Repeat Breeder Cow PDF

REPEAT BREEDER COW SYNDROME
A CHALLENGE TO THE VETERINARIAN
Dr.V.N.Viswanatha Reddy
Former Professor,
Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics,
Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024
E-mail: vnvreedy2004@gmail.com
Cell: 94480-52640
Phone: 080 – 41640782
25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 1

REPEAT BREEDER COW
• CYCLE LENGTH • NORMAL

• OESTROUS FLOW • APPARENTLY NORMAL
• GENITALIA • APPARENTLY NORMAL
• TECHNIQUE OF AI • PROPER
• STAGE OF HEAT • PROPER
• BULL/BUFFALO BULL/ • FERTILE
SEMEN
• NUMBER OF SERVICES/AI • 2 OR MORE
• CONCEPTION • FAILED
• AGE OF COW • BELOW 14 YEARS

MISTAKES: COW OWNER/ATTENDANT
• LOW / MARGINAL FEEDING OF PREGNANT COW
FAILED TO
• IDENTIFY PROPER STAGE OF HEAT
• CALCULATE INTERVAL OF 2 HEATS/AI
• GESTATIONAL HEAT - 7, 14, 21 DAYS
• PROVIDE BEDDING WHILE CALVING
• SKIP 2 HEATS AFTER - RFM, ABORTION, DYSTOKIA,
EVERSION OF UTERUS
• OBSERVE - dirty discharge 1st 3 DAYS AFTER AI
• CORRECT AFTER EFFECTS OF FMD
• PREVENT EXCITING WHILE DOING AI - PERITONITIS

MISTAKES DONE BY THE INSEMINATOR
FAILED TO
• EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF EYE
• ENQUIRE -QUALITY/ QTY of DISCHARGE
• KEEP 8-10 cm DISTANCE - LN2 MOUTH, STRAW TOP
• THAWING SEMEN - NOT USING THERMOMETER
– HAND THAWING, USING ICE
• CARRY SEMEN PROPERLY- AVOID POCKET METHOD
• HYGIENIC AI - NOT WASHED/NOT WIPED DRY
• DEPOSITING SEMEN - i/c ONLY no need to do i/u AI
• NOT TRAINED TO EVALUATE GENITALIA / OVARIES
MISTAKES DONE BY THE DOCTOR
FAILED TO:
1. EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF EYE
2. CALCULATE INTERVAL OF 2 HEATS/AI
3. EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF VULVA
4. IDENTIFY PROPER STAGE OF HEAT
5. EVALUATE B.C.S., GENITALIA, OVARIES
6. EVALUATE SUB-CLINICAL, CLINICAL ACIDOSIS
7. EVALUATE SUB-CLINICAL, CLINICAL MASTITIS
8. FAILED TO CALCULATE DRY MATTER
REQUIREMENT

Early repeaters
• In these animals the luteal function has been
shorter than normal physiological estrus cycle
Cows come into heat within 17-24 days after AI
• In these cows the most probable event is either
failure of fertilization (delayed ovulation, poor
semen quality etc.)
• or early embryonic death (delayed ovulation,
poor embryo quality, unfavorable uterine
environment, precocious luteolysis)

Late repeaters
• In these animals the luteal function was maintained
for longer than the physiological luteal phase.
Cows come into heat 25 days after AI
• Fertilization and initial recognition of pregnancy
probably took place but for some reason
(inadequate luteal function, inadequate embryo
signaling, infectious diseases, induced luteolysis)
luteolysis was induced and pregnancy lost.

Using hormones in a Repeat breeder cow not conceived after 3 AI
AI at detected heat Fixed time AI
Inadequate Adequate heat Adequate heat detection

heat detection detection
Check length Delayed
Implement Implement of heat ovulation
estrus estrus
synchronization synchronization Pattern of Embryonic
repeaters mortality
Double PG at Ovasynch cycle length
11 to 14th day protocol
Uterine infections
AI at detected GnRH then PG Cytology, Antiseptics

heat FTI at 24 h discharge antibiotics,
post 2nd GnRH white side test hormones
injection
Rule out Errors in feeding & heat detection, Wrong time of AI,
Wrong AI technique, Endometritis before using hormones
Early repeaters below Late repeaters above
25 days post AI 25 days post AI
Delayed ovulation, EED- EED- Genetic, infection,

Genetic, infection, due to due to inadequate early
inadequate early luteal luteal function,
function precocious luteolysis
GnRH in Early heat, GnRH in Early heat,

Change the bull, post Change the bull, post
AI antibiotics, hCG 4-6 AI antibiotics, hCG 4-6
days after AI days after AI, GnRH
11-12 d post AI
•Top two lines of High Fertile group has more volume of CL and more P4 levels too
•Bottom two lines of Low Fertile group has less volume of CL and less P4 levels too
Conclusion
• Steam up pregnant cow - last 60 days of pregnancy 3.5 to 5.5
kg concentrates TID adopt TMR. Check dry matter intake.
• Feed concentrates between 30 to 60 mts after feeding fodder.
• Feed daily ½ kg of germinated horse gram last 60 days of
gestation. Grind and boil it before feeding. (Vit E + Se).
Reduces chances of RFM, endometritis, helps in quick
involution of uterus.
• Feed colostrum within 15 mts to the new born calf. Early
maturity, more milk than its mother, regular breeder.
• Deworm, feed grain on day 6, legume fodder from day 31st.
• Heifers above 3 years if bred for 1st time they are problem
breeders. UDG Depot progesterone inj and skip 1 heat.
• Identify proper stage of heat. Exam mucosa of the eye.
Deworming and feed mineral mixture at proper levels.

