional
2 -
2 -1
formulais[Φ]=MLT A .
4 Faraday’sl
awsofi nductionst at
est hatt
hemagni t
udeoft heinducede.m.fina
cir
cuiti
sequal tothet i
mer ateofchangeofmagni t
udef l
uxthroughthecircui
t.
d∅B
ε=-
dt
5 AccordingtoLenzl aw, t
hedirectionofinducedcurr
entort hepolar
it
yofthe
i
nducede. m.fissucht hatittendstoopposet hechangeinmagnet i
cfl
uxthat
producesit.(
Thenegat i
vesigni nFaraday’
slawindicat
est hi
sfact.
)

6 Lenzl
awobey
sthepr
inci
pleofener
gyconser
vat
ion.

7 Thei
nducede.
m.fcanbeproducedbychangi
ngthe(
i)magni
tudeofB(i
i)ar
ea
A(i
ii
)angl
eθbetweenthedi
recti
onofBandnormalt
othesurfacear
eaA.

8 Whenamet al
rodoflengt
hlispl
acednormaltoauni
form magnet
icfi
eldBand
movedwit
hav el
oci
tyvperpendi
culart
othef
iel
d,t
heinducede.m.
fiscall
ed
moti
onal
e.m.fpr
oducedacrosstheendsoft
herodwhichisgiv
enbyε=Bl v
.

9 Changingmagneti
cfiel
dscanset
upcurrentl
oopsinnearbymetalbodi
es(
any
conductor
).Suchcur
rentsar
ecal
lededdycurr
ents.Theydi
ssi
pateener
gyas
heatwhichcanbeminimizedbyl
aminati
ngtheconductor
.

1 I
nduct
ancei
sther
ati
ooft
hef
luxl
i
nkaget
ocur
rent
.
0
1 Whenacur
renti
nacoi
lchangesi
tinducesabacke.
m.fi
nthesamecoi
l
.The
1
 dI
sel
finducede.
m.fisgi
venbyε=-
L wher eListhesel
f-i
nduct
anceofthe
dt
coi
l.I
tisameasureofiner
ti
aoft
hecoil
agai
nstthechangeofcurr
entt
hrough
i
t.I
tsS.Iuniti
shenry(
H).

1 Achangi ngcur rentinacoilcaninduceane.m. fi

nanearbycoil
.Thi
srelat
ion,
2 di
ε=- M12 2, showst hatMut uali
nductanceofcoil1withr
espectt
ocoil2(M12)
dt
i
sduet ochangeofcur r
enti ncoi
l2.(M12=M21).
1 Theself-i
nduct anceofal ongsolenoidisgi
venbyL=µ0n2Al whereAisthe
3 areaofcr oss-secti
on oft hesolenoi
d, l
isi
tslengthandnisthenumberof
turnsperuni tlength.

1 Themutuali
nduct
anceoftwoco-axi
alcoi
lsi
sgi venbyM12=M21=µ0n1n2Al
4 wher
en1&n2arethenumberofturnsperuni
tlengthofcoi
ls1&2.Aisthearea
ofcr
oss-
secti
onandlist
helengthofthesol
enoids.

1 Ener
gyst
oredi
nani
nduct
ori
nthef
orm ofmagnet
icf
iel
dis and
5
Magnet
icener
gydensi
ty

1 InanA. C.gener ator, mechanicalenergyisconver t

edt oel
ect r
ical
energyby
6 v i
rt
ueofel ectr
omagnet icinducti
on.
*Rotati
onofr ectangularcoilinamagnet icfi
eldcauseschangei nf
lux
(Φ=NBACosωt ).
*Changei nf luxinducese.m. finthecoilwhichisgivenby
ε=-dΦ/ dt=NBAωSi nωt ε=ε0Si nωt
*Cur rentinducedi nthecoi lI=ε/ R=ε0Sinωt /
R=I 0Si
nωt
1 Anal ternat
ingv oltageε=ε0Sinωt ,appli
edtoar esistorRdri
v esacur entI=
r
7 I0Si
nωti nther esistor,I
0=ε0/Rwher eε0&I0arethepeakv aluesofv olt
ageand
current.(al
sor epresentedbyVm&I m)

1 Therootmeansquareval
ueofa. c.maybedefi
nedasthatval
ueofsteady
8 cur
rentwhichwoul
dgeneratethesameamountofheatinagivenresi
stancei
n
agiventi
measisdonebyt hea.c.whenpassedthr
oughthesameresist
ance
dur
ingthesametime.

I
rms=I0/
√2=0. 70I
0
Simil
arly,
vrms=v0/
√2=0.
707v
0.
Forana.c.ε=εmSi nωtappl
i
edtoaresi
stor
,cur
rentandv
olt
agear
einphase.

1 Incaseofana.
c.ci
rcui
thav
ingpur
einductancecurrentlagsbehi
nde.
m.fbya
9 phaseangl
e90°
. ε=εmSinωtandi =imS i
n(ωt-Π/2)
I
m=ε m/
XL; XL=ωLi scal
ledi
nduct
ivereactance.
Unitisohm(Ω)

2 I
ncaseofana. c.ci
rcui
thav
ingpurecapaci
tance,cur
rentl
eadse.
m.fbya
0 phaseangleof90° .
ε=εmSi nωtandI=ImSin(
ωt+π/2)where
I
m=ε m/XC ;XC=1/ ωCiscal
ledcapacit
iver
eactance.
 Uni
tisohm(
Ω)

2 I
ncaseofana.c.ci
rcui
thavingR,
LandC, t
hetotal
oref
fect
ive
1 r
esi
stanceoft
hecircui
tiscall
edi
mpedance(Z)
.
Z=εm/I
m=

t
anΦ= wher
eφi
sthephasedi
ff
erence
bet
weencur
rentandvol
tage.
ε=εmSinωt,I
=ImSi
n(ωt+Φ)

2 Av
eragepowerlossov eracompl et
ecy
clei
nanLCRci r
cui
tis
3 P=εrmsI
rmsCosΦ
*Inapurelyresist
iveci
rcuitΦ=0; P=VRMSI
RMS.
*Inapurelyinducti
vecircuitΦ=Π/2;P=0.
*Inapurelycapaciti
vecircuitΦ=Π/2;P=0.

2 InanLCRci r
cui
t,t
hecir
cui
tadmi
tsmaximum curr
enti
fXC=XL,
sot
hatZ=R
4 1 1
andresonantfr
equency ωr= andϑR =
LC 2π LC

2 Qfact
orofseriesresonantci
rcui
tisdefi
nedast her
ati
oofv ol
tagedevel
oped
5 acr
osstheinductanceorcapacit
anceatresonancetotheappl
iedvolt
age
acr
oss‘R’
,
ωL 1 ω
Q= r or alsoQ= r where2Δωi sbandwidt
h.
R ωrCR 2Δω

2
6 f
orat
ransf
ormer
,

I
nani deal
transf
ormer,
εPI
P=εSI
S.i
.e
I
fNS>NP;
εS>εP&IS<I
P–s t
epup.
I
fNP>NS;
εP>εS&IP<I
S–s t
epdown.

2 Aci r
cuitcont
aininganinductorLandacapaci
torC(ini
ti
all
ycharged)wit
hno
7 a.c.sourceandnor esi
storsexhi
bit
sfr
eeoscil
l
ationsofenergybetweenthe
capacitorandinductor
.Thechargeqsati
sfi
estheequation
 CONCEPTMAP

EMIandAC

÷
I
nduced
El
ect
romagnet
icI
nduc
Pr
oducedi
nbul
k

EddyCur
rent
a d El
ect
romagnet
icI
nduct
or
p i
El
ect
romagnet
p s
I
nduct
ion PowerLoss,
fur
nace, wear&t
ear
I
nduct
ion of

EMI&AC
 EMIANDAC
{
LEARNINGCAPSULES}

1Mar
kQuest
ions

1.Whati
sthedir
ect
ionofi
nducedcur
rent
sinmet
alr
ings1and2,
whencur
rentIi
nthewi
re
i
sincr
easi
ngsteadi
l
y?
1
1
2

Sol
uti
on:
Inducedcur
renti
scl
ockwi
sei
nlooponeandant
i-
clockwi
sei
nloopt
wo.

2.Onwhatf
act
ors,
doest
hemagni
tudeoft
heemfi
nducedi
ntheci
rcui
tduet
omagnet
icf
lux
depend?

Solut
ion:
Themagni
tudeofemfi
nducedi
nthecir
cui
tduet
omagnet
icf
luxdependsont
ime
rat
eofchangeofmagnet
icfl
uxt
hrought
heci
rcui
t.

3.Def
inet
het
erm sel
f-
induct
anceofacoi
l
.Wr
it
eit
sSIuni
t.

Soluti
on:Self
-i
nductanceofacoil
isequaltot
hetotalmagnet
icfl
uxlinkedwiththecoi
l,
when
unitcurr
entpassest hr
oughit
.
Also,sel
f-i
nductanceofacoil
,i
sequaltotheemfinducedi
ncoil
,whenr ateofchangeof
currenti
ncoilis1A/ s.
SIunitofself
-i
nductanceis1Henry(
H)
1H=1V- s/A
4.Themot ionofcopperplat
eisdamped,wheniti
sal l
owedtooscil
l
at ebetweenthetwo
polesofamagnet .Whati
sthecausethi
sdamping?

Soluti
on:As,thecopperplat
esoscil
lat
einthemagneti
cfiel
dbet
weenthetwopol
esofthe
magnet ,
ther
ei saconti
nuouschangeofmagneticfl
uxli
nkedwit
hthependul
um.Duet
ot hi
s,
eddycurrent
sar esetupincopperpl
atewhicht
rytoopposethemoti
onofthepl
ate
(accordi
ngtoLenz’slaw)andfi
nall
ybri
ngittor
est.

5.Howdoesthemutuali
nductanceofapairofcoi
l
schange,
when
i
)dist
ancebet
weenthecoil
sisincreasedand
i
i)numberoft
urnsi
nthecoil
sIincreased?

Soluti
on: i
)AsØ=MI ,withtheincreaseinthedi stancebetweent hecoil
st hemagneticf
lux
l
inkedwi ththesecondar ycoildecreasesandhence, t
hemut uali
nductanceoft het
wocoil
s
wil
l decreaseswiththeincreaseofsepar ati
onbet weent hem.
i
i)Mut ualinduct
anceoft wocoi lscanbef oundoutbyM=μ0n1n2Al ,
i.e.
M άn1n2so, wit
ht heincreaseinnumberoft urnsmut ualinductanceincreases.

6.Def
ine‘
qual
i
tyf
act
or’
ofr
esonanceIser
iesL-
C-Rci
rcui
t.Whati
sit
sSIuni
t?

Sol
ution:
Thequali
tyfact
or(Q)ofresonanceinser
iesL-C-
Rcircui
tisdef
inedast
her
ati
oof
vol
tagedropacr
ossinductor(
orcapacit
or)totheappl
iedvol
tage=
VL/VR
7.Pl
otagraphshowi
ngv
ari
ati
onofcapaci
ti
ver
eact
ancewi
tht
hechangei
nthef
requencyof
theACsource.

Sol
uti
on:Showingvari
ati
onofcapaci
ti
ver
eact
ancewi
tht
hechangei
nthef
requencyoft
he
ACsourcewit
hgr aphi
sgivenbel
ow.
XCά1/ f XC

2Mar
ksQuest
ions:

1.Twoi denti
call
oops,oneofcopperandt heotherofalumini
um ar
erot
ated
wit
ht hesameangul arspeedinthesamemagnet i
cfi
eld.Compare
i
)thei nducedemfand
i
i)thecur r
entpr
oducedint het
wocoi l
s.Justi
fyyouranswer.

Solut
ion:i
)Thei nducedemfinboththeloopswil
lbesameasareasoftheloop
andtimeperiodsar esameastheyareidenti
cal
androtat
edwi
thsameangul ar
speed.
i
i)ThecurrentinducesinCucoi
lismor ethanAlcoi
lasCucoi
lhaslesser
1
resi
stanceandIά/ R(
fort
hesamev ol
tage).

2.Whatar
eeddycur
rent
s?Wr
it
ethei
rtwoappl
i
cat
ions.

Sol ution:EddyCur rent-Eddycur rent

sar ethecur r
entsinducedi nthebul k
piecesofconduct orswhent heamountofmagnet icfl
uxlinkedwi t
ht he
conduct orchanges.
Eddycur r
ent scanbemi nimizedbytaki nglami natedcore,consistsoft hin
met all
icsheeti nsulatedf rom eachot herbyv arnishinsteadofasi nglesol i
d
mass.Thepl aneoft hesheet sshouldbekeptper pendiculartothedir ect
ionof
thecur rents.Thei nsulationpr ov
ideshighr esistancehence, eddycurr entgets
mi nimi zed.
Appl i
cations
i) El ectr
omagnet icdampi ng
ii) I nductionf urnace.
3.Cur rentinaci rcuitfall
sst eadi
lyfr
om 2. 0At o0.0Ai n10ms.I fanav erage
emfof200Vi sinduced, thencalcul
atet heself-i
nductanceoft hecircuit.

Solut
ion:
Her
e, I=-2A
c
t=10ms
c
V=200v ol
t
I
Inducedemf,e=-L / t comput
ingL=1H
c c
4.Asourceofemfeisusedtoest
abli
shacur
rentIt
hroughacoi
lofsel
f-
i
nductanceL.Showt
hattheworkdonebyt
hesourceofbuil
dupthecur
rentIi
s
1 2
/2LI.

Sol
uti
on:Let,
Icurr
entflowst
hroughthecoi
lofsel
f-
induct
anceLatanyi
nst
ant
twhenrateofchangeofcurr
entincoi
li
sdI/dt
.
dI
I
nducedemf ,
E=- L/ dt
WorkdonedW=Pdt =EIdt
dW=LIdI
ngW=1/ 2
I
ntegr
ati 2LI

5.Obtai
nanexpr
essionfort
heself
-i
nduct
anceofast
rai
ghtsol
enoi
dofl
engt
hI
andr usr(
adi l>>r).
3-MarkQuest
ions

EMIANDAC
THREEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.Deri
veexpressionf orsel
finduct
anceofalongai r
-coredsol
enoidofl
engthl
,cross-
secti
onalareaAandhav ingnumberofturnsN.
2.Descri
bebr i
efl
y,withthehelpofalabeleddiagr
am, theworki
ngofastepuptransfor
mer
.
3.(a)Definemutual induct
anceandwr i
teit
sSIunits.
(b)Deri
veanexpr essionforthemutuali
nductanceoft wolongcoaxi
alsol
enoi
dsofsame
l
engthwoundoneov erother
.

4.Awheel of8met all

icspokeseach50cm l
ongisrotat
edwi t
haspeedof120r ev/mini
na
planenor mal t
othehor i
zontal
componentoftheEart
h’smagnet i
cfi
eld.TheEar
th’
smagnetic
fi
eldatt heplaneis0.4Gandt heangl
eofdipis60⁰.Calcul
atetheemfinducedbet
weenthe
axleandt herim ofthewheel.Howwillbet
heemfi saff
ectedifthenumberofspokeswere
i
ncr eased?

5.
)Usi
ngphasordi
agr
am f
oraser
iesLCRci
rcui
tconnect
edt
oanACsour
ceofv
olt
age

v= v
0
si
nωτ,
der
ivet
her
elat
ionf
ort
hecur
rentf
lowi
ngi
ntheci
rcui
tandt
hephaseangl
e
bet
weent
hev
olt
ageacr
osst
her
esi
storandt
henetv
olt
agei
ntheci
rcui
t.

6.)Thecur
rentf
lowi
ngi
nthet
wocoi
l
sofsel
fi anceL1=16mHandL2=12mHar
nduct e
i
ncr
easingatt
hesamer at
e.I
fthepowersuppli
edtothetwocoi
l
sareequal
,fi
ndther
ati
oof
(
i)i
nducedvol
tage,
(ii
)thecurr
entsand(i
i
i)theener
giesstor
edi
nthet
wocoilsatagi
ven
i
nst
ant.

7.Ani
nduct
orofr anceXLi
eact sconnect
edi
nser
ieswi
thabul
bBt
oanacsour
ce.Expl
ain
br
ief
lyhowdoesthebr
ight
nessofthebulbchangewhen(i)numberoft
urnsofthei
nduct
or
i
sreducedand(
ii
)acapaci
tanceofr anceXC =XLi
eact sincludedi
ntheci
rcui
t.
8.(
i)Anacsour
cei
sconnect
edtoanideal
induct
orshowt
hatt
heav
eragepowersuppl
i
ed
byt
hesourceov
eracompl
etecy
clei
szero.

(i
i)Alampisconnect
edi
nser
ieswi
thaninduct
orandanacsour
ce.Whathappenst
othe
bright
nessoft
helampwhent
hekeyispl
uggedinandanir
onrodisi
nser
tedinsi
det
he
conductor
?Expl
ain.

9.(i)Anacsour ceisconnect
edtoanidealcapacit
orshowthattheav
eragepowersuppli
ed
byt hesourceov eracomplet
ecycl
eiszero.
(i
i)Abul bisconnectedi
nserieswi
thacapacitorandanacsource.Whathappenst
ot he
brightnessofthebulbwhenthekeyispluggedinandcapaci
tanceofcapaci
tori
sgradual
ly
reduced?Explain.

10.Acapacitorofunknowncapacitance,
ar esist
orof100Ωandaninduct
orofsel
f
4
i
nductanceL= 2hener yareconnectedinseriestoanacsour
ceof200Vand50Hz.
π
Calcul
atethevalueofthecapaci
tanceandimpedanceoft heci
rcui
twhenthecurr
enti
sin
phasewiththevoltage.Cal
cul
atethepowerdi ssi
patedi
ntheci
rcui
t.

SOLUTI
ON
Hi
nts

1.der
ivat
ion

2.Br
iefexpl
anat
ion

3.(
a)def
ini
ti
onandhenner
y(b)der
ivat
ion

1 2
4.E= Bωl
2
BH =Bcosδ

1 2
E= Bcosδωl 14×10-5v
=3. olt
2

5.Der
ivat
ion

Thephasordiagram oftheRLCSer i
esCi
rcui
twhentheci
rcui
tisact
ingasan
i
nducti
vecircui
tthatmeans( VL>VC)i
sshownbelowandif(
VL<VC)thecir
cui
twi
ll
behaveasacapaci t
ivecir
cuit
.
 St
epst
odr
awt
hePhasorDi
agr
am oft
heRLCSer
iesCi
rcui
t

 TakecurrentIastheref
erenceasshowni nt
hefigureabove
 Thevol
tageacr ossthei
nductorLt hatisVLisdrawnl eadsthecur
rentIbya90-
degr
ee
angl
e.
 Thevol
tageacr ossthecapaci
torct hatisVcisdrawnl aggi
ngthecurr
entIbya90
degr
eeangl ebecauseincapacit
iveloadt hecur
rentleadsthevolt
agebyanangleof
90degrees.
 Thetwov ector
sVLandVCar eopposi tetoeachot her.

Wher
e,

dI
6.(
i)E=-
L
dt

E1 L1 4
= =
E2 L2 3

(
ii
)P=EI
⟹E1I
1
=E2I
2
E2 I 3
= 1=
E1 I2
4

1 2
(
ii
i)U= LI
2

U2 I IL 4
= 2×2× 2 =
U1 I I L1 3
1 1

7.(
i)Whennumberoft
urnsi
nthei
nduct
ori
sreduced

Ldecr
eases,
zreducesandIi
ncr
easessobr
ight
nessi
ncr
eases.
 (
ii
)Bri
ghtnessdecr
eases
(
ii
i)Br
ight
nessincr
eases

8.(
i)Fori
nduct
iveci
rcui
tav
eragepoweri
szer
o.

(
ii
)Br
ight
nessdecr
eases

9.(
i)Forcapaci
ti
veci
rcui
tav
eragepoweri
szer
o.

(
ii
)Br
ight
nessdecr
eases

1
XC =
ωC
AsCdecr
eases,
Zincr
easessobr
ightnessdecr
eases

1
5×10-5F
10.C= 2 =2.
Lω

Z=R=100Ωandpower
=400wat
t

FI
VEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.)(a)Drawaschemat icsket chofanacgener atordescri

bingit
sbasicelement s.St
at e
bri
eflyi
tswor ki
ngpri
nci ple.Showapl otofvari
ati
onof( i
)magnet icfl
uxand(ii)alt
ernating
emfv ersusti
megener atedbyal oopofwirerotat
inginamagnet icfi
eld
(b)Whyi schokecoilneededi ntheuseoff l
uorescenttubeswi t
hacmai ns?
2.)Whatar eeddycurrent s?Howar etheyproduced?Inwhatsenseeddycur r
entar e
consideredundesi
rablei nat r
ansfor
mer ?Howcant heybemi ni
mized?Givetwoappl ications
ofeddycur r
ents.
3.(a)Anacsour ceofv oltageV= V0si nωtisconnectedtoaser i
escombi nat
ionofL, Cand
R.Usethephasordiagram t
oobt ai
nexpressionsforimpedanceofthecir
cuitandphase
anglebet
weenv olt
ageandcurrent.Fi
ndt heconditi
onwhencur r
entwil
lbeinphasewiththe
volt
age.Whatisthecir
cuiti
nthiscondit
ioncal l
ed?
(b)I
naseriesLRcir tXL=Randpowerf
cui actoroftheci
rcui
tisP1.Whencapacit
orwith
P
capaci
tanceCsucht
hatXL=XC i
sputi
nser
ies,
thepowerf
act
orbecomesP2.Cal
cul
ate 1.
P2

4.(i)Whatisthef unctionofat r
ansfor
mer .Stat
eitpri
nci
pleofworki
ngwit
ht hehelpofa
diagram.Ment i
onv ariousenergylossesinthisdevi
ce.
(i
i)Thepr i
marycoi lofani deal
stepuptransformerhas100t ur
nsandtr
ansformationr
ati
ois
also100.Thei nputv oltageandpowerarer espect
ivel
y220Vand1100W.Cal cul
ate
(a)Numberoft urnsinsecondar y
(b)Currentinprimary
(
c)vol
tageacrosssecondar
y
(
d)Cur
rentinsecondary
(
e)Powerinsecondary

5.)(a)Whenabarmagneti spushedtowards(oraway)fr
om thecoilconnectedtoa
galvanometerdefl
ects.Identif
ythephenomenoncausingthi
sdef l
ect
ionandwr it
ethef act
ors
onwhi chtheamountanddi recti
onofthedefl
ect
iondepends.St
atethelawsdescr i
bingthi
s
phenomenon.
(b)Sketchthechangei nflux,emfandforcewhenaconductingrodMNofr esi
stanceRand
l
engt hlmov esfr
eelywithspeedvonar ect
angul
arconducti
ngfr
amepl acedinuniform
magnet i
cfieldasshowni nt hefi
gur
e.

6.A2µFcapacitor
,100Ωr esi
storand8Hi nductorareconnectedinseri
eswithanacsource.
(i
)Whatshouldbethefrequencyofthesour cesucht hatt
hecur r
entdrawninthecir
cui
tis
maximum?Whati sthi
sf r
equencycall
ed?
(i
i
)Ifthepeakval
ueofemfoft hesour ceis200V, fi
ndt hemaximum current.
(i
i
i)Drawagraphshowingv ari
ati
onofampl i
tudeofcircui
tcurr
entwithchangingfr
equency
ofappli
edvol
tageinaseriesLRCcircuitf
ort wodiffer
entval
uesofr esi
stanceR1and
R2(
R1>R2)
(
iv)Def
inetheterm shar
pnessofr
esonance.Underwhatcondi
ti
on,
doesaci
rcui
tbecome
moreselect
ive?

7.Adev i
ceXisconnectedtoanacsour ceV= V0si nωt.Thevari
ati
onofvol
tage,cur
rentand
powerinonecycleisshowninthefoll
owi nggraph.
(a)I
denti
fyt
hedev i
ceX.
(b)WhichofthecurvesA,BandCr epresentthev ol
tage,
curr
entandpowerconsumedi nthe
cir
cui
t?Justi
fyyouranswer.
(c)Howdoesi tsimpedancevarywithfrequencyoft heacsource?Showgr
aphicall
y.
(d)Obt
ainanexpressionf
orthecurrentinthecircui
tanditsphaserel
ati
onwit
hacv olt
age.

