IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg.

, Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DUPLEX HOUSE WITH

SOLAR PANELS BY USING STAAD PRO
M N S R MADHURI, J.VENKATESH

ABSTRACT: checked the accuracy of the software

with our results. The results proved
The principle objective of this
to be very accurate. We analysed
project is to analyse and design a
and designed a G + 5 storey building
multi-storeyed building (G + 5)(3
[2-D Frame] initially for all possible
dimensional frame)] using STAAD
load combinations [dead, live, wind
Pro. The design involves load
and seismic loads.
calculations manually and analyzing
the whole structure by STAAD Pro.
INTRODUCTION
The design methods used in
STAAD-Pro analysis are Limit State Our project involves analysis and

Design conforming to Indian design of multi-storeyed [G + 6]

Standard Code of Practice. using a very popular designing

STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the- software STAAD Pro. We have

art user interface, visualization tools, chosen STAAD Pro because of its

powerful analysis and design following advantages:

engines with advanced finite  easy to use interface

element and dynamic analysis
 Conformation with the
capabilities.
Indian Standard Codes
From model generation, analysis and
 versatile nature of solving
design to visualization and result
any type of problem
verification, STAAD.Pro is the
 Accuracy of the solution
professional’s choice. Initially we
STAAD.Pro features a state-
started with the analysis of simple 2
of-the-art user interface,
dimensional frames and manually
visualization tools, powerful
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 1
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

analysis and design engines Steel, Concrete, Timber and

with advanced finite element Aluminium design.
and dynamic analysis
To start with we have solved some
capabilities. From model
sample problems using STAAD Pro
generation, analysis and
and checked the accuracy of the
design to visualization and
results with manual calculations.
result verification,
The results were to satisfaction and
STAAD.Pro is the
were accurate. In the initial phase of
professional’s choice for steel,
our project we have done
concrete, timber, aluminium
calculations regarding loadings on
and cold-formed steel design
buildings and also considered
of low and high-rise
seismic and wind loads.
buildings, culverts,
petrochemical plants, tunnels, Structural analysis comprises the set

bridges, piles and much more. of physical laws and mathematics

STAAD.Pro consists
following:
The STAAD.Pro Graphical User
Interface: It is used to generate the
model, which can then be analyzed
using the STAAD engine. After
analysis and design is completed, the
GUI can also be used to view the
results graphically. The STAAD
analysis and design engine: It is a
general-purpose calculation engine
for structural analysis and integrated
required to study and predicts the
of the
behaviour of structures. Structural
analysis can be viewed more
abstractly as a method to drive the
engineering design process or prove
the soundness of a design without a
dependence on directly testing it.
To perform an accurate analysis a
structural engineer must determine
such information as structural loads,
geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of
such an analysis typically include

IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 2
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005
support reactions, stresses
displacements. This information is
then compared to criteria
indicate the conditions of failure.
Advanced structural analysis may
examine dynamic response, stability
and non-linear behaviour. The aim
of design is the achievement of an
acceptable probability that structures
being designed will perform
satisfactorily during their intended
life. With an appropriate degree of
safety, they should sustain all the
loads and deformations of normal
construction and use and have
adequate durability and adequate
resistance to the effects of seismic
and wind. Structure and structural
elements shall normally be designed
by Limit State Method. Account
should be taken of accepted theories,
experiment and experience and the
need to design for durability.
Design, including design
durability, construction and use in
service should be considered as a
whole. The realization of design
objectives requires compliance with
clearly defined standards
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3
and materials, production, workmanship
and also maintenance and use of
that structure in service. The design of
the building is dependent upon the
minimum requirements as
prescribed in the Indian Standard
Codes. The minimum requirements
pertaining to the structural safety of
buildings are being covered by way
of laying down minimum design
loads which have to be assumed for
dead loads, imposed loads, and other
external loads, the structure would
be required to bear. Strict
conformity to loading standards
recommended in this code, it is
hoped, will not only ensure the
structural safety of the buildings
which are being designed.
LOADS CONSIDERED
While considering loads to this
structure we have to be consider
for solar panels weight in dead loads
and apply to the terrace of the
building.
2.1 DEAD LOADS: All permanent
constructions of the structure form
for
Page 3
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005
the dead loads. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls,
partitions floor finishes,
ceilings, false floors and the other
permanent constructions
buildings. The dead load loads may
be calculated from the dimensions of
various members and their unit
weights. the unit weights of plain
concrete and reinforced concrete
made with sand and gravel or
crushed natural stone aggregate may
be taken as 24 kN/m” and 25 kN/m”
respectively.
2.2 IMPOSED LOADS: Imposed
load is produced by the intended use
or occupancy of a building including
the weight of movable partitions,
distributed and concentrated loads,
load due to impact and vibration and
dust loads. Imposed loads do not
include loads due to wind, seismic
activity, snow, and loads imposed
due to temperature changes to which
the structure will be subjected to,
creep and shrinkage of the structure,
the differential settlements to which
the structure may undergo.
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3
2.3 WIND LOAD: Wind is air in
motion relative to the surface of the
false earth. The primary cause of wind is
traced to earth’s rotation and
in the differences in terrestrial radiation.
The radiation effects are primarily
responsible for convection either
upwards or downwards. The wind
generally blows horizontal to the
ground at high wind speeds. Since
vertical components of atmospheric
motion are relatively small, the term
‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively
the horizontal wind, vertical winds
are always identified as such. The
wind speeds are assessed with the
aid of anemometers or anemographs
which are installed at meteorological
observatories at heights generally
varying from 10 to 30 metres above
ground.
Design Wind Speed (V,) The basic
wind speed (V,) for any site shall be
obtained from and shall be modified
to include the following effects to
get design wind velocity at any
height (V,) for the chosen structure:
Page 4
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

