Law enforcement in Canada S&W calibre cartridge.
In terms of numbers of
Law enforcement in Canada are public-sector
police forces that are associated with and
commissioned to the three levels of government:
municipal (both lower and upper-tier), provincial,
and federal. Most urban areas have been given the
authority by the provinces to maintain their own
police force. All but three of Canada's provinces in
turn, contract out their provincial law-enforcement
responsibilities to the Royal Canadian Mounted
Police (popularly known in English-speaking areas
as the Mounties), the national police force, which is
commissioned to the federal level of government. In
addition, many First Nations Reserves have their
own police forces established through agreements
between the governing native band, province and
the federal government, and which total 50,000
members.
Police service ranks
The Chief of Police is the title of the head of most
Canadian police forces except for the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police (Commissioner), Ontario
Provincial Police (Commissioner), South Coast
British Columbia Transportation Authority Police
Service (Chief Officer), Vancouver Police
Department (Chief Constable), West Vancouver
Police Department (Chief Constable), and
the Sûreté du Québec (Director General). Other
typical ranks include:
 Deputy Chief of Police
 Chief Superintendent
 Staff Superintendent (and Senior Staff
Superintendent)
 Superintendent
 Staff Inspector
 Inspector
 Sergeant Major
 Staff Sergeant (and Detective Sergeant)
 Sergeant (and Detective)
 Corporal (and Detective Corporal)
 Senior Constable
 Police Constable (and Detective Constable)
 Ranking also exists (i.e. 1st Class
Constable, 2nd Class Constable, etc...)
 Special Constable
 Cadet/Recruit
Use of force options
In the 1990s, the majority of law enforcement
agencies of Canada began wearing bulletproof
vests and municipal police agencies started
carrying semi-automatic handguns in the .40
officers, and due to its use by the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, the most widely used weapon is
the Smith & Wesson Model 5946 with hollow-
point 9mm ammunition. A large number of other
agencies issue either a Glock or SIG
Sauer handgun (most commonly in the law-
enforcement popular .40 S&W).
These firearms replaced the aging .38
Special revolver. A police cruiser might carry
a carbine rifle; or a shotgun capable of firing a
variety of shotgun shells, including the less-
lethal flexible baton round and rubber bullets.
Other less-lethal weapons carried include
conducted energy weapons, such as tasers, pepper
spray, and an expandable baton. In addition, the
personal equipment of police officers typically
includes: handcuffs, flashlight, portable
radio, notebook, pens, a pair of disposable
gloves and Kevlar gloves.
The primary federal law enforcement agency in
Australia is the Australian Federal Police. The AFP
are responsible for the investigation of federal
offences (crimes against the Commonwealth) and
have federal jurisdiction throughout Australia. They
provide protective services to federal government
property and personnel/dignitaries, including major
airports, buildings, foreign embassies/diplomats
etc. and provide state-styled law enforcement
services to external territories, the Australian
Capital Territory and the Jervis Bay Territory. The
boundaries between the two levels of law
enforcement are somewhat flexible and both state
and federal police co-operate on or transfer cases
between each other depending on the specific
circumstances. State police can enforce federal,
state and local laws, but federal police cannot
enforce state or local laws.[citation needed]
The AFP also provides liaison officers to various
overseas posts to assist in relations with various
police forces overseas, as well as providing
community policing to assist in the development of
foreign law enforcement agencies and
peacekeeping operations in locations such as the
Solomon Islands with the RAMSI Mission and
Cyprus.
The AFP was created in 1979, having been the
result of an amalgamation of the now
defunct Commonwealth Police and Australian
Capital Territory Police Force. This makes it quite
young as many of the various state police forces
were established in the 19th century.
Australian Border Force The Australasian Police Professional Standards
Committee (APPSC) was an organisation that
The Australian Border Force is responsible for
served all police jurisdictions around Australia and
customs and immigration enforcement and border
New Zealand. It was the body for police education
protection at Australia's ports as well as in
and training in Australia and New Zealand; the
Australian waters, and conducts investigations
council comprising each of the police
where the AFP does not have primary jurisdiction.
commissioners from Australia and New Zealand
Unlike AFP Officers, Border Force Officers do not
along with the president of the Police Federation of
have fully vested federal police powers, only arrest
Australia and the president of the New Zealand
and detain powers at Airport jurisdiction. They may
Police Association. On 9 November 2007, APPSC
however detain persons for state or federal crimes
roles and functions were amalgamated into
or warrants until that person can be presented to a
ANZPAA. In 2013, APPSC was retitled to the
federal or state law enforcement officer with the
Australia New Zealand Council of Police
appropriate powers. Australian Border Force
Professionalisation.
officers have the authority to carry firearms where a
supervisor gives approval. In practice only maritime Crime Stoppers programs run in each state and
officers and specialist counter terrorism officers nationally. Crime Stoppers collects information
carry firearms. about crime and passes it on to the police ensuring
that the community can participate in crime fighting.
Military[edit]
CrimTrac is an intergovernmental policing agency
Military Police, also known as Service Police, are that supports Australian policing through the
the law enforcement branches of the services of a provision of forensic and other information and
military tasked with enforcing, and investigating investigative tools between state and federal police
offences against, military law. In Australia, each departments. The National Automated Fingerprint
service of the Australian Defence Force maintains Identification System (NAFIS) is
its own independent police force made up of national fingerprint database, administered by
military personnel from that service. Along with the CrimTrac.[2]
independent service police forces is the Australian
Defence Force Investigative Service, a special ADF State[edit]
unit made up of Investigators from each service's
Each state as well as the Northern Territory is
police and tasked with investigating more serious
responsible for maintaining its own police force
military offences.
which is responsible for policing at the state and