Conclusion
• Bedding while calving, avoid manual removal of placenta.
• Examine the uterine discharge for 3 days after AI.
• No AI in Post estrus bleeding case.
• Avoid doing AI between 4 to 14 day from last AI - mid cycle
heat. Maintain records.
• Proper hygiene while doing AI.
• Handle semen container properly and semen straws.
• Avoid pocketing semen straws. Carry the semen container.
• After effects of FMD cases. Can conceive in 3-4 months.
• With Mild to severe endometritis – GHG, Vit E + Se. PGs at
14 days interval. Use Tris EDTA buffer. Sexual rest. If ovaries
sub-functional use GnRH, then PGs
• Sub clinical acidosis (LLR) – change feeding strategies.
Feeding Sodium bicarbonate at appropriate qty.
Conclusion
• Subclinical Mastitis – CMT /Mastect/Mastrip paper. Treat
(VitE+ Se) Antibiotic sensitivity test. Mineral mixture
• Prolonged heat ( 3, 4 days heat) Anovulatory cycles. Extra
concentrates feeding TID (30-60 mts after fodder is fed).
Check dry matter intake.
• Deworming. Mineral mixture. Ectoparasites (uroplasma)
• Weekly exam. of uterus, ovaries for the physiological
changes if no changes use of hormones (GnRH).
Evaluating uterine tubularity before AI.
• Use White side test, Tubal blockage, Uterine biopsy.
• Educating the farmer in proper management, vaccinations
maintaining records and feeding.
• Training the Para veterinary staff. Refresher training.

WHY WE FAIL TO ACHIVE GOALS
• LACK OF COMMITMENT TO DO SERVICE
• POOR EXTENSION
• NOT TRYING TO ACQUIRE NEW
KNOWLEDGE
• LESS ENCOURAGEMENT FROM SENIORS
OR OFFICERS
• WE TRY TO COMMENT ON OTHERS
RATHER THAN LOOKING AT US
• TARGETS ARE FIXED WITHOUT PROPER
BASIS
• SOME FIGURES ARE COOKED UP

Meeting dry matter requirement
• Minimum 2.5% of the body weight for dry
animals.
• It should meet the TDN and CP requirement
• It has to meet the ADF and NDF needs
• It also has to meet major and trace minerals
• And the vitamin needs
• Water, light and comfort during dry
pregnancy period.
Repeat breeder cow syndrome 15

BODY CONDITION SCORE
Body Condition Score 3.00/5.00

Body Condition Score 3.75/5.00

• TEST - BCS One month prior to Calving
and on the day of Calving
• POOR - Spine is felt just below skin*
• MEDIUM - With little pressure spine is felt
• FATTENED - With pressure spine is not felt**
*- post partum heat seen after 120 days -CR < 40%
– INCREASE 0.5 kg feed /day to increase 0.25 score **
- Dystocia?, RFM, post partum metritis < CR
–REDUCE 0.5 kg feed /day to decrease 0.25 score

LOW or MARGINAL FEEDING OF PREGNANT COW
No.of days Post partum Conception Rate
• 11 to 35 days 100%*
• 35 to 45 days 92%
• 46 to 60 days 83%
• 61-90 days 74%
• 91-120 days 60%
• Beyond 120 days 40%
• *Fallopian tubes flushed on day3
• * Information from Spallanzini Institute

PROPER STAGE OF OESTROUS
• >70% animals show heat during night (Video)
• am pm rule or timed AI: CR - poor (up to 45%)
• Standing heat - big follicle ( >50% thickness of
ovary) fluctuating, vulval mucosa uniform pink,
mucus string hangs up to hock. Eye mucosa - pink.
• At Ashirvanam dairy AI at 4 pm(CR>50%) feeding
TID, UAS dairy AI at 10 am <45% - feeding BID
• Early heat - vulval mucosal capillaries injected -
mucus string hangs up to ground, follicle tough
• Late heat - vulval mucosal capillaries cyanotic -
mucus string may hang < 25cm, follicle flaccid

Mounting behavior in pro oestrous, early heat, mid heat.
Androstenidione produced from the theca interna cells of the follicle
acts on CNS and shows the mounting behaviour and or bellowing.
This type of estrus behaviour is genetic.
We have to select such animals, not silent heaters.
CALCULATE INTERVAL OF 2 HEATS/AI
• Delayed ovulation • An ovulation
• Cycle Length Normal • Irregular (LH:FSH?)
• BBT Drop 1OF - 1 day later * • No drop in BBT
* 8-24 hrs before AI 2.5ml Receptal /
5ml Fertagyl / 1500 i.u. hCG or 1mg
Bromocryptine (2.5 mg x 4 Proctinol
tabs)
• Previous CL not regressed* • CL absent
-* 1st degree endometritis - PGs, Post AIAb?, Vit E &
Sod.Selenite or sprouted horse gram, grind, boil, feed
Low feeding, minerals, Check dry matter intake, worms,
subclinical acidosis, after effects of FMD
Deworm, minerals, Check DM intake (adopt TMR), give
fodder then feed 3 times/day 60-90 days, sod.bicarb, Fried
Til, soaked fenugreek seeds-10d., iodinized salt/pig stomach

