Number Properties 1 Jan 8 Final PDF

Number Properties
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1 Number Properties 1 Sunday Jan 08 7:00 a.m.
2 Number Properties 2 Sunday Jan 15 7:00 a.m.
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3 PARTS TO THIS WEBINAR
The Company
Number
Properties
The People
20 minutes
12 minutes 120 minutes
Number Properties I
QUANT LIVE SESSION
Unauthorized copying prohibited

What does Success depend on?
1. Diligence 2. Core Skills 3. Clarity of Thought
Focus of
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Course
“In three words - CLARITY forms CONFIDENCE”

Pre- Approach Question - 1
What is the biggest problem that you face today in Quant?
A. I do not understand the concepts well enough.
B. I cannot interpret complex looking expressions.
C. I cannot infer information completely.
D. My accuracy drops because of shortage of time.
E. I cannot do complex calculations.

Pre- Approach Questions - 2
Which is a bigger problem for you?

A. PS
B. DS
C. Both at similar level
Focus of this session
What is the optimum approach for Quant questions?
What should you focus on as you prepare for Quant?
What will we not cover in this session?

 Teach concepts
 For learning concepts you have the e-GMAT Quant courses
 Teach tricks/shortcuts
 Since these do not work
 GMAT is a test of how well you solve problems by
 Understanding the given information
 Drawing inferences
 Strategizing the method to solve
Concept Recap
Even Odd Numbers - Properties
Properties
Every EVEN number can be represented as 2n, where n is an integer
Every ODD number can be represented as 2n+1, where n is an integer
Basic Properties: Derived Properties:
Even +/- Even = Even (Even)n +/- (Even)n = Even +/- Even = Even
Even +/- Odd = Odd (Odd)n +/- (Odd)n = Odd +/- Odd = Even
Odd +/- Odd = Even (Even)n +/- (Odd)n = Even +/- Odd = Odd
(Even)2 = (2n)2 = 4n2 Divisible by 4
Even * Even = Even
Even * Odd = Even
Odd * Odd = Odd
Prime Numbers – Concepts Recap
• A prime number is a positive integer that has exactly TWO different positive factors, 1 and itself.
• 1 is neither Prime nor Composite (because has only 1 positive factor: 1 )
• 0 is neither Prime nor Composite (because 0 is not positive )
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 . . . Consecutive Prime Numbers
VERSUS
The only Even Prime Number The only consecutive numbers that are prime
Every positive integer K can be expressed as

where P1, P2, P3 …… are prime factors and
K = P 1 m × P 2 n × P3 r . . . m, n , r are non-negative integers
e.g.
4 = 22 8 = 23 12 = 22 × 3 1000 = 23 × 53 Prime Factorization
6 = 2× 3 10 = 2 × 5 18= 2 × 32 2400 = 25 ×3× 52
• > 2 Positive Factors => Composite Numbers Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9…

Prime Numbers - Concepts Recap
K = P 1 m × P2 n × P3 r . . . where P1, P2, P3 …… are prime factors and m, n , r
are non-negative integers
Ka = P1am × P2an × P3ar . . .
Ka has the same prime factors as K

Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .

e.g.
Reverse Logic
If K = P12 × P22 If Total number of factors of K = 9
Total number of factors of K = (2+1)(2+1)
= (3)(3) (3)(3) (9)(1)
=9 = (2+1)(2+1) = (8+1)(0+1)
=> K = P12 × P22 => K = P18 × P20
=> K = P18
2 Prime Factors
Only 1 Prime Factor

600 Level Questions
BREAKING DOWN THE PROCESS
Q1
How many prime factors does positive integer n have, if n2 has 4 different prime
factors?
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
n = P1 m × P2 n × P3 r . . . where P1, P2, P3 …… are prime factors and m, n , r
(D) 4
(E) Cannot Determine na = P1am × P2an × P3ar . . .
na will have the same prime factors as n

Q2
If Q is a perfect square of an odd positive integer and if 8Q8 has four prime factors,
then how many prime factors does √Q have?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. cannot be determined
Q2 - Solution
then how many prime factors does √Q have?
What do we need to find? Prime factors of √Q

=
Prime factors of Q
if
√Q is an integer
Understand what we need to find.