8.(a)Drawgr aphsshowingthevar
iat
ionsofi
nducti
vereact
anceandcapaci
ti
vereact
ance
withfrequencyoftheappli
edacsource.
(b)Drawt hephasordiagr
am foraser
iesRCcir
cuitconnect
edtoanacsource.
(c)Anal t
ernati
ngv oltageof220Vi sappl i
edacr ossadev i
ceX, acurrentof0. 25Af l
ows,
π
whi chlagbehindt heappl i
edv olt
agei nphaseby r adian.Ifthesamev oltagei sappli
ed
2
acrossanot herdev i
ceY, t
hesamecur rentfl
owsbutnowi tisi nphasewi t
ht heappl i
ed
voltage.
(i
)Namet hedeviceXandY.
(i
i)Calculatethecur r
entf l
owingi nt hecircui
twhent hesamev olt
agei sappliedacr ossthe
seriescombi nati
onofXandY.
9.(a)Showt hattheener gyoft hesy stem oscil
latesbet weeni nduct orandcapaci tor.Writ
etwo
reasonswhyLCosci l
lationisnotr ealisti
c.
(b)Expl ai
nhowLenz’ slawi sinaccor dancewi tht heconser vati
onofener gy.
10.Figureshowsar ect
angul arl
oopconduct ingPQRSi nwhichthear m PQisfreetomov e.Auni
for
m
magneticf
iel
dactsint
hedir
ectionper pendi
culartothepl
aneoft hel
oop.Arm PQismov edwitha
vel
ocit
yvtowardsthear
m RS.Assumi ngthatthearmsQR, RSandSPhav enegli
gibl
eresist
ances
andthemov i
ngarm PQhasther esi
stancer,obtai
ntheexpr
essionforthe(
i)t
hecur r
enti
nt hel
oop(i
i
)
thefor
ceand(ii
i)t
hepowerrequiredtomov et hearm PQwithgraph.

SOLUTI
ON
Hi
nts

1.Br
iefexpl
anat
ion.
Pr
inci
pleofACgener
ator
-Itwor
ksont
hepr
inci
pleofel
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion.
 I
n an A.
C.gener
ator
,mechani
calener
gyi
s conv
ert
ed t
o el
ect
ri
calener
gybyv
irt
ue of
el
ect
romagnet
ici
nduct
ion.
*Rot
ati
onofr
ect
angul
arcoi
li
namagnet
icf
iel
dcauseschangei
nfl
ux(
Φ=NBACosωt
).
Changei
nfl
uxi
nducesemfi
nthecoi
lwhi
chi
sgi
venby
ε=-
dΦ/
dt=NBAωSi
nωt εε=ε0Si
nω
*Cur
renti
nducedi
nthecoi
lI=ε/
R=ε0Si
nωt
/R=I
0Si
nωt
,
I
n case of choke coi
l power di
ssi
pat
ion i
s v
ery negl
i
gibl
e

3.
4.(
i)Funct ion: Transformeri
susedf orconvert
ing
l
owal ternatingv olt
ageathighcurrenti
ntohighvoltageatlowcurr
entandv
ice-
ver
sa.
Principle:Itwor ksont hepri
ncipl
eofmut uali
nduction.
Var i
ousEner gyl osesintr
ansformerare-
(a)Fluxl osses.
(b)CopperandI ronl
osses.
(c)Hy steresisLosses
(d)Hummi ngLosses.
Step-UpTr ansfor mer:
Conv ertslowv oltageA.C.i
ntohighv ol
tageA.C.I
tincreasethev
olt
age
5.(
a)Phenomenon:
Elect
romagnet
icI
nduct
ion

Factor
s:St
rengthofthemagnet
icfiel
dofthemagnet
Speedofmot i
onofthebarmagnet
Dir
ecti
ondependsont henor
th/southpol
ari
tyoft
hemagnetandt
hedi
rect
ionofmot
ion
ofthemagnet.
 1
6)ω0= =250
LC

250
f = =39.
7Hz
0 2π

V0
(
b)I = =2A
0 R

ω
d)Q=Q= 0 i
( sameasur
eofshar
pnessofr
esonance.
2Δω
 UNI
T-5ELECTROMAGNETI
CWAVES

LEARNI
NGCONTENT

S.No. FORMULAE SYMBOLS APPLI

CATI
ON

ci st
hespeedof Tofindspeedof
1. el
ectromagnet i e.m.wavein
c vacuum
waveinvacuum
permeabi l
i
tyconst
antand
i
sthepermi t
ti
vit
yconstant
2. 1/
2 i
sthespeedof Tofi
ndspeedof
v
=1/
(µε) el
ectromagnet i
cwav e el
ect
romagnet
icwave
i
nmat er
ialmedium i
nmat er
ial
medium

Lawsat
agl
ance:
1. (
Gauss'
sLawf
orel
ect
ri
cit
y)

2. (
Gauss'
sLawf
ormagnet
ism)

3. (
Far
aday
'sLaw)

4. (
Amper
e-Maxwel
l
Law)
ELECTROMAGNETI
CSPECTRUM,I
TSPRODUCTI
ON,
DETECTI
ONANDUSES
I
NGENERAL
Ty
pe Wav elengt
h Pr
oduct
ion Det
ect
ion Uses
Range
Frequency
Radi
o >0.1m Rapid Receiver
’saer
ial
s Radi
o,TV
Ra9nge 5
10 t o10 Hz acceler
ation Communicat
ion
/decelerati
onof
elect
rons in
Mi owav 0.
cr 1mm
11 t
Kl
9 Hz o
a
y
st
eri
r
al
onv
s
al
ve Pointcontact Radar
,TV
e 10 o10 rma gnetron di
o des communicat
ion
val
ve

Thermopiles, GreenHouse
I
nfr
ared 1mmto700nm Vi
brat
ionofat
o Bolometer eff
ect,
looki
ng
1011t
o1014Hz m I
nfrared thr
oughhaze,
or
molecules Photographic fogandmist,
Fi
lm Ari
elmapping
Photography,
Li
ght 700nmto400nm El
ectroninanato Eye,
Photocel
l, I
lluminati
ons,Emi
t
8x1014Hz m Photogr
aphicFil
m &refl
ectby
dur
ingtransit
ion theobject
s.

Ul
tr
avi
ole 400nmto1nm InnerShell
electr
o Phot
ocell
& Pr eser vationof
5x 14
10 to8x1014 ninatommov ing phot
ographi
c foodi tems,
t
Fromoneener fi
l
m Det ect ionof
gy i
nvi sibl ewr i
ti
ng,
l
ev el
toalower fi
ngerpr inti
ngs
energylevel for ensi c
l
abor atory.
Det er mi nati
onof
Str uct ureof
mol ecul es&
X- Photographi
cfi
l
m, ato ms
Sudyof .crystal
X-
ray
s 1nmto10-
3nm
16 rayt
ubeor
inner Geigert
ube struct ur e&atom,
10 to10 1Hz
2
shel
lEl
ect
rons i
onizati
on fract ur eofbones.
chamber .

Gamm Radi
oacti
vedec Phot ographi
cfi
l
m,
<10-
3nm Nuclearreact
ion
aray 18 ayof
thenucleus Geigert
ube
10 to1022Hz &str
uctureof
i
onizati
on atoms&Nucl ei.
chamber Todestroycancer
cell
s.

NAMEOFCHAPTER: EM WAVE
VSA( 1MARK)
Thechargi
ngcur
rentforacapaci
tori
s0.
25A.Whatisthedi
spl
acementcur
rentacr
ossits
pl
ates?
[
ans:displ
acementcurr
entis0.
25A.]
Acapacit
orhasbeenchargedbyadcsource.Whatar
ethemagnit
udesoft
hecharging
currentanddi splacementcur rentwhent hecapaci t
ori sf ullychar ged?
[ans:Ic= Id=0 ]
Arranget hef oll
owi ngi nt hedescendi ngor derofwav elengt h: Gammar ay s, I
Rr ays,yel
low
l
ightandr adi owav es.
[ans:Radi owav es,IRr ay s, redl ight ,yel
lowl ight,Gammar ay s]
Wr i
tethecr iti
cal angl ef oramat erialofref r
act i
vei ndex 2?
[ans:iC =4 50]
Aconv ergi ngl ensi skeptcoaxi allyincont actwi t
hadi v ergingl ens–bot ht helensesbei ght
ofequal focal lengt h.Whati st hef ocallengt hoft hecombi nat i
on?
[ans:f=∞ ]
Adi vergingl ensoff ocal lengt hFi scuti nt otwoi dent ical par tseachf ormi ngapl ano-
concav el ens.Whati sthef ocal l
engt hofeachpar t.
[ans:f’=2F]
Abi conv exl ensmadeofat ranspar entmat erialofr efract ivei ndex1.25i si mmer sedi nwater
ofrefract ivei ndex1. 33.Wi l
l thel ensbehav easaconv ergingoradi vergingl ens?Gi vereason.
[ans:Di vergi ngl ens, becauset hel ightray sdi vergeonr ef ract ionfrom rarert odenser
medi um.
Lightofwav elengt h5000Apr opagat i
nginai rget spar tlyref lectedfrom thesur faceofwat er
.
Howwi l
l t
hewav elengthandf requenci esoft her efl
ect edandr efr
actedlightbeaf fected?
[ans:Forr eflect edl i
ght -Wav elengt handf requencyr emai nt hesame.Forr efractedlight-
Wav elengt hdecr easesbutt hef requencyr emai nssame]
Wr i
tethef act or sbywhi cht her esol vingpowerofat elescopecanbei ncreased.
[ans:1.I ncr easi ngt hedi amet erofi tsobject i
v e.2.Usi ngl ightofshor terwav elength.
Howdoest hef ringewi dt hofi nterferencef ri
ngeschange, whent hewhol eappar atusof
Young’ sexper imenti skepti nal iqui dofr efractiveindex1. 3:
[ans:Wav el engt hofl i
ghti nt hel iquiddecr easesby1/ 3.Hencef ri
ngewi dthal sodecr eases.]

SAI( 2MARKS)
Answert hef ollowi ng:
Namet hee. m.wav eswhi char epr oduceddur ingr adi oact ivedecayofanucl eus.Wr i
tet hei
r
frequencyr ange.
Wel derswearspeci al glassgoggl eswhi lewor king.Why ?Expl ain.
Whyar ethei nfr ar edwav esof tencal ledasheatwav es?Gi vethei roneappl icat i
on.
[ans: a.Gamma- r ay s: 109Hzt o1023Hz.b.t opr otectt heirey esf r om largeamountof
har mf ulUVr adi at ionpr oducedbywel dingar c.C.I nf rar
edwav esi ncidentonasubst ance
i
ncr easet hei nter nal energyandhencet het emper at ureoft hesubst ance.Thati swhyt hey
areal socal ledheatwav es.I nfraredwav esar eusedi nremot econt r
ol ofTV, ingr eenhouses,
i
nt het r
eat mentoft hemuscul arcompl aintset c.
Dr awagr apht oshowt hev ariati
onoft heangl eofdev i
at i
on‘ δ’ witht hatoft heangl eof
i
nci dence‘ I’foramonochr omat i
cr ayofl i
ghtpassi ngthr oughagl asspr ism ofr efracti
ng
angl e‘A’.Hencededucet her elati
onf orr efractivei ndex.
[ans: refer]
Stat eMal usl aw.Unpol arisedl ightofi ntensi t
yI 0p assest hrought wopol arizedP1andP2
sucht hatt hepassaxi sofP2makesanangl eθwi tht hepassaxi sofP1.Pl otagr aph
showi ngt hev ar iat i
ononi ntensi t
yofl ightt ransmi t
tedt hr oughP2ast heangl eθv ari
esf rom
0
zer ot o180.
[ans: “whenabeam ofcompl etelypl anepol arizedl ighti spassedt hr oughanal yzer,the
i
nt ensi t
y‘ I
’ oft ransmi t
tedl ightv ariesdi rect l
yast hesquar eoft hecosi neoft heangl e‘θ’
bet weent het ransmi ssi
ondi rectionofpol arizerandanal y zer”.Iαcos2θ]
Twowav elengt hsofsodi um l ight590nm, 596nm ar eused, i
nt urn, tost udyt hedi f
fraction
takingpl aceatasi ngl eslitofaper t
ur e2µm.Thedi stancebet weent hesl itandt hescr eeni s
1.5m.Cal cul at et hesepar ati
onbet weent heposi ti
onsoff irstmaxi mum oft hedi ff
raction
pat ternobt ainedi nt het wocases.
[ans:x=( 2n+1) λD/ 2df ort wocases.Then( x2–x1) .
]
SAI I(3MARKS)
1.Givet hreechar acter i
sti
csofdi splacementcur rent.
2.Showt hatEM wav earet ransv erseinnat ure.
3.Thev oltagebet weent hepl atesofapar allelplatecapacitorofcapaci t
ance1. 0µFIS
changingatt her ateof5Vs-1.Whati sthedi splacementcur r
entinthecapaci t
or?
dVA  0AdV
Ans:I D =  0dE/ dt= 0dEA/ dt= 0 =
dtD d dt
dV
=C =1x10-6 x5=5µA
dt
4.Namet heconst i
tuentr adiationofel ectromagnet i
cspect rum which
(a)Isusedi nsat ellit
ecommuni cati
on.
(b)Isusedf orst udy ingcr ystal st
ructur
e.
(c)Issi milartot her adiationsemi tt
eddur i
ngdecayofr adioacti
venucl ei
.
(d)Hasawav elengt hrangebet ween390nm and770nm .
(e)Isabsor bedf rom sunl i
ghtbyozonel ayer.
(f)Pr oducesi ntenseheat ingef fect.
Ans: (
a)Mi crowav es( b)X-rays( c)ϒ- r
ay s(
d)Vi siblel
ight(e)UV-r ays(f)Infr
aredr ay
s
5.Showt hatdur i
ngt hechar gingofapar al
lelplatecapacitor, therat
eofchangeofchar geon
eachpl ateequal t imest her at echangeofel ectri
cfluxlinkedwi t
hit.Whati sthename
giventot histerm.
Ans: E=σ/ ε0 =q/ε0A
EA=q/ ε0
ɸE=q/ ε0
dɸE dq
=1/ ε0
dt dt
dq dɸE
=ε0 =ID
dt dt

6.Supposethattheel
ect
ri
cfi
eldampl
i
tudeofanel
ect
romagnet
icwav
eisE0=120NC-1and
thati
tsfrequencyisv
=50.
0MHz.

(a) Det er
mine,
B0,
w,kand (
b) Findexpressi
onsf
orEandB.
Ans: (a) C=4x107T,
B0 =E0/ 14x108r
W =2Πν=3. ads-1,
k=W /C=1. 05m-1and
=C/ν=6m.
(b)

7.I
napl anee.
m.wavetheelectr
icfi
eldoscil
lat
eswit
hafequencyof2x1010S-1andan
r
-
1
ampli
tudeof40Vm ( i
)whati sthewavelengthoft
hewaveand(i
i)whati
stheenergy
densi
tyduetotheel
ect
ricf
ield?
-
2
Ans:(
i) =1. 5x10 m

(
ii
)Ener
gydensi
ty=

=3.55x10-9Jm-3
8.Frequencyandampl it
udeofelect ri
cfi
eldinane.m.waveis2x1010Hzand48Vm-1.
Calculate(i)wavelength(ii
)amplitudeofmagneticfi
eld(i
i
i)aver
ageenergydensit
y.
Ans.1. 5x10-2m (i
i)1.6x10-8T
9.Ther ateofchangeofel ectr
icf
ieldintheregi
onoft hepl
atesofthecapaci
tori
s1.5x1012
-1
Vm . Iftheradi
usoft hecircul
arplateofthecapacit
oris55mm.Whati sthedispl
acement
current?
Ans.I A
10.Whenani dealcapacit
orischar gedbyadcbat t
ery,nocurrentflows.However,whenan
ACsour ceisused, thecurrentflowscont i
nuousl
y.Howdoesoneexpl ai
nthis,
basedont he
conceptofdisplacementcur rent.
Ans:ID= 0dE/ dt,Whenancapaci t
orischargedbyadcbat tery,chargefl
owstil
lthe
capacit
orgetsf ull
ycharged.
Then,dE/dt=0SoI D=0.
Whenanacsour ceisconnect ed,IC=keepsonf l
owinginconnectingwi r
es.Duetochanging
curr
ent,chargedeposi t
edont hepl at
esofcapacitorchangeswi t
ht i
me. Hencechangein
el
ectri
cf i
eldbetweent hecapaci t
orplates.Thi
sgivesdispl
acementcur r
entbet
weent he
capacit
orplates.

11.Theel
ect
ri
cfi
l
edofapl
aneel
ect
romagnet
icwav
einv
acuum i
srepr
esent
edbyEx =0

Whatist
hedi r
ecti
onofpropagati
onofthewav
e?
Computethecomponentofassociat
edmagneti
cfi
eld.
(
c)Determinet
hewav el
engthoft
hewave.
Ans.(
a)ittr
avel
salongx-
axis)

(
b)Bz =

(
c)

12.Identi
fyt
hepar
toft
heel
ect
romagnet
icspect
rum t
owhi
cht
heybel
ong
(i
)2. 7K
(i
i
)14. 4KeV
Hint(i)

(
ii
)E=h and = =3x1011MHz
)

13.El
ect
romagnet
ict
raveli
namedi um ataspeedof2x108ms-1.Ther
elat
iveper
meabi
l
ity
ofthemedi
um i
s1.Findtherel
ati
vepermitt
ivi
ty.
Ans:

=2.
25

14.Aparal
lelplat
ecapacitorwithplat
earea‛A’
andplat
esepar at i
on‛d’,i
schargedbya
const
antcurrent‛
I’.Consideraplanesurf
aceofarea‛
A/2’paralleltotheplat
esandis
si
tuat
edsymmet ri
call
ybetweent hepl
ates.Deter
minethedisplacementcur r
entthr
ought
his
area.
Ans:E =σ/ ε0 =q/ε0A
Fl
uxthrought heareaA/ 2will
be

ɸE =EA/2 =q/
2ε0
I
D= 0dE/
dt
1dq
=
2dt
15.Acapaci tor,madeoft wopar
all
elplat
eseachofplat
eareaAandsepar
ati
ond,is
chargedbyana. c.sour
ce.Showthatthedispl
acementcur
renti
nsi
det
hecapaci
tori
sthe
sameast hecurrentchargi
ngthecapacit
or.
Ans:E=σ/ ε0 =q/ε0A
ɸE=EA =q/ ε0
ID=
0dE/ dt
=dq/dt=I C

RAYOPTI
CS

REFLECTIONOFLIGHT:
Refl
ecti
onist
hephenomenonofthet
urni
ngbackoft
hei
nci
dentl
i
ghti
ntot
hef
ir
stmedi
um
asitt
ravel
sfr
om f
irstmedi
um t
osecond.

LAWSOFREFLECTI ONOFLI GHT:

ILAW:Theangleofinci
denceisequal
tot
heangl
eofref
lect
ion,
i.
e.i=r.
IILAW:Theinci
dentray
,theref
lect
edr
ayandt
henor
mal att
hepointofi
nci
denceal
ll
iei
n
thesameplane.

SPHERICALMIRRORS:
I
tisarefl
ect
ingsur
facewhi
chf
ormspar
tofahol
l
owspher
e.
Concav eMir
ror:Aspher i
calmirrori
nwhichouterbulgedsurf
aceissil
veredpoli
shedandthe
ref
lecti
onofli
ghtt akesplacefrom thei
nnerholl
owsur f
ace.
Conv exmir
ror:
Aspher i
calmirr
orinwhichinnerhol
lowsurfacei
ssilv
er-pol
ishedandthe
ref
lecti
onofthelighttakesplacefrom t
heouterbulgedsurf
ace.

TERMSI NVOLVED:
Pole:Iti
sthemi ddlepoi ntofthespher i
calmirror.
Cent r
eofcur v
ature: I
ti sthecentreoft hesphereofwhicht hemi rr
orformsapar t.
Radiusofcur vat
ure: I
ti stheradiusoft hespher eofwhicht hemirr
orfor msapar t.
Princi
palaxis:Thel i
nepassi ngt hr
ought hepol eandthecent reofcurvatureofthemi r
ror
.
LinearAperture:I
tist hedi ameteroft heci
rcularboundaryoft hesphericalmirr
or.
AngularAper t
ure:Itist heanglesubt endedbyt heboundar yofthespher i
calmirrorati
ts
centreofcurvature.
Princi
palfocus:Anar r owbeam ofl ightparal
leltotheprincipalaxi
seit
heract ual
lyconverges
toorappear stodiv er
gef rom apoint.

REFRACTI ONOFLI GHT:

Refracti
onisthephenomenonofchangei nthepathofl
ightasitt
rav
elsf r
om onemedium t
o
another(whentherayofli
ghti
sincidentobl
iquel
y).
Itcanalsobedefinedasthephenomenonofchangei nspeedofli
ghtfrom onemedium t
o
another.
LAWSOFREFRACTI ON:
ILaw: Theinci
dentray,
thenor
mal totheref
racti
ngsurf
aceatthepointofinci
denceandthe
refr
actedrayalll
i
einthesamepl ane.
IILaw:Foragivenpairofmedi
aandf orli
ghtofagivenwavelengt
h,t
her ati
oofthesi
neof
theangleofinci
dencetothesineoftheangleofref
ract
ionisaconstant.(
Snell
’
sLaw)

si
ni
µ=
si
nr
Theconst antμi scalledrefracti
vei ndexoft hemedi um,i
ist
heangleofi nci
denceandris
theangleofr efr
act i
on.
TIPS:
μofopt i
call
yr arermedi um islowerandt hatofadensermedi um i
shigher.
μofdensermedi um w. r.
t.r
arermedi um i smor ethan1andthatofrarermedium w.
r.
t.
densermedi um islesst han1.( μair=μvacuum =1)
Inrefr
acti
on, thevelocityandwav elengthofl i
ghtchange.
Inrefr
acti
on, thefrequencyandphaseofl i
ghtdonotchange.
aμm =ca/cm and aμm =λa/λm
Princi
pleofRev ersibi
lit
yofLi ght:

a si
ni
µb =
si
nr
b si
nr
µa =
si
ni

Theref
ore,
aμbxbμa=1 or aμb=1/bμa

Ifarayofl i
ght,aft
ersuff
eri
nganynumberofr eflect
ionsand/orrefract
ionshasit
spath
rever
sedatanyst age,i
ttr
avel
sbacktothesour cealongt hesamepat hintheopposi
te
dir
ection.
Anat ural
consequenceoft hepri
ncipl
eofrev
er sibi
li
tyisthattheimageandobjectposi
ti
ons
canbei nterchanged.Theseposi
tionsar
ecall
edconj ugateposit
ions.

Ref
ract
iont
hroughaPar
all
elSl
ab:
a si
ni1
µb =
si
nr1

b
si
ni2
µa =
si
nr2
But,
aμbxbμa=1
si
ni1
si
ni
× 2 =1
si
nr1
si
nr2
I
timpl
i
est
hati
1=r
2andi
2=r
1si
ncei
1≠r1andi2≠r2.

LATERALSHI
FT:
tsinδ
y=
cosr 1
t
sini -
r
1 1
y=
cosr 1
SpecialCase:
I
fi1isverysmall
,thenr1i
salsoverysmall
.
i.
e.si
n(i
1–r 1)=i
1–r1andcosr
1=1
So,
y=t( i
1–r 1) or y=ti 1(
1–1/ aμb)

Ref
ract
iont
hroughaCompoundSl
ab:
a si
ni1
µb =
si
nr1

b
si
nr1
µc =
si
nr2

c si
n r
2
µa =
si
ni1

aμbxbμcxcμa=1
or aμbxbμc=aμc
or bμc=aμc/aμb
APPARENTDEPTHOFALI
QUI
D:
b sini
µa =
si
nr
a si
nr
µb =
sini
a h
µb = r
ha

Appar
entDepthofaNumberofI mmisci
bleLi
qui
ds:
ha=∑hi/μi
Appar
entShif
t:
Appar
entshif
t=hr-ha=hr–(hr/μ)
=hr[1-1/μ]

TIPS:
I
ft heobserveri
sinrar
ermedium andt heobjectisi
ndensermedi
um t
henha<hr.(
Toabi
rd,
thefishappearstobenearert
hanactual depth.
)
I
ft heobserveri
sindensermedium andtheobj ecti
sinr
arermedi
um t
henha>hr.(
Toafi
sh,
thebirdappearstobefart
herthanactualheight.
)

TotalI
nter
nal
Ref
lect
ion
TotalI
nter
nal
Ref
lect
ion(TIR)i
sthephenomenonofcompl
eteref
lect
ionofli
ghtbacki
nto
thesamemedium f
oranglesofinci
dencegr
eat
erthant
hecri
ti
calangleoft
hatmedium.
CONDI TIONSFORTIR:
Theincidentr
aymustbeinopt
ical
lydensermedi
um.
Theangl eofi
nci
dencei
nthedensermedium mustbegr
eat
ert
hant
hecr
it
ical
angl
efort
he
pai
rofmedi aincont
act
.