GESTATIONAL HEAT
• GESTATIONAL HEAT - 7 to 14 DAYS after AI - No AI. *
• GESTATIONAL HEAT - 21 DAYS* Both CL and FOLLICLE
rarely CL may be smooth - Compare dimensions (LxBxH) of
ovary ON the DAY of AI and Following heat; Bigger - Pregnant**
** P4 -ELISA TEST (day 23 & onwards)
• * FOLLICLE secretes up to 35 days of pregnancy(?)
17beta oestradiol - helps in hypertrophy of uterine
muscle fibers - needed to accommodate foetus & fluids
• >35 days Pregnancy - 5ml urine + 20ml water + 20-25
whole wheat seeds - on 5th day seeds will not germinate
• 3rd MONTH onwards - Mucus tip CLUB SHAPE in
PREGNANT animal MATCH STICK SHAPE in Non-
Pregnant animal. If mucus string is held in fingers and
gently rolled if it sticks to fingers the animal is not
pregnant. If it fails to stick the animal is pregnant.

Pregnancy test – wheat seed germination method
control - water all wheat seeds germinate. By
day 5 the length of the pumule is 4 to 5 cm.
Pregnancy test – wheat seed germination method
Non pregnant - few wheat seeds will germinate.
By day 5 the length of the pumule is 4 to 5 cm.

98% accurate. 30 days
Pregnancy test
Wheat seed germination
method -
in pregnancy on day 5
Wheat seeds don’t
germinate. In very few
germinated seeds the
pumule length is short

30 days, 98%accurate Pregnancy test
Wheat seed germination method. 5 days
test period. Green gram seed 3 days test period
Provide bedding while calving
• Mild endometritis *
• 1 or more AI per conception.
• Provide lengthy straw bedding - while calving
• Contraindicated bedding - sawdust, paddy husk,
groundnut shells, dried leaves
• * 1 to 3 days after AI - dirty discharge, vulval
mucosa examination
• *PGs, i/u antibiotics, Vit E & Sod. Selenite or
sprouted horse gram, grind, boil, feed

Clean the vulval lips,
tail, thighs, udder
before calving

Provide bedding
while calving to
avoid endometritis

Skip 2 heats - partum &
post partum problems
• Dystokia, RFM, eversion of uterus, and abortion

• Treat with antibiotics intra uterine in a buffer
having 25ml of 50mM tris buffer and 25ml of
250mM of EDTA for desired number of days.
• * 1 to 3 days after AI - dirty discharge, vulval
mucosa examination
• *PGs, i/u antibiotics, Vit E & Sod. Selenite or

Post AI/Heat - dirty discharge
• Dirty discharge - at lying place in the shed
• Opening the vulval lips 1 to 3 days - pus string,
pus on vulval edge, pus flakes, zig-zag fine pus
string on vulval lips edge
• Early heat mucus - 8 WBC/ HP field
• TREATMENT:
• 150mg of sod. selenite & 200mg vit.E -3 to 5 d.
• PGs, i/u antibiotics in - 25ml of 50mM tris buffer
and 25ml of 250mM of EDTA for desired period
Note: the white pus string
in between the vulval lips
mild/moderate endometritis.

Note: Pus on the edge,
first / second degree
endometritis

White side test
1 ml of 5% Sodium hydroxide mixed to 1ml of mucus
discharge in a test tube and mixed well.
Boiled for one minute in a hot water bath and cooled.
If the colour is unchanged or turbid uterus is healthy.
If the colour is light yellow – 1st degree endometritis
If the colour is yellow – 2nd degree endometritis
If the colour is dark yellow – 3rd degree endometritis / Metritis.
Advice: Oral sodium selinite 150mg + Evion capsule
200mg daily 5 to 7 days or germinated horse gram, grind,
Boil with salt /jaggary ½ kg/ day 20 - 30 days. If CL is there
PG vet mate, i/u treatment, Oral homoeo drugs(metritis pills)

Post estrus bleeding (POB)
• Physiological event follicle present- 1 - 3 days after
heat, can be pro-oestral AI (3 d. back AI)
• Androstenidione - theca interna of follicle -CNS
- bellows, mounts 1 - 3 days after heat
• Less elastic connective tissue, when blood
pressure decreases in the uterus - diapedesis of
RBC through the endothelial lining
• Milk out uterus - if no change in consistency,
shape, tonicity - It is healthy uterus, though
follicle is present AI is not advised, GnRh was
given and AI done no result . 30% heifers do
conceive in spite of bleeding after AI.
• Uterus - rock hard - not conceived
• Vit E inj?
Note: the blood
tinge, abortion / Post
oestrous bleeding
/recent calving

Ectoparasites – Lice Uroplasma
• Lice in the tail crawl up to the ventral vulval
region and bite. This irritation makes the animal to
rub its tail to walls or pillars causes abrasion and
later fungal infection.
• If these lice carry the Uroplasma organism it
causes endometritis – very thin copious discharge
during estrus
• Ovaries are sub functional AI gun passes in to the
uterus at any day of the estrus cycle.
• Intra uterine Lincomicin / Povodine iodine.
• Externally, weekly once 1 ml Butox/liter of water
After effects of FMD
• Anovulatory cycles - hormones Thyroid has failed
• Iodinated salt - 30gms bid 60 days
• Fry 500 gms of Gingilly/Til add jaggary - 10days
• Soak 50gms Fenugreek seeds -12 to 24 hrs 10days
• Homoeo drugs, Ipecac 200, Iodum 200 each 10 pills fed
3times a day for 7-10 days
• Stomach+1 foot long intestines of a slaughtered pig is
cut, cooked add salt black pepper - twice 15 days once
• Colossal iodine - orally, Iodinated milk s/c inj/ Thyroid
tablets