a) Risk level; b) Terrain roughness, be made with due regard to the

height and size of structure; and effect of obstructions which
constitute the ground surface
c) Local topography. It can be
roughness. The terrain category used
mathematically expressed as
in the design of a structure may vary
follows:
depending on the direction of wind
Where: V = Vb * kl * k2* k3 under consideration. Wherever

Vb = design wind speed at any sufficient meteorological

height z in m/s; information is available about the

nature of wind direction, the
kl = probability factor (risk
orientation of any building or
coefficient)
structure may be suitably planned.
k2 = terrain, height and structure
Topography (ks Factor) - The
size factor
basic wind speed Vb takes account
k3 = topography factor of the general level of site above sea
level. This does not allow for local
Risk Coefficient (kI Factor)
topographic features such as hills,
gives basic wind speeds for terrain valleys, cliffs, escarpments, or
Category 2 as applicable at 10 m ridges which can significantly affect
above ground level based on 50 wind speed in their vicinity. The
years mean return period. In the effect of topography is to accelerate
design of all buildings and wind near the summits of hills or
structures, a regional basic wind crests of cliffs, escarpments or
speed having a mean return period ridges and decelerate the wind in
of 50 years shall be used. valleys or near the foot of cliff, steep
escarpments, or ridges.
Terrain, Height and Structure
Size Factor (k, Factor) Terrain -
Selection of terrain categories shall

IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 5
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005
WIND PRESSURES
FORCES
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES:
The wind load on a building shall be
calculated for: a) The building as a
whole, b) Individual
elements as roofs and walls, and c)
Individual cladding units including
glazing and their fixings.
Pressure Coefficients
pressure coefficients are always
given for a particular surface or part
of the surface of a building. The
wind load acting normal to a surface
is obtained by multiplying the area
of that surface or its appropriate
portion by the pressure coefficient
(C,) and the design wind pressure at
the height of the surface from the
ground. The average values of these
pressure coefficients
building shapes Average values of
pressure coefficients are given for
critical wind directions in one or
more quadrants. In
determine the maximum wind load
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3
AND on the building, the total load should
ON be calculated for each of the critical
directions shown from all quadrants.
Where considerable variation of
pressure occurs over a surface, it has
been subdivided and mean pressure
structural
coefficients given for each of its
several parts. Then the wind load, F,
acting in a direction normal to the
individual structural element or
Cladding unit is:
- The F= (Cpe – Cpi) A Pd
Where,
Cpe = external pressure coefficient,
Cpi = internal pressure- coefficient,
A = surface area of structural or
cladding unit, and
Pd = design wind pressure element
WORKING WITH STAAD.Pro
for some 3.1 Input Generation:
The GUI (or user) communicates
with the STAAD analysis engine
through the STD input file. That
order to
input file is a text file consisting of a
series of commands which are
Page 6
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

executed sequentially. The designing structures consisting of

commands contain either frame, plate/shell and solid
instructions or data pertaining to elements. Almost any type of
analysis and/or design. The STAAD structure can be analyzed by
input file can be created through a STAAD. A SPACE structure, which
text editor or the GUI Modeling is a three dimensional framed
facility. In general, any text editor structure with loads applied in any
may be utilized to edit/create the plane, is the most general. A
STD input file. The GUI Modeling PLANE structure is bound by a
facility creates the input file through global X-Y coordinate system with
an interactive menu-driven graphics loads in the same plane. A TRUSS
oriented procedure. structure consists of truss members
which can have only axial member
forces and no bending in the
members