Rel
ati
onbetweenCri
ti
calAngleandRef r
act
iveI
ndex
Cri
ti
calangl
eist
heangleofinci
denceinthedensermedium forwhi
cht
heangl
eofr
efr
act
ion
i
ntherarermedi
um i
s90°.
g ni si
si nic
µa = = =sini
nr si
si n90˚ c

a
Or μg=1/gμa

a 1
or µg =
si
nic
1
or sini =a
c µg
Also,si
ni c=λg/λa
Redcol ourhasmaximum val
ueofcr
it
ical
angl
eandVi
oletcol
ourhasmi
nimum v
alueof
cr
iti
calangl esi
nce,
a
si
ni c=1 / µg=1/(a+(
b/λ2)
)

APPLI CATIONSOFTIR:
Miragef ormati
on
Loomi ng
Totall
yref l
ect
ingPr
isms
OpticalFibres
Sparkli
ngofDi amonds

SPHERICALREFRACTINGSURFACES:
Aspheri
calr
efr
acti
ngsurf
aceisapar tofasphereofr ef
ract
ingmater
ial
.
Arefr
acti
ngsur
facewhichisconvextowardstherarermedium i
scall
edconvexr
efr
acti
ng
sur
face.
Arefr
acti
ngsur
facewhichisconcavetowardstherarermedium i
scall
edconcav
erefr
acti
ng
sur
face.
APCB–Pr i
nci
palAxis C–Cent reofCur
vat ur
e
P–Pol e R–Radi usofCurvatur
e
Assumptions:
Objecti
sthepointobjectly
ingonthepri
ncipal
axis.
Theinci
dentandther efr
actedray
smakesmal langleswit
ht hepri
nci
pal
axi
s.
Theaperture(
diameterofthecurvedsur
face)issmall.

NewCar t
esianSi gnConventions:
Thei ncidentrayi stakenf
rom l eftt
oright.
Allt
hedi stancesar emeasuredf rom t
hepol eoftheref
ract
ingsurf
ace.
Thedi stancesmeasur edalongt hedir
ectionoftheinci
dentrayar
etakenposi
ti
veand
againstt heincidentrayaretakennegat iv
e.
Thev erticaldistancesmeasur edf r
om princi
palaxi
sintheupwarddir
ecti
onar
et aken
positiv
eandi nthedownwar ddi r
ecti
onar etakennegat
ive.

REFRACTIONATCONVEXSURFACE:
(From Rar
erMedi
um t
oDenserMedi
um -Real
Image)

i=α+γ
γ=r+βoror r=γ-β
MA MA
t
anα= or α=
MO MO
MA MA
t
anβ= or β=
MI MI
MA MA
t
anγ= or γ=
MC MC

Accor
dingt
oSnel
l
’sLaw,
ni µ1
si
=
nr µ2
si
i µ1
=
r µ2
Or µ1i=µ2r
Subst
it
utingfori
,r,
α,βandγ,
repl
aci
ngM byPandr
ear r
angi
ng,
µ1 µ2 µ2-µ1
+ =
PO PI PC

Appl
yi
ngsignconv
ent
ionswi
thv
alues,
PO=-u,PI=+v and PC=+R
µ1 µ2 µ2-
µ1
+ =
-u v R

REFRACTIONATCONVEXSURFACE:
(Fr
om DenserMedi
um t
oRar
erMedi
um -Real
Image)

µ1 µ2 µ1-
µ2
+ =
-u v R

LENSMAKER’
SFORMULA:

Forr
efr
act
ionatLP1N,
µ1 µ µ- µ
+ 2= 2 1
CO CI 1
CC1
(asi
ftheimageisformedinthedensermedi um)
Forr
efract
ionatLP2N,
µ2 µ -(µ1-
µ2)
+ 1=
-
CI 1
CI CC2
(asi
ftheobjecti
sinthedensermedium andt hei
magei sfor
medi
nther
arermedi
um)

Combi
ningt
her
efr
act
ionsatbot
hthesur
faces,
 µ1 µ1
+
CO CI
=( µ2- (
µ1) +
1
CC1 CC2)
1

Substi
tut
ingthevalueswit
hsignconventi
ons,

-
1 1 µ2-
+ =
u v ( )
µ1 1 1
-
µ1 R1 R2
Sinceμ2/μ1=μ
1 1 µ2
- ( )( )
+ = -1 -
u v µ1
11
R1 R2

-
1 1
+ =(
u v ( )
µ-1) -
11
R1 R2
Whent heobjecti
skeptatinf
ini
ty,
theimagei sformedatt hepr
inci
pal
focus.
i
.e.u=-∞, v=+f .
1
f
=( ( )
11
µ-1) -
R1 R2
Thisequati
oniscalled‘
LensMaker’sFormula’
.

Fi
rstPr
incipal
Focus:
Fi
rstPr
incipal
Focusi
st hepoi
ntont
heprinci
pal
axi
soft
hel
ensatwhi
chi
fanobj
ecti
s
pl
aced,theimagewouldbefor
medatinf
init
y.

SecondPr
inci
palFocus:
SecondPr
inci
palFocusisthepoi
ntonthepr
inci
pal
axi
soft
hel
ensatwhi
cht
hei
magei
s
for
medwhent heobjecti
skeptati
nfi
nit
y.

Li
nearMagnifi
cat
ion:
Li
nearmagnifi
cat
ionproducedbyalensi
sdefinedast
herat
iooft
hesi
zeoft
hei
maget
othe
si
zeoftheobject
.
I
m=
O
A'B' CB'
=
AB CB
Accordi
ngtonewCartesiansi
gnconvent
ions,
A’B’=+I,AB=-O, CB’=+vand CB=-u.
+I +v I v
= →m = =
-O - u O u
Magnifi
cat
ionint
ermsofvandf :
f-
v
m=
f
Magnifi
cat
ionint
ermsofuandf :
 f
m=
f
-u
PowerofaLens:
Powerofal ensisi t
sabi l
it
ytobendarayofli
ghtfal
li
ngonitandi
sreci
procal
ofi
tsfocal
l
ength.Whenfi si nmet r
e,poweri
smeasuredinDioptr
e(D).
1
P=
f
REFRACTI ONOFLI GHTTHROUGHPRI SM:
InquadrilateralAPOQ,
A+O=180° ……. (
1)
(si
nceN1andN2ar enormal)
Intr
iangleOPQ,
r1+r2+O=1 80° ……. (2)
Intr
iangleDPQ,
δ=( i -r
1) +( e-r2)
δ=( i +e)–( r1+r 2) …….(3)
From (1)and( 2)
,
A=r 1+r 2
From (3),
δ=( i +e)–( A)
i+e=A+δ
Sum ofangl eofinci denceandangleof
emer gencei sequal tothesum ofangl
e ofpri
sm
andangl eofdev iati
on.

Vari
ati
onofangl eofdev iationwith angl
eof
i
ncidence:
Whenangl eofincidencei ncreases,
theangleofdeviat
iondecreases.
Atapar t
icul
arvalueofangl eofinci
dencetheangleofdeviat
ionbecomesmi ni
mum andis
cal
led‘angleofmi ni
mum dev iat
ion’
.
Atδm, i =e and r 1=r 2=r (
say)
Aft
ermi nimum dev i
ati
on, angleofdeviat
ioni
ncreaseswithangleofinci
dence.

Refr
acti
veIndexofMater
ialofPr
ism:
A=r 1+r2 or A=2r
r=A/2
i+e=A+δ
2i=A+δm or i=(A+δm)/2
Accordi
ngtoSnell
’sl
aw,
sini si ni
μ= =
si
nr1
si
nr
 A+δm
sin
2
μ=
A
sin
2
Refr
acti
onbyaSmall
-angl
edPrism forSmal
langleofInci
dence:
si
ni si ne
μ= =
si
nr1
sinr
2
I
fiisassumedtobesmall
,thenr1,
r2andewillal
sobev er
ysmall.So,
repl
aci
ngsi
nesoft
he
angl
esbyanglest
hemselv
es,weget
i e
μ= =
r
1
r2
i+e=μ( r1+r
2)=μA
Buti+e=A+δ
So,A+δ=μA
δ=A( μ–1)

Scatteri
ngofLi ght–Bl uecol ouroft heskyandReddi shappear anceoft heSunatSun- ri
se
andSun- set:
Themol eculesoft heatmospher eandot herparti
clesthatar esmal l
erthanthelongest
wav el
engt hofv isibleli
ghtar emor eef fecti
vei nscatteri
ngl i
ghtofshor t
erwav el
engthsthan
l
ightofl ongerwav elengths.Theamountofscat t
eringisinv er
selyproport
ionaltothefourt
h
poweroft hewav elength.(RayleighEf fect)
Lightfrom t heSunneart hehor izonpassest hroughagr eaterdist
anceint heEarth’
s
atmospher et handoest hel i
ghtr ecei
v edwhent heSuni sov erhead.Thecor respondingl
y
greaterscat teringofshor twav elengthsaccount sf orther eddi
shappear anceoft heSunat
ri
singandatset t
ing.
Whenl ooki ngatt heskyi nadi rectionawayf rom theSun, wer eceivescatter
edsunl i
ghti
n
whichshor twav elengthspr edomi nategi vi
ngt heskyi t
schar acter
isti
cbluishcolour.
COMPOUNDMI CROSCOPE:

Objecti
ve:Theconv er
ginglensnear ertot
heobject
.
Eyepiece:Theconvergi
ngl ensthroughwhichthefi
nalimageisseen.
Bothar eofshor
tfocall
engt h.Focal l
engt
hofeyepieceissl
ightl
ygreatert
hanthatoft
he
objecti
ve.
AngularMagnifi
cati
onorMagni fyi
ngPower( M):
Angularmagnifi
cati
onormagni fyi
ngpowerofacompoundmi croscopeisdef
inedasthe
rat
iooft heangl
eβsubt endedbyt hef i
nal
imageattheey et
ot heangleαsubtendedbythe
objectseendi rect
ly,
whenbot har epl
acedatthel eastdistanceofdi
sti
nctvi
sion.
β
M=
α
v
-( )
M = 0 1+
u0
D
fe
Sincetheobj ectisplacedveryclosetothepr
inci pal focusoftheobj
ecti
veandt hei
magei
s
formedv eryclosetot heeyepiece,
uo≈f oandv o≈L
So,
-
L
( )
M = 1+
f0
D
fe
-L D
M≈ ×
f0
fe
(Normal adjustmenti.e.i
mageati nfi
nit
y)

ASTRONOMI
CALTELESCOPE:
(Imagef
ormedati
nfi
nit
y–Nor
mal
Adj
ust
ment
)

Focallengt
hoft heobj ecti
veismuchgr eaterthanthatoftheey epiece.
Apertureoftheobj ecti
veisal
solarget oall
owmor eli
ghttopasst hr
oughit.
AngularmagnificationorMagnifyi
ngpowerofat elescopei nnormal adj
ustmenti
stherat
io
oftheanglesubt endedbyt heimageatt heey easseent hrought hetel
escopetot
heangle
subtendedbyt heobj ectasseendirectl
y,whenbot htheobj ectandtheimageareatinf
ini
ty.
β -f
M= ∴M = 0
α f
e
(f
o+f e=Liscal l
edt helengt
hofthet elescopeinnormal adjustment).
ASTRONOMI CALTELESCOPE: (
near -
pointadjust
ment )
Angularmagni fi
cationormagni f
yingpowerofat elescopeint hi
scasei sdefinedast herat
io
oftheangl eβsubt endedattheey ebythefi
nalimagef ormedatt heleastdistanceof
di
stinctvisiont
ot heangleαsubt endedatt
heey ebyt heobjectly
ingati nfi
nit
ywhenseen
di
rectly
.
M=
β
α
-
( )
v f
∴ M = 0 1+e
ue D
Clearl
yfocal l
engthofobj ect
ivemustbegreaterthant hatoftheey epieceforlarger
magni f
yingpower .
Also,i
tist obenot edthatinthi
scaseM islar
gert hant hati
nnor mal adjust
mentposi ti
on.

Lear
ningcont
ent
(Wav
eOpt
ics)

GI
ST
I
NTERFERENCEOFWAVES
DI
FFRACTI
ONOFLI
GHTATASI
NGLESLI
T;
POLARI
SATI
ONOFLI
GHTWAVES:

Mal
us’
Law:
Whenabeam ofpl anepol ari
sedli
ghtisi
ncidentonananal
yser
,thei
ntensi
tyIofl
ightt
ransmit
ted
f
rom theanal
yservariesdirect
lyasthesquareofthecosi
neoftheangleθbetweentheplanesof
t
ransmissi
onofanalyserandpolari
ser
.

(
2
Pol
ari
sat
ionbyRef
lect
ionandBr
ewst
er’
sLaw:

CONCEPTMAP
RAYOPTI
CS&WAVEOPTI
CS

Q1.Expl
ainwit
hraydi
agramst hefor
mati
onof(i
)ar
ealenl
argedimageand( i
i)avir
tual
i
mageinthecaseofaconcavemi r
ror.
Q2.Thesunisseenal
itt
lebeforei
tri
sesandf
orashor
twhileaft
eri
tsets.Explai
n,why.

Q3.Explai
nmi r
ageeff
ectproducedinveryhotdesert
swi
ththehel
pofdiagram.
Q4.Withthehelpofaraydi
agram, showtheformati
onofi
mageofapointobjectby
r
efr
acti
onoflightataspher
icalsur
faceseparat
ingtwomedi
aofrefr
act
iveindi
cesn1andn2
(
n2>n1)r
espect
ivel
y.Usi
ngt
hisdi
agr
am,
der
ivet
her
elat
ion .
Q5.Dr awtheraydi
agram ofancompoundmicroscope,whent
hefinal
imageisfor
medat
theleastdi
stanceofdist
inctv
isi
on.Wr
it
etheformulaformagni
fyi
ngpowerintheabov
e
notedcase.

Q6.Aneedl eplaced45cm f rom alensfor

msani mageonascr eenplaced90cm ont he
othersideoft
hel ens.Whati sthetypeoft
helens?Findit
sfocallengt
h.I ft
helengt
hoft he
needleis5cm, whatisthelengthofimageformed?
Q7.Adoubl econv exlensmadeofgl assofrefr
act
ivei
ndex1.5hasbot hradi
iofcurv
atureof
magni t
ude20cm.Anobj ect2cm highispl
acedat10cm fr
om thelens.
Fi
ndt heposit
ion,natureandsizeoftheimage.

Q.
9. Agi antref
ractingtelescopeatanobser vat
oryhasanobject
ivel
ensoffocall
engt
h15
m.Ifaney epiecelensoff ocallength1.0cm i
sused.Findtheangul
armagnif
icat
ionoft
he
t
elescope.Ift
histelescopei susedt oviewthemoonwhati sthedi
ameteroft
heimageof
t
hemoonf ormedbyt heobjectivelens?Thediameteroft
hemooni 42x106m andt
s3. he
6
r
adiusofthelunaror biti
s3. 8x10m.

Q.
10 Acompoundmi cr
oscopeusesanobject
ivel
ensoffocall
ength4cm andey epiece
l
ensoffocal
lengt
h10cm.Anobjecti
splacedat6cm f
rom theobjecti
velens.Calcul
atet
he
magni
fyi
ngpoweroft
hecompoundmi cr
oscope.Al
socalcul
atethelengthofmi cr
oscope.

Q.11.Usethemirr
orequati
ontoshowt hat
a)anobjectpl
acedbetweenfand2fofaconcav emirr
orproducesarealimagebeyondt he
2f.
b)aconvexmirroral
waysproducesavirt
uali
mageindependentoft
hel ocati
onoftheobject.
c)anobjectpl
acedbetweenthepoleandthefocusofaconcavemirr
orpr oducesavir
tual
andenlargedi
mage.

Q.
12 Aconv exlensmadeupofgl assofref
ract
iveindex1.5isdi
ppedintur
nin(
1)a
medi
um ofrefr
acti
veindex1.
65( i
i
)amedi um ofref
racti
veindex1.33.
a)Wil
li
tbehav easaconver
ginglensoradivergi
nglensintwocases?
b)Howwi l
lit
sfocall
engt
hchangei ntwomedi a?
Q.13.ADoubleconvexl
ensmadeofglassofr
efract
ivei
ndex1.5hasbothradi
iofcur
vat
ure
ofmagnit
ude20cm.anobj ect2cm hi
ghispl
acedat10cm from t
helens.Fi
ndtheposi
ti
on,
natur
eandsizeoftheimage.

ANSWERKEY

Ans1.
Formati
onof(i
)ar
ealenl
argedi
mageand
(i
i
)av i
rt
uali
magei
nthecaseofaconcav
e
mirr
or

Ans.
2Forr
easonseet
hecont
ent
.

Ans.
3

ReasonTI
R

Ans.
4

Ans5.Magni
fyi
ngpower
,M=
 1 11
Ans.
6. = -
f vu
1 1 1
= -
f 90 -
45
=1/30
f=30cm
Henceiti
saconvexlens(si
ncethefisposi
tive)
Alsoweknowmagnificat
ionm =v/u
M=90/-45=-2, I /O =-2, I=-2xO, I=-2x5=-10cm
Hencethesi
zeofimageis10cmm andi ti
sinvert
ed.

Ans.
7.Using 1/
f=1/v–1/u=( -1)
(1/R1–1/R2)
Weget1/10+1/v =(1.
5-1)(1/20+1/20)
V=-20cmHencethei
mageisvir
tuali
nthelef
thandsi
deoft
hel
ens.

1.Anobj ectisplacedat10cm i nf rontofaconcav emi rrorofr adi

usofcur vature15cm.Fi ndt he
positi
on, natureandmagni fi
cationoft heimage. {Ans: For mul a-1/v+1/ u=1/ f
,v
=- 30cm, Realandi nverted, m =- 3}
2.Lightf rom apoi ntsour cei nairf all
sonaspher icalglasssur f
ace(n=1. 5andr adiusofcur vat ure=
20cm) .Thedi stanceofl ightsour cef r
om t hegl asssur facei s100cm.Atwhatposi ti
ont heimagei s
formed?
{Ans: for mula-:n2/v–n1/u=( n2-n1)
/R,v=+100
cm}
3.Acompoundmi croscopeconsi stsofanobj ectivelensoff ocallength2cm andaney epieceof
focallengt h6.25cm separ at
edbydi st
anceof15cm.Howf arfrom theobj ectiveshoul danobj ectbe
placedi nor dertoobt ai
nt hef inalimageat( a)thel eastdi stanceofdistinctv i
sion, and(b)ati nfinit
y ?
Whati st hemagni ficati
onpoweroft hemi croscopei neachcase?
Hint:Drawr oughraydi agr am ineachcasewi thpr opernot ati
on.Given-D=25cm, f0=2.0cm, fe= 6.25
cm, L=15cm.
(a)Lensf ormul aforey epi ece:1/ fe=1 /ve–1 /
ue, Getue=- 5cm.L=v 0+| ue| ,v0=1 0cm

(
Wav
eOpt
ics-3&5Mar
ksQuest
ions)

1.StateHuy gen’ spr inciplewitht hehel pofasui t

ablediagr am.Ver if
ySnel l’
s
lawofr efractionusi ngHuy gen’ swav etheor y.Explainther efr
actionofa
planewav ef ronti nci dentonapl anesur face.
2.InYDSE, deducet hecondi t
ionf or(i)const ructive,and( i
i)destructive
interferenceatapoi ntont hescr een.Dr awagr aphshowi ngvar i
ationof
ther esultantint ensityi ntheint er
ferencepat ternagai nstpositi
onont he
screen.
3.Whatar ecoher entsour cesofl i
ght ?Statecondi ti
onsf ort woli
ghtsour ces
tobecoher ent.Whatdoy oumeanbyi nter
fer enceofl i
ght?Wr it
et wo
conditi
onst oobt aint hesust ainedi nterf
erencef ringepat t
er nofli
ght .Derive
amat hemat i
cal expr essi onforthewi dthofi nterferencef ri
ngesobt ainedi n
YDSEwi ththehel pofsui tabl
edi agram.
4.Whati sdi ffr
act ionofl i
ght?Stat etheessent ialcondi t
ionf ordi
ffractionof
l
ighttot akepl ace.Descr ibedif
fractionoflight( conditi
onf orsecondar y
maximaandmi nima)duet oasingl eslit
.
 5.Obt ainanexpr essionforfri
ngewi dthduedi f
fractionoflight
.Sketcha
patternoff r
ingesf or
medduet odiffractionofasi ngl esli
tshowingvari
ati
on
ofintensitywithangleθ.
6.Whatdoweunder standbypol ari
zationofwav e?Howdoesan
unpolar i
sedlightgetpolarizedwhenpassedt hroughaPol aroi
d?Statethe
conditionwhent herefl
ectedwav eist otall
yplanepol ar
ized.Fi
ndan
expressionf ortheangleofi nci
dencei nt hi
scase( i
.e.showt hatn=tanip.
).
TwoPol aroi
ds‘ A’and‘B’arekeptincr ossedposi tion.At hir
dPolaroi
d‘C’i
s
placedi nbetweenAandBmaki ngangl eθwi tht hepasaxi sof‘
A’.Fi
ndan
expressionf ortheintensi
tyoflightpassi ngthroughA, BandC.

Not
e-Foranswerr
efercont
entpar
toft
hismat
eri
al.

LEARNI
NGCONTENT

DUALNATUREOFMATTER&RADI
ATI
ON

ELECTRONEMI
SSI
ON
 Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofel
ect
ronemi
ssi
on,
namel
y,Ther
mioni
cEmi
ssi
on,
Phot
oel
ect
ri
cEmi
ssi
onandFi
eldEmi
ssi
on.
 Themi
nimumener
gyr
equi
redby
anel
ect
ront
oescapef
romt
hemet
alsur
facei
scal
l
ed
wor
kfunct
ion.
 Wor
kfunct
ioni
sconv
eni
ent
lyexpr
essedi
nel
ect
ronv
olt
s(eV)
 Oneel
ect
ronv
olt
ist
heener
gygai
nedor
lost
byanel
ect
ronwhi
l
epassi
ngt
hrougha
pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceof
onev
olt
.
PHOTOELECTRI
CEFFECT
 Themi
nimumener
gyr
equi
redby
anel
ect
ront
ocomeout
frommet
alsur
facei
scal
l
ed
t
hewor
kfunct
ionof
amet
al.
 Phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect
ist
hephenomenonofemi
ssi
onof
el
ect
ronsby
met
alswheni
l
lumi
nat
edby
li
ghtof
sui
tabl
efr
equency
GRAPHSRELATEDTOPHOTOELECTRI
CEFFECT
  Themi
nimumnegat
ivepot
ent
ial
giv
ent
otheanodepl
atef
orwhi
cht
hephot
o
el
ect
ri
ccur
rent
becomeszer
oiscal
l
edst
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
.
 Thest
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
Vodependsoni
)Thef
requency
ofi
nci
dent
li
ght
andi
i
)the
nat
ureofemi
tt
ermat
eri
al.Foragi
venf
requencyofi
nci
dentl
i
ght
,thest
oppi
ng
pot
ent
ial
isi
ndependent
ofi
tsi
ntensi
ty
 Bel
owacert
ainf
requency(
thr
esholdf
requency)
ν0char
acter
ist
icsof
themet
al,
no
phot
oel
ect
ri
cemi
ssiont
akesplace,
nomatt
erhowlarget
hei
ntensi
tymaybe.

EI
NSTEI
NSPHOTOELECTRI
CEQUATI
ON:
ENERGYQUANTUMOFRADI
ATI
ON
 Li
ght
iscomposedof
discr
etepacket
sof
ener
gycal
l
edquant
aor
phot
ons.
 Theener
gycar
ri
edby
eachphot
oni
sE=h ν,
wher
eνi
sthef
requency
andmoment
um p=h/

λ .
Theener
gyof
thephot
ondependsont
hef
requency
νof
thei
nci
dent
li
ght
andnot
onit
sint
ensity.
 Phot oelectr
icemissi
onfromthemetalsur
faceoccursduetoabsor
pti
onof
aphot
on
by
anel
ectron
Ei nst
ein’sphotoel
ect
ricequati
on:
Kmax=hν
–φ0or eV0=hν–φ0

PARTI
CLENATUREOFLI
GHT
:THEPHOTON
 Radi
ati
on has dualnat
ure:wav
e and par
ti
cle.
The wav
e nat
urei
srev
eal
ed i
n
phenomenon l
i
ke i
nter
fer
ence,di
ff
ract
ion and pol
ari
zat
ion.
The par
ti
cle nat
urei
s
r
eveal
edbyt
hephenomenonphot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fect
.
 Bysy
mmet
ry,
mat
teral
soshoul
dhav
edual
nat
ure:
wav
eandpar
ti
cle.
Thewav
es
associ
atedwi
tht
hemov
ingmat
eri
alpar
ti
clear
ecal
l
edmat
terwav
esorDeBr
ogl
i
e
wav
es.
 TheDeBr
ogl
i
ewav
elengt
h(λ)associ
atedwi
tht
hemov
ingpar
ti
clei
srel
ated
t
oit
smoment
um pas:
λ=h/
p=h/
mv

 Anequat
ionf
ort
heDeBr
ogl
i
ewav
elengt
hofanel
ect
ronaccel
erat
edt
hrough
apot
ent
ial
V.Consi
deranel
ect
ronwi
thmass‘
m’andchar
ge‘
e’accel
erat
edf
rom r
est

t
hroughapot
ent
ial
V.
K=eV
1 2
K= mv
2
p =
2 2m
P2=2mK
P=√2mK
λ=h/√2meV
Substi
tut
ingnumeri
cal
val
uesof
h,mande
0
λ=(12.
27/√V) A.