Australian Army Military Police[edit] local level. This involves general law and order,
traffic policing, major crime, anti-terrorism
Law enforcement duties in the Australian Army are
branches, water police, search and rescue and in
provided by the Royal Australian Corps of Military
some states transit police. Local policing in
Police. MPs provide everything from general law
the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay
enforcement duties on military installations to
Territory and Australia's external territories is
investigations, close personal protection and more.
contracted to the Australian Federal Police (AFP).
National common policing services[edit] In some states, local governments employ by-laws
officers or rangers to enforce local by-
The Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory
laws or ordinances relating to such matters as
Agency (ANZPAA)[1] was established in October
parking, dog ownership, retailing, littering or water
2007. ANZPAA is a joint initiative of the Australian
usage. These local government officers are not
and New Zealand Police Commissioners and
considered to be police forces as they generally
funded by contributions to Australia and New
only have the power to issue fines and do not have
Zealand Police jurisdictions. ANZPAA is a non-
the same powers as state police. They may rely
operational policing agency which provides strategy
upon appointment as a special constable or
and policy advice, and secretariat services to the
legislated powers for their authority.
ANZPAA Board on cross-jurisdictional policing
initiatives that help enhance community safety and Policing agencies[edit]
security. ANZPAA's strategic direction is set by
State police also perform certain functions on
ANZPAA’s board and the Australia New Zealand
behalf of the Australian government such as the
Council of Police Professionalisation (ANZCoPP,
enforcement of various Commonwealth Acts and
formerly Australasian Police Professional
regulations in conjunction with the Australian
Standards Committee, APPSC).
Federal Police and other Commonwealth officers.
While ACT policing is under the jurisdiction of
the Australian Federal Police, the following policing
agencies are regulated by their respective state or
territory government and are highly visible:
 New South Wales Police Force
 Northern Territory Police
 Queensland Police
 South Australia Police
 Tasmania Police
 Victoria Police
 Western Australia Police
Sheriffs[edit]
In recent years, the states and territories have
returned the responsibility of recovering court
ordered fines to their sheriffs. In practice, the police
often carry out the functions of sheriffs and bailiffs
in rural and more sparsely populated areas of
Australia.
The office of sheriff was first established in
Australia in 1824. This was simultaneous with the
appointment of the first Chief Justice of New South
Wales. The role of the sheriff has not been static,
nor is it identical in each Australian state. In the
past a sheriff's duties included: executing court
judgements, acting as a coroner, the transportation
of prisoners, managing the jails, and carrying out
executions (through the employment of an
anonymous hangman).
Currently, no Australian state provides for capital
punishment. A government department (usually
called the Department of Corrections or similar)
now runs the prison system and the coroner's office
handles coronal matters. The sheriff is now largely
responsible for enforcing the civil orders and fines
of the court by seizing and selling the property of
judgement debtors who do not satisfy the debt,
providing court security, enforcing arrest warrants,
evictions, taking juveniles into custody and running
the jury system.[3] Some state sheriffs can also
apply a wide range of sanctions ranging from
suspending driver's licences and car registration
through to wheel clamping and
arranging community service orders, and as a last
resort can make arrests.
Local[edit]
Council rangers are officers employed by local
government areas in Australia to enforce the by-
laws (local laws in Western Australia); of those local
governments and a limited range of state laws
relating to such matters as litter control, animal
control, dog laws, fire control, off-road vehicles,
emergency management, and parking. Unless they
are also sworn in as special constables, as many
are, rangers do not have full police powers. Council
rangers are also referred to as local laws officers in
some of Australia's eastern states. Most Council
rangers have the power to issue fines that don't
exceed a certain amount.
Transportation
Australia are predominantly white, with a blue
and white Sillitoe tartan checkered strip
on the side. Some jurisdictions' highway
patrol units and police also have
fluorescent stripes surrounding the tartan.
Most general patrol cars are Holden
Commodores, Toyota Camrys, or Ford
Falcons, but with Australian production of
all models ending as of 2017,
replacements have been sought, including
the Chrysler 300 SRT, BMW 530d.[4][5], Kia
Stinger[6], and Opel Insignia-based ZB
Commodore.[7]
Prisoner transport vehicles are based on light
commercial vehicles such as the Ford
Ranger, Toyota Hilux, Holden Ute, Mercedes
Vito or Volkswagen Transporter. Highway Patrol
vehicles are higher performance sedans, often in
colours other than white - often Holden
Commodore SS, Ford Falcon XR6 or Toyota
Aurion.
A wide range of vehicles are used for unmarked
purposes so as to not be easily identified as police.
Many of these vehicles are also specifically chosen
to fit in with civilian vehicles.
Emergency lights on police vehicles are now
generally blue and red; historically though, blue
lights were used for police vehicles and red lights
for fire engines and ambulances.
Police are now increasingly employing the use of a
diverse range unmarked police cars. These
vehicles include, besides the Commodore and the
Falcon, the Chrysler 300C, Toyota Aurion, Toyota
Corolla, Ford and Holden Ute, Ford
Focus XR5, Subaru Impreza WRX, and
the Volkswagen Golf. In rural areas, SUVs such as
the Toyota Land Cruiser, Mitsubishi Pajero, Ford
Territory and Nissan Patrol are used.
Most Australian police services have mounted
police units that are prominently used for
ceremonial purposes, although in New South
Wales, South Australia, Western
Australia and Victoria the mounted police also
undertake operational policing duties on a daily
basis.
Law enforcement in Austria is the responsibility o Einsatzkommando Cobra (EKO
of the Directorate General for Public Security, a Cobra): Federal SWAT and special forces
subdivision of the Federal Ministry of the unit
Interior located at Herrengasse 7 in Vienna. Over
20,000 police officers are on duty in the Federal
Police at more than 1,000 police stations. On lakes
and rivers the federal police has over 70 boats and
other craft to act as the Water police.
The phone number 059133 connects you to the
nearest police station anywhere in Austria. The
emergency number is 133.