Q2 - Solution
then how many prime factors does √Q have? 23Q8 has 4 prime factors
Ka will have the same prime factors as K

Q=NxN N is odd
2Q has 4 prime factors
√Q = N
• √Q is integer
• Since N is an integer
Q is odd
A. 1
2 is not a factor of Q
B. 2
{2, Prime Factors of Q} = 4
C. 3
√Q has 3 prime factors
D. 4
E. cannot be determined Q has 3 prime factors
Simplify Information & Draw Inferences

Q3
If positive integer X has 3 prime factors and 8 total factors, then how many total factors
will Xn have where n is a positive integer?
A. 3
B. 8
C. n3
D. (n + 1)3
Q4
If K is a factor of positive integer X that has 8 total factors, then how many prime factors
does K2 Xn have? Note that n is also a positive integer.
A. 2
B. 3
C. n3
D. (n + 1)3
Q3 - Solution
If positive integer X has 3 prime factors and 8 total factors, then how many total factors will Xn have where n
is a positive integer?
X = P1a × P2b× P3c
(a+1)(b+1)(c+1) = 8
(a+1)(b+1)(c+1) = (2)(2)(2)
a=b=c=1
X = P11 × P21× P31

Xn = P1n × P2n× P3n
A. 3
B. 8
C. n3 Total number of factors of Xn = (n+1) (n +1)(n+1)
D. (n + 1)3 = (n+1)3
Simplify Information – 1 bit at a time

Q4 - Solution
If K is a factor of positive integer X that has 8 total factors, then how many Prime factors does K2 Xn have?
8=2x2x2 8=8x1 8=4x2
X = P1 × P2 × P3 or X = P17 or X = P13 × P2
K2 Xn will have the same prime factors as X
3 Prime Factors or Only 1 Prime Factor or 2 Prime Factors
Answer – cannot be determined
Simplify Information – 1 bit at a time

Q5 – Question Statement
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a + b - 4 even?
We need more information to answer this question.

What do you need to know to answer the question?
Is a + b - 4 even? a b a+b
3 2 5 6 2 8 Even Even Even
odd + even = odd even
even + even = even
Even Odd Odd
Odd Even Odd
Is a + b even Odd Odd Even
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
or one of a, b is odd
Both a , b = even
Understand what you need to solve the question.
Q5 – Question & Statement 1
Yes if No if This statement gives
definite answer “no”
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even
Statement 1: a & b are consecutive integers
If a is odd, b is even
If a is even, b is odd
Yes if No if This statement gives
definite answer “no”
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even
Statement 2: a – b is odd
a b a+b
Even Even Even
Even Odd Odd 4 - 1 = 3 = (odd)
Odd Even Odd 7 - 2 = 5 = (odd)
Odd Odd Even Correct answer = Choice D = Both Statements are Sufficient
Q5 - Recap
1
Understand what you need
to solve the question.
Statement 1: a & b are consecutive integers
If a is odd, b is even 2 Relate the information back

3
If a is even, b is odd Understand what
each statement tells to your question analysis
Statement 2: a – b is odd
one of a, b is odd
Q6
If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
1) 4b2 + 3b is even
2) a2 – 6 is odd
A. Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is sufficient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.
Q. If a and b are positive integers, then is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
We need more information to answer this question.

What do we need to know to answer the question?
Is a3 + b4 – 4b even?
If a is odd, a3 is also odd
even
If a is even, a3 is also even
Is a + b even
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even
Understand what you need to solve the question.
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even This statement does not
answer the question.
Statement 1: a2 – 6 is odd
Don’t know anything about b
a is odd
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even This statement does not
Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even
Don’t know anything about a
even
b is even
Q6 – Question, Statement 1 & 2
Yes if No if
Both a , b = odd
Both a , b = even Both statements give
definite answer “no”.
a is odd
Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even
even
b is even
Correct answer = Choice C = Both Statements together are Sufficient
Q6 - Recap
1
Understand what you need
to solve the question.
a is odd
Understand what
2
each statement tells
Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even Relate the information back

3
to your question analysis
even
b is even

700 Level Questions
Q7
Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1 and
a<b<c<d?
1. a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive natural numbers
2. a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1
Q8
Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1 and
a<b<c<d?
1. a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive prime numbers
Q7 – Question Statement Analysis
Question Statement - Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1?
Given –
Power doesn’t change the Even-Odd nature of a number
1. a, b, c, d, n > 1
e.g. an has the same even-odd nature as a
2. a, b, c, d, n are distinct
integers
Is a – b + c + d odd? • e±e±e±e=e
• o±o±o±o=e
• e±e±o±o=e
• e±o±o±o=o
Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
• e±e±e±o=o
Understand what you need to find out.