CONCLUSI
ONSOFDAVI
SSON&GERMER’
SEXPERI
MENT

Dav
issonGer
merj
ustpr
ovedt
hehy
pot
hesi
sputf
orwar
dbydeBr
ogl
i
e

deBr
ogl
i
egavethet
heorythatal
lmatt
erhavebot
hpart
icl
eandwavenat
ureandi
tdependsont
he
moment
um oft
hepar
ti
cleastowhichnatur
ewouldbemoredomi
nant.

Basedoni
t,hegav
eanequat
ionλ=h/
mv

Byusi
ngit,
thewav
elengt
hofanel
ect
ront
arget
edatt
heNi
ckel
cry
stal
cameoutt
obe1.
66
Angst
rom

Dav
issonGer
merphy
sical
l
yconduct
edt
heexper
imentandf
oundi
ttobe1.
65Angst
rom

whi
chwasal
mostt
hesamev
alueasobt
ainedbydeBr
ogl
i
eequat
ion

Thus,t
heconcl
usi
onoft
heexper
imentwast
hatdeBr
ogl
i
e’shy
pot
hesi
sist
rueandhi
sequat
ioni
s
accur
ate.
 DUALNATUREOFMATTERANDRADI
ATI
ON
ONEMARKQUESTI
ONS:

1.Anelect
ronandalphapar
ti
clehavethesamede-Brogl
iewavel
ength
associ
atedwi
ththem.Howar ethei
rki
neti
cener
giesrelat
edtoeachot
her
?

2.Thest
oppi
ngpot
ent
iali
nanexper
imentonphot
oel
ect
ri
ceffecti
s2V.
Whati
sthemaxi
mum ki
net
icener
gyofthephot
oel
ect
ronsemitt
ed?

3.Showgr aphical
l
y,t
hevar
iat
ionofthede-
Brogl
iewavel
ength(λ)wit
hthe
potent
ial(V)thr
oughwhi
chanelectr
onisaccel
erat
edfrom r
est.

4.Thegraphshowsv ari
ati
onofstoppingpotent
ial
V0v
ersusf
requencyof
i
ncidentradi
ati
onνfortwophotosensit
ivemetal
sAandB.Whichofthe
twomet alshashi
gherthr
eshol
df r
equencyandwhy?

5.Namethephenomenonwhichshowst
hequant
um nat
ureof
el
ect
romagnet
icr
adi
ati
on.

6.Whi
chexper
imentest
abl
i
shest
hewav
enat
ureoft
hepar
ti
cl
e?

7.Whi
chopti
calphenomenoni
sexhi
bit
edbyt
hepar
ti
cl
einf
amousDav
isson
–GermerExper
iment?

8.Phot
onoff
requencyνhasamoment
um associ
atedwi
thi
t.I
fci
sthe
117|
Page
 v
eloci
tyofr
adi
ati
on,
thent
hemoment
um i
s

(
a)hν
/c (
b)ν
/c (
c)hν
c (
d)hν
/c2

9.Accordi
ngtoEinstei
n’sphotoelect
ri
cequati
on,theplotofki
neti
cenergyof
emitt
edphotoelect
ronsfrom amet alv
ersusthefrequencyoft
heinci
dent
radi
ati
ongi
vesast rai
ghtline,
whosesl ope

(a)dependsonthenatur
eoft
hemetalused (
b)dependsonthe
i
ntensit
yoftheradi
ati
on (
c)dependsbot
hont
heint
ensit
yofradi
ati
on
andthemet al
used

(
d)i
ssamef
oral
lmet
alsandi
ndependentoft
hei
ntensi
tyoft
her
adi
ati
on.

10.Thenumberofphoto-el
ect
ronsemitt
edforl
ightofaf
requencyν(
higher
thanthe t
hreshol
df r
equencyν0)i
spropor
ti
onalto

(
a)threshol
dfrequency
(ν0) (
b)int
ensi
tyofl
i
ght (
c)
f
requencyofli
ght(ν) (d)(
ν–ν 0)

ANSWEROFONEMARKQUESTI
ONS:

Wehav
e

λ=h/
√2mk

ork=h2/
2m λ2.

asλe=λa

me<ma

soke>ka

1.Themaxi
mum ki
net
icener
gyoft
hephot
oel
ect
ronsemi
tt 6×10-19⨯
ed=1.
2V

2×10-19J
=3.

2.

118|
Page
 3.Met
alA,
because 0′
> 0

4.Photoel
ect
ri
cef
fectshowst
hequant
um nat
ureofel
ect
romagnet
ic
radi
ati
on.

5.Thewavenatur
eoft
hepar
ti
clei
sest
abl
i
shedbyDav
isson-Ger
mer
Exper
iment
.

6.Di
ff
ract
ionofl
i
ght
.

7.(
a)hν
/c

8.(
d)

9.(
b)i
ntensi
tyofl
i
ght

TWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS:

1.Inaphotoelectr
iceff
ectexperi
ment,thefol
l
owi nggraphswereobtained
betweenthephot oel
ectri
ccurr
entandtheappliedvolt
age.Namet he
charact
eri
sticsoftheinci
dentradi
ati
on(a)thatwaskeptconstant(b)that
wasv ar
iabl
ei nthi
sexperiment

2.Aproton andan-part
icl
eare
accel
erat
edthr
oughthesamepot
enti
aldi
ff
erence.Whichoneofthetwo
has(i
)great
erde-
Brogl
i
ewavel
ength,
and(i
i)l
esskineti
cenergy?Justi
fy
youranswer
.

119|
Page
 3.Cal
cul
atet
hedeBr
ogl
i
ewav
elengt
hassoci
atedwi
thanel
ect
ronofener
gy
200eV.

4.Whatinfer
encewasdrawnfr
om Davi
ssi
onandGermerexper
iment
r
egardingthenat
ureofel
ect
ron.
HowthedeBrogl
i
erel
ati
onwasv er
if
iedby
t
hisexperi
ment?

5.Greenli
ghteject
sphotoelect
ronsf
rom agivenphot
osensi
ti
vesur
face
whereasyel
lowlightdoesnot.Whatwi
llhappenincaseof(
i)v
iol
etand(
ii
)
redli
ght
?

ANSWEROFTWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.
(a)
Frequencyofr
adi
ati
on

(
b)I
ntensi
tyofr
adi
ati
on

2.

h 6.6x10-34
3. λ= =
2mK 2x9.
1x10-31x200x1.
6x10-19
120|
Page
 8648A0
=0.

4.ex
ist
enceofwav enatureofel ectr
on.Theexper i
ment
all
ymeasured
wavel
engthassoci
atedwithelectron i
sfoundtobecloset
othat
est
imatedfr
om deBr ogl
i
ehy pothesi
s.

5.(
i)νviolet˃νgreen,
elect
ronsar
eemi
tt
ed

(
ii
)νed˂
r νyellow ,
noel
ect
ronsar
eemi
tt
ed

THREEMARKSQUESTI
ONS

1.Anelect
romagnet
icwaveofwavelengthλisinci
dentonaphotosensi
ti
ve
surf
aceofnegl
igi
blewor
kfuncti
on.Ifthephoto-
elect
ronsemit
tedfr
om
thi
ssurf
acehavethede-
Brogl
iewav el
engthλ1,provethatλ=(
2mc/h)λ21.

2.Plotagraphshowi ngthevar
iat
ionofst
oppingpotent
ial
withthef
requency
ofinci
dentradiat
ionfortwodif
fer
entphot
osensit
ivemater
ial
shavingwork
functi
onsw1andw2( w1>w2)
.Whatisthesigni
fi
canceof(i
)slopeand(ii
)
i
nterceptoftheli
nesdepend?

3.(a)Whyphotoel
ectr
iceffectcannotbeexpl
ainedont
hebasi
sofwav
e
natur
eofli
ght?Giv
er easons.

(b)Wr
itet
hebasicf
eat
uresofphot
onpict
ureofelect
romagnet
icr
adi
ati
on
onwhichEi
nst
ein’
sphot
oelect
ri
cequat
ionisbased.

4.Thegi vengr aphshowst hevariati

onofphot o-
electri
ccurr
ent(I)versus
appliedvoltage(V)fortwodi f
ferentphotosensi
tivemat er
ial
sandf ort wo
diff
erentintensit
iesoftheinci
dentr adi
ati
on.Identi
f yt
hepairsofcur ves
thatcorrespondt odif
ferentmat er
ialsbutsamei ntensi
tyofinci
dent
radiati
on.

121|
Page
 5.Li
ghtofintensi
ty‘
I
’andf
requency‘’
isincidentonaphot
osensi
tiv
e
surf
aceandcausesphot
oelectr
icemission.Whatwil
lbetheeff
ecton
photocurr
entwhen

(
i) t
hei
ntensi
tyofl
i
ghti
sgr
adual
l
yincr
eased,

(
ii
) t
hef
requencyofi
nci
dentr
adi
ati
oni
sincr
eased,
and

(
ii
i) t
heanodepot
ent
ial
isi
ncr
eased?

Ineachcase,
all
otherf
act
orsr
emai
nthesame.Expl
ain,
giv
ingj
ust
if
icat
ioni
n
eachcase.

6.St
atetwoimportantproper
ti
esofphot
onwhi
char
eusedt
owr
it
e
Ei
nstei
n’
sphotoelect
ri
cequation.

Define(i
)st
oppingpotent
ialand(i
i
)thr
eshol
dfrequency,usi
ngEinst
ein’
s
equati
onanddrawingnecessarypl
otbet
weenrelevantquant
it
ies.

7.Usingphot
onpi ctur
eofli
ght
,showhowEi nstein’
sphotoel
ect
ri
cequat
ion
canbeestabl
ished.Writ
etwof eat
uresofphotoel
ectr
iceff
ectwhi
ch
cannotbeexplainedbywavetheory.

8.Drawgraphsshowingvariat
ionofphot
oelect
ri
ccurrentwit
happli
ed
volt
agefort
woincidentradi
ati
onsofequalfr
equencyanddiff
erent
i
ntensi
ti
es.Markthegraphfortheradi
ati
onofhigherint
ensi
ty.

ANSWEROFTHREEMARKSQUESTI
ONS:

1.We have gi
ven wor
kfunct
ion W=0 ,
so usi
ng Ei
nest
ein phot
oel
ect
ri
c
equat
ion
2
1/
2mv=hν
-W=hν
2
1/
2mv=hc/
λ

Or
,mv
=√2mhc/λ (
1)

122|
Page
 de-
Brogl
i
eequat
ionf
oremi
tt
edphot
oel
ect
rons

λ1=h/
mv

usi
ngequat
ion(
1)

λ=( h)λ21 (
2mc/ prov
ed)

2.

(
a)Fr
om Ei
nstei
nPhot
oelect
ri
cequationthesl
opeoft
hisgr
aphi
sh/
ei.
e.
Pl
anckconst
antdi
vi
dedbyelect
ronicchar
ge.

(
b)Theint
erceptoft
hisgr
aphi
sW/
ei.
e.wor
kfunct
iondi
vi
dedbyel
ect
roni
c
char
ge.

3.Featuresofphot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fectcannotbeexpl
ainedont
hebasi
sofwav
e
theory
:

a)Maximum ki
neti
cener
gyofemi
tt
edphot
oel
ect
ronseachi
ndependentof
i
ntensi
tyof light
.

b)Ther
eexistsami
nimum f
requencyi
.e.t
hreshol
df r
equencyf
oreach
phot
osensi
tiv
emater
ial
bel
owwhi chnophot oemissi
onispossi
ble.

c)Phot
oel
ect
ri
cef
fecti
sinst
ant
aneousi
nnat
ure.

Thepr
oper
ti
esofphot
onusedt
owr
it
eEi
nst
ein’
sphot
oel
ect
ri
c
equat
ion are

(
i) Ther
estmassoft
hephot
oni
szer
o.

(
ii
) Theener
gyoft
hephot
oni
sE=h.
123|
Page
 4.Curv
e1and3andcur v
es2and4cor r
espondst odi
ffer
entmateri
als.Fora
gi
venfrequencyofinci
dentr
adi
ati
onthest oppi
ngpotenti
ali
sindependent
ofi
ntensit
yofli
ght.Asthepai
rofcurves:1&3and2&4hav edif
ferent
st
oppingpotenti
alsothosemater
ial
sar edif
fer
ent.

5.(i
)Aswei ncr
easethei
ntensi
tyofr
adiati
ont henumberofphotons
i
ncreases.Andweknowt hateachphotonwi l
limpar
tenergyt
oeach
el
ectronhencethenumberofelect
ronincreasessothatt
hephoto-cur
rent
.

i
i)Oni ncr
easi
ngt hefrequencyabovet
hreshol
dfrequency
,onlytheener
gy
ofthephotonsincreasesnotthei
rnumbers.Hencethephoto-curr
entwi
ll
remainalmostconstant.

(
ii
i) Wit
hani ncr
easeint heacceler
ati
ngpotenti
al,t
hephotoelectr
iccurrent
i
ncreasesfi
rst,reachesmaxi mum whenalltheelect
ronsgets
col
lect
edatt hepositi
vepotenti
alpl
ateandthen r emainsconstant.
Themaximum v alueoftheanodecurrenti
scalledsatur
ationcurrent.

6.Thepr
oper
ti
esofphot
onusedt
owr
it
eEi
nst
ein’
sphot
oel
ect
ri
cequat
ion
are

(
i)Ther
estmassoft
hephot
oni
szer
o.

(
ii
)Theener
gyoft
hephot
oni
sE=h.

St
oppingpot
ent
ial:
Forapar t
icul
arfr
equencyofinci
dentr
adiati
on,the
mini
mum negat
ive(ret
ardi
ng)potenti
alV0forwhi
chthephotocurr
ent
st
opsorbecomeszer oiscal
l
edt hecut-
offorst
oppi
ngpotenti
al.

Threshol
dfrequency:
Themini
mum frequencyrequir
edforphot
oelect
rons
tobeemittedfrom amet
alsur
facei
scalledthethreshol
dfr
equency.

Thegraphbetweenst
oppi
ngpot
ent
ial
andf
requencyofi
nci
dentr
adi
ati
oni
s
shownbelow:

124|
Page
 7.

8.

125|
Page
 (
ATOMSANDNUCLEI
)

126|
Page
CHAPTER-
12(
ATOMS)

1.Rut
her
for
d’snucl
earmodel
ofat
om:

(i
)Ever
yat
om consi
stsofat
inycent
ral
core,cal
ledtheatomicnucl
eus,
inwhi
cht
heent
ir
eposi
ti
ve
char
geandal
mostentir
emassoftheatom areconcent
rated.

(i
i
)Thesizeoft
henucl
eusisoft derof10-15whi
heor chi
sver
ysmal
lascompar
edt
othesi
zeoft
he
-
10
atom whi
chi
softheor
derof10 m.

(i
i
i)Theatomicnucl
eusissurroundedbycer
tai
nnumberofelectr
ons.Asat
om ont
hewholei
s
el
ectr
ical
l
yneutral
,thet
otalnegati
vechar
geofelect
ronssur
roundi
ngthenucl
eusi
sequal
tot
otal
posi
ti
vechargeonthenucleus.

(i
v)Theseelect
ronsrev
olvear oundt
henucleusinvar
iouscir
cularor
bit
sasdot
heplanetsaroundthe
sun.Thecentri
petal
for
cer equir
edbyelect
ronforr
evolut
ionisprovi
dedbyt
heel
ect
rostati
cforceof
att
ract
ionbetweentheelectr
onsandt henucl
eus.

Limit
ati
ons:
Itcoul
dnotexpl
aint
hest
abi
l
ityoft
henucl
eusandt
heemi
ssi
onoft
hespect
raoff
ixed
f
requenci
es.

2Ze2/ 2
2.Di
stanceofcl
osestappr
oachr
o= 4πε0x(
1/2mv)

Impactpar
amet =Ze2cot(
er ϴ/2)
/4πε0K,
Wher
eKi
stheki
net
icener
gyofαpar
ti
cleandϴi
sthe
scat
teri
ngangl
e.

3.Bohr
’smodel
ofat
om

(
a)El
ectr
onsarerevolvi
ngaroundthenucl
eusincert
ainpermi
tt
edorbi
ts.Theseorbi
tsar
ecal
l
ednon
r
adi
ati
ngenergyorbi
ts.Whenelect
ronsarerev
olvi
ngaroundthenucl
eusintheseper
mitt
edor
bit
s,
t
heydonotradi
ateenergyandalsodonotabsorbenergy.

(
b)Theor
bit
alangul
armoment
um oft
heel
ect
roni
sint
egr
almul
ti
pleofh/
2π.

127|
Page
(c)Whenanel ectronj
umpsf rom hi
gherener
geti
cstatetolowerener
geti
cst
ate,
itradi
atesener
gyi
n
theform ofel
ectromagneti
cradiati
onandwheni tj
umpsf r
om lowerener
get
icst
atetohigher
energet
icstat
e;itabsorbsenergyinthef
orm ofem radi
ati
on.

Li
mi t
ati
on:(i
)Iti
sappl
i
cabl
eonl
yforhy
drogenl
i
keat
omsandcoul
dnotexpl
aint
hespl
i
tti
ngof
spectr
all
ines.

4.Radi
usofor
bitoft
heel
ect
roni
nnt
hor
biti
srn=n2h2/
4π2mZKe2

5.Vel
oci
tyofel
ect
roni
nnt
hor
bit=v
n=2πke2/
nh

6.Tot
alener
gyofel
ect
roni
nnt
hor
bit=-
13. n2
6eV/

1 1
7.Wav
enumber=1/
λ=R{2- 2}
n1 n2

8.Theatomichy
drogenemitsalinespect
rum consi
sti
ngofv
ari
ousser
ies,
li
keLy
manser
ies,
bal
mer
seri
es,
paschenseri
es,
bracketseri
esandpfundseri
es.

CHAPTER-
13(
NUCLEI
)

1.Radioacti
vi
ty:Manyunstablenuclei
candecayspont aneousl
ytoanucleusoflowermassbut
dif
fer
entcombi nat
ionofnucleons.Thisprocessofspontaneousemi
ssionofradiat
ionf
rom
radi
oactiv
esubstanceiscall
edr adi
oacti
vi
ty.

2.Radi
oact
ivi
tydecayl
aw

dN
(i
) =-λN, Wher
eλ=decayconst
antandN=numberofundi
sint
egr
atednucl
euspr
esenti
nthe
dt
sampleatanyi
nst
antt
.

(
i)N=N0e-λtwher
i eN0i
sthei
nit
ial
numberofnucl
eus.

(
ii
i 2n,
)N=N0/ n=numberofhal
f-
li
ves

n=t
otal
time/
hal
f-
li
feper
iod

3.Hal
f-
li
fe=.
693/
λ,meanl
i
fe=1/
λ=1.
44T1/2

4.(
i)αdecay XAYA-2
Z Z-
4
+ He4
2

(
i)β-decay
i XAYA + e0
Z Z+1 -
1
+ ν

(
ii
i)ϒdecay XAXA + ϒ
Z Z

5.SIuni
tofr
adi
oact
ivi
tyi
sBecquer
el(
Bq)

1Bq=1di
sint
egr
ati
on/
second

128|
Page
6.Nucl
earf
orcesareshortr
anged,st
rongat
tract
iveforceswhichhol
dnucl
eonst
oget
heri
nagai
nstof
Colombi
anrepul
siv
eforcesbetweenposi
ti
vel
ychar gedpart
icl
e

7.massdef
ect
=.δm=Zmp+(
A-Z)
mn–M

Z=at
omi
cnumber

A=massnumber

Mp=massofpr
oton

Mn=massofneut
ronandM=massoft
henucl
eus.

8.Bi
ndi
ngener
gy=( C2
δm)

9.B.E/nucl
eon=B.E/massnumber,
Int
hemassnumberr
ange30t
o170,
B.E.
/nucl
eoni
snear
ly
constantandit
svaluei
saround8MeV.

10.Nucl
earsi
ze

R=R0A1/3

11.Nucl
eardensi
ty 4πR3
=3m/ 0

m=av
eragemassofnucl
eon.

12.Nucl
earf
issi
oni
sthephenomenonofspl
i
tti
ngofaheav
ynucl
eusi
ntot
woormor
eli
ght
ernucl
ei.
235
92
U +1n133Sb + 9
0 51
9
41
Nb+41
0
n

13.Thepr
ocessofcombi
ningt
wol
i
ght
ernucl
eit
ofor
m oneheav
ynucl
eusi
scal
l
ednucl
earf
usi
on.

NUCLEI
FORMULAEANDSHORTCUTFORMULAE

1.Rut herfor
d’sα- Par t
iclescat
ter
ingexperi
ment(Geiger–Marsdenexperi
ment)
I
MPOTANTOBSERVATI ON
Scatteringofα- part i
clesbyheavynucleii
sinaccordancewit
hcoulomb’slaw.
Ruther f
ordobser vedt hatnumberofα- part
icl
esscatt
eredi
sgivenby
1
N∝ 4
sinθ
2
2.Di stanceofcl osestappr oach:Est
imationofsi
zeofnucleus
1 ZeX2e
r =
0 4πε0 1 2
mv
2
3.I mpactPar amet er(b)
129|
Page
 Ze2cotθ 2
b=
1
4πε0( m u2)
2
4.Bohr’satomicmodel
(
4πε0)n2h2 2πZe2
Radi
usofor bi
tr= 2 Frequency v=
4π m Ze2 (
4πε0)nh
2 2
2πZe c c 2πZe 1
v= X = α Wher eα= = iscal
l
edfinest
ruct
ure
(
4πε0)ch n n (
4πε0)ch 137
const
ant

5.Energyofelectr
on
m Z2e4 1 Z2Rch m e4
En=- 2 2 (2) En=- 2 097X107m-1
R= 2 3 =1.
8ε0h n n 8ε0ch
andi
scall
edRy dbergconst
ant
.

Shor
13.

tCutFor
n
6
En=- 2 eV

mula–
̅
[ ]
1 1
ν =R 2- 2
n1 n2
̅
e νi
wher scal
l
edwav
enumber
.

K.
E.=-(Tot
alEner
gy)
P.
E.=-2K.
E.

6.Spect
ral
Ser
iesofHy
drogenAt
om

7.Energyl
evel
diagr
am forhy
drogenatom
Weknowthatf
orhydrogenat
om, ener
gyofanel
ect
r nnthor
oni biti
sgi
venby
13.
6
En=- 2 eV
n

130|
Page
 8.NOTE- Bohr ’squant i
sat i
oncondi ti
onofangul armoment um
Letusconsi dert hemot ionofanel ectroni naci rcularor bitofr adiusrar oundt he
nucleus oft he at om.Accor ding t o de- Brogl i
e hy pot hesis,t hi
s el ectr
on is al
so
associat edwi thwav echar act er.Henceaci rcul arorbitcanbet akent obeast ati
onary
energyst ateonl yi fi tcont ainsani ntegr alnumberofde- Br ogli
ewav elengthsi,
e,we
musthav e
2πr=nλ
h h h
Butλ= 2πr=n mv r=n , Thi sisf amousBohr ’
squant i
sationconditi
on
mv mv 2π
forangul armoment um.
9.At omi cMassUni t( u)
1
Oneat omi cmassuni tisdef inedas t hoft heact ual massofc- 12at om.
12
1 1
1u= XmassofC- 12at om = X1. 992678X10-26kg=1. 66X10-27Kg
12 12
10.ElectronVol t( eV)
Itistheener gyacqui redbyanel ectronwheni ti saccel eratedt hroughapot enti
al
dif
ferenceof1v ol t.
1eV =1. 6X10-19J
& 1MeV=1. 6X10-13J
11.Relat i
onBet weenamu&MeV Weknow, 1u=1. 66X10-27kg ≈931MeV
12.Nucl earDensi ty(ρ)=2. 3X1017Kg/ m3 obv iousl y,nucleardensi t
yisindependentof
massnumberA.
13.IsotopesTheat omsofanel ement ,whi chhav ethesameat omicnumberbut
diff
er entmassnumber sar ecal ledisot opes.
Forexampl esHy drogenhast hr eei sotopes1 1
H,2 1
H&31
H
14.Isobar s
Theat omshav i
ngt hesamemassnumberbutdi f
ferentat omicnumber sare
call
edi sobar s.
Forexampl es3
1
H&3 2
He, 37
17
Cl&3 7
16
S,4 0
20
Ca&4 0
18
Ar
15.IsotonesThenucl ideshav ingt hesamenumberofneut ronsar ecal l
edi sot
ones.
Forexampl es3 7
17
C &
l 39
19
K, 198
80
H g& 197
79
P u
131|
Page
 16.IsomersThesearet henucl ei hav i
ngt hesameat omi cnumber&samemassnumber
butexisti
ngindiff
erentener gyst ates.Forexampl eAnucleusi
nit
sgr
oundst
ateand
theidenti
calnucl
eusi nmet ast ableexcitedstat
e,areisomers.
17.Properti
esofnuclearFor ces
(
i)Nuclearforcesarev er
yshor trangeat t
racti
veforces.
(
ii
)Nucl earfor
cesarechar gei ndependent .
(
ii
i)Nuclearforcesarenon-cent ralforces.
(
iv)Nuclearforcesdonotobeyi nv ersesquar el
aw.
18.
Nucl
earf
orceasasepar
ati
onbet
weent
wonucl
eons

19.
Pot
ent
ial
ener
gyofapai
rofnucl
eonsasasepar
ati
onbet
weent
wonucl
eons

20.MassDef ect(Δm) Δm =[ Zmp+( A–Z)Mn]-MN

21.Packingfract i
on(P.F. )
Itisdef i
nedast hemassdef ectpernucleon.
Δm
i
,e, P.F.=
A
Nucleusisst ableifP.F.>1&unst ablei
fP.F.
<1
22.Bindi
ngEner gy(B.E.)Thebi ndi
ngenergyofanucl eusmaybedefinedastheener
gy
requi
redt obr eakupanucl eusintoit
sconstituentpr
otonsandneutr
onsandto
separat
et hem t osuchal argedist
ancethattheymaynotinter
actwit
heachother
.It
i
sequi val
entener gyofmassdef ect
.
i
,e, B.E.=Δm Xc2
⇨ B.E.=[ {
Zmp+( A–Z)Mn}- MN]xc2

132|
Page
Bindi
ngEner gy
Averagebindingener
gypernucl
eoni
sthet
otal
bindi
ngener
gydi
vi
dedbyt
hemassnumberof
thenucleus.