Standard vehicle of the Justizwache

Law enforcement agencies[edit]
Federal[edit]
Ministry of Defence[edit]
 Militärpolizei: Military Police of the Austrian
Armed Forces
Ministry of Finance[edit]
 Finanzpolizei: Financial Guard
 Operative Zollaufsicht (OZA): Customs
Service
Federal Ministry of the Interior[edit]
 Bundesamt zur Korruptionsprävention und
Korruptionsbekämpfung (BAK): Federal Bureau
to prevent and to fight corruption
 Generaldirektion für öffentliche Sicherheit
(GDföS): Directorate General for Public
Security
o Bundeskriminalamt (BK): Federal
Investigation Bureau
o Bundespolizei: Federal Police
Service, divided into 83 district police
commands and 27 city police commands
 Alpinpolizei: Mountain Police
in ski ressorts, part of Federal Police
 Bereitschaftseinheit
Wien: Standby Police Unit for Vienna
 Einsatzeinheit: Riot Police of
Federal Police
 Landesverkehrsabteilung: Tr
affic and highway Police
 See- und Stromdienst: River
branch of Federal Police
 Sonderdienste
Sektor: SWAT unit of Federal Police
in Graz
 WEGA: SWAT unit of Federal
Police in Vienna

o Flugpolizei: Air Police
o Sondereinheit für Observation
(SEO): Special Unit for Covered Technical
Surveillance
Ministry of Justice[edit]
 Justizwache (JW): Penitentiary Police
o Justizwache Einsatzgruppe
(JEG): SWAT Team of Penitentiary Police
State[edit]
In general, there are no state law enforcement
offices for public safety permitted, only on the
federal and municipal level of administration by
the Austrian Constitution, only for their sphere of
authority like the states´ conservation and wildlife
protection.
 Tyrol
o Tiroler Bergwacht: it enforces
conservation and wildlife protection laws in
the state of Tyrol.
Municipalities[edit]
 Stadtpolizei: Municipal police, in 21
municipalities
 Ordnungsamt: An arm of the municipal
government tasked with enforcing municipal
ordinances. In cities with their own municipal
police forces, the municipal police doubles as
the Ordnungsamt. As of 2018, there
are Ordnungsämter in six communities. In two
of these, the Ordnungsamt is conventionally
called Ordnungswache; in one of them, Mobile
Überwachungsgruppe. The difference in
terminology has no legal significance.
 Ordnungsdienst: An Ordnungsamt that is
technically a private corporation (held by the
 municipality) as opposed to a department of the
municipal government. As of 2018, there is
exactly one Ordnungsdienst in Austria, in the
city of Linz.
 Straßenaufsicht: Municipal traffic
enforcement
Requirements of Police Officers[edit]
Police officers in Austria must meet certain
requirements. These requirements include being at
least 18 years of age, Austrian citizenship, an ability
to act (not burdened by physical disability),
impeccable reputation, Class B driver's licence, if
conscripted to the armed forces, to have completed
that conscription, and a swimming badge to prove
swimming ability.[1]
The Bangladesh Police (Bengali: বববলবদদশ পপললশ) is
the main law enforcement agency of Bangladesh. It
is administered under the Ministry of Home
Affairs[4] of the Government of Bangladesh. It plays
a crucial role in maintaining peace, and
enforcement of law and order within Bangladesh.
Though the police are primarily concerned with the
maintenance of law and order and security of
persons and property of individuals, they also play
a big role in the criminal justice system.[5][6]
Contents
 1History
o 1.1Medieval Period
o 1.2British Period [1857 - 1947]
o 1.3Pakistan Period [1947 - 1970]
o 1.4Role in Liberation War [1971]
o 1.5Bangladesh Period [1971 - ]
 2Organisation
o 2.1Ranks
 2.1.11. Superior Officers
 2.1.2Bangladesh Police :
Rank Badge of Superior Officers
 2.1.32. Subordinate Officers
 2.1.4Bangladesh Police :
Rank Badge of Subordinate Officers
o 2.2Medals
 3Selection and Training
o 3.1Assistant Superintendent of
Police (ASP)
o 3.2Sub-Inspector (SI)
o 3.3Sergeant
o 3.4Constable
o 3.5Training institutions
 3.5.1List of training
institutions
 4Community Policing
o 4.1Strategic Partnership
o 4.2Implementation Partnership
o 4.3Beat Policing
 5Women in Bangladesh Police
 6UN Peace-keeping Operations
 7Corruption
 8References
 9Further reading
History[edit]
Medieval Period[edit]
Details of policing activities during the middle age
are challenging to find. However, during the periods
of the great sultans, an official holding the position
of Muhtasib used to perform the duties of policing.
This person was the chief of police, in charge of
public works, and the inspector of public ethics
simultaneously. In urban areas, Kotwals were
responsible for performing police duties. The
policing system introduced by Sher Shah Suri was
further organised during the period of Emperor
Akbar: the Emperor organised his administrative
structure introducing Fouzdari (the principal
representative of the Emperor), Mir Adal and Kazi
(the head of judicial department), and Kotwal (the
chief police official of larger cities). This system was
effective in maintaining the law and order in cities,