Prevent excitement - at the time of AI
• Lead the animal into Travis - pass lead rope over

poll region, talk to the animal, be massaging on
head or body. Cow - flap of flank can be held
• Give rest (15mts) before & after AI or adopt door
step AI - higher CR. Avoid excitement during AI
• Highly excited animal - primary peritonitis after
AI next day off feed is noticed
• Pouring cold water on the body - helps sperm
propulsion

MISTAKES DONE BY THE INSEMINATOR
FAILED TO
• EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF EYE
• ENQUIRE -QUALITY/ QTY of DISCHARGE
• KEEP 8-10 cm DISTANCE - LN2 MOUTH, STRAW TOP
• THAWING SEMEN - NOT USING THERMOMETER
– HAND THAWING, USING ICE
• CARRY SEMEN PROPERLY- AVOID POCKET METHOD
• HYGIENIC AI - NOT WASHED/NOT WIPED DRY
• DEPOSITING SEMEN - i/c ONLY no need to do i/u AI
• NOT TRAINED TO EVALUATE GENITALIA / OVARIES
Picture shows intra uterine method of A.I.
Intra cervical A.I. - preferred method for A.I.Workers

Why intra cervical AI?
1. Pregnant animal can come in to heat (3-14 day, 21, 30 - 45th day)
after AI. AI workers not trained in PD. Even graduates fail in PD.
2. ½ semen intra uterine and ½ semen intra cervically has resulted
in 1% extra conception rate. (India has 153 million breedable
bovine population) (1% of 35% conception rate, calving once in 2
years = 2678 animals)
3. In natural service semen gets sprayed on to the cervix 7% extra
conception when compared to that of AI with same bull semen.
4. In woman a cervical factor (Beta amylase and chelated calcium
ions) present in cervix capacitate the sperms (IVF also). Their
concentration may be high in uterine fluids compared to cervical
mucus in bovines. In uterus 18 hrs time for capacitation.
5. Diagnosis of the stage of heat is a problem. In early heat i/c AI.

Why cervical AI?
When mucus is sticky fails to stick to the fingers animal is
21, 30, 45 days pregnant. If owner insists do i/c AI only
Late heat mucus is thick and sticks to the fingers.

Storage of semen
Lifting the
canister
Left is
correct
Right is
wrong.
(x) distance
from mouth
end to top end
of straw 8-10
centimeters
Note correct distance from mouth end to top end of straw

Correct method of transferring goblet
Incorrect method of lifting semen straw

THAWING SEMEN
• Keep thermometer in water, add hot water,
mix temp. of water at 35 -37OC.
• Dipping fingers testing temp - is wrong
• 8 -10 cm distance between the top end of
semen straw & mouth of LN2 container
• Use bent forceps - shake the straw add to
water at 35 -37OC.

Thawing semen at 35-37o C. Note the use of thermometer. Remove
straw from water, wipe dry, avoid water droplet to avoid cold shock

MISTAKES DONE BY THE DOCTOR
FAILED TO:
1. EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF EYE
2. CALCULATE INTERVAL OF 2 HEATS/AI
3. EVALUATE COLOUR OF MUCOSA OF VULVA
4. IDENTIFY PROPER STAGE OF HEAT
5. EVALUATE B.C.S., GENITALIA, OVARIES
6. EVALUATE SUB-CLINICAL, CLINICAL ACIDOSIS
7. EVALUATE SUB-CLINICAL, CLINICAL MASTITIS
8. FAILED TO CALCULATE DRY MATTER
REQUIREMENT

EVALUATE GENITALIA, OVARIES
• Mucosa of eye
• Vulval mucosa
• Sacrosciatic ligaments relaxation
• Tonicity of uterus
• Tubularity of uterus
• Consistency of uterus
• Evaluating ovaries

STAGES OF HEAT - VARIATIONS IN DISCHARGE
AND COLOUR OF MUCOSA
Early heat Mid heat Late heat
Cow – low Hb %* Pale-vulval Capillaries injected Capillaries-cyanotic
mucosa
Cow – normal Only capillaries Uniformly pink, Mucosa uniformly
Hb % are injected moist, shining cyanotic
Buffalo cow-low Pale-vulval Capillaries injected Capillaries-cyanotic
Hb %* mucosa
Buffalo cow – Upper 1/3 of vulva Uniformly pink, Mucosa uniformly
normal Hb% More pink moist, shining cyanotic
Cow- mucus Copious, thin, Less copious, Moderately thick,
discharge hangs from vulva moderately thick, hangs up to 25-30 cm
to ground hangs upto hock
Buffalo cow - As above- but As above- but string Moderately thick,
mucus discharge string is very thin is moderaely thin hangs up to 15-20 cm
* Low Hb % (below 8% oxyhaemoglobin – eye lid mucosa will be pale in these animals).
Even for scanty mucus flow - few farmers consider animal is in heat. Educate them properly.