Featuresoft heCur ve
1 2 3
(i
)Theav eragebi ndingenergy/
nucl eonforli
ghtnucleil
ike 1H ,
 1H ,
 1H  
issmall
.
(i
i)Formassnumber srangingfr
om t wot otwenty,t
heshar pl
ydefinedpeakscor respondto
nuclei,whichar erelati
vel
ymor est ablethantheneighborhoodnucl ei.
(i
ii
)Thebi ndi
ngener gycurv
ehasabr oadmaximum i nther ange
A=30t o120andcor r
espondsto8. 5MeV.
(i
v)Asmassnumberi ncr
eases,thebi ndingener
gy/nucleondecr easesgr adual
ly.Thisisdue
toCol ombi anrepulsionbetweent hepr otonsandtheref
or eheav ynucleiarerel
ativel
yless
stable.
Impor tanceofBi ndingEnergyCur ve

(i
)Thedecr easei nthebindingener gy /
nucl eonathighmassnumber st
ell
susthatnucleons
aremor eli
ghtlyboundwhent heyareassembl edi nt
otwomi ddlemassnucleit
haninasi ngl
e
highmassnucl eus.Ther efore,energycanber el
easedinnuclearf
issi
onofasingl
emassi ve
nucleusintosmal l
erfr
agment s.
(i
i)Smallerval
uesofbi ndi
ngener gy/ nucleonfornucleiofl
owmassnumber sindi
catesthat
energycanber eleasedift
wonucl eiofsmal lmassnumber scombi net
of or
m asi
nglemi ddl
e
massnucl eus.Thi sprocessi sther everseofnucl earf
issi
onandi scal
lednucl
ear
fusi
on.processi sthereverseofnucl earf i
ssion.

DecayLaw:

133|
Page
Thenumberofat omsdi sint
egr at
edpersecondat
anyi nst
antisdirectl
yproport
ionaltot henumberof
radioact
iveatomsact uall
ypresenti nthesampleat
thatinst
ant.
I
fNo  bethetotalnumberofat omsatt=0,Nbet he
totalnumberofat omsleftint hesampl eatti
met
thendN/ dtwil
lbet herat
eofdi sint
egrati
on.

(-
vesignindi
cat
esthatt
henumberofat
omsl
eft
undecayeddecr
easeswit
hti
me).

 
(l
 i
sdecayconst
ant
)
-
λt
N=N0e

Hal
fli
fe:
Hal
f-
li
feist
heti
meperiodduri
ngwhichhal
fthenumberofat
omspr
esenti
nit
ial
l
yint
he
sampl
eofradi
oact
iveelementdecay
s.
Whent=T½ ;N=No/2

Al
phaDecay
Al
phadecayi
sthephenomenonofemi
ssi
onofan 
a-par
ti
clef
rom r
adi
oact
ivenucl
eus.

Theresul
tofal
phadecayist
hatanewel
ementi
spr
oducedwi
thpr
otonnumberoft
wobel
ow
i
tsparenti
ntheper
iodi
ctabl
e.

Bet
aDecay
Aphenomenonofemi
ssi
onofanel
ect
ronf
rom ar
adi
oact
ivenucl
eus.

134|
Page
Experi
mentsshowt hatener gyofemitt
edelect
ronvari
escont i
nuouslyfr
om zerotomaxi mum
val
ue,whichwascont r
aryt o a-
decay,
whoseenergywasf ixed.Toaccountf
ort hisWolfGang
Pauli
postul
atedtheexistenceofanunchar gedpar
ticl
eant i
neutr
ino,
alongwith b-
par
ti
cleand
thewholeenergyQisshar edby  
b-par
ti
cleandanti
neutr
ino.Thisexpl
ainedwhyt heenergyof
theel
ectr
onwasnotf i
xed.

GammaDecay
Gammadecayi
sthephenomenonofemi
ssi
onofgammar
ayphot
onf
rom ar
adi
oact
ive
nucl
eus.

Whenanexcitednucl eusmakesat r
ansit
iontoastateoflowerenergy ,photonsareemit
ted
bynuclei
,whi
chhav ev erylargeener
gies(aboutMe)andcor r
espondingl yshortwavel
ength.
Therei
snochangei nt hechar genumberormassnumberunl ikein 
a and b-
decay.
o60  60
e.
g.,
 b 
decayof 
27C t
ransformstoanexcitedstat
eof 28Ni. Itr
eachest hegroundstat
eby
emissi
onoftwo g r
ay sasshown

At
om andNucl
ei(
Lear
ningCapsul
es)

1.Whatist
hedi
stanceofcl
osestappr
oachwhena5Mevpr
otonappr
oachesagol
dnucl
eus
(Z=79)(
1)
Ans-

135|
Page
2.Whichhasgreateri
oni
zi
ngpower
:al
phaorbet
apar
ti
cle?
Ans-Alphapar
ti
cle(1)

1.InBohr ’
stheoryofmodel ofaHydrogenatom,namethephysi
calquant
it
ywhichequal
sto
anintegralmulti
pleofh/2Π?(1)
Ans:Angul armoment um
2.Whati stherelat
ionbetween‘n’
&radius‘r
’oft
heorbi
tofelect
roninaHydrogenat
om
accordingtoBohr ’
stheory
?(1)
Ans:rαn2
3.Whati sBohr’squanti
zati
oncondit
ion?(1)

4.Foranel ectr
onint hesecondor bitofhydr
ogen,whati
sthemomentofl i
nearmoment
um
aspert heBohr’smodel ?(2)
Ans:L=2( h/2Π)=h/Π( momentofl inearmoment um i
sangul
armomentum)
5.Calculatetherati
oofener giesofphotonsproducedduetotr
ansi
ti
onofelectr
onof
hydrogenat omsf r
om 2ndl evelto1standhighestlev
elt
osecondlevel
.E2-
1=Rhc[1/
n12–
1/n2]=¾Rhc
E∞ -E1=Rhc( 1/22–1/ ∞)=Rhc/4( 3)

1.Whati stheshort
estwavelengt
hpresenti
nthePaschenser
iesofhy
drogenspect
rum?(2)
Ans:n1=3,n2=infi
nit
y,λ=9/
R=8204Ǻ
2.Calcul
atethefrequencyofthephot
onwhichcanexcit
eanelect
ronto-
3.4eVfrom -
13.
6eV.
Ans:2.5x1015Hz(2)

3.Thewav elengt hoft hefi

rstmemberofBal merseri
esint hehydrogenspect r
um is
6563Å. Calcul atet hewav el
engt hoft hefi
rstmemberofLy manser iesint
hesamespect rum.
Ans:1215. 4Å( 2)
4.Thegr oundst ateener gyofhy drogenatom is-
13.
6eV.Whati stheK. E&P.Eoftheelectr
on
i
nt hisstate?( 2)
Ans:K. E=-E=13. 6eV, P.E=-
2K. E=-27.2eV
5.Findt her at i
oofmaxi mum wav elengt
hofLy manseri
esinhy drogenspectrum t
ot he
maxi mum wav elengthi nPaschenSer i
es?(2)
Ans:7:108
6.Theener gyl ev elsofanat om ar easshownbelow.a)Whi choft hem wil
lresul
tinthe
tr
ansi t
ionofaphot onofwav elength275nm?b)Whi chtransit
ioncor r
espondstothe
emi ssi
onofr adiationmaxi mum wav el
ength? (3)

Ans:E=hc/λ=4.
5eV,transi
ti
onBEα1/ λ,t
ransi
ti
onA
7.Thespectrum ofastarinthev
isibl
e&t heul
travi
oletr
egionwasobservedandt
he
wavelengt
hofsomeoft heli
nesthatcoul
dbei dent
ifi
edwer ef
oundtobe
824Å,970Å,
1120Å,2504Å,5173Å&6100Å.Whichoftheselinescannotbel
ongtohy
drogen
spect
rum?( 3)
Ans:970Å

136|
Page
8.Whatistheener gypossessedbyanēf orn=?
AnsE=0( 1)
9.Calcul
atetheratioofwav el
engthofphotonemi
tt
edduet
otr
ansi
ti
onofel
ect
ronsof
hydr
ogenat om f
rom
i
)Secondper mit
tedl evelt
of i
rstl
evel
i
i)Highestpermi
ttedl evel
tosecondlevel(
3)

10.Theradiusofi
nnermostel
ect
ronor
bitofH2at
om i
s5.
3x10-
11m.Whatar
eradi
iforn=2,
3,4?Ans:rn=n2r1(3)

1.Whati stherel
ati
onbetweentheradi
usoftheatom &themassnumber ?
(1)
Ans:sizeαA1/ 3
1.Whati sthenucl
earfor
ce?Ment i
onanytwoimportantproper
ti
esofit
.(2)
2.Obtainthebindi
ngenergyofthenucl
ei56Fe26&209Bi83inMeVfrom thefol
l
owi
ngdat
a:
mH=1. 007825amu,mn=1.008665amu,m(56Fe26)
=55.934939amu,m(209Bi
83)=208.980388amu,1amu=931.5MeV

3.Whichnucl eushasthehighestbindingenergypernucl
eon?(3)
Ans:Fe→492. 26MeV,8.79MeV/ ABi→1640. 3MeV,7.
85MeVHence56Fe26
4.From thegivendata,writ
et henucl
earreacti
onforαdecayofandhencecalculat
ethe
energyreleased.=238.050794u=4. 00260u=234.04363u(3)23892U. 92238U42He234
90Th
5.Bi
ndingEner gyof8O16&17C35one127. 35Mevand289. 3Mevr espect
ivel
y.Whichoft
he
twonuclei i
smor establ
est abil
i
ty&BE/ N?

1.Howi sanᾳpar ticl

ediffer
entfr
om anel ectron?(1)
2.Drawgr aphbet weenno.ofnucl eiun-decayedwit hti
meforaradi
oacti
vesubstance(1)
3.Amongt healpha, beta&gammar adiati
ons, whi
char et
heoneaff
ectedbyamagnet i
cfield?
(1)
Ans:al
pha&bet a
4.Whydoαpar t
icleshav ehighi
onizingpower ?(1)
Ans:becauseoft heirl
argemass&l argenuclearcrosssecti
on
5.Writ
et herelati
onshi pbetweenthehal fl
if
e&t heav er
ageli
feofar
adioact
ivesubstance.(1)
Ans:T=1. 44t1/2

6.If70%ofagi venr adioactivesampl eisleftun-decayedafter20days,whatisthe%of

ori
ginalsamplewi l
lgetdecay edin60day s?( 2)
7.Howdoest heneut rontopr otonratioaffecteddur i
ng(i
)βdecayii
)αdecay
(2)
8.Ar adi
oactivesampl ehav i
ngNnucl eihasact iv
ityR.Writ
eanexpr essi
onforitshal
fli
fei
n
termsofR&N.( 2)
Ans:R=Nλ, t1/2=0.693/ λ=0.693N/ R
9.Trit
ium hasahal flifeof12.5y earsagainstbet adecay.Whatfracti
onofasampl eofpur
e
tri
ti
um willr
emai nun- decayedaf t
er25y ears?( 2)
Ans:N0/ 4
10.Whatper cent ageofagi venmassofar adioactiv
esubstancewi l
lbelef
tun-decay
edafter
5half-l
if
eper i
ods?( 2)
Ans:N/ N0=1/ 2n=1/ 32=3.125%
137|
Page
11.Ar
adi
oact
ivenucl
eus‘
A’decay
sasgi
venbel
ow:

I
fthemassnumber&at
omi
cnumberofA1ar
e180&73r
espect
ivel
y,f
indt
hemassnumber&
at
omicnumberofA&A2

(2)
Ans:A—180&72, A2—176&71
12.Twonucl eiP&Qhav eequal no:ofat omsatt =0.Theirhal
flivesare3&9hour s
respecti
vel y.Compar ether atesofdi si
ntegrationafter18hour sfrom thestar t
.(2)
Ans:3:16
13.Twor adioact i
vemat eri
alsX1&X2hav edecayconst ants10λ&λr espectively.I
finit
iall
y
theyhav ethesameno: ofnucl ei,fi
ndthet imeaf t
erwhi chtheratioofthenucl eiofX1t ot hat
ofX2wi llbe1/ e? (2)
Ans: N=N0e- λt
, t
=1/ 9λ
14.Onegr am ofr adi um isreducedby2. 1mgi n5y earsbydecay .Calculatethehal f-
li
feof
Uranium. (
3)
Ans:1672y ear s
16.Atagi veni nstanttherear e25%un- decayedr adi
oact i
venucleiinasampl e.After10
secondst henumberofun- decayednucl eireducesto12. 5%.calculatethei)meanl i
feoft he
nucleii
i)thet i
mei nwhi cht henumberoft heun-decay ednucleiwillf
urtherreducet o6.25%of
thereducednumber .
Ans:t1/2=10s, λ=.0693/ s,τ=1/ λ=14.43s,N=1/ 16(N0/8)→t =4x10=40s( 3)
17.Halflivesoft wosubst ancesAandBar e20mi nand40mi nrespectivel
y.Init
iall
ythe
sampl ehadequal noofnucl ei.Findtheratioofther emainingno: ofnucleiofAandBaf ter80
min.
Ans:1:4

9.ELECTRONI
CDEVI
CES(
Lear
ningCont
ent
s)
ENERGYBANDDI
AGRAMS

 I
nmetal
s,theconduct
ionbandandv
alencebandpar
tl
yov
erl
apeachot
herandt
her
eis
nof
orbi
ddenenergygap.

 I
ninsul
ator
s, t
heconducti
onbandi sempt yand
val
encebandiscompl etel
yfi
ll
edandf orbiddengapi squi
te
l
arge=6eV.Noel ectr
onfrom v
alencebandcancr ossoverto
conducti
onbandatr oom t
emper at
ure,evenifelectr
icfi
eldi
s
appl
ied.Hencethereisnoconducti
vityoftheinsulator
s.

 I
nsemi
conduct
ors,
theconduct
ionbandi
sempt
yand

138|
Page
 valencebandi stotal
lyfi
ll
ed.Butthef orbiddengapbet weenconduct i
onbandand
valencebandi squitesmall,whichi
sabout1eV.Noel ect
ronfrom val
encebandcan
crossov ertoconductionband.Theref ore,thesemiconductorbehavesasinsul
ator.At
room temper atur
e,someel ectr
onsint hev alencebandacquirether
mal ener
gy,greater
thanener gygapof1eVandj umpov ertot heconduct i
onbandwher etheyaref
reet o
mov eundert heinfl
uenceofev enasmal lelectr
icfi
eld.Duetowhich,the
semi conductoracquir
essmal lconduct i
vityatroom temperat
ure

Met
als I
nsul
ator
s Semi
conduct
ors

Di
ff
erences

Disti
nct ionbet weenI ntri
nsicandExt
ri
nsicSemi conduct or
I
ntri
nsic Extr
insic
1 Itispur esemi conduct ing 1 Itispreparedbydopi ngasmal l quantityof
mat erialandnoi mpur it
yat oms impur i
tyatomst othepur e
areaddedt oit semi conduct i
ngmat eri
al.
2 Exampl esar ecrystal
linefor ms 2 Exampl esar esili
conandger mani um
ofpur esi li
conandger mani um. crystalswithimpur i
tyat omsofar senic,
antimony ,phosphor ouset c.ori ndium,
boron, al
umi num etc.
3 Thenumberoff reeelect r
oni n 3 Thenumberoff reeel ectr
onsandhol esis
conduct i
onbandandt he nev erequal.Thereisexcessofel ectrons
numberofhol esi nvalence inn- t
ypesemi conduct orsandexcessof
bandi sexact l
yequal andv ery holesi np-ty
pesemi conduct ors.
smal lindeed.
4 Itselectricalconductiv i
tyislow 4 I tselectr
icalconduct ivi
tyishigh.
5 Itselectricalconductiv i
tyisa 5 Itselectr
icalconduct ivi
tydependsupon
functionoft emper at
ur ealone. thet emperatureaswel lasont hequant i
ty
ofimpur it
yat omsdopedi nt hest ructure.

Di
sti
nctionbet
weenn-t
ypeandp- t
ypesemiconductors
n-ty
pesemi conduct
ors p-t
ypesemi conductors
1 Iti
sanext ri
nsic 1 I
tisani nt
ri
nsi
csemi conductorswhichi
s
semi conduct
orswhi chi
s obtai
nedbydopingthei mpurityatomsof
obtainedbydopi ngthei
mpuri
ty I
IIgroupofperi
odictabletothepur e
139|
Page
 atomsofVt hgr oupofper i
odic ger
mani
um orsi
l
iconsemi
conduct
or.
tabletot hepur eger mani um or
sil
iconsemi conduct or.
2 Thei mpur ityat omsadded, 2 Theimpuri
tyat
omsadded, cr
eate
prov i
deext rael ect
ronsi nthe vacanci
esofel
ect
rons(i
.e.hol
es)inthe
structure,andar ecalleddonor str
uctur
eandarecal
ledacceptorat
oms.
atoms.
3 Theel ect r
onsar emaj orit
y 3 Thehol
esaremaj
ori
tycar
ri
ersand
carrier
sandhol esaremi nori
ty el
ect
ronsar
eminor
it
ycarr
ier
s.
carrier
s.
4 Theel ect r
ondensi ty( ne)is 4 Theholedensi
ty(
ne)ismuchgr eat
ert
han
muchgr eat ert hanthehol e theel
ectr
ondensi
ty(nh)
i.
e.nh>>ne
densi t
y( nh)i
.e.ne>>( nh)
5 Thedonorener gylev elisclose 5 Theacceptorenergylevel
iscloseto
tot heconduct ionbandandf ar val
encebandandi sfarawayf rom t
he
awayf r
om v alenceband. conduct
ionband.
6 TheFer mi ener gylev elli
esin 6 TheFermienergylevell
iesinbetweenthe
betweent hedonorener gylevel accept
orenergylevelandvalenceband.
andconduct ionband.

P-
njunct
iondi
ode

Twoi
mpor
tantpr
ocessesoccurdur
ingt
hef
ormat
ionofp-
njunct
iondi
ff
usi
onanddr
if
t.

t
hemot
ionofmaj
ori
tychar
gecar
ri
ersgi
ver
iset
odi
ff
usi
oncur
rent
.

Duet othespacechar
geonn-sidejunct
ionandnegati
vespacechargeregi
ononp-sidethe
electr
icfi
eldi
ssetupandpotenti
albarr
ierdev
elopsatthej
uncti
onDuet oel
ect
ri
cfielde-onp
-sidemovestonandholesfr
om n-sidetop-si
dewhichiscal
leddri
ftcur
rent
.

I
nequil
ibr
ium st
ate,
ther
eisnocur
rentacr
ossp-
njunct
ionandpot
ent
ial
bar
ri
eracr
ossp-
n
j
unct
ionhasmaxi mum v
alue.

Thewi
dthofthedepl
eti
onregi
onandmagni t
udeofbar
ri
erpot
enti
aldependsont
henat
ureof
semi
conduct
oranddopingconcent
rat
ionontwosi
desofp-nj
unct
ion–

For
war
dBi
as

P-njunct
ioni
sFBwhenp-
typeconnect
edt
othe+v
eofbat
ter
yandn-
typeconnect
edt
o–v
e
batt
ery

Pot
ent
ial
bar
ri
erhei
ghti
sreducedandwi
dthofdepl
eti
onl
ayerdecr
eases.

Rev
erseBi
as

P-
njunct
ioni
nRBp-
typeconnect
edt
othe–v
ebat
ter
yandn-
typeconnect
edt
o+v
e
140|
Page
Resi
stanceofp-
njunct
ioni
shi
ght
othef
lowofcur
rent
.

Rect
if
icat
ion

141|
Page
LED PHOTODI
ODE SOLARCELL

For
war
dbi
ased Rev
ersebi
ased Noext ernalbaisi
ng,I
t
gener atesemfwhensol ar
radiationf al
lsonit.
Recombi nati
onof Energyissuppli
edbyl
ight Gener at i
onofemfbysol ar
electr
onsandhol est ake t otakeanelectr
onfr
om cell
si sduet othr
eebasic
placeatthejunctionand val
encebandt o processgener ati
onofe-h
emi t
sem r adiati
ons conducti
onband. pair,separati
onand
collection
ItisusedinBur gl
aralarm, Iti
susedi nphoto Iti
susedi n
remot econtr
ol detect
orsin satel l
i
tes,spacevechi
cles
communi cat
ion calculat or
s.

142|
Page
 QUESTI
ONBANK(SEMI
CONDUCTORELECTRONI
CS)

Syl
labus: Energybandinconductors,semiconductor
sandinsulat
ors(qual
it
ativ
eideas
only
),Semi conductordiode–I-Vchar
acteristi
csinforwardandrever
sebias,
diodeasa
rect
if
ier,
Speci alpurposep-nj
uncti
ondiodes: LED,photodi
ode,sol
arcell
andZenerdiodeand
thei
rcharacterist
ics,Zenerdi
odeasav olt
ager egul
ator

VSA

1.Whati
stheor
derofener
gygapi
nani
ntr
insi
csemi
conduct
or?
Ans.0.
7forGeand1eVf
orSi
.
2.Howdoest
heener
gygapv
aryi
nasemi
conduct
orwhendopedwi
thpent
a-
v
alentel
ement
?i)i
ncr
eases(
ii
)Decr
eases(
ii
i)nochange(
iv)noneoft
hem
Ans.
(i
i)
Decr
eases
3.Howdoest
heconduct
ivi
tychangewi
tht
emper
atur
einsemi
conduct
or?
Ans.conduct
ivi
tyi
ncr
easeswi
thr
isei
ntemp.
4.I
nagi
vendi
agr
am,
ist
hedi
oder
ever
se(
or)f
orwar
dbi
ased?

Ans:
Rev
ersebi
ased.
5.Whi
chspeci
alt
ypeofdi
odeact
sasv
olt
ager
egul
ator
?
Ans.Zenerdi
ode.
6.Wr
it
etwoadv
ant
agesofLEDov
erconv
ent
ional
incandescentl
amps.
Ans.Lowoper
ati
onal
vol
tage,
lesspower
,longl
i
fe
7.Whyi
saphot
odi
odeusual
l
yoper
atedatar
ever
sebi
as?
Ans.Thef
ract
ional
changeduet
oinci
dentl
i
ghtonmi
nor
it
ychar
gecar
ri
ersi
n
r
ever
sebi
asi
smuchmor
ethant
hatov
ert
hemaj
ori
tychar
gecar
ri
ersi
nfor
war
d
bi
as.Thi
schangei
nrev
ersebi
ascur
renti
smor
eeasi
l
ymeasur
abl
e.Sophot
o
di
odesar
eusedi
nrev
ersebi
as.
8.Howdoesani
ntr
insi
csemi
conduct
orbehav
eat0K?
Ans.
Insul
ator
.
9.Whati
sthef
requencyofout
putsi
gnal
inaf
ull
wav
erect
if
ieri
fthef
requencyof
i
nputsi
gnal
is50Hz?
143|
Page
 Ans.100Hz
10.Whati
sthenetchar
geonagi
venpi
eceofn-
typesemi
conduct
or?
Ans.Zer
o

SA(
2MARKS)

1.Expl
ain,
withthehel
pofaci
rcui
tdi
agr
am,
thewor
kingofap-
njunct
iondi
odeasahal
f-
waverecti
fi
er.
[2,
2014]

2.Dr
awci
rcuitdi
agram t
oshowf or
war dandr ev
ersebi
asofap-
njunct
iondi
ode.Al
so
dr
awt
hef orwar
dandr ev
ersecharacter
ist
ics.