and was implemented in Dhaka. Many district sadar
police stations are still called Kotwali police
stations. In the Mughal period, Kotwal emerged as
an institution.
A Fouzdar was appointed to every administrative
unit of the government (district), under whom there
were some artillery and cavalry forces. There was a
disciplined police system during the Mughal period,
though there was no professional police force like
that in the British period.
British Period [1857 - 1947][edit]
In the early stage of the Industrial Revolution, when
England was facing grave crisis due to socio-
economic transformation, the necessity of an
effective organised police service was keenly
felt. Sir Robert Peel, then the Prime Minister,
introduced a bill in the British Parliament in 1829
which created an organised civil police in London.
The success of the London police in controlling
social disorder and crime was admired by not only
the people of England but also of European and
American countries: New York city copied the
London model with some modifications when it
organised the first Municipal Police Force, in 1833.
[7]
In 1858, full control of the Indian Territory was taken Bangladesh Police is divided into different
over from the East India Company by the British branches.They are-
government. The success of the London police
organised under Peel's Act of 1829 prompted the  Police Headquarters (PHQ)
British government to reform the police system in  Tourist Police (Website)
the sub-continent in a similar way to British  Range Police and Range Reserve
constabularies. With this end in view, a police Force (RRF)
commissioner was set up 1840, and on the  District Police
recommendation of the commission of the Police  Metropolitan Police
Act (Act V of 1861), was passed by the British  Special Branch
Parliament. Under this Act a police force was  Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
created in each province of British India, and  Railway Police (GRP) (Website)
placed under the control of the provincial  Highway Police
government. The administration of the police force  Industrial Police (IP)
of a province was vested upon an officer styled as  Police Bureau of Investigation (PBI)
the Inspector-general of police. The administration  Special Security and Protection
of the police in a district was placed under Battalion (SPBn)
the Superintendent of Police. The Act is still in force  Armed Police Battalion (APBn)
throughout the sub-continent, and regulates the  Airport Armed Police (AAP)
function of police in Bangladesh, as well as the  Rapid Action Battalion (RAB)
other countries of the sub-continent.[7]  Police Internal Oversight (PIO)
Pakistan Period [1947 - 1970][edit]  River Police
 Telecommunication and Information
After partition of the sub-continent in 1947, the Management (T&IM)
police force in Bangladesh was first named as the  Detective Branch
East Bengal Police, and then as the East Pakistan  Counter Terrorism and Transnational
Police; however, it continued to function on the Crime (CT)
same lines as during the British rule.[8]  Police Staff College, Bangladesh (PSC)
Role in Liberation War [1971][edit]  Bangladesh Police Academy, Sarda (BPA)
 Police Training Centers (PTCs)
In the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bengali-  Specialized Training Center like
speaking police officers participated with the DTS/TDS/FTC/SBTS/IPTC/ITTS/Telecom
citizens, leading to deaths from most ranks, fighting TS/MDTS/PSTS etc.
with .303 rifles against the Pakistani. The
resistance by the Bengali members of police Ranks[edit]
at Rajarbagh is considered the first chapter of
armed struggles during the Bangladesh Liberation 1. Superior Officers[edit]
war.[9][10] Bangladesh Police founded a Liberation
War Museum at the Rajarbagh police line in National Police Ranks
January 2017.[11]
Bangladesh Period [1971 - ][edit]
Inspector General of Police
After the emergence of Bangladesh as an
independent country on 16 December 1971, the
police force was recognised and assumed the role
of a national police force.[7] In January 2004, Additional Inspector General of Police (Grade-1)
the Bangladesh Nationalist Party led government
removed the boat from the Police force badge
because the boat is also the symbol of the then Additional Inspector General of Police (Grade-2)
opposition party, Bangladesh Awami League. The
police had been using the boat in its symbol since
the independence of Bangladesh.[12] Deputy Inspector General of Police
Organisation[edit]
Bangladesh Police is headed by the Inspector Additional Deputy Inspector General of Police
General of Police (IGP), under whose command,
  Sub-Inspector (SI) / Sergeant
Superintendent of Police (SP) or  Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI) / Assistant Town Sub-
Assistant Inspector General (AIG) (in Police HQ) or
Special Superintendent (SS) (in SB & CID) or  Constable
Superintendent of Railway Police (SRP) (in Railway
Police)
Industrial Police

 Deputy Assistant Director (DAD)