Q7 – Analyze Statement 1
Is an – bn + cn + dn odd?
a, b, c, d, n > 1
Statement 1 – a, b, c, and d squares of consecutive natural numbers
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 . . .
natural numbers 1 Odd, 1 Even, 1 Odd, 1 Even
{a, b, c, d} squares of natural numbers 1 Odd, 1 Even, 1 Odd, 1 Even

NO
Statement 1 is sufficient
Q7 – Statement 2
a, b, c, d, n > 1 Is an – bn + cn + dn odd? Is 1 or are 3 of the 4 numbers odd?
Statement 2 – a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1
• Gives information only about ‘a’

• Does not shed any light on even-odd nature of b, c, and d.
• So this statement cannot be sufficient on its own.
• Need to be smart about utilizing time.
• Further Statement 1 is sufficient. • Be very clear about what is needed to
• So cannot use statement 1 with 2 to arrive at the answer.
• So no need to analyze this statement in detail.
• Mark the answer A.
Correct answer = Choice A
Be smart about your analysis!!!

Q8 Solution
Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1?
1. a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive prime numbers
Question Statement - Is an – bn + cn + dn odd, if a, b, c, d, and n are distinct positive integers >1?
Given –
1. a, b, c, d, n > 1
e.g. an has the same even-odd nature as a
2. a, b, c, d, n are distinct
integers
Is a – b + c + d odd? • e±e±e±e=e
• o±o±o±o=e
• e±e±o±o=e
• e±o±o±o=o
• e±e±e±o=o
Q8 – Statement 1
Statement 1 - a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive prime numbers

Consecutive prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13…
Squares 4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169…
{a, b, c, d} {4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121} {25, 49, 121, 169}
e, o, o, o o, o, o, o o, o, o, o
Does not answer the question – the expression can be either even or odd
Statement 1 is not sufficient
Simplify Information
Q8 – Statement 2
Statement 2 – a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1
a≠1 Some Information only about ‘a’.
What about the Even - Odd

nature of b, c and d?
Statement 2 is NOT SUFFICIENT
Extract as much information as you can - SIMPLIFY

Q8 – Statement 1 & 2
Statement 1 {a, b, c, d} {4, 9, 25, 49} {9, 25, 49, 121} {25, 49, 121, 169}
Need to know if ‘a’ is even
e, o, o, o o, o, o, o o, o, o, o or odd! i.e. Is ‘a’ = 4 or not
Statement 2 – a4 when divided by 200 has the quotient 1 Will it tell if ‘a’ is 4 or not?
Dividend Divisor Quotient
a4 = 200 × 1 + r Notice how we

analyzed
• We should find as much as we can about ‘a’ Statement 2 in
• What do we know about ‘r’ a=4 a4 = 256 the light of
• r +ve information in
a=4
• r < 200 Statement 1.
Even
• Thus, a4 cannot be more than 400. a=9 a4 >> 400
• a4 ≥ 200
200 ≤ a4 < 400 Correct answer = Choice C = Both together are sufficient
Be Smart about Analysis!

Q9
What is the remainder when b is divided by a, if a and b are positive consecutive perfect squares
and b is greater than a?
1. Both a and b are squares of prime numbers.
2. Both a and b have 3 positive factors.
Q9 – Understand Question Statement
Question Statement - What is the remainder when b is divided by a, if a and b are positive consecutive perfect
squares and b is greater than a?
?Given – To find –
1. b>a
Remainder of b/a = ?
2. a and b are positive consecutive perfect
squares
Consecutive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
Squares 1, 4, 9, 16, 25… Need to know values of b and a
{a, b} {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25} …
Remainder for b ÷ a 0 1 7 9
Depends on the values of b and a