A FLOOR structure is a two or three

dimensional structure having no
horizontal (global X or Z)
movement of the structure [FX, FZ
&MY are restrained at every joint].
The floor framing (in global X-Z
plane) of a building is an ideal
example of a FLOOR structure.
Fig 3.1: STAAD input file Columns can also be modeled with
the floor in a FLOOR structure as
3.2 Types of Structures:
long as the structure has no
A STRUCTURE can be defined as horizontal loading. If there is any
an assemblage of elements. STAAD
is capable of analyzing and
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 7
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

horizontal load, it must be analyzed If Poisson's ratio is not provided,

as a SPACE structure. STAAD will assume a value for this
quantity based on the value of E.
3.3 Generation of the structure:
Coefficient of thermal expansion
The structure may be generated from
(ALPHA) is used to calculate the
the input file or mentioning the co-
expansion of the members if
ordinates in the GUI. The figure
temperature loads are applied. The
below shows the GUI generation
temperature unit for temperature
method.
load and ALPHA has to be the same.
3.4 Material Constants:

The material constants are: modulus 3.5 Supports:

of elasticity (E); weight density Supports are specified as PINNED,

(DEN); Poisson's ratio (POISS); co- FIXED, or FIXED with different

efficient of thermal expansion releases (known as FIXED BUT). A

(ALPHA), Composite Damping pinned support has restraints against

Ratio, and beta all translational movement and none

angle (BETA) or coordinates for any against rotational movement. In

reference (REF) point. E value for other words, a pinned support will

members must be provided or the have reactions for all forces but will

analysis will not be performed. resist no moments. A fixed support

Weight density (DEN) is used only has restraints against all directions

when self weight of the structure is of movement. Translational and

to be taken into account. Poisson's rotational springs can also be

ratio (POISS) is used to calculate the specified. The springs are

shear modulus (commonly known as represented in terms of their spring

G) by the formula, constants. A translational spring

G = 0.5 x E/ (1 + POISS) constant is defined as the force to

displace a support joint one length
unit in the specified global direction.
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 8
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

Similarly, a rotational spring STAAD PRO has the capability to

constant is defined as the force to calculate the reinforcement needed
rotate the support joint one degree for any concrete section. The
around the specified global program contains a number of
direction. parameters which are designed as
3.6 Loads: per IS: 456(2000). Beams are
Loads in a structure can be specified designed for flexure, shear and
as joint load, member load, torsion.
temperature load and fixed-end Design for Flexure:
member load. STAAD can also Maximum sagging (creating tensile
generate the self-weight of the stress at the bottom face of the
structure and use it as uniformly beam) and hogging (creating tensile
distributed member loads in stress at the top face) moments are
analysis. Any fraction of this self calculated for all active load cases at
weight can also be applied in any each of the above mentioned
desired direction. sections. Each of these sections are
Joint loads: designed to resist both of these
Joint loads, both forces and critical sagging and hogging
moments, may be applied to any free moments. Where ever the
joint of a structure. These loads act rectangular section is inadequate as
in the global coordinate system of singly reinforced section, doubly
the structure. Positive forces act in reinforced section is tried.
the positive coordinate directions. Design for Shear:
Any number of loads may be applied Shear reinforcement is calculated to
on a single joint, in which case the resist both shear forces and torsional
loads will be additive on that joint. moments. Shear capacity calculation
at different sections without the
CONCLUSION
shear reinforcement is based on the
actual tensile reinforcement
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 9
IJCSIET--International Journal of Computer Science information and Engg., Technologies ISSN 2277-4408 || 01032016-005

provided by STAAD program. Two- REFERENCE

legged stirrups are provided to take
care of the balance shear forces
acting on these sections.
Beam Design Output:
The default design output of the
beam contains flexural and shear
reinforcement provided along the
length of the beam.
Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial
forces and biaxial moments at the
ends. All active load cases are tested
to calculate reinforcement.
loading which yield
reinforcement is called the critical
load. Column design is done for
square section. Square columns are
designed with reinforcement
Dr. S.R. Karve&Dr. V.L. Shah -
“Illustrated design of Reinforced
concrete Buildings”
N. Krishna Raju - “Advanced
Reinforced Concrete design”
“STAAD Pro 2004 – Getting started
& tutorials”
- Published by: R .E. I.
“STAAD Pro 2004 – Technical
reference manual”
- Published by: R.E.I.
IS 875 - BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR
The SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
maximum IS 456 - BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH
ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
IS 1893-2000 - BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS

distributed on each side equally for MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH

ZAFAR MARG
the sections under biaxial moments NEW DELHI 110002
and with reinforcement distributed IS 1893-2002 - BUREAU OF INDIAN
STANDARDS
equally in two faces for sections
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH
under uni-axial moment. All major ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
criteria for selecting longitudinal and 56
transverse reinforcement as
stipulated by IS: 456 have been
taken care of in the column design
of STAAD.
IJCSIET-ISSUE6-VOLUME1-SERIES3 Page 10