144|
Page
 0
3.Asemi conductorhasequal el
ectronandhol econcent
rat
ionsof6x108/
m3.On
dopi
ngwi thacer t
ainimpurity
,theelectronconcent
rat
ionincr
easesto9x1012/
m3.
(i
)Identif
ythenewsemi conductorobtainedaft
erdopi
ng.
(i
i)Calcul
atethenewhol econcentrati
ons.
Ans:(i
)n-typesemiconductor.
(
i)nenh=ni2=>nh=(
i 6x108x6x108)/9x1012/m3=4x104/
m3

4.Gi
ver
easonsf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(i
)TheZenerdi odeisfabri
catedbyheav il
ydopi ngbot hpandnsi deoft he
j
unct i
on.
(i
i
)Thebandgapofsemi conductorusedf orf abricat
ionofv isi
bleLEDsmust
atleastbe1. 5eV.
Ans( i
)Heav ydopi ngmakest hedepleti
onl ayerv erythin.Thismakest he
el
ectricf i
eldoft hejunct
ionveryhigh,evenf orasmal lreversebiasv ol
tage.
Thisint urnhel pstheZenerdiodetoactasa‘ volt
ager egulator’
.
(i
i
)Thephot onener gyofvi
siblel
ightphotonsv ariesabout1. 8eVt o3eV.
Hencef orv isibleLEDs,t
hebandgapofsemi conduct ormustatl eastbe
1.
8eV.
5.Drawt heener gybanddiagram ofp-typeandn- typesemi conductor sshowingt
he
i
mpur itylevels.
Ans.

145|
Page
 SA(
3MARKS)

1.Wi
tht
hehel
pofaci
rcui
tdi
agr
am,
expl
aint
hewor
kingofaj
unct
iondi
odeasaf
ull
wav
e
r
ect
if
ier
.Dr
awi
tsi
nput
andout
putwav
efor
ms.Whi
chchar
act
eri
sti
cpr
oper
tymakest
he
j
unct
iondi
odesui
tabl
eforr
ect
if
icat
ion?
Ans.

Working: ThediodeD1isforwardbiasedduri
ngonehal fcycleandcurrentflowsthroughthe
resi
stor,butdiodeD2isreversebiasedandnocur r
entfl
owst hroughit.Duri
ngt heotherhal
fof
thesignal,D1getsrever
sebiasedandnocur rentpassesthroughit,D2getsforwardbiased
andcur r
entflowsthroughit.Inbothhal
fcycl
escur r
ent,t
hrought heresist
or,fl
owsi nthe
samedi recti
on.

146|
Page
 Uni
dir
ect
ional
flowofdi
odemakesi
tsui
tabl
eforr
ect
if
icat
ion.

2.(
i)Namet
woi
mpor
tantpr
ocessest
hatoccurdur
ingt
hef
ormat
ionofap-
njunct
ion.
(
ii
)Whatdoy
oumeanbydepl
eti
onr
egi
on?
(
ii
i)Ex
plai
nthet
erm‘
Bar
ri
erpot
ent
ial
’
.
Ans.(
i)Di
ff
usi
onanddr
if
t
(i
i)Thespace- chargeregiononei thersideoft hejuncti
onwhi chisfreeofelectronsand
holesisknownasdepl etionr egion.Thicknessofdepl eti
onregiondecr easeswhen
diodeisforwar dbiased.Thicknessofdepl eti
onregionincreaseswhendi odeisrev er
se
biased.
(i
ii
)Thel ossofel ect
ronsf rom then- regionandt hegainofelectronbyt hep-region
causeadi ffer
enceofpot enti
al acrosst hejuncti
onoft hetwor egions.Sincethis
potenti
al t
endst opreventt hemov ementofel ectronfrom thenr egionintothepr egion,
i
tisof t
encal edabar
l rierpotent i
al.

3.Howi
szenerdi
odef
abr
icat
ed?Wi
tht
hehel
pofaci
rcui
tdi
agr
am,
expl
ainhowi
tcanbe
usedasav
olt
ager
egul
ator
.
Ans.Zenerdi
odei
sfabr
icat
edbyheav
il
ydopi
ngbot
hp-
,andn-si
desoft
hej
unct
ion.

Principle: Zenerv olt

ager emai nsconst ant,event houghcur r
entt hrought heZenerdi ode
variesov erawi der ange.
Wor king: Theunr egulat eddcv oltage( f
il
teredout putofar ecti
fi
er )isconnect edt othe
Zenerdi odet hroughaser iesresistanceRssucht hattheZenerdi odei srever sebiased.
Ifthei nputv oltageincr eases, thecur r
entthroughRsandZenerdi odeal soi ncreases.
Thisi ncreasest hev ol
t agedr opacr ossRswi t
houtanychangei nt hevol t
ageacr osst he
Zenerdi ode.Thi sisbecausei nthebr eakdownr egion,Zenervoltager emai nsconst ant
event hought hecur rentt hrought heZenerdi odechanges.
Simi l
ar l
y, i
fthei nputv oltagedecr eases, t
hecur rentRsandZenerdi odeal sodecr eases.
Thev olt
agedr opacr ossRsdecr easeswi thoutanychangei nthev oltageacr osst he
Zenerdi ode.Thusanyi ncrease/decr easeint heinputv ol
tageresul tsi n,i
ncr ease/
decr easeoft hev olt
agedr opacrossRswi thoutanychangei nv oltageacr osst heZener
diode.Thust heZenerdi odeact sasav ol
tager egulator.

4.Descr
ibet
hewor
kingpr
inci
pleofasol
arcel
l
.Ment
iont
hreebasi
cpr
ocessesi
nvol
ved
147|
Page
 i
nthegener
ati
onofemf
.
Ans.Asol
arcel
li
sbasi
cal
l
yap-
njunct
iondi
odewhi
chgener
atesemfwhensol
ar
r
adi
ati
onf
all
sont
hep-
njunct
ionbypr
oduci
ngel
ect
ron-
hol
epai
rsonabsor
pti
onof
phot
ons.
Thegener
ati
onofemfbyasol
arcel
li
nvol
vet
hreebasi
cpr
ocesses-(
a)gener
ati
onofe-
hpai
rsatt
hej
unct
ion,
(b)separ
ati
onofel
ect
ronsandhol
esduet
otheel
ect
ri
cfi
eldof
t
hedepl
eti
onr
egi
on.El
ect
ronsar
edr
if
tedt
owar
dsnsi
deandhol
est
owar
dspsi
de.(
c)
t
heel
ect
ronsr
eachi
ngt
hensi
dear
ecol
l
ect
edbyt
hef
rontcont
actandhol
esr
eachi
ng
t
hepsi
dear
ecol
l
ect
edbyt
hebackcont
actgi
vi
ngr
iset
oemf
.
5.Whati
sLED?Expl
aini
tswor
king.Wr
it
etwoofi
tsadv
ant
ages.
Ans
Li
ghtEmi
tt
ingDi
ode(
LED)
:

Al i
ghtemi t
tingdiodei ssi
mpl yaforwardbiasedp- njuncti
onwhi chemit
sspontaneousl
ight
radiati
on.Whenf orwardbiasisappli
ed,theelectronandhol esatthej
uncti
onrecombineand
ener gyreleasedi semi t
tedintheform ofli
ght.Forv i
sibl
eradiat
ionphosphorusdopedGaAsis
commonl yused.
Theadv ant agesofLEDsar e:
(i
)Lowoper ati
onal volt
ageandlesspower .
(i
i)Fastact ionwi thnowar m upti
me.
(i
ii
)Emi ttedl i
ghtisnear l
ymonochr omaticradiat
ion.
(i
v)Theyhav elonglife.

148|
Page
 SAMPLEPAPER-12019-
20
CLASS:
-XI
I
SUBJECT–PHYSICS

BLUEPRI
NT(
SET-
I)
S.
NO UNI
T VSA SA(
I) SA(
II
) LA
.
(
1mar
k) (
2mar
ks) (
3 (
5 Tot
al
mar
ks) mar
ks)

1. El
ect
rost
ati
cs 1(
3) _
__ 3(
1) 5(
1)

16(
9)

2. Cur
rentEl
ect
ri
cit
y 1(
3) 2(
1)

3. Magnet
iceff
ect
sofcur
rentand 1(
3)_
___
_ _
___
_ 3(
1) 5(
1)
magnet
ism

17(
9)

4. 1(
2)
El
ectr
omagnet
icinduct
ionand
al
ter
nati
ngcur
rent 2(
2) _
___
_

149|
Page
5. El
ect
romagnet
icwav
es 1(
2)_
___ _
___
__ 3(
1) _
___
__

18(
9)

6. Opt
ics 1(
3) 2(
1) 3(
1) 5(
1)

7. Dualnatur
eofmat
terand 1(
1)_
___
_ 2(
1) 3(
1) _
___
__
radi
ati
on

12(
6)

8. 1(
1)_
___
_ _
___
_
At
omsandnucl
ei
2(
1) 3(
1)

9. El
ect
roni
cdev
ices 1(
2) _
___
_ 2(
1) 3(
1) _
___
_

7(
4)

_
___
_

TOTAL 20x1=20 7x2=14 7x3=36 3x5=15 70(

37)

150|
Page
 SAMPLEPAPER-1
CLASS:
-XI
I
SUBJECT–PHYSICS
TI
ME: Thr eehour s Max
marks:70
Generalinstruct
ions:
i
)Al l
quest ionsar ecompul sor
y.
i
i) Quest i
onnumber s1t o20arev eryshortanswerquesti
onsandcar ry1mar keach.
i
ii
)Quest i
onnumber s21t o27ar ev eryshor
tanswerquestionsandcar ry2mar kseach.
i
v)Quest i
onnumber s28t o34ar ev eryshor
tanswerquestionsandcar ry3mar kseach.
v)Quest ionnumber s35t o37arel onganswerquesti
onsandcar ry5mar kseach.
vi
)Youmayuset hef ol
lowingphysicalconstant
swherevernecessary:
1
=9x109Nm2C-2 1u=931. 5MeV
4 0
h=6. 6x10-34Js Bol
tzmann’sconstant.k=1.38x10-23J/
K
8 -1 -
19
c=3x10 ms 1eV=1. 6x10 J
-
19
e=1. 6x10 C Avogadro’s number N =
023x1023/
6. mole
µ0=4πX10-7TmA-1 Massofneut r
onmn=1. 6x10-27Kg
-
31
Massofel ectronme=9. 1x10 Kg

SECTI
ONA
Q.
1.Whati
stheel
ect
ri
cfl
uxt
hroughacubeofsi
de1cm whi
chencl
osesanel
ect
ri
c [
1]
di
pol
e?

Q.2.I
ftheradiusoft
heGaussi
ansurf
aceencl
osi
ngachar
gei
shal
vedhowdoest
heel
ect
ri
c [
1]
fl
uxthroughtheGaussi
ansurf
acechange?

[
1]
Q.3Whatistheworkdoneinmovi
ngat
estchar
geqt
hroughadi
stanceof1cm al
ongt
he
equat
ori
alaxisofanel
ect
ri
cdipol
e

OR

Netcapacit
anceoft hr
eeident
icalcapaci
tor
sinser
iesi
s1μf
.Whatwi
l
lbet
hei
rnet
capaci
tanceifconnectedi
nparall
el?

151|
Page
 [
1]
Q.4.I
-V gr
aphf
ortwoi
dent
icalconduct
orsofdi
ffer
entmat
eri
alA andB i
sshown i
nthe
fi
gure.Whichoneofthetwohashi gherr
esi
sti
vit
y?

Q.5Thepl
otofthevar
iat
ionofpot
ent
ialdi
ff
erenceacr
osst
hecombinati
onofthreei
dent
ical [
1]
cel
lsi
nser
iesisshowninthefi
gur
e:whati
stheemfandint
ernal
resi
stanceofeachcel
l.

OR

Cant
het
ermi
nal
pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceofacel
lexceedi
tsemf
?Gi
ver
easonf
ory
ouranswer
.

Q.
6A10Vbat teryofnegl
i
giblei
nternalr
esi
stancei
sconnect
edacrossa200Vbat
ter
yanda [
1]
r
esi
stanceasshowninthefigur
efindtheval
ueofcurr
entint
hecir
cuit
.

[
1]
Q.
7.I
naser
iesLCRci
rcui
t,VL=VC=VR.Whati
sthev
alueofpowerf
act
or?

Q.
8Whatwi
l
lbet
hepat
hofachar
gedpar
ti
clemov
ingi
nauni
for
m magnet
icf
iel
datany [
1]
ar
bit
rar
y

acut
eangl
e?

[
1]
Q.
9Whatt ypesoff
orcei
sact
ingbet
weent
wopar
all
elwi
rescar
ryi
ngcur
renti
nthesame
di
rect
ion?

152|
Page
 [
1]
Q.
10Anel
ect
ri
ccur
rentof0.
25Af
lowsi
nal
oopofr
adi
us0.
2cm.Cal
cul
atet
hemagni
tudeof
t
he

magnet
icdi
pol
emomentoft
hedi
pol
efor
med.

[
1]
Q.11AnACsourceofvolageV= V0si
t nωti
sconnect
edt
oani
deal
induct
or.Dr
awgr
aphsof
volt
ageVandcurr
enti
v er
susωt

[
1]
Q.
12Thechar
gingcur
rentf
oracapaci
tori
s0.
25A.
Whati
sthedi
spl
acementcur
rentacr
ossi
ts
pl
ates?

[
1]
Q.
13Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
nghast
heshor
testwav
elengt
h?

Mi
crowav
es,
Ult
rav
iol
etr
ays,
X-r
ays

[
1]
Q.
14Whydoest
hesunl
ookr
eddi
shatsunsetorsunr
ise?

Q.
15Underwhatcondit
iondoesabi
conv
exl
ensofgl
assbehav
esasapl
anegl
asssheet [
1]
wheni
mmersedinaliquid?

Q.16Adiver
gingl
ensoff
ocal l
engt
h‘F’i
scutint
otwoi
dent
ical
par
tseachf
ormi
ngapl
ano- [
1]
concav
elens.Whati
sthefocall
engthofeachpart
?

Q.
17Showgraphi
call
y,t
hevar
iat
ionofthede-
Brogl
i
ewav
elengt
h(λ)wi
tht
hepot
ent
ial
(V) [
1]
t
hroughwhi
chanelect
roni
sacceler
atedfr
om r
est.

Q.
18Namet
hephy
sical
quant
it
ywhosedi
mensi
onsar
esameasPl
anck'
sconst
ant [
1]

Q.
19Whatt
ypeofbi
asi
ngi
susedt
ooper
ateaphot
odi
ode? [
1]

Q.
20Whi
chdi
odei
susedf
orv
olt
ager
egul
ati
on?Gi
vei
tssy
mbol
. [
1]

SECTI ON B
Q.21Draw aplotshowingthev ari
ati
onofr esist
ivi
tyof a( i
)Conductorand( i
i
) [
2]
semiconduct
or,
withtheincr
easei ntemperat
ure?
OR
TwoconductingwiresXandYofsamedi amet erbutdiff
erentmater
ialsar
ejoi
nedi
nseri
es
acrossabatt
ery.I
fthenumberdensi
tyofelectronsinXist wi
cethatinY,f
indt
herati
oofdr
if
t

153|
Page
v
eloci
tyofel
ect
ronsi
nthet
wowi
res.

Q.22Defi
neawavefr
ont.UsingHuy gens’
spri
nci
pledr
awt heshapeofarefr
act
edwav e [
2]
fr
ontwhena planewav eisi nci
dentonaconv exl
ens?
OR
(a)Whenawav eispropagati
ngf rom ar ar
ertoadensermedi um,whi
chcharact
eri
sti
c
ofthe
wavedoesnotchangeandwhy?
(b)Whatisther
ati
ooft heveloci
tyoft hewaveint hetwomediaofrefr
act
iveindex
µ1andµ2?

Q.23Thefigur
eshowsv ariati
onofst oppi
ngpotent
ial
(V0)Wit
ht hefr
equency(f)forthe [
2]
twophotosensit
ivematerialsM andm
i
) Whyi st heslopesamef orbot ht heli
nes
i
i)Forwhichmat eri
alwillemi tt
edelectr
onhav egr
eaterK.
E.forthei
nci
dentradi
ationof
samef r
equency?Justif
yy ouranswer.

Q.
24Def
inet
het
erms:
-Hal
f-
li
feper
iodandDecayconst
antofar
adi
oact
ivesampl
e. [
2]

Q.
25Thefigur
eadjoini
ngshowst heV-Ichar
acter
ist
icsofasemiconduct
ordiode [
2]
(
a) I
dent
if
ythesemiconduct
ordiodeused.
(
b)Draw t
heci r
cui
tdiagram t
oobt ai
nt hegiv
enchar act
eri
sti
coft
hedev i
ce.

Q.
26Showthatthecur
rentl
eadst
hev
olt
agei
nphasebyπ/
2inanACci
rcui
tcont
aini
ngan [
2]
i
deal
capaci
tor
.

Q.
27Showt
hatLenz’
slawi
sinaccor
dancewi
tht
hel
awofconser
vat
ionofener
gy. [
2]

154|
Page
 SECTION C
Q.28Threeidenti
calcapaci
tor
sC1 ,C2 andC3 ofcapaci
tor
s6µFeachareconnectedto [
3]
a12V batteryasshown.Fi nd(i
)char
geoneachcapaci tor(i
i
)equi
val
entcapaci
tance
ofthenetwor k
(i
i
i)ener
gyst oredinthenetworkofcapacitors
C1

C3

C2
OR
(a)Defi
net heterm ‘
dri
ftvel
ocity
’ofchar
gecar ri
ersi naconduct
or.
(b)A 100V batter
yisconnectedt ot
heelect
ri
cnet workasshown.I
fthepower
consumedi nthe
2Ω r esi
storis200W ,deter
mi nethepowerdissipatedinthe5Ω resi
stor
.

Q.29Consi dert hemot ionofachar gedparti

cleofmassm andchar geqmov i
ngwit
h [
3]
⃗ ⃗
veloci
tyvi namagnet i
cf i
eldB.
⃗ ⃗
(
a)I fvi sper pendicularto B show t hatitdescribesaci rcul
arpathhav ingangul
ar
fr
equencyω=qB/ m.
⃗ ⃗
(
b)I fthev el
ocityvi spar alleltothemagnet icfield B,t r
acet hepathdescribedby
t
hepar ti
cle.Just i
fyy ouranswer .
OR
(a) A coi lofnumberoft urnsN,ar eaA,i srotatedataconst antangularspeedω,i n
auni form magnet i
cf ieldB, andconnect edtoar esist
orR.Deduceexpr essionfor
maxi mum emfi nducedi nt hecoi l
.
(
b) St at
et heFar aday ’
slaw ofel ectr
omagnetici nducti
on.

Q.30Theosci
ll
ati
ngelect
ri
cfiel
dofanelect
romagnet
icwaveisgi
venby- [
3]
Ey=30si 2x1011t
n( +300πx)v/m
a) Obtai
nthevalueofwavel
engthoft
heelect
romagnet
icwave.

155|
Page
 b) Wr
it
edownt
heexpr
essi
onf
orosci
l
lat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
d.

Q.
31ArayPQ i
nci
dentonthef
aceAC ofapr
ism ABC,asshowninthef
igur
e, [
3]
emer
gesfr
om t
hef aceAB suchthatAQ=AR.

Draw theraydiagr
am showi ngthepassageof t her aythrought heprism.Ifthe angl e
ofpri s600 andr
sm i efracti
veindexoft hemat eri
aloft hepr ism is √3deter
mi net he
val
uesofangl eofincidenceandangl eofdev i
at i
on.
ORDr aw araydiagram showingt heimagef or
mat ionofadi stantobj
ectbyar efracti
ng
tel
escopeinnormaladj ustment.Wr i
tethetwoi mpor tantfactorsconsider
edtoi ncrease
themagnifyi
ngpower?St at
etwodr awbacksoft
histy peoftelescope.

Q.32Abeam ofmonochr omaticradiat

ioni sincidentonaphot osensi
ti
vesurf
ace. [
3]
Answerthefollowingquesti
onsgivingr eason:
(a)Dotheemi t
tedphotoel
ectr
onshav et hesameki neti
cenergy?
(b)Doest hekinet
icenergyoft heemi t
tedel ect
ronsdependont hei
ntensi
tyof
theinci
dentradiat
ion?
(c)Onwhatfactorsdoest henumberofemi ttedphotoelectr
onsdepend?

Q.33.(a)Thegroundst
ateenergyofhydr
ogenatom i
s-13.
6eV.
WhatistheK.
E&P.Eoft he [
3]
electr
oninthis
state?
(b)Drawapl otofBE/A versusmassnumberA.Uset hi
sgrapht
oexplai
nther
eleaseof
energyinthepr
ocessofnucl earfusi
onoftwol i
ghtnucl
ei.

Q.34Wit
ht hehelpofacircuitdi
agram ,expl
aintheworki
ngofaj
unct
iondi
odeasa [
3]
ful
lwav
er ect
if
ier
.Draw i
tsinputandoutputwav ef
orms.

SECTION–D
Q.35( a)Defineelect
ricdipolemoment .Deri
veanexpr essionf orthetorqueexperi
encedby [
5]
anel ectri
cdi pol
ekepti nauni for
m el ectr
icfi
eld.
(b)Achar geqi spl acedatt hecent r
eoft helinej oi
ningtwoequalchar gesQ.
Show t hatt hesy st
em oft hr
eechar geswi llbeinequi li
bri
um ifq=- Q/4.
OR
(a)Def inethet erm elect
ricfi
eldintensity.Writ
eitsSIuni t.Deriv
eanexpr essi
onf or
elect
ricf i
eldi nt
ensit
yatapoi ntont heaxi sofanel ect
ricdipole.

156|
Page
(b)Thegivengraphshowst hevari
ati
onofchargeqversuspotent
ialdif
ferenceV f or
twocapacit
orsC1 andC2 .Thet wocapaci
tor
shavesamepl at
esepar ati
onbutt he
areaofC2 isdoublethanthatofC1 .Whi
choft het
wogr aphsP andQ cor respond
tocapaci
torsC1 andC2 and why?

Q.
36(
a)Der i
veanexpr essionfort heforceperuni tl
engthexperiencedbytwoinf
ini
tel
y [
5]
l
ongstr
aightpar
all
elwi res,carr
ying currentsinthesamedi recti
on.
(b)Thef ol
lowingf igur
eshowst hev ari
ati
onofintensi
tyofmagnet i
zat
ionver
sus
t
heappli
edmagnet i
cf iel
di nt
ensityH,fort womagnet i
cmat eri
alsA andB :

(i
)Ident
if
ythemateri
alsA andB.
(
ii
)Draw thev
ari
ati
onofsuscept
ibi
l
itywi
tht
emper
atur
eforB.

OR

Dr aw anecessar yar
rangementforwi ndingofpri
maryandsecondarycoil
sinast ep-
upt ransformer.Statei
tsunderly
ingpr i
nci
pleandderiv
et herelat
ionbet
weenthe
pri
mar yandsecondar yv ol
tagesintermsofnumberof pr i
maryandsecondaryt
urns.
Ment i
ont heassumpti
onusedi nobtaini
ngt heaboverel
ati
on.Stateanytwocauseof
energyl ossinactualtr
ansformers.

Q.37( a)Whatar ecoher entsour

cesofl ight?Wr i
tetheconditionf
orobt
ainingtwo [
5]
coherentsour cesofl i
ght.
(b)I nYoung’ sdoubl esl
itexper
iment, deducet heconditionf
orconstruct
iveand
destructiv
ei nter
fer
enceatapoi ntonthescr een.
(c)Dr aw agr aphshowi ngt hevar
iati
onofi ntensi
tyv er
sustheposi
tionont he
screeni ny oung’sexperimentwhen( i
)Whenbot hthesl i
tsareopenedand( i
i
)oneof
thesl it
si scl osed.
OR
(a)A poi ntobject‘O’iskeptinamedi um ofr efr
acti
veindexn1 i
nf rontofa
157|
Page
convexspher
icalsurf
aceofr adi
usofcur vat
ureR whichseparatesthesecondmedi
um
ofrefr
act
ivei
ndexn2 f r
om thef i
rstone,asshowni nthefigure.
Drawtheraydiagram showi
ngt hei mageformati
onanddeducet herel
ati
onshi
p
betweentheobjectdist
anceandt heimagedist
anceinter
msofn1 ,n2 andR

(b)
Whent heimagef or
medabov eact sasav ir
tualobjectforaconcave
spher
icalsur
faceseparat
ingthemedi um n2 f
rom n1(n2>n1),
drawt hi
sraydi
agram and
wri
tet hesimil
ar(si
mil
arto(a)
)rel
ati
on.Henceobt ai
nt heexpressionfort
hel ensmaker
’s
for
mula.