Additional Superintendent of Police  Circle Commander (Sub-Inspector)
 Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI)
 Naik
Senior Assistant Superintendent of Police
 Constable
Traffic Division
Assistant Superintendent of Police
 Traffic Inspector (TI)
Industrial Police Ranks  Sergeant / Town Sub-Inspector (TSI)
 Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI) / Assistant Town Sub-
 Director General (DG)
 Additional Director General (ADG)  Traffic Constable
 Director
 Deputy Director (DD) Bangladesh Police : Rank Badge of
 Senior Assistant Director (Sr AD) Subordinate Officers[edit]
 Assistant Director (AD)

Bangladesh Police : Rank Badge of Superior

Officers[edit]

Inspec Serge Consta

SI ASI Naik
tor ant ble

Medals[edit]
Addi Addi
Addi Seni Police medals are awarded every year in the
tiona tiona
IGP DIG tiona or ASP annual Police Week Parade. They are awarded
l l SP
l ASP both for bravery and service.
IGP DIG
SP
Bangladesh Police Medal (BPM)

 Bangladesh Police Medal

2. Subordinate Officers[edit]
Unarmed Branch
(BPM)
 Inspector of Police
 Bangladesh Police Medal
– Service (BPM-Seba)
President Police Medal (PPM)
 President Police Medal
(PPM)
 President Police Medal –
Service (PPM-Seba)
Selection and Training[edit]
The recruitment process differs according to the
level of position being recruited to, and direct entry
(where an applicant does not have to start at the
lowest level) is possible. The educational
requirements increase with rank. A minimum
bachelor's degree is required for Assistant
Superintendent of Police, Sub-Inspector, and
Sergeant, and for Constable, a Secondary School
Certificate is required. Recruitment is conducted in
the following three tiers:
 In the rank of Assistant Superintendent of
Police (ASP)
 In the rank of Sub-Inspector (SI) or
Sergeant
 In the rank of Constable
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)[edit]
The Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) are
recruited C) through the competitive Bangladesh
Civil Service (BCS) examination. They undergo a
one-year-long training in the Bangladesh Police
Academy as Probationary ASPs. After passing from
the academy, they undergo an orientation training
for six months in the district level as a probationer.
After that they have been appointed as a full-
fledged ASPs in different units.
Sub-Inspector (SI)[edit]
Sub-Inspectors are recruited by Police
Headquarters centrally. They undergo a one-year-
long training in the Bangladesh Police Academy as
Outside Cadet Sub-Inspectors. After that they have
partake in one year probationary period in different
police units.
Sergeant[edit]
Sergeants are recruited by Police Headquarters
centrally. After appointment they undergo a six-
month-long training course in the Bangladesh
Police Academy, at the rank of Probationary
Sergeant. After passing from the academy, they
also undergo an orientation training of six months in
the rank of probationer.
Constable[edit]
Constables are recruited in the district level. They
undergo a six-month-long training in the Police
Training Centre as a Trainee Recruit Constable
career (TRC).
Training institutions[edit]
The main training institution of the Bangladesh
Police is the Bangladesh Police Academy,
established in 1912 in Sardah.[citation needed] The Police
Staff College, which trains officers from ASP to DIG
in-service, was established in 2000 in Dhaka.
[13]
Bangladesh Police also maintains Police
Training Centre (PTC)
in Tangail, Rangpur, Khulna and Noakhali.
The Detective Training School was established in
1962 in Dhaka.
List of training institutions[edit]
 Police Staff College, Dhaka
 Bangladesh Police Academy,
Sardah, Rajshahi
 Police Training Centre, Tangail
 Police Training Centre, Rangpur
 Police Training Centre, Khulna
 Police Training Centre, Noakhali
 Detective Training
School (DTS), Rajarbagh, Dhaka
 Forensic Training Institute, Malibagh, Dhaka
 Special Branch Training School, Malibagh,
Dhaka
 Police Peacekeepers' Training School,
Rajarbagh, Dhaka
 Police Special Training School (PSTS),
Betbunia, Rangamati
 Traffic and Driving School (TDS), Mill
Barrack, Dhaka
 Motor Driver Training School
(MDTS), Jamalpur
 Telecommunications Training School, T&IM,
Rajarbagh, Dhaka
 IT Training School, T&IM, Rajarbagh, Dhaka
 Armed Police Battalion and specialized
training centre,Khagrachari
 Rapid Action Battalion Forces Training
School, Gazipur
 Armed Police Battalion Training School
Moreover, there are in-service training centres in
different districts.
Community Policing[edit] In 1986, there was only one serving woman police
officer: Fatema Begum was appointed as Assistant
In Bangladesh police, community policing is an
Superintendent of Police through 6th Bangladesh
organisation with the aims of promoting community,
Civil Service (BCS) examination. After two years, in
government and police partnerships, proactive
1988, four women joined Bangladesh Police
problem solving, and community engagement to
through the 7th Bangladesh Civil Service
address the causes of crime, fear of crime and
examination. After an interval from 1989 to 1998, in
community issues. Bangladesh Police have been
1999, eight women officers were appointed through
trying to implement this philosophy nationwide. The
the 18th Bangladesh Civil Service examination. On
Police Reform Program (PRP), a UNDP funded
21 June 2011 an all-women Armed Police Battalion
project, has been providing Bangladesh Police with
(APBn) was created as the 11th battalion of this
technical assistance to implement community-
force.
policing nationwide.[14]
As of 2010, there are 2,240 women in the
Strategic Partnership[edit]
Bangladesh Police, from the rank of constable to
Under the strategic partnership there are: additional police superintendent.[16]