Anoestrous, pale
vulval mucosa in
a buffalo

Anoestrous - pale vulval mucosa in a buffalo
Early heat – buffalo Upper 1/3 part of vulval mucosa is pink

Early heat in Buffalo, upper 1/3rd mucosa is pink

Mid heat in Buffalo, uniformly injected capillaries - poor
haemoglobin levels ends up in Anovulatory heat
Injury at the time of
calving
Use M & B antiseptic
Cream 1 part + 4 parts
water as an emulsion
Hongey Oil + Slaked
lime + Turmeric
powder for application

LICE INFESTATION (VULVA AND TAIL)
• They will look like human head lice (black

in cows may be white in colour in buffaloes).
They can carry Ureaplasma organisms and if
they lodge in the uterus they cause occult
endometritis.
• Use Lincomicin or mild antiseptics like
Betadine intrauterine for 3 days.
• Externally apply weekly ecto-paraciticide.
1ml Butox per liter of water.

Examination of uterine tubularity at base of uterus

Round tubularity, conical tubularity- both normal
Flat tubularity-normal; Biconcave -abnormal

Round tubularity, conical tubularity- both normal
Flat tubularity-normal; Biconcave -abnormal

Round/flat tubularity is normal, but after milking
uterus from its tip to base no change should occur

Uterus milked out from tip to base - dirty discharge expelled out.
For 3 days after AI - vulval mucosa examination pus flakes
2nd degree endometritis
EVALUATING OVARIAN STRUCTURES
Size of follicle Size of CL
When compared Consitency when compared Consit REMARKS
to the thickness of follicle to the thickness ency
of ovary of ovary of CL
Below 50% Tough Below 25% to thin Soft Recent ovulation
spread over ovary* * felt like a cap
Below 50% Tough Below 25% Hard Anovulatory heat
Up to 50% Tough Below 25% Hard Can be anovulatory heat,
Can be in pro-oestrous
Up to 50% Tough 25% to 50% Hard Pro-oestrous
Up to 50% Tough Above 50% Maety Mid cycle heat
(anovulatory heat)
Above 50% Tough Below 25% Hard Early heat/pro-oestrous
Above 50% Tough Up to 50% Hard Pro-oestrous/
Delayed ovulator
Above 50% Fluctuating Below 25% Hard Mid heat
Above 50% Flaccid Below 25% Hard Late heat / Offheat
Above 50% Tough, No CL. Rarely is ----- Cystic ovary.
Fluctuating seen with luteal cyst
Examination of right
ovary, finger tips are in
opposition with internal
pole of the ovary

Sperms reach Isthmus in 5 minutes after AI/NS. survives for
30-36 hours. Keep the animal calm before, during & after AI

Hafez's experiments showed ovary bursts at ovulation in rabbit.
Not so. Follicle opens like a pimple, pin point hole. The
follicular fluid has PGs which on contact with the fimbria, make
it sweep on the ovulation spot which tears and ova enters FT.
Note the
crown of
CL is
protruded
and a
central
depression

Old
1 - 2 days
CL
3 - 4 days
6 - 8 days
8 - 10 days
12 - 14 days
(cyst 8 mm)
16 - 18 days
20 - 22 days
Various ages of C L - Note Regressing C L

day 12 to 14 with cyst - pseudo pregnancy. 74
Shapes of Corpora lutea
• Upper row – each ovary has an active CL

• Middle row – 3rd ovary has smooth CL see the blood capillaries
• Lower row – each has either regressing or regressed CL
Changes
in the
shape of
ovaries
during
estrus
cycle
Left CL & Right follicle - midcycle heat / early pregnancy

Note the presence of large follicle & CL in the same
ovary, can be seen each in a ovary, gestational heat,
seen in mid cycle heat, but AI is contra indicated.
Regressing C L - 50% of the thickness of ovary

CL
Developing Follicle
Both C L and Developing Follicle are seen in early

pregnancy
Regressed C L - 25% of the thickness of ovary

Follicular cyst. Note thin wall

Cystic C.L Note the thick wall - pseudo pregnancy?

Evaluating for sub Clinical Mastitis
• White callus on the teat pore. Over milking, not allowing
calf to suckle after milking/ post milk teat spray, not
cleaning teat pore before milking
• Crack (hair line) in the teat pore. (Examine after milking
before its closure with a torch light).
• Sudden increase in the milk yield can be suspected for
Acute Mastitis. (Change in fodder/ feed, Estrus etc)
• Use Mastect or Mastrip or Bromo thymol blue indicator
paper to test the pH of milk. If paper turns green it is sub
clinical state. Reliable only 40 to 60%.
• Or boil the milk from each teat separately till it boils,
check for the milk sediments.
If sediments seen on the sides – sub clinical mastitis.
Reliable only 40 to 60%.
• Best is electrical conductivity
Sub clinical mastitis (LLR)
•White callus on the teat pore.

•Crack (hair line) in the teat pore. (Examine after milking with a torch light).
•Sudden increase in the milk yield can be suspected for Acute Mastitis. (Change
in fodder/ feed, Estrus etc)
•Use Mastect or Mastrip or Bromo thymol blue indicator paper to test the pH of
milk. If paper turns green it is sub clinical state. Reliable only 40 to 60%.
•Or boil the milk from each teat separately till it boils, check for the milk
sediments. If sediments seen on the sides – sub clinical mastitis. Reliable only
40 to 60%. Both tests are reliable 40- 60% only.
•Electrical conductivity test is more reliable.