CLASSXI
I

SUBJECT -
-PHYSI
CS(
SAMPLEPAPER-
1)

MAX.MARKS.70

MARKI
NG SCHEME

Q.
NO. EXPECTEDANSWER MARKS TOTA
L

Q.
1. Zer
o 1 1

Q.
2 NOCHANGE 1 1

Q.
3 ZERO 1 1
OR

9μf 1

Q.
4 Ther
esi
sti
vi
tyofmat
eri
alBi
shi
gher 1 1
158|
Page
Q.
5 WhenI=0emfoft
hreei
dent
ical
cel
l
sinser
iesi
sequal
to6V,
hence 1 1
E=2V,
r=2Ω

OR

Yes,
dur
ingt
hechar
gingofcel
l
.
½+½
1

Q.
6 I
=5A 1 1

Q.
7 Powerf
act
or, 1 1

√VR2+( 2
Cosɸ=VR/ VL–VC)

Si
nceVL =VC,

Cosɸ=VR/
VR=1

Q.
8 Hel
i
cal 1 1

Q.
9 At
tract
iveFor
ces 1 1

Q.
10 14x10-6Am2
3. 1 1

Q.
11 1 1

Q.
12 0.
25A 1 1

Q.
13 X-
Ray
s 1 1

Q.
14 Duet
oscat
ter
ingofl
i
ght 1 1

Q.
15 Whennliquid =nglass 1 1

Q.
16 Focall
engthofeachhal
fpar
twi
l
lbet
wicet
hef
ocal
lengt
hofi
nit
ial 1 1
di
vergi
nglens.
159|
Page
Q.
17 1 1

Q.
18 Angul
armoment
um 1 1

Q.
19 Rev
ersebi
as 1 1

Q.
20 Zenerdi
ode 1 1

Sy
mbol
-

Q.
21 Cor
rectGr
aph 1+1 2
OR

Vdx/
Vdy=ny/
nx=½

Q.
22 Def
ini
ti
on 1 2
Di
agr
am 1

OR

(a)Fr
equencyr
emai
nsconst
ant
,becausenumberofwav
esent
eri
ng 1
atthepoi
ntoft
womediumspersecondremai
nssame.
1
(
b)C1/
C2=µ2/
µ1

Q.
23 Sl
ope=h/
e=const
ant 1 2
Mduet
othel
owerwor
kfunct
ion 1

Q.
24 Hal
f-l
i
fePer i
od:Thehalf
-l
if
eperi
odofanel ementi
sdefi
nedasthe 1 3
t
imeinwhi chthenumberofradi
oact
ivenuclei
decayt
ohalfofi
ts
i
nit
ialv
alue.

160|
Page
 Thedecayconstantofaradioact
iveelementi
sdefi
nedasthe 1
reci
procaloft
imeinwhichthenumberofundecidednuclei
oft
hat
radi
oacti
veelementfal
l
stobe1/ etimesofit
sini
ti
alval
ue.

Q.
25 (
a)ZenerDi
ode ½ 2
(
b)Ci
rcui
tDi
agr
am 1½

Q.
26 Cor
rectder
ivat
ionwi
thdi
agr
am ½+1½ 2

Q.
27 Lenz’
slawst
atementandexpl
anat
ion. ½+1½ 2

Q.
28 (
i)Equi
val
entcapaci
tance=9µF 1 3
(
ii
)Char
geonC1 andC2 =36µF 1/
2

Char
geonC3 =72µC 1/
2

(
ii
i)Ener
gyst
or 48x10-4J
ed=6. 1

OR

(
a)Def
ini
ti
on 1
2
(
b)PowerP=IR ½

I=10A ½

Cur
rentt
hrough2Ω r
esi
stor=10A

Pot
ent
ial
acr
oss2Ω r
esi
stor=20V

Equi
val
entr
esi
stance.

Pot
ent
ial
dropacr
osspar
all
elcombi
nat
ionof40Ω and10Ω =80V

Powerdi
ssi
pat
edi
n5Ω r
esi
stor=320W 1

Q.
29 (
a)Cor
rectpr
oof 2 3
(
b)Cor
rectj
ust
if
icat
ion 1

OR

161|
Page
 (
a)expr
essi
on 2

(
b)st
atement 1

Q.
30 k=300π 3
2π/
ƛ=300π

ƛ=1/
150m 1½

B=3X108
E/

B=10-7

BZ=10-7si
n(2x1011t
+300πx)T

1½

Q.
31 Cor
rectdi
agr
am (QRI
IBC)mi
nimum dev
iat
ionposi
ti
on 1 3
=600
<i 1

δ=600 1

OR

Di
agr
am 1

Fact
ors 1

Dr
awbacks 1

Q.
32 Answerwi
theachcor
rectr
eason ½+½ 3
½+½

Q.
33 (
a)K.
E=-
E=13.
6eV,
P.E=-
2K.
E=-
27.
2eV ½+½ 3
(
b)gr
aphandr
eason 1+½+½

Q.
34 Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am andwor
king 1+1 3
I
nputandout
putwav
efor
m ½+½

Q.
35 (
a)Def
ini
ti
on 1 5
Der
ivat
ion 2

162|
Page
 (
b)Cor
rectpr
oof 2

OR

(
a)Def
ini
ti
on,
SIuni
t 1

Der
ivat
ion 2

(
b)Cor
rectj
ust
if
icat
ionwi
thmat
hemat
ical
cal
cul
ati
on 2

Q.
36 (
a)Di
agr
am ,
Der
ivat
ion 1+2 5
(b)
(i)Sl
opeoftheli
negivessuscept
ibi
l
ity
,Mat
eri
alAi
s 1
paramagnet
ic,
Bi sdiamagneti
c.

(
ii
)Cor
rectgr
aph
1
OR

Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am
1
Wor
kingpr
inci
ple
1
Der
ivat
ion
1
Assumpt
ion
1
Causeofl
ossofener
gy
1

Q.
37 (
a)Def
ini
ti
onwi
thcondi
ti
on 1 5
(
b)Der
ivat
ion 2

(
c)gr
aphs 2

OR

(
a)Di
agr
am 1

Der
ivat
ion 1½

(
b)Di
agr
am andr
elat
ion 1½

Lensmakerf
ormul
a 1

163|
Page
 KENDRI
YAVI
DYALAYASANGATHAN
SAMPLEQUESTI
ONPAPER(
SETI
I)
CLASS-
XII
SUB-
PHYSI
CS(
THEORY)
BLUEPRI
NT
Ti
meal
l
owed:
3hour
s Maxi
mum Mar
ks:
70

S.
N UNI
T VSA SAI SAII LA TOTAL
O (1MARK) (2MARKS) (3MARKS) (5MARKS)
1 ELECTROSTA
TICS 4(
2) 9(
3)
3(
3) -
2 CURRENT 16
ELECTRICITY
3 MAGNETI C
EFFECTSOF
CURRENT
AND
MAGNETI SM 5(
5) 2(
1)
10(
2) 17
4 ELECTROMAG
NETIC
I
NDUCTI ON
ANDA. C.
5 E.
M. WAVES 2(
1) 9(
3) 18

164|
Page
6 OPTI
CS 7(
7)
7. DUALNATURE
OFMATTER
AND 3(
3) 6(
3) 3(
1)
-
RADIATI
ONS 12
8. ATOMSAND
NUCLEI
9. ELECTRONI
C 5(
1)
2(
2) - - 7
DEVICES
20(
20) 14(
7) 21(
7) 15(
3) 70(
37)
TOTAL

MODELQUESTI ONPAPER( SET- I

I)
CLASS: XIISc. M.MARKS: 70. TIME:3.00Hrs.
Gener alInstructions:
(i
)Al lquestionsar ecompul sory .Therear e37quest i
onsi nal l.
(i
i)Thisquest ionpaperhasFOURsect ions: SectionA, Sect ionB, SectionCandSect ionD.
(i
ii)SectionAcont ains20quest ionsofonemar keach, Sect ionBcont ai
nssevenquest i
onsof
twomar kseach, Sect ionCcont ainssev enquest i
onsoft hr eemar kseachandSect i
onD
cont ai
nst hreequest ionsoff i
vemar kseach.
(i
v )Thereisnoov erallchoi ce.Howev er, i
nternal choiceshav ebeenpr ovi
dedint woquestions
ofonemar k,twoquest ionsoft womar ks,twoquest i
onsoft hreemar ksandal l
three
quest i
onsoff ivemar kswei ght age.Youhav et oat temptonl yoneoft hechoicesinsuch
quest i
ons.
(v )Youmayuset hef ollowingv aluesofphy sicalconst antswher evernecessary:
8 -
19
c=3×10 m/ s, e=1. 6×10 C,
12 2 -
- 1 - 2 1 9 2 -2
ϵ =8. 854×10 CN m , =9×10 Nm C
0 4πϵ0
-31 -
27
me=9. 1×10 kg, Massofpr oton=1. 673×10 kg
Secti
onA
1.
Namethephysi
calquanti
tywhoseS.
I.uni
tisJC1.I
sitascal
arorav
ect
orquant
it
y?
OR
Whati
stheSIuni
tofanelectr
icdi
pol
emoment

2.Abeam ofpar
ticl
espr
oject
edalong+x-axis,
experi
encesaf or
ceduetoamagneticf
iel
d
al
ongthe+y-axi
s.Whatisthedi
rect
ionofthemagnet i
cfield?
OR
Anel
ectr
onispr oj
ectedal
ong+xdirect
ion.Whatisthedirect
ionofthemagnet
icf
iel
d?

165|
Page
3.Definesel f-
induct anceofacoi l.Wr i
tei tsSIuni ts.
4.Aconv ergingl ensi skeptco- axial
lyi ncont actwi thadi vergingl ens–bot ht hel ensesbei ng
ofequal focal l
engt hs.Whati st hef ocal lengt hoft hecombi nat ion?
5.Definei onisat ionener gy .Whati sitsv al uef orahy drogenat om?
6.Twoconduct ingwi resXandYofsamedi amet erbutdi fferentmat erialsarej oi
nedi nseri
es
acrossabat tery.I fthenumberdensi tyofel ectronsi nXi stwi cet hati nY, fi
ndt her atioofdrif
t
vel
ocityofel ect ronsi nt het wowi res.
7.Namet hepar tofel ect romagnet icspect r
um whosewav elengt hliesi nther angeof1010m.
Giveitsoneuse.
8.Whenl ightt rav el
sf rom ar arert oadensermedi um, thespeeddecr eases.Doest his
decreasei nspeedi mpl iesadecr easei nt heener gycar riedbyt hel ightwav e?Just i
fyy our
answer .
2
9.Drawt hegr aphoff or cev er sus1/ r wher eri st hesepar ationbet weent wochar ges.
10.Howdoest heel ect ricf ieldbet weent hepl ateschangeswhenadi electicmat erial
compl etelyf i
ll
st hespacebet weent hepl at eswhi l
et hecel lisst i
llconnect edwi ththepl atesof
thecapaci tor.
11.Drawt hemagnet i
cf iel
dl inest hroughadi amagnet i
cmat erial.
12.Wr it
et woel ement sofEar th’smagnet icf i
eld.
13.Howwi l
l t
her esol v i
ngpowerofat elescopechangei fyellowl ightisusedi npl aceofbl ue
l
ight.
14.Whydowel der susepr otect iveglassesdur i
ngwel ding?
15.Whenaconv exl ensi sdi ppedi nwat erofr efract i
veindex4/ 3i tbecomesi nv i
sible.Whatis
therefract i
vei ndexoft hemedi um ofl ens.
16.Drawt her aydi agr am t olocat etheposi ti
onofi magewhenanobj ectispl acedbet ween
poleandpr incipal f
ocusofconcav emi rr
or .
17.Drawt hegr aphf orv ariationofst oppi ngpot ent ialversusf requencyf oramat erial.
1
18.Drawt hegr aphofdeBr ogl i
ewav elengt hv ersus f orpr oton.Wher eVi spot ential
V
dif
ferencet hr oughwhi chpr ot oni saccel erated
19.Drawt heener gybanddi agr am ofaPt ypesemi conduct or .
OR
Inthegi vendi agr am, ist hedi odeDf or war dorr ev ersebi ased?

20.Whati
sthenetchar
gei
nann-
typesemi
-conduct
or?

SECTI
ONB
⃗ σ
21.Showt
hatt
heel
ect
ri
cfi
eldatt
hesur
faceofachar
gedconduct
ori
sgi
venbyE= ,
εo
166|
Page
̂
nwher e i
st hesur facechar gedensi tyandni sauni tv ectornor mal tot hesur facei nthe
outwar ddi r
ection.
22.Twoi dent i
cal l
oops, oneofcopperandt heot herofal umi nium, arerot atedwi t
ht hesame
angul arspeedi nt hesamemagnet i
cf i
el d.Compar e( i
)t hei nducedemfand( ii
)t hecur rent
producedi nt het wocoi ls.Just i
fyy ouranswer .
23.An- par t
icleandapr otonar eaccel erat edf rom r estbyt hesamepot ential.Fi ndt her ati
o
ofthei rde- Brogl i
ewav elengths.
24.Dr awasket chofapl aneel ect romagnet i
cwav epr opagat ingal ongt hez- di rection.Depi ct
clearl
yt hedi r
ect ionsofel ectricandmagnet icfieldsv aryingsi nusoi dallywi thz.
25.Wr it
eEi nst ein’sphot oelectri
cequat i
on.St atecl ear l
yt het hr eesal i
entf eat uresobser vedin
photoel ect r
icef fect,whi chcanbeexpl ainedont hebasi soft heabov eequat i
on.
26.Dr awapl otofpot ent i
alener gyofapai rofnucl eonsasaf unct i
onoft hei rsepar ation.
Wr i
tet wo
i
mpor tantconcl usionswhi chy oucandr awr egar dingt henat ureofnucl earf or ces.
OR
Drawapl otoft hebi ndi ngener gypernucl eonasaf unct i
onofmassnumberf oral arge
numberof
nuclei,2 A240.Howdoy ouexpl aint heconst ancyofbi ndingener gypernucl eoni nt he
range
30 A170usi ngt hepr opertythatnucl earf orcei sshor t-ranged?
Nuclearf or cesar eshor tranged, soev er ynucl eoni nteract swi t
ht heirnei ghbour sonl y;so
binding
energypernucl eonr emai nsconst ant .
]
27.Aspher ical conduct i
ngshel lofi nnerr adi usr 1andout erradi usr 2hasachar ge‘ Q’.A
charge‘ q’ isplacedatt hecent reoft heshel l
.
(a)Whati st hesur facechar gedensi tyont he( i
)innersur face, (ii
)out ersur f
aceoft heshel l
?
(b)Wr i
tet heexpr essionf ortheel ectricf ieldatapoi ntx r2f rom t hecent r
eoft heshel l
.
SECTI ONC
28.Wr i
teanyt wof act or sonwhi chi nt ernal r
esistanceofacel l depends.Ther eadi ngona
highr esistancev ol
tmet er,whenacel lisconnect edacr ossi t,is22V.

Whentheterminal
soft hecellarealsoconnectedtoar esist
anceof5 asshowninthe
ci
rcui
t,t
hevolt
met err
eadingdr opsto18V.Findtheinternalresi
stanceofthecel
l.
29.Anetworkoffourcapacitorseachof12Fcapaci tanceisconnect edtoa500Vsupplyas
showninthefi
gure.Determine( a)equi
val
entcapacit
anceoft henetworkand(b)char
geon
eachcapaci
tor
.

167|
Page
30.(i)Drawaneatl abel ledraydiagram ofanastr
onomi cal
telescopeinnormal adj
ustment .
Explainbrieflyit
swor king.
(i
i)Anast ronomi caltelescopeusest wolensesofpowers10Dand1D.Whati si t
s
magni fyi
ngpoweri nnor mal adjustment?
OR
(i
)Dr awaneatl abel
ledr aydiagram ofacompoundmi cr
oscope.Explai
nbrief
lyitsworking.
(i
i)Whymustbot htheobj ecti
veandt heeye-pi
eceofacompoundmi cr
oscopehav eshor t
focal l
engths?
31.St at
eKi rchhoff’
sr ules.Uset heserul
est owri
tetheexpressionsf
orthecurrentsI I and
,,
1 2
I
3
,inthecir cuitdi
agram shown.

32.(a)Wri
tesymbol
ical
lythe ocessof3
decaypr 2
15
P.
(b)Deri
veanexpr
essionfortheaveragel
if
eofaradionucl
i
de.Gi
vei
tsr
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
he
half
-l
if
e.

33.Howdoesanunpol arisedl
ightgetpolari
sedwhenpassedt hroughpolaroid?Two
polar
oidsareseti
ncrossedpositi
ons.At hir
dpol
aroi
displacedbet weenthet womaki ngan
anglewit
hthepassaxisofthefir
stpolaroi
d.Wri
tetheexpressionoftheintensit
yoflight
tr
ansmi t
tedfr
om thesecondpolaroi
d.Inwhatori
entati
onswi l
lthetransmit
tedi nt
ensi
tybe(i)
minimum and(ii
)maximum?

34.Ani l
l
umi nat edobj ectandascr eenar epl aced90cm apar t
.Det erminethef ocall
engt hand
natur eoft hel ensr equiredtoproduceacl earimageont hescr een, twicethesizeoft heobject
.
SECTI OND
35.( a)Wi tht hehel pofadi agram, explainthepr incipl
eandwor kingofamov i
ngcoi l
galvanomet er .
(b)Whati st hei mpor tanceofar adialmagnet i
cf i
eldandhowi si tproduced
(c)Whyi si tt hatwhi leusingamov ingcoi lgalvanomet erasav ol tmeterahighr esistancein
seriesi sr equi redwher easinanammet erashunti sused?
OR
(a)Der i
veanexpr essi
onf ortheforcebet weent wol ongpar all
el cur r
entcarry
ingconduct or
s.
(b)Uset hi sexpr essi
ont odef i
neS.I .unitofcur r
ent .
(c)Al ongst rai ghtwi eABcar
r ri
esacur entI
r .Apr otonPt ravel
swi thaspeedv , par
alleltot
he
wire, atadi st ancedf rom itinadirectionopposi tet othecur r
entasshowni nt hef i
gur e.What
i
st hef orceexper i
encedbyt hepr otonandwhati sitsdirecti
on?

168|
Page
36.StateFaraday
’sl
awofel ect
romagnetici
nduct
ion.Fi
gureshowsarectangul
arconduct
or
PQRSi nwhichtheconductorPQisfreetomoveinauni f
orm magnet
icf
ieldBperpendi
cul
ar
totheplaneofthepaper.Thefi
eldextendsf
rom x0toxbandiszer
of orx
b.

Assumet hatonlythearm PQpossessesr esistancer.Whent hear m PQi spulledout ward

from x 0t ox2bandi sthenmov edbackwar dt ox0withconst antspeedv ,
obt ai
nthe
expr essionsforthefluxandt hei
nducedemf .Sket chthevari
ationsoft hesequant i
tieswith
distance0 x
2b.
OR
Dr awaschemat icdiagram ofastep-uptr
ansf ormer.Expl
ainitswor ki
ngpr incipl
e.Deducet he
expr essionforthesecondar ytopr
imaryvoltagei nter
msoft henumberoft urnsinthet wo
coi l
s.Inani dealtr
ansformer,howisthisrat
ior el
atedtothecur rent
sint het wocoils?Howi s
thet ransformerusedi nlar
gescaletransmissionanddi st
ri
butionofel ectr
icalenergyov er
l
ongdi stances?

37.( a)Drawt heci r

cui
tdi amsofap-
agr nj
unctiondi odein(i
)f or
war dbias,i
(i
)rev
ersebias.
Howar etheseci rcui
tsusedtostudytheV-Icharacterist
icsofasi l
icondiode?Drawthe
typicalV-Icharacteri
sti
cs?
(b)Whati sal ightemitt
ingdiode(LED)?Mentiontwoi mportantadvantagesofLEDsov er
conv enti
onallamps.
OR
(a)Howi saZenerdi odefabr
icat
ed.Drawtheout putcharacterist
icsoftheZenerdiode.Expl
ain
withaci r
cuitdi gr
am howi ti
susedasv olt
ager egulator?

MARKI
NGSCHEMESETI
I

169|
Page
 (
1)Pot
ent
ial
dif
fer
ence.Scal
arquant
it
y.ORC.
m

(
2)Negat
iveZaxi
s.ORal
ong+Yaxi
s.

(
3)Def
ine.Henr
y

(
4)I
nfi
nit
y.Pl
anemi
rr
or.

(
5)Theener
gyr
equi
redt
oescapeel
ect
ronf
rom t
heor
bitofat
om.+13.
6eV.

(
6)X:
Y=1:
2

(
7)Xr
ays.Todet
ectt
hecr
acksi
nmet
alsorbonef
ract
ureet
c.(
Tel
lanyone)

(
8)No.energywil
lbesame.Becausei
tisduet
oabsorpt
ionofl
ightbyt
heparti
clesoft
hemedi
um
whichagainemit
sthewavesofthesamefr
equencybutdi
ff
erentwavel
engt
h.

(
9)

2
1/
r

(
10) El
ect
ri
cfi
eldwi
l
lbesame.AsE=V/
d.si
ncet
hebat
ter
yremai
nsconnect
edsoVwi
l
lbe
same.

(
11)

(
12) Magnet
icdecl
i
nat
ion,
angl
eofdi
p,Hor
izont
alcomponentofEar
th’
smagnet
icf
iel
d.
(wr
it
eanyt
wo)

(
13) Resol
vi
ngpowerwi
l
lincr
ease.AsP=d/
1.22λ

(
14) Dur
ingwel
dingul
tr
avi
oletr
aysar
epr
oducedwhi
char
ehar
mful
forey
es.

(
15) Equal
towat
er.Because1/
f=(
μg/
μw-
1)(
1/R1–1/
R2)

170|
Page
 (
16)

17.

18.

171|
Page
λ

1/V

19.

OR Rev
ersebi
ased.

20.neut
ral
.

172|
Page
 ANSWERSOFTWOMARKSQUESTI
ONS

21.der
ivet
heexpr
essi
on
2
22.i
nducedemfswil
lbesame.From f
ormul
ainducedemfe=½Bωlbuti
nducedcur
rentI=
e/
R.r
esist
anceofcopperi
slesssocur
rentwi
llbemorei
ncopper
.

23.Fr
om f
ormul
aλ=h/2mqV si
ncet
hepot
ent
ial
issamef
orbot
h.

λ(
α)/
λ(p)= q(
p)m(
p)/
q(α)
m(α)= em/
2e4m=1/
22

24.

25.Einst
ein’
sEquation K.
E.ofel
ect
ron=Energyoft
hephoton–workfunct
ionoft
he
met
al.Expl
aintheobservat
ionsandonthebasi
sofEi
nstei
n’
sequat
ionexpl
aint
hem.

26.

173|
Page
Wr
it
etheconcl
usi
onsaboutt
henucl
earf
orce.

OR

174|
Page
Expl
ainthefusi
onandf
issi
onont
hebasi
sofi
t.Bot
har
eai
medatt
oat
tai
nmor
eB.
E.pernucl
eoni
.e.
morestabil
i
ty.

27.

175|
Page
Fort
hepoi
ntx>R2.Theel
ect
ri
cfi
eldduet
oitsameasduet
opoi
ntchar
geatapoi
nt.

E=1/
4πε(
Q/R2)

28.Nat
ureofel
ect
rol
yte,
Separ
ati
onbet
weent
heel
ect
rodes

R=4/
9Ω

29.C=16µF

Q1=4µ×500J,Q1=4µ×500J,
Q3=4µ×500J,
Q4=12µ×500J

30.

31.
I1=-2/
7A,
I2=5/
7A,I
3=3/
7A

32.

176|
Page
33.

177|
Page
34.

35.
178|
Page
36.Ref
ert
oexampl
eNCERT.

37.Ref
ert
oNCERT

179|
Page
 KENDRI
YAVI
DYALAYASANGATHAN(
RO)KOLKATA
MODELQUESTI
ONPAPER(
SETI
II)
CLASS-
XII
SUB-
PHYSI
CS(
THEORY)
BLUEPRI
NT
Ti
meal
l
owed:
3hour
s Maxi
mum Mar
ks:
70

S.
N UNI
T VSA SAI SAII LA TOTAL
O (1MARK) (2MARKS) (3MARKS) (5MARKS)
1 ELECTROSTA
2(
2) 4(
2) 3(
1)
TICS
2 CURRENT 16
2(
2) - - 5(
1)
ELECTRICITY
3 MAGNETI C
EFFECTSOF
CURRENT 3(
3) - 6(
2) -
AND
MAGNETI SM
17
4 ELECTROMAG
NETIC
3(
3) - - 5(
1)
I
NDUCTI ON
ANDA. C.
5 E.
M. WAVES 1(
1) 2(
1) - 18
6 OPTI
CS 4(
4) 6(
2) 5(
1)
7. DUALNATURE
OFMATTER
2(
2) 4(
2) - -
AND
RADIATI
ONS 12
8. ATOMSAND
2(
2) 4(
2) - -
NUCLEI
9. ELECTRONI
C
1(
1) - 6(
2) - 7
DEVICES
20(
20) 14(
7) 21(
7) 15(
3) 70(
37)
TOTAL

180|
Page
 KENDRI
YAVI
DYALAYASANGATHAN(KOLKATAREGI
ON)
MODELQUESTIONPAPER(
SETII
I)
CLASS-XI
I
SUB:PHYSI
CS

MM 70 TI
ME:3Hr
1. Howdoest hemutuali
nduct
anceofapai
rofcoi
lschangewhen(i
)di
stance 1
bet
weent hecoi
l
sisincr
easedand(i
i
)numberoftur
nsinthecoi
l
sis
i
ncreased?
2 Whatist
hegeomet
ri
cal
shapeofequi
pot
ent
ial
sur
facesduet
oasi
ngl
eisol
ated 1
char
ge?