1. a National Community Policing Advisory UN Peace-keeping Operations[edit]

Committee, chaired by the Secretary of the Since its first mission in Namibia in 1989, the
Ministry of Home Affairs Bangladesh Police has contributed to
2. a National Community Policing Co- numerous UN peace-keeping missions.[17]
ordination Committee headed by the IGP or
an additional Inspector General of Police at List of completed and present UNPOL and FPU
the Police Headquarters Peacekeeping missions participated by Bangladesh
3. a Crime Prevention Centre, set up in the Police:[18]
police Headquarters having the Detective
Inspector General (Crime) at the focal point Sl.
N Name of mission Country Period
Implementation Partnership[edit] o
The implementation partnership starts at the district
level: There is a district community-policing cell in
every district under the Superintendent of Police. 1 UNTAG Namibia 1989–1990
The Additional SP or an ASP looks after the district
community-policing cell. Secondly, in the police
station level, there is a community policing cell with
2 UNTAC Cambodia 1992–1994
a full-time community policing officer (CPO), who
coordinates the community policing activities in the
police station jurisdiction.
3 UNPROFOR Yugoslavia 1992–1996
Beat Policing[edit]
Dhaka Metropolitan Police is implementing the beat
policing in Dhaka city. In this regard, each Police 4 ONUMOZ Mozambique 1993–1994
Station is divided into some police beats, and for
each beat there is an assigned Beat Policing
Officer.
5 UNAMIR Rwanda 1993–1995
Women in Bangladesh Police[edit]
Women first joined Bangladesh Police in 1974, 6 UNMIH Haiti 1994–1995
when 14 women police officers were appointed in
the Special Branch: seven were at the rank of Sub-
Inspector, and seven were at the rank of Constable.
The first female uniformed police members were 7 UNAVEM III Angola 1995–1999
recruited two years later, in 1976, when 15 women
police officers were appointed in the Dhaka
Metropolitan Police. They were also at the ranks of 8 UNTAES East Slovenia 1996–1998
Constable and Sub-Inspector.[15]
 Bangladesh Police has been criticized for having
political influence in all levels, and the major
decisions are taken under political conditions.
Corruption is widespread among the law
enforcement, with custody deaths and torture being
9 UNMIBH Bosnia 1996–2002
prevalent.
In 2016 January, Dhaka South City Corporation
1999– official was tortured by Dhaka Metropolitan Police
10 UNAMET & UNTAET East Timor 2002[citation members.[19] In the same month a sub-inspector at
needed] DMP was accused of torturing and attempting to
extort money from a Bangladesh Bank official. [20]
[21]
Bangladesh Police have been accused of being
involved in crime including rape and murder.
11 UNMIK Kosovo 1999–2009 [22]
Bangladesh opposition party has accused the
Police of being used to suppress the opposition
parities.[23] The accountability of the police has been
12 UNAMSIL Sierra Leone 2000 question by the media.[24] 230 Police officers in
Barisal Metropolitan Police created a collective
bribe fund for promotions.[25] Bangladesh Police had
2003 to till faced criticism after telling secular bloggers to self-
13 UNMIL Liberia censure after the Attacks on secularists in
date
Bangladesh.[26] Wife of Avijit Roy had accused
Bangladesh Police of Inactivity during the attack on
her husband.[27] British Government has faced
2004 to till criticism for its aid to Bangladesh Police which
14 UNOCI Ivory Coast
date could be used to suppress dissidents.[28]
Law enforcement in Cambodia
15 UNMIS Sudan 2005–2011 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Law enforcement in Cambodia is handled by the
2005 to till Cambodian National Police, one of three General
16 MONUSCO DR Congo Departments within the Ministry of the Interior. The
date
National Police numbers 64,000 and is divided into
four autonomous units and five central
departments.[1] The National Police share
17 UNMIT East Timor 2006–2012
significant functional overlap with the Military Police
(officially the National Gendarmerie), which
functions within the Ministry of Defense.[2]
2007 to till
18 UNAMID Darfur
date
Contents