Q9 – Statement 1
a, b are consecutive squares Remainder of b/a = ?
{a, b} = {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}…
Need to know values of a and b
Statement 1 - Both a and b are squares of prime numbers.
Squares of consecutive
numbers that are prime
Per question {a, b} squares of consecutive numbers
{2,3}
Values of a, b known
Answers the question – remainder can be calculated
Q9 – Statement 2
a, b are consecutive squares Remainder of b/a = ?
{a, b} = {1, 4} {4, 9} {9, 16} {16, 25}… Need to know values of a and b
Statement 2 - Both a and b have 3 positive factors.
We need to extract as {2, 3} are the only consecutive numbers that are prime
much information as
(3)(1)
we can.
= (2+1)(0+1) {a, b} = {4, 9}
=> a = P12 × P20
=> a = P12
Values of a, b known
Answers the question – remainder can be calculated

a is square of a prime number
Similarly b is square of a prime number Statement 2 is sufficient
Correct answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question

Q10
Does P have a factor X where1<X<P and X and P are positive integers?
1. GCD (P2, k) = k, where k is a prime number
2. 36*20 + 2 < P < 36*20+6
Question Statement - Does P have a factor X where1<X<P and X and P are positive integers?
Given –
X, P are positive integers P>1
1 P
To find - Any factor between 1 and P?
Is P Prime?
Q10 – Statement 1
X, P are positive integers Does P have a factor X between Is P prime?
1 and P?
Statement 1: GCD (P2, k) = k, where k is a prime number
P2 is divisible by k
k is a prime number
Xn has the same prime factors as X

k is a prime factor of P2 k is a prime factor of P
Think: P = nk (n is an integer)
Let k = 5
 P = 5n
If n ≠ 1
If n = 1 P is NOT Prime
P is Prime

Q10 – Statement 2
X, P are positive integers Does P have a factor X between Is P prime?
1 and P?
Statement 2: 36*20 + 2 < P < 36*20+6
Possible values of P:
36*20 + 3 36*20 + 4 36*20 + 5
3(12*20 + 1) 4(9*20 + 1) 5(36*4 + 1)
Divisible by 3 Divisible by 4 Divisible by 5
NOT Prime NOT Prime NOT Prime

Correct answer = Choice B = Statement 2 is sufficient but statement 1 is not
Q11
If P = k3 – k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
Question Statement - If P = k3 – k, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
? Approach
Given – 1. Simplify the expression.
2. Think
P = k3 – k 1. I need to know if P=4x
2. I know that P is abc Last 2 digits of Is P of the form
= k(k2-1) P divisible by 4? 4*(other numbers)?
3. So need to evaluate the even odd
= k(k-1)(k+1) aspect.
= (k-1) k(k+1) = Product of No idea of value of P or k

P is divisible by 4 if either
Case 1 3 consecutive integers 1. k is odd or
k: odd 2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
(k-1) : even =2m product has 4 P always divisible by 4
(k+1) : even =2m + 2
Case 2
k: even =2m P divisible by 4
P may or may not
(k-1) : odd product has 2 if
be divisible by 4
(k+1) : odd k is divisible by 4

Q11 – Statement 1
P = (k-1) k(k+1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
Statement 1: k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers
k = (10x)n + 54
= 2n (5x)n + 54
even + odd
k is odd
Answers the question – P is divisible by 4
Q11 – Statement 2
P = (k-1) k(k+1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is odd or
2. k is even & k is divisible by 4
Statement 2: (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
Answers the question – P is divisible by 4
Correct answer = Choice D = Either statement is sufficient to answer the question

Q12
If P = k3 – k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
1. k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers and n > 1.
2. (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer
Question Statement - If P = k3 – k2, where k and P are positive integers, is P divisible by 4?
Given –
? To find –
P = k 3 – k2
If P is divisible by 4.
= k2(k-1)
1. k is even or
2. k is odd & k-1 is divisible by 4
Case 1
k: odd P divisible by 4
P may or may not
k2: odd product has 2 if
be divisible by 4
(k-1) : even =2n (k-1) is divisible by 4
Case 2
k: even =2n
k2: even =(2n)2
(k-1) : odd product has 4 P always divisible by 4
Q12 – Statement 1
P = k2(k-1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is even or
Statement 1: k = (10x)n + 54 where x and n are positive integers and n>1

k = (10x)n + 54
= 2n (5x)n + 54
even + odd
k is odd
Is k – 1 divisible by 4? Try to find the units and tens digit of the expression
k – 1 = (10x)n + 54 - 1
(k-1) is divisible by 4 Answers the question – P is divisible by 4
n>1 n ≥ 2 = 100xn + 625 - 1
Tens and units digit = 24 Statement 1 is sufficient