3 Thepowerfact
orofanacci
rcui
tis0.
5.Whati
sthephasedi
ff
erencebet
ween 1
cur
rentandvol
tagei
nthi
sci
rcui
t.

4. Thehori
zontal
componentoft
heeart
h’smagnet
icf
iel
disequal
tot
hev
ert
ical 1
componentatapl
ace.Fi
ndtheangl
eofdip?

5. Wel
derswearspeci algoggl
esorf
acemaskswithglasswi
ndowstoprot
ect 1
t
hei
reyesfrom electr
omagneti
cradi
ati
ons.Nametheradi
ati
onsandwri
tet
he
r
angeoftheirf
requency

6. Predi
ctthedi
recti
onofinducedcur
renti
namet alr
ingwhent heri
ngismov
ed 1
towardsastr
aightconduct
orwithaconst
antspeedv .Theconduct
oris
carr
yingacurr
entIinthedir
ecti
onshowninthefi
gure.

7. Anelect
rondoesnotsuf
feranydefl
ecti
onwhil
epassi
ngthrougharegi
onof 1
uni
form magnet
icf
iel
d.Whatisthedir
ecti
onofthemagnet
icfiel
d?

8. Gr
aphshowi
ngt
hev
ari
ati
onofcur
rentv
ersusv
olt
agef
ormat
eri
al 1

GaAsi
sshowni
nthef
igur
e.I
dent
if
yther
egi
onof C

(
i) Negat
iver
esi
stance(
ii
)wher
eOhm’
slawi
sobey
ed D

B
181|
Page
 E

9. Abeam of
par
ti
clespr
oject ong+x-
edal axi
s,exper
iencesaf
orceduet
oamagnet
ic 1
f
iel
dal
ong

he+y
t -axi
s.Whati
sthedi
rect
ionoft
hemagnet
icf
iel
d?

10. Stat
ethecondi
ti
oni
nwhi
cht
ermi
nal
vol
tageacr
ossasecondar
ycel
li
sequal 1
toit
semf

11. Howdoesthepowerofconv
exl
ensv
ary,
ift
hei
nci
dentr
edl
i
ghti
srepl
acedby 1
vi
oletl
i
ght?

12. Whati
sthenucl
earr usof125Fe,
adi i hatof27Al
ft is3.
6fer
mi? 1

13 Acell
ofemfEandint
ernal
resi
stancerdr
awsacur
rentI.Wr
it
ether
elat
ion 1
bet
weenter
minal
volt
ageVintermsofE,Iandr
.

14. Wr
it
eanyt
wochar
act
eri
sti
cpr
oper
ti
esofnucl
earf
orce. 1

15. Themaxi mum kinet

icenergyofaphotoel
ect
ronis3eV.
Whati
sitsstoppi
ng 1
potenti
al?
16. Ther ef
ract
ivei
ndexofamat er
ial
is1/√3.Whatist
heangl
eofrefr
acti
onift
he 1
unpolari
sedli
ghtisi
ncidentonitatt
hepolar
izi
ngangl
eoft
hemedi um ?

17. Aprot
onandanel
ect
ronhav
esamev
eloci
ty.Whi
chonehasgr
eat
erde-
Brogl
i
e 1
wav
elengt
handwhy?

18. Howdoest heangul

arsepar
ati
onbetweenfri
ngesinsingl
esli
tdif
fracti
on 1
experi
mentchangewhenthedist
anceofseparat
ionbetweentheslitand
screenisdoubl
ed?

19. Drawapl otofpotent

ialenergyofapai rofnucleonsasaf unctionofthei
r 1
separat
ions.Marktheregionswher ethenuclearforceis(i
)attract
iveand(i
i
)
repul
siv
e.Wr i
teanytwochar acter
isti
cf eat
uresofnuclearforces.

20. Adi
ver
gingl
ensoff
ocal
lengt
h‘F’
iscuti
ntot
woi
dent
ical
par
tseachf
ormi
nga 1
182|
Page
 pl
ano-
concav
elens.Whati
sthef
ocal
lengt
hofeachpar
t?

21. Dr
awaplotshowi
ngthev
ari
ati
onof(i)el
ect
ri
cfi
eldEand(
ii
)el
ect
ri
cpot
ent
ial 2
Vwit
hdi
stancerduet
oapointchar
geQ.

22. I
dent
if
ythet
ypeofel
ect
romagnet
icspect
rum whi
chi
s: 2

(
i)
sui
tabl
eforr
adarsy
stem usedi
nai
rcr
aftnav
igat
ion

(
ii
)adj
acentt
olowf
requencyendoft
heel
ect
romagnet
icspect
rum

(
ii
i)
producedi
nnucl
earr
eact
ion

(
iv)
producedbybombar
dingamet
alt
argetbyhi
ghspeedel
ect
rons

23. Anα-
par
ti
cleandaprotonareaccel
erat
edfrom r
estbyt
hesamepot
ent
ial
. 2
Fi
ndt
herat
ioofthei
rde-Br
ogli
ewavelengt
hs

24. Drawaplotofpot
ent
ial
energyofapairofnucl
eonsasafuncti
onofthei
r 2
separ
ati
on.Whati
sthesigni
fi
canceofnegati
vepot
enti
alener
gyint
hegraph
drawn

25. Thegi
vengr
aphshowst
hev
ari
ati
onofchar
geqv
ersuspot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceVf
or 2
twocapaci
tor
sC1andC2.Thetwocapaci
tor
shavesamepl
ateseparati
onbutthepl
ate
areaof
C2doubl
ethant
hatofC1.Whi
choftheli
nesi
nthegr
aphcorrespondtoC1and
C2andwhy?

Q A

26. Drawapl otshowi

ngthev ar
iat
ionofphotoel
ectri
ccurrentwit
hcoll
ect
orpl
ate 2
potent
ialfort
wodiff
erentfr
equencies,
υ1>υ2,ofi
ncidentradi
ati
onhavi
ngt
he
sameintensit
y.I
nwhichcasewi l
lthestoppi
ngpot ent
ialbehi
gher?

27. (
a)Def
inet
heact
ivi
tyofagi
venr
adi
oact
ivesubst
ance.Wr
it
eit
sS.
I.uni
t 2

(
b)Twonucleihav
emassnumber
sint
her
ati
o27:
125.Whati
sther
ati
oof
t
heirnucl
earr
adii?

28. Al
ongst
rai
ghtwi
reABcar
ri
esacur
rentI
.Apr
otonPt
rav
elswi
thaspeedv
, 3

183|
Page
 par
all
elt
ot hewi
re,atadi
stancedfrom i
tinadir
ecti
onopposi
tetothecur
rent
asshowninthefi
gure.Whatisthef
orceexper
iencedbyt
heprotonandwhatis
i
tsdir
ect
ion?

29. Apar al
lelplat
ecapaci
torischar
gedbyabattery
.Aftersometi
methebatt
eryi
s 3
disconnectedandadielectr
icsl
abofdi
elect
ricconstantKi
sinser
tedbet
ween
theplates.

Howwoul
d(i
)thecapaci
tance(
ii)t
heel
ectr
icf
iel
dbetweent
heplat
esand (
ii
i)
t
heener
gyst
oredinthecapaci
torbeaf
fect
ed?Just
if
yyouranswer
.

30. Disti
nguishbetweendi
amagneticandferr
omagneti
cmater
ial
sinr
espectof 3
t
heir(i)i
ntensi
tyofmagnet
isat
ion(i
i)
behavi
ouri
nnonuni
for
m magneti
cfiel
d
(i
i
i)suscepti
bil
i
ty

31. Dr
awaci
rcui
tdi
agr
am ofaf
ull
-wav
erect
if
ier
.Expl
aini
tswor
kingpr
inci
ple. 3

Drawtheinput
/out
putwav
e-f
ormsi
ndi
cat
ingcl
ear
lyt
hef
unct
ionsoft
het
wo
di
odesused.

OR

Expl
ain,wi
tht
hehelpofsuitabl
edi
agram,thetwoimport
antprocessesthat
occurduri
ngt
hef or
mat i
onofp-nj
uncti
on.Hencedef
inetheter
ms: depl
eti
on
regi
onandbarr
ierpotent
ial

32. Defi
net heter
m‘r
esol
vi
ngpower
’ofanast
ronomi
calt
elescope.How doesi
t3
getaff
ectedon

(
i) I
ncr
easi
ngt
heaper
tur
eoft
heobj
ect
ivel
ens?

(
ii
) I
ncr
easi
ngt
hewav
elengt
hoft
hel
i
ghtused?

Just
if
yyouransweri
neachcase.
184|
Page
 a)Howi
33. ( sphot
odi
odef
abr
icat
ed? 3

b)Br
( ief
lyexpl
aini
tswor
king.Dr
awi
tsV–Ichar
act
eri
sti
csf
ort
wo

di
ff
erenti
ntensi
ti
esofi
l
lumi
nat
ion.

34. 3
(
a)Def
ineawav
efr
ont
.

(
b)UsingHuygens`pri
nci
ple,dr
aw di
agramstoshow t
henat
ureoft
hewave
f
rontswhenani nci
dentpl
anewav efrontget
s(i
)refl
ect
edfr
om aconcav
e
mir
ror,

(
ii
)ref
ract
edf
rom aconv
exl
ens.

OR

(a)Usi
ngt
hephenomenonofpol
ari
sat
ion,
showhowt
ransv
ersenat
ureofl
i
ght
canbedemonst
rat
ed.

(b)TwopolaroidsP1andP2ar
eplacedwi ththei
rpassaxesperpendi
culart
o
eachother.Unpolar
isedl
i
ghtofintensit
yI0i
sinci
dentonP1.Athir
dpolaroi
dP3i
s
keptinbetweenP1andP2suchthatitspassaxismakesanangl eof300with
thatofP1.Determi
nethei
ntensi
tyoflighttr
ansmitt
edthroughP1,
P2andP3.

35. (
a)Fi
ndt
hemagni
tudeanddi
rect
ionofcur
renti
n1Ωr
esi
stori
nthegi
venci
r t 5
cui

(b)
Twost
udent
sXandYper f
orm anexper
imentonpot
ent
iomet
ersepar
atel
y
usi
ngt
hecir
cui
tdi
agr
am shownbelow

185|
Page
 Keepi
ngot
hert
hingsunchanged

a)Xi
ncr
easest
hev
alueofr
esi
stanceR,

b)Decr
easest
hev
alueofr
esi
stanceSi
nthesetup.

Howwi
l
lthesechangesaf
fectt
heposi
ti
onofnul
lpoi
nti
neachcaseandwhy
?
OR
a.Drawacir
cui
tdiagr
am ofapot
ent
iometer.
Stat
eitsworki
ngpri
nci
ple.
Deri
vet
henecessaryf
ormul
atodescr
ibehowitisusedtocompar
et he
emfsoft
hetwocells.

b.Writ
etwopossi
blecausesf
oronesi
deddef
lect
ioni
napot
ent
iomet
er
exper
iment
.

36. Stat
etheworki
ngofa.c.generatorwitht
hehel pofalabell
eddi
agr
am.Thecoi l 5
ofanac.Generat
orhavi
ngNt urns,eachofar eaA,i
sr ot
atedwi
thaconstant
angul
arvel
ocit
y.Deducetheexpressionforthealt
ernati
ngemfgener
atedin
thecoi
l.Whati
sthesourceofener gygenerati
oninthisdevi
ce?
OR
Drawaschemat i
cdiagram ofastep-
uptransformer.Explai
nitswor king
pri
ncipl
e.Deducetheexpr
essionforthesecondarytoprimaryv ol
tagei nter
ms
ofthenumberofturnsinthetwocoil
s.Inani dealt
ransformer,howi stherati
o
rel
atedtothecurr
entsi
nthet wocoil
s?Howi st hetr
ansformerusedi nl ar
ge
scaletr
ansmissi
onanddistri
but
ionofelectr
icalenergyoverlongdistances?

37. a)(i
)‘ Twoindependentmonochromati
csour
cesofl
i
ghtcannotpr
oducea 5
sust
ainedi
nterf
erencepat
ter
n’.Gi
ver
eason.

(i
i)Li
ghtwav
eseachofampl
i
t a”andf
ude“ requency“
ω”,emanat
ingf
rom t
wo
coher
ent

l
ightsour
cessuper
poseatapoi
nt.I
fthedi
spl
acement
sduet
othesewav
esi
s
giv
enby

y
1=asnωt
i andy
2=asi
n(ωt
+φ)wher
eφi
sthephasedi
ff
erencebet
weent
he
t
wo,

Obt
aint
heexpr
essi
onf
ort
her
esul
tanti
ntensi
tyatt
hepoi
nt.

(b) I
n Young’
s double sli
t exper
iment
,usi
ng monochr
omati
cl i
ght of
wavel
engt
h λ,the i
ntensi
tyofli
ghtata poi
nton t
he scr
een wher
e path
186|
Page
 di
ff
erencei
sλ,isKuni
ts.Fi
ndoutt
hei
ntensi
tyofl
i
ghtat
apoi
ntwher
epat
h
di
ff
erencei
sλ/
3.

OR

a)Howdoesonedemonst
( r
ate,usi
ngasui
tabl
edi
agr
am,
thatunpol
ari
sedl
i
ght
whenpassedt
hroughapol
aroi
dgetspol
ari
sed?

b)Abeam ofunpol
( ar
isedli
ghti
sincidentonaglass-
airi
nter
face.Show,usi
ng
asui
tabl
eray
diagr
am, thatl
i
ghtr
eflectedfr
om t
hei nt
erf
aceistotal
lypol
ari
sed,
when

n=taniB,
wherenist
her
efr
act
ivei
ndexofgl
asswi
thr
espectt randi
oai Bi
sthe
Br
ewster’
sangl
e.

KENDRI
YAVIDYALAYASANGATHAN(KOLKATAREGI
ON)
ANSWERSOFMODELQUESTI ONPAPER(SET3)
CLASS-XI
I
SUB:PHYSI
CS

MM 70 TI
ME:3Hr
1. (
i)Decr
eases (
ii
)Incr
eases 1

2 Spher
ical 1

3 Π/
3 1

4. 450 1

5. Ul
tr
avi
oletr
adi
ati
ons,
frequencyr 1015-
ange: 1o17Hz 1

6. Cl
ockwi
se 1

7. Par
all
elorant
ipar
all
elt
othemot
ionofel
ect
ron 1

8. (
i)Negat
iver
esi
stance DE (
ii
)InBCpor
ti
onOhm’
slawi
sobey
ed 1

9. Negat
iveZaxi
s 1

10. Whencel
li
sint
heopenci
rcui
t 1

11. Powerofconv
exl
ensi
ncr
easesasf
v<f
r. 1
187|
Page
12. 6f
m 1

13 (
i) θ=0i
e.Di
pol
emomenti
spar
all
elt
otheel
ect
ri
cfi
eld 1

(
ii
) θ=1800i
e..Di
pol
emomenti
sant
ipar
all
elt
otheel
ect
ri
cfi
eld

14. St
rong,
att
ract
ive,
cent
ral
for
ceset
c 1

15. 3V 1

16. i an-1μ=t
p=t an-1(
1/√3)=300 1

p+r=900,
i ther
ef er=600
or

17. λ=h/
mv,
me<mp,
henceλp<λe 1

18. Asθ=λ⁄
a,Nochangei
nangul
arsepar
ati
on 1

19. NCERTPage445,
fig13.
2 1

20. Focal
lengt
hofeachhal
fpar
twi
l
lbet
wicet
hef
ocal
lengt
hofi
nit
ial
div
ergi
ng 1
l
ens

21. NCERTPage55f
ig2.
4 2

22. (
i)
Micr
owav
es(
ii
)r
adi
owav
es(
ii
i)Gammar
ays(
iv)
Xray
s 2

23. 1:
2√2 2

24. NCERTPage445f
ig13.
2 2

25. Acor
respondst
oC2 2

26. NCERTPage391f
ig11.
4 2

27. (
a)r
ateofdecayofat
oms,
BqorCur
ie 2

(
b)3:
5

28. F=qv n900=2.

BSi 56x10-18N;
towar
dsr
ighti
nthepl
aneofpaper 3

29. (
i)
C=KC0 (
ii
)E=E0/
K(i
i
i)U=U0/
K 3

30. Pr
oper
ty Di
amagnet
ic Fer
romagnet
ic 3

1. I
ntensi
tyof Getsfeebl
ymagneti
sed Get
sstr
onglymagneti
sed
magneti
sat
ion opposit
etothe i
nthedi
recti
onofthe
magnetisi
ngfi
eld magnet
isi
ngfiel
d

2. Behav
iouri
n Mov
esf
rom st
rongf
iel
d Mov
esf
rom weakerf
iel
d

188|
Page
 nonuni
for
m t
oweakerf
iel
dregi
ons t
ost
rongf
iel
dregi
ons
magnet
icfi
eld

3. Suscept
ibi
l
ity Lowandnegat
ive Hi
ghandposi
ti
ve

31. NCERTPage484 3

OR

NCERTPage478

32. 3

(
i)
incr
eases(
ii
)decr
eases

33. NCERTPage487 3

34. NCERTPage358f
ig10.
7 3

35. (
a)I=132/
23A 5

I
. Nul
lpoi
ntwi
l
lshi
ftt
owar
dsB

I
I. Nochangei
nthenul
lpoi
nt

OR

Der
iveE1/E2

a.Theemfoft
hedr
ivercel
lmaybel
esst
hant
hesecondar
ycel
l

b.Ver
yhi
ghr
esi
stanceconnect
edi
nser
ieswi
tht
hedr
vercel
lci
rcui
t

36. ACgener
ator
:Ady
namoorgener
atori
sadev
icewhi
chconv
ert
smechani
cal 5
ener
gyi
ntoel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.

Pri
ncipl
e:I
tworksont hepri
nci
pleofel
ect
romagneti
cinduct
ion.Whenacoi l
rot
atesconti
nuousl
yinamagnet i
cfiel
dwit
hitsaxi
sperpendicul
art
ot he
magneticf
iel
d,themagneticfl
uxli
nkedwi
ththecoi
lchangesandani nduced
emfandhenceacur renti
ssetupinit.

Const
ruct
ion:
189|
Page
 (i)Fi
eldMagnet:
Itpr
oducesthemagneti
cfi
eld.Inthecaseofalowpower
dynamo.Themagneticf
iel
disgenerat
edbyaper manentmagnet,whi
l
ein
thecaseoflar
gepowerdynamo,themagnet
icfieldispr
oducedbyan
elect
romagnet
.

(
ii
)Ar
mat ure:I
tconsistsofal argenumberoftumsofinsulat
edwireinthe
softir
ondrum orring.I
tcanr evol
v eroundanaxl
ebetweenthet wopolesofthe
fi
eldmagnet.Thedr um orringservest het
wopurposes:(i
)Itserv
esasa
supportt
ocoilsand( i
i)I
tincreasest hemagnet
icfi
eldduetoaircorebei
ng
repl
acedbyani roncore.

(
i) Sli
prings:Theslipri
ngsarethetwomet alri
ngstowhichthe
endsofar maturecoilar
econnected.Theseri
ngsarefixedtot
he
shaftwhichrotatesthearmatur
ecoilsothatther
ingsalso
rot
atealongwi ththearmatur
e.
(
ii
) Brushes:Thesearet
wof l
exibl
emet al
plat
esorcarbonrods
whicharefixedandconst
antlyt
ouchtherevol
vi
ngr i
ngs.The
outputcurr
entinext
ernal
loadistakenthr
oughthesebrushes.
Di
agr
am:
Ref
erNCERTTEXTBOOKPART-
1pageNO.225

Worki
ng:whent hearmaturecoi
li
sr otat
edi
nthestrongmagneticfi
eld,
the
magneti
cfluxli
nkedwiththecoi
lchangesandthecur r
entisi
nducedinthe
coi
l
,it
sdirect
ionbeinggivenbyFleming’
sri
ghthandrule,

Expr
essi
onf
orI
nduced.emf
:IfNi
sthenumberof

Tur
nsi
ncoi
l
,ft
hef
requencyofr
otat
ion,
Aar
eaofcoi
l

AndBt
hemagnet
ici
nduct
ion,
theni
nducedemf

e=-dΦ/
dt

=d/
dt(
NBA(
cos2πf
t))

=2πNBAfsi
n2πf
t

Thesourceofener
gygener
ati
oni
sthemechani
cal
ener
gyofr
otat
ionof
armat
urecoil
.

190|
Page
 OR

Transformeri
sadev i
cebywhichanalt
ernat
ingvol
tagemaybedecr
easedor
i
ncreased.I
tisbasedonthepr
inci
pleofmutuali
nducti
on.

Constructi
on:I
tconsistsoflaminatedcor eofsofti
rononwhi chtwocoi l
sof
i
nsulatedcopperwirearesepar at
elywound.Thesecoi l
sar ekeptinsul
ated
from eachotherandfrom theironcore,butarecoupl edt hroughmut ual
i
nduct i
on.Thenumberoft urnsinthesecoi l
sarediffer ent.Outofthesecoils
onecoi li
scall
edprimarycoilandtheot heriscal
ledthesecondar ycoil.The
termi
nalsofprimarycoilsareconnectedt oA.Cmai nsandt het er
minalsofthe
secondarycoilar
econnect edtoexternalcir
cuiti
nwhi chal t
ernati
ngcur r
entof
desir
edv olt
ageisrequir
ed.Transformersar eoftwot y pes:

1.Stepupt r
ansfor
mer:Itt
ransf
ormstheal
ter
nat
ingl
owv ol
taget
o
al
ternat
inghighvol
tageandinthi
sthenumberoft
urnsin
secondarycoili
smorethanthati
npri
marycoi
l
2.Stepdownt ransf
ormer:Itt
ransformstheal
ter
nat
inghighv
olt
age
toalt
ernati
nglowv ol
tageandi nthi
sthenumberoftur
nsin
secondarycoili
slessthanthatinpri
marycoil
Di
agr
am:
Ref
erNCERTTEXTBOOKPART1PAGENO-260

Working:Whenal ter
natingcurr
entsourcei sconnectedtot he
endsofpr i
mar ycoil
,thecurr
entchangescont i
nuouslyinthe
pri
mar ycoi
l,duetowhi chthemagneticfluxl i
nkedwiththe
secondarycoilchangescontinuousl
y,t
her eforethealter
nating
emfofsamef requencyisdevelopedacrosst hesecondar y.

NS/
NP =VS/
VP

NSi
sthenumberoft
urnsi
nsecondar
ycoi
l

NPi
sthenumberoft
urnsi
npr
imar
ycoi
l

VP i
stheal
ter
nat
ingv
olt
ageappl
i
edt
opr
imar
ycoi
l

VS i
stheal
ter
nat
ingv
olt
ageacr
osst
hesecondar
ycoi
l

I
S/I
P=NP/
NS

I
nani
deal
transf
ormeri
nputpower=out
putpower
191|
Page
 VPI
P=VSI
S

NS/
NP =VS/
VP=II
P/S

Atthepowergener ati
ngst at
ion.Thestepupt r
ansfor
mer sstepupt he
outputvol
tagewhi chreducest hecurrentt
hroughthecablesandhencer educe
resi
sti
vepowerl oss.Thenatt heconsumerend, astepdownt ransf
ormerst ep
downt hevoltage.Henceinthiswayt helargescaletr
ansmissi
onofel ect
ri
c
energyoverlongdistancescanbedonebyt r
ansformer.

37. Thel
i
ghtwav
es,or
igi
nat
ingf
rom t
woi
ndependentmonochr
omat
icsour
ces, 5
wil
lnothaveaconstantphasedif
ference.Ther
efore,t
hesesour
ceswillnotbe
coher
entandther
eforewouldnotproduceasustainedi
nter
fer
encepat
tern.

φ
Der
ivat
ionofr
esul
tanti
ntensi
tyI=4a2cos2
2

OR

Apolaroi
dconsi
stsofl
ongchai
nmol
ecul
esal
i
gnedi
napar
ti
cul
ardi
rect
ion.
Theelect
ri
c

vect
orsal
ongt
hedi
rect
ionoft
heal
i
gnedmol
ecul
esgetabsor
bed.So,
whenan
unpol
ari
sed

192|
Page
 l
ightfal
lsonapolar
oid,i
tlet
sonl
ythoseofi
tsel
ect
ri
cvect
orst
hatar
e
osci
ll
ati
ngal
onga

dir
ect
ionper
pendi
cul
art
oit
sal
i
gnedmol
ecul
est
opasst
hroughi
t.Thei
nci
dent
l
ightt
husgets

l
i
near
lypol
ari
sed.

Br
ewst
er’
slawder
ivat
ion+di
agr
am

193|
Page