19 UNAMA Afghanistan 2008–2010  1National police

o 1.1Border department
o 1.2Public Order department
2011 to till o 1.3Judicial department
20 UNMISS South Sudan date[citation o 1.4Security department
needed]
o 1.5Central department of Means
 2Military police
o 2.1Structure
Corruption[edit] o 2.2Duties
Main articles: Forced disappearance in  3References
Bangladesh and Human rights in Bangladesh  4See also
§ Forced disappearance
National police[edit]
Police vehicle in Phnom Penh.
The General Department of the National Police is
one of three general departments within the
Ministry of the Interior. The others are the General
Inspectorate for Political, Administrative and Police
Affairs and the General Department of
Administration. The ministry is headed by deputy
prime minister Sar Kheng and the National Police
by a Commissioner-General with the rank of four-
star general. (The current Commissioner-General
is Neth Savoeun, a nephew by marriage of prime
minister Hun Sen; according to a US embassy
cable released through WikiLeaks, he has a good
reputation with the embassy).[3]
The Cambodian National Police is divided into four
autonomous units, headed collectively by the First
Deputy Director of National Police, and five central
departments, each managed by a Chief of
Department and Deputy Director:
 Four autonomous units:
o Interpol unit
o Headquarters unit
o Intervention unit
o Drug Enforcement unit
 Five central departments:
o Department of Border Control
o Public Order department
o Department of Justice
o Security department
o Central Department of Means
(support office)
Border department[edit]
The border police department is divided into three
sub-departments:
 Land border
 Marine border
 Logistics and technical
Public Order department[edit]
 Social security
 Defence
 Administration
 Public order
Judicial department[edit]
While the judicial police (the department in charge
of most forms of criminal law enforcement) are
meant to function under the prosecutor-general's
office, they receive orders from the national police
commander, meaning prosecutors lack control over
the judicial police department. The judicial police
force is divided into three sub-departments:
 Criminal police
 Economic police
 Scientific and technical
Security department[edit]
The security police department is divided into four
sub-departments:
 General information
 Anti-terrorism police
 Body-guards
 Foreigners
Central department of Means[edit]
 Personnel
 Pedagogy and training
 Logistics and material
Military police[edit]
Structure[edit]
The Military Police (Royal Gendarmerie) is a
branch of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces. The
Gendarmerie consists of 10 battalion-sized units,
each between 500-1000 officers. It has a strength
of more than 7,000 deployed in all provinces, with
headquarters in Phnom Penh. The current
commander is Lieutenant-General Sao Sokha, a
former bodyguard and personal advisor to prime
minister Hun Sen. The Gendarmerie monitors all 24
provinces. The unit includes a mobile team,
consisting of six intervention units, an intervention
vehicle battalion, a cavalry, and 4 infantry, with
bases in Phnom Penh. The Gendarmerie training
school is located in Kambol commune, Kandal
Province.
Duties[edit]
The Royal Gendarmerie is responsible for the Constitution
maintenance of public order and internal security, Law
including: [show]
Legislative[show]
 Restoring peace and stability after a heavy
disturbance Presidency[show]
 Counter-terrorism Executive[show]
 Countering violent groups Military[show]
 Suppressing prison riots
Supervision[show]
Its civil duties include providing security and public Judiciary
peace, investigating and preventing organized Law enforcement
crime, terrorism and other violent groups; protecting [hide]
state and private property; helping and assisting
civilians and other emergency forces in a case of  CPC Central Politics and Law Commission
emergency, natural disaster, civil unrest and armed
conflicts. These functions overlap between the Secretary: Guo Shengkun
Gendarmerie and the national police.[4]  Supreme People's Court
Its military duties include preserving and protecting President: Zhou Qiang
national security, state, property, public peace, and
People's Courts Judicial Police
public order, and assisting other security forces in
case of emergency, civil unrest, war; repressing  Supreme People's Procuratorate
riots; reinforcing martial law and mobilization; Prosecutor General: Zhang Jun
fighting and apprehending suspected criminals, People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
terrorists and other violent groups.
Law enforcement in China  State Council
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia o Ministry of Public Security
Jump to navigationJump to search Minister: Zhao Kezhi (State Councilor)
China Public Security Organs People's Police

 State Immigration
Administration
 Local public security bureaus
o Ministry of State Security
Minister: Chen Wenqing
State Security Organs People's Police
o Ministry of Justice
Minister: Fu Zhenghua
This article is part of a series on the Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
politics and government of
China  Bureau of Prison
Administration [zh]
Leadership[show]

Communist Party[show]
 Urban Management (chengguan)

United Front[show]