Q12 – Statement 2
P = k2(k-1) Is P is divisible by 4? 1. k is even or
Statement 2: (2n+1)k leaves a remainder when divided by 2; n is a positive integer.
(2n + 1) k is odd
odd odd
k is odd
Don’t know if k-1 is divisible by 4
Does not answer the question – P is divisible by 4
Correct answer = Choice A = Statement 1 is sufficient but

Statement 2 is NOT sufficient statement 2 is not
Q13
If P and Q are positive integers and Q = 10 + 4P, find the GCD of P and Q
1. Q = 10 x, where x is a positive integer
2. P = 10 y, where y is a positive integer
Question Statement - If P and Q are positive integers and Q = 10 + 4P, find the GCD of P and Q
Given – To find –
P, Q are positive integers GCD of P and Q
Q = 10 + 4P
P = (Q- 10)/4
• I have Q in terms of P.
• I will write P also in
terms of Q.
Q13 – Statement 1
P, Q are integers GCD of P and Q = ?
Q = 10 + 4P P = (Q- 10)/4
Statement 1: Q = 10 x, where x is a positive integer
P = (Q- 10)/4
x P Q GCD (P,Q)
3 5 30 5
P = (10x- 10)/4 5 10 50 10
ODD
7 15 70 5
P is an integer
P = 5(x- 1)/2 x – 1 is even
GCD may be 5 or 10
• I have P and Q in terms of x
• What property can I use to find something more about x
• Even-odd
• Then I can assume some numbers to find GCD information
Q13 – Statement 2
P, Q are integers GCD of P and Q = ?
Q = 10 + 4P P = (Q- 10)/4
Statement 2: P = 10 y, where y is a positive integer
Q = 10 + 4P
y P Q GCD (P,Q)
1 10 50 10
Q = 10 + 4(10y) 2 20 90 10
3 30 130 10
Q = 10(4y + 1)
GCD is always10
Correct answer = Choice B = Statement 2 is sufficient but statement 1 is not
Final Words
How to ace GMAT Quant
 Get 200% concept clarity.
 Do not get scared of complex information

 Simplification is the key.
 Extract as much juice as you can from every bit of information.
 Do not move ahead without assimilating information that you have read.
• Avoid information overload.
Next Steps
Solidify your concepts by accessing Free Trial concepts
• Primes
• Even-odd
• LCM-GCD
• Units Digits
Gage your competence level in Number Properties

• Number Properties Knockout
Reinforce your Understanding through these articles

• The 3 Mistakes to avoid in GMAT Even-Odd Q
• The 3 Mistakes to avoid in GMAT LCM-GCD Q

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Number Properties

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2 Number Properties 2 Sunday Jan 15 7:00 a.m.

6 P&C, Probability, Sets Sunday Feb 12 7:00 a.m.

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“In three words - CLARITY forms CONFIDENCE”

A. I do not understand the concepts well enough.

B. I cannot interpret complex looking expressions.

C. I cannot infer information completely.

D. My accuracy drops because of shortage of time.

E. I cannot do complex calculations.

Which is a bigger problem for you?

What will we not cover in this session?

Every ODD number can be represented as 2n+1, where n is an integer

Basic Properties: Derived Properties:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 . . . Consecutive Prime Numbers

Every positive integer K can be expressed as

• > 2 Positive Factors => Composite Numbers Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9…

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Ka = P1am × P2an × P3ar . . .

Ka has the same prime factors as K

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Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .

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Total number of factors = (m+1) (n +1)(r+1) . . .

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na will have the same prime factors as n

then how many prime factors does √Q have?

What do we need to find? Prime factors of √Q

Understand what we need to find.

Ka will have the same prime factors as K

Simplify Information & Draw Inferences

X = P11 × P21× P31

Simplify Information – 1 bit at a time

8=2x2x2 8=8x1 8=4x2

K2 Xn will have the same prime factors as X

3 Prime Factors or Only 1 Prime Factor or 2 Prime Factors

Answer – cannot be determined

Simplify Information – 1 bit at a time

We need more information to answer this question.

Statement 1: a & b are consecutive integers

Statement 1: a & b are consecutive integers

If a is odd, b is even 2 Relate the information back

We need more information to answer this question.

Statement 2: 4b2 + 3b is even Relate the information back

Simplify Information & Draw Inferences

1. a, b, c, and d are squares of consecutive natural numbers

3(1220 + 1) 4(920 + 1) 5(36*4 + 1)