Detecting mastitis

Use Mastect / Mastrip paper to detect mastitis
Yellow - Normal Light Green - Sub clinical mastitis ?
Green - Sub clinical mastitis Blue - Clinical mastitis

Sub clinical acidosis
• While ruminating the cud gives acidic or arrack smell.
Milk gives low lactometer reading. Cow < than 1.028;
Buff < than 1.030. Dung sticky, grains in the dung, pasty dung,
watery dung with air bubbles, dung - bad smell (parasitic load)
• Withdraw salt feeding / feed salt
• Feed Sodium bicarbonate (cooking soda)15 gm TID on
alternate day up to 10 lts. milk, above that 5 gm per liter of
milk yield. Avoid Sodium carbonate (washing soda), which
causes diarrhoea.
• Feeding 10 to 15% of gram husk in the ration.
• Feeding Glyricedia, Subabul, Sesbania, etc as fodder.
• Providing slaked lime water to drink.
• Giving Mineral mixture.
• Giving necessary quantity of oil cake. Feed Azola
Dry matter requirement
• A non productive animal requires 2.5% of its body
as dry matter.
• As the milk production of an animal increases the
dry matter requirement can go as high as 4.5% of
the body weight of an animal. Cow pea 1 row
maize 2 rows cut at 60-70days. Up to 10 liters
milk no concentrates. Enrich fodder with 2%urea.
• If the fat % of milk, pregnancy and growth are the
other factors which demand extra dry matter
requirement of the animal.

Dry matter requirement
• Animal eats minimum 6% of its body weight the
green fodders
• Animal eats minimum 2% of its body weight the
dry fodder
• Animal requires concentrates 30 to 40% of its
milk yield
• Each liter of milk drains 3 grams of minerals, so
we have to supplement that much minerals in
addition to its body requirement, say 10 liter
producing animal needs 100 gms min mix per day
Examples of feeding regimes for lactating buffaloes 550 kg
Milk yield 4% FCM Kg dry matter of roughage Kg dry matter of

(7% fat) concentrate
4 kg 5.8 kg 3.5 alfalfa hay + 3.2 maize silage + 4 wheat straw or 2 wheat bran
3.5 alfalfa hay + 6 wheat straw and
5 kg 7.40 kg 2 alfalfa hay + 4 maize silage + 4 fresh sorghum
7 kg 10.15 kg 5.3 alfalfa hay + 5.5 maize silage or 4.5 alfalfa hay 2 wheat bran
+ 5 maize silage + 2 wheat straw or 3.5 alfalfa hay +
5.5 maize silage and
9 kg 13.05 5.6 alfalfa hay + 5.5 maize silage + 3 wheat straw or 2.5 wheat bran
4.5 alfalfa hay + 5.5 maize silage and
10 kg 14.50 6 alfalfa hay + 7 maize silage or 9 alfalfa hay + 3 1 cotton-seed-cake
maize silage and
12 kg 17.40 7 alfalfa hay + 5 maize silage + 2 wheat straw and 1.5 wheat bran
15 kg 21.75 7.5 alfalfa hay + 6 maize silage and 2.2 wheat bran + 0.5
molasses + 0.3 urea
15 kg 21.75 8 alfalfa hay + 6 maize silage and 2.5 wheat bran + 0.5
molasses
15 kg 21.75 or 13 maize silage 3 cotton seed cake

Daily nutrient requirements of high yielders
Body Frame size (Body wt. TDN CP g/d Ca g/d Pg/ Vit. A ME UDP RDP
kg) kg/d d I.U./d MJ/d g/d g/d
Small Maintenance 3.13 318 16 11 48,000 51
(400)
Milk(20 kg/d) 6.44 1800 64 40 104
Gain (0.2 kg/d) 0.45 64 - - 7
Total 10.02 2182 80 51 162 880 1355
Medium Maintenance 3.70 364 20 14 70,000 60

(500)
Milk (30 kg/d) 9.66 2700 96 59 156
Gain (0.3 kg/d) 0.68 96 - - 11
Total 14.04 3160 116 73 227 1130 1920
Large Maintenance 4.24 406 24 17 90,000 68

(600)
Milk (40 kg/d) 12.88 3600 128 79 208
Gain (0.4 kg/d) 0.90 128 - 15
Total 18.02 4134 152 96 29! 1395 2454
TDN = Total digestible nutrients, CP = Crude Protein, Ca = Calcium, P = Phosphorus, Vit A = Vitamin A, ME = Metabolizable
energy, UDP = Undegraded dietary protein, RDP = Rumen degraded protein.

Feeding guidelines for high yielders under conditions of
availability of good quality green grass and legumes
Body frame size (Body Body condition Milk production Green Legum Cereal Conc. Mix ISI
weight kg) score (kg/d) grass e hay straw type 1
Small (400) 2.75 10 20 2.5 1.0 3.0
20 25 3.5 1.0 6.0
Medium (500) 2.75 30 20 3.5 0.5 12.5
Large (600) 2.75 40 25 4.0 - 17.0
If the body condition score is more than 3.0, reduce concentrate mixture at the rate of 0.5 kg for 0.25 raise in body condition
score. Composition of Indian Standard Concentrate Mixture type feeds for cattle and buffaloes

ISI standards for cattle feed
ISI Conc. I II III ISI Conc. I II III
Mix/type Mix/type
Moisture(%) 11 11 11 Crude Fiber 8.0 12.0 16.00

(%)
Crude Protein 20 18 16 Sand / silica 4.0 4.5 5.0

(%)
Fat (min%) 2.5 2.0 1.5

Feeding guidelines for high yielders under conditions of
scarcity of green fodder and legumes
Body frame size Body Milk Cereal Green grass Concentrate Mixture
(Body wt. kg) condition production straw Kg/d kg/d ISI type 1 kg/d
score kg/d
Small (300) 2.75 10 Ad.lib 5 5.0
Small (400) 2.75 20 Ad.lib 10 11.0
Medium (500) 2.75 30 Ad.lib 20 14.0
Large (600) 2.75 40 Ad.lib 20 19.0

Failure of nidation of
fertilized ovum
• Fertilized ovum - on day 4 (in uterus)
• On day 11 gets nidated to uterine wall
• Omnacillin/ Munomycin forte is IM
• Injection on day on day 3 and on day 10

Penetration of Sperm
into zona pellucida

Oval / Embryo Mortality - up to 15 days
cycle length does not alter

Slipping of Amnion(membranes) on the longitudinal length of uterus
correct method of diagnosing early pregnancy
Foetal mortality alters cycle length (25 - 37 days)
One month foetus, see the
Placental cotyledons
arrow of amniotic sac.
developed - 90 days

Deficiency of energy. Deficiency of oxytocin
• Atonicity of uterus
• Uterine infection, failure of total regression of
CL, deficiency of relaxin hormone - pass
more urine at a time in estrus
• Sticky dung wheat bran - energy change diet
• CM reflex absent -oxytocin deficiency-5-10
i.u. oxytocin injection – poor results
• i/u mild irritant (wokadine/betadine/lugol’s
solution 1-2% 50-100mg iodum)
Excess of estrogen
Deficiency of progesterone
• More than one follicle - one follicle
ovulates - other follicle persists
• 1500 i.u.of hCG/LH or 500 mg of vitamin C
(Redoxon/ Celine) - inj. 15 mts after AI.

First degree endometritis
EED, high ambient temp. humidity
• Poor hygiene - calving, AI, i/u treatment

• Genetic, mild infection, high systemic
temp.(mastitis,etc.) or high environmental
temp.(42oC) & high humidity (above 80%).
• Change bull
• 200 mg Gentamicin in 30 ml DW (Post AI
antibiotics) 1 day i/u + 2 days IM higher dose

Embryonic mortality - note foetal resorption first,
then fluids, finally membranes get resorbed.

Washing, wiping
before AI, ET,
i/u treatment.

An FAO slide prepared in Israel, note the hygiene

Note clean hygiene on the left side, while doing
AI, i/u treatment and on the right side it is dirty

When embryo (7) is present in the uterus, it prevents
the production of PGF2 alpha(6) which is luteolytic.
If not pregnant, CL produces oxytocin by 16-18 day,
which acts on uterus, contracts, initiates PG production
also EPF absence causes PG production - result CL dies
Utero-ovarian shunt -PGF2 alpha from mid uterine vein
diffuses in to ovarian artery- regresses C L
In the field Ischio-rectal fossa route is preferred to reduce
cost of treatment. Endogenous PGF2alpha is released.
When uterus releases PGF2 alpha (3) it travels in the
mid.ut.vein and gets diffused into the ovarian artery(6) causes
luteolysis. This happens in a non-pregnant cow or after EED.

PNEUMOVAGINA
• Frothy mucous discharge
• Difficult to catch hold the cervix
• Air is not sucked in when vulval lips are
opened
• Caslick's operation
• 3 to 5 ml of 2% local anesthetic
• Upper 2/3 of each vulval lip
• ‘0’ or ‘00’ size catgut
• Separate 15 days prior to calving surgically

Urovagina
• Old age, more calvings, short pelvis
• Vulval lips- almost parallel to the back bone
• On rectal examination copious quantity of very
thin mucous discharge gets expelled.
• Mistaken for follicular cyst
• No urine smell
• 1:10,000 pot.permanganate solution is douche
siphoned off
• Double sheath, AI with two semen straws

Aged sperm and ovum
• AI in prooestrum or early heat (0 day)
sperms gets aged
– AI is done in off heat or on 1st day of estrus

– Aged ovum ends up in EED

When to do AI in cattle when estrus is 24 hours

Failure of collection of ovum
• Laparoscopic video film in cattle - follicular
fluid oozes out of the follicle like an abscess
• Fimbriated end of the Fallopian tube sweeps
over the ovary-ovum is collected

Insufficient endometrial glands
• chronic endometritis or cystic ovaries -

glandular epithelium is lost.
• Biopsies from the horns and body of uterus
• Aurm muriaticum natro natum 30 and
Thisinaminum 6 -remove fibrous tissue
• Sabina 30 -regenerates uterine endometrium

Biopsy of Uterus

Tubal blockage
• Cellular debris - at uterotubal junction
• Inter and intramucosal cysts -mycoplasma - No treatment
• UTJ - chromohydrotubation/air insufflation at 180-300
mmHg pressure/sq.cm
• PSP 0.1% of phenol red 500 mg NaOH - Pink colour
• 1% Indigo carmine - Blue colour
• Peritoneum absorbs dye- rest uterus decolorizes
• Dye is deposited at Utj- urine collected 1/2 to 3 hours later.
• First do PSP test after 5 hours Indigo carmine test
• IV drip set, 200ml NS +5ml PSP+ 1000mg antibiotics
30-50 at utj repeat for each horn 3 to5 times each urine,
first PSP net indigo carmine solution.

Conception rates varies due to above factors

Best time for AI is late mid heat, early late heat

Homeopathy in Repeat Breeder
• In pneumovagina: Use Bromium 30 10pills
of 30 size twice a day for 1 week
• In Repeat breeder on the day of estrus and 3
more days gap, then for 3 days give Sepia
30 t.id., followed by 3 days rest then give
Hepar sulph 30 for 5 days t.i.d., and 3 days
gap followed by Pulsatilla 30 for 5 days.
Use 10 pills of 30 size as the dose
Conclusion
• Steam up pregnant cow - last 60 days of pregnancy 3.5 to 5.5
kg concentrates TID adopt TMR. Check dry matter intake.
• Feed concentrates between 30 to 60 mts after feeding fodder.
• Feed daily ½ kg of germinated horse gram last 60 days of
gestation. Grind and boil it before feeding. (Vit E + Se).
Reduces chances of RFM, endometritis, helps in quick
involution of uterus.
• Feed colostrum within 15 mts to the new born calf. Early
maturity, more milk than its mother, regular breeder.
• Deworm, feed grain on day 6, legume fodder from day 31st.
• Heifers above 3 years if bred for 1st time they are problem
breeders. UDG Depot progesterone inj and skip 1 heat.
• Identify proper stage of heat. Exam mucosa of the eye.
Deworming, apply weekly ecto-paraciticide and feed mineral
mixture at proper levels.

Conclusion
• Bedding while calving, avoid manual removal of placenta.
• Examine the uterine discharge for 3 days after AI.
• No AI in Post estrus bleeding case.
• Avoid doing AI between 4 to 14 day from last AI - mid cycle
heat. Maintain records.
• Proper hygiene while doing AI.
• Handle semen container properly and semen straws.
• Avoid pocketing semen straws. Carry the semen container.
• After effects of FMD cases. Can conceive in 3-4 months.
• With Mild to severe endometritis – GHG, Vit E + Se. PGs at
14 days interval. Use Tris EDTA buffer. Sexual rest. If ovaries
sub-functional use GnRH, then PGs
• Sub clinical acidosis (LLR) – change feeding strategies.
Feeding Sodium bicarbonate at appropriate qty.
Conclusion
• Subclinical Mastitis – CMT /Mastect/Mastrip paper. Treat
(VitE+ Se) Antibiotic sensitivity test. Mineral mixture
• Prolonged heat ( 3 4 days heat) Anovulatory cycles. Extra
concentrates feeding TID (30-60 mts after fodder is fed).
Check dry matter intake.
• Deworming. Mineral mixture.
• Weekly exam. of Uterus, ovaries for the physiological
changes if no changes use of hormones (GnRH).
Evaluating uterine tubularity before AI.
• Use White side test, Tubal blockage, Uterine biopsy.
• Educating the farmer in proper management, vaccinations
maintaining records and feeding.
• Training the Para veterinary staff. Refresher training.

Two corpora Luetea & developing follicles

Freemartin foeti 2 CL 1 follicle

Left Male & Right Free Martin Note the Union of Placenta

Free Martin Note the absorption of other foetus around 75 days
CL CL
CL
Empty amniotic sac

In 3 months freemartin the pen cloud go only 5 cm deep.
More hair on the tip of vluva
In the same 3 months freemartin the
teats are very small in size
In the 3 months normal calf the
teats are normal in size
• In 3 months normal calf the pen has gone 12 cm deep. Less
hair on the tip of vluva
HDM

HDM

Note in 2nd degree cervicitis 1st
annular fold protruded into the vagina

Segmental aplasia, both horns at base

Right fallopian tube
is filled with fluid,
left side adhesions.

Left horn pregnancy - 3 months

Mammillitis - left hind teat
buffalo. Note the blue ring
at the base. To prevent
sloughening of the teat mix
wheat miada to the juice of
Datura leaves, and apply as
a paste to the base of the teat

Calf fed with colostrum with in 15 minutes, cud inoculation day 15,
concentrates fed from day 30.Rumen Papillae not well developed

Calf fed with colostrum with in 15 minutes, broken
maize fed from day 5.Rumen Papillae well developed

Repeat Breeder Cow PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Repeat Breeder Cow PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REPEAT BREEDER COW SYNDROME

A CHALLENGE TO THE VETERINARIAN

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 1

• CYCLE LENGTH • NORMAL

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 2

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 3

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 5

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 6

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 7

AI at detected heat Fixed time AI

Inadequate Adequate heat Adequate heat detection

AI at detected GnRH then PG Cytology, Antiseptics

Delayed ovulation, EED- EED- Genetic, infection,

GnRH in Early heat, GnRH in Early heat,

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 11

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 13

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 14

Repeat breeder cow syndrome 15

Body Condition Score 3.00/5.00

Body Condition Score 3.75/5.00

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 18

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 19

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 20

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 22

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 23

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 25

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 26

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 28

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 29

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 30

• Dystokia, RFM, eversion of uterus, and abortion

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 31

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 33

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 34

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 35

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 37

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 39

• Lead the animal into Travis - pass lead rope over

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 40

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 42

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 43

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 44

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 48

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 49

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 50

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 51

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 52

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 53

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 54

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 55

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 57

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 58

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 60

• They will look like human head lice (black

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 61

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 62

Flat tubularity-normal; Biconcave -abnormal

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 63

Flat tubularity-normal; Biconcave -abnormal

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 64

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 65

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 68

25 November 2018 Repeat breeder cow syndrome 69