Ideology[show]  Judiciary of Hong Kong

o Court of Final Appeal
 Department of Justice
 o Prosecutions Division
 Law enforcement in Hong Kong
 Security Bureau
o Regular Disciplined Services
 Hong Kong Police Force
 Judiciary of Macau
o Court of Final Appeal
o Public Prosecutions Office
 Secretariat for Security
o Macau Security Force
 Unitary Police Services [zh]
 Public Security Police
 Judiciary Police [zh]
Publicity[show]
Hong Kong
Macau
[show]
Cross-Strait relations[show]
Foreign relations[show]
Related topics[show]
Other countries
Atlas
v the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of
t Public Security, the People's Armed Police,
e the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and the state
A BYD e6 police car
Law enforcement in China consists of an
extensive public security system and a variety of
enforcement procedures used to maintain strict
order in the country and to suppress political
dissent. Along with the courts and procuratorates,
the country's judicial and public security agencies
include the Ministry of Public Security and
the Ministry of State Security, with their descending
hierarchy of departments, bureaus, subbureaus,
and stations
Hong Kong and Macau have separate law
enforcement agencies and work together with
mainland agencies to deal with crime between
them.
Contents
 1Overview
o 1.1Judicial and Legal System
 2Important organizations and role
o 2.1Ministry of Public Security
o 2.2People's Armed Police
o 2.3Inspection officers
 3Police Vehicles
 4Historical background
 5History of grass-roots organizations
 6Illegal Drug trafficking
 7See also
 8References
o 8.1Citations
o 8.2Sources
 9External links
Overview[edit]
The national security system is made up of
judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems. The
Ministry of Public Security oversees all domestic
police activity in China.The ministry is responsible
for police operations and detention centers and has
dedicated departments for internal political,
economic, and communications security. Its lowest
organizational units are public security stations,
which maintain close day-to-day contact with the
public. The People's Armed Police Force, with its
1.5 million personnel, is organized into 45 divisions.
These include security police, border defense
personnel, guards for government buildings and
embassies, and police communications specialists.
The Ministry of State Security was established in
1983 to ensure "the security of the state through
effective measures against enemy agents, spies,
and counterrevolutionary activities designed to
sabotage or overthrow China's socialist system."
The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted
in 1993, 1994, and 1997 that replaced the
"counterrevolutionary" crime statutes. The
ministry's operations include intelligence collection,
both domestic and foreign. Authorities have used
arrests on charges of revealing state secrets,
subversion, and common crimes to suppress
political dissent and social advocacy.
The Ministry of Justice oversee the operation of
prisons.
The Security Bureau is the local security
department for Hong Kong. The paramilitary Hong
Kong Police Force was established in 1844 and
has 27,375 uniformed personnel and 4,885 civilian
staff. Hong Kong Correctional Service was
established in 1879 and has 6,659 uniformed
personnel and civilian staff. Both services report to
the Security Bureau.
Secretariat for Security (Macau) is the local security
department in Macau. Macau Security
Force (established in 1999 by the merger of the
Judiciary Police Unitary Police Service, Macau
Prisons) is a force of 3,700 personnel and reports
to the local Security department.
Judicial and Legal System[edit]
Main article: Judicial system of China
In 2004 the National People's Congress (NPC)
amended the constitution so that for the first time
the protection of the individual was incorporated as
a constitutional requirement. Specifically, Articles
37 and 38 recognize the "freedom of the person"
and the "personal dignity of citizens" as
"inviolable."[1] In practice, however, those
amendments have been widely ignored.
Although the 1997 Criminal Procedure Law allows
the police to detain a person for up to 37 days
before release or formal arrest, more vigorous court
reviews have led to the release of thousands of
unlawfully detained individuals. However, although
the law stipulates that the authorities must notify
a detainee's family or work unit of the detention
within 24 hours, in practice timely notification is
often disregarded, especially in sensitive political
cases.
Police sometimes hold individuals without granting
access to family members or lawyers, and their
trials are sometimes conducted in secret. Detained
criminal suspects, defendants, their legal
representatives, and close relatives are entitled to
apply for bail, but, in practice, few suspects are
released pending trial. There used to be
a reeducation-through-labor system that allows
nonjudicial panels of police and local civil
authorities to sentence individuals to up to three
years in prison-like facilities, which practice was
abolished in 2013. It has been reported that some
detainees, usually political activists or dissidents,
have been incarcerated in high-security psychiatric
facilities for the criminally insane. Police and
prosecutorial officials have been accused of
ignoring due process provisions of the law and
constitution.
Citizens have a constitutional guarantee of the right
to use their own spoken and written language in
court proceedings. Courts and procuratorates are
advised by the constitution that they "should
provide translations for any party to the court
proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or
written languages in common use in the locality."
The constitution provides for an
independent judiciary, but the courts are subjected
to party and government policy guidance that
influences the outcome of verdicts and sentences.
Conviction rates in criminal cases in the early
2000s were approximately 90 percent, and trials
generally were little more than sentencing hearings.
Although most suspects in criminal cases are
legally guaranteed the right to counsel, they often
meet their appointed attorney only once before the
hearing; at best, a defense attorney can obtain a
reduction of the sentence. In many politically
sensitive trials, rarely lasting more than several
hours, the courts hand down guilty verdicts
immediately following proceedings, and death
sentences are often implemented within days of the
rejection of an appeal.
The legal system in Hong Kong is based
in English Common law and remains unchanged for
at least 50 years from 1997. The legal system
in Macau is based in Portuguese legal system, as
well as some aspects of German law, Chinese
law, Italian law, and some English common law.
Like Hong Kong, the Macau's legal structure will
remain as is for at least 50 years from 1999. Both
SARs have separate judicial systems, but
the National People's Congress (NPC) is still the
highest legal organ.
Important organizations and role[edit]
Ministry of Public Security[edit]
The Ministry of Public Security is the
principal police authority. The ministry has
functional departments for areas such as internal
security, intelligence, counter-terrorism, police
operations, prisons, and political, economic,
and communications security. Subordinate to the
ministry are provincial-level public security
departments; public security bureaus and
subbureaus at the county level (the bureaus
located in the prefectures and large cities, the
subbureaus in counties and municipal districts);
and public security stations at the township level.
While public security considerations has a strong
influence at all levels of administration, the police
appear to wield progressively greater influence at
the lower levels of government.
The organization of local public security stations
can be inferred from the tasks with which the police
are charged. Generally, each station has sections
for population control, pre-trial investigations,
welfare, traffic control, a detention center, and other
activities.
The public security station - the police element in
closest contact with the people - is supervised by
the public security subbureau as well as by local
governments and procuratorates. The
procuratorate assumes direct responsibility for
handling any case it chooses, and it supervises
investigations in those cases it allows the public
security station to conduct. A great deal of
coordination occurs among the public security
organs, the procuratorates, and the courts, so that
a trial is unlikely to produce a surprise outcome.
The public security station generally has
considerably broader responsibilities than a police
station in the other countries, involving itself in
every aspect of the district people's lives. In a rural
area it has a chief, a deputy chief, a small
administrative staff, and a small police force. In an
urban area it has a greater number of
administrative staff members and seven to
eighteen patrolmen. Its criminal law activities
includes investigation, apprehension, interrogation,
and temporary detention. The station's household
section maintains a registry of all persons living in
the area. Births, deaths, marriages, and divorces
are recorded and confirmed through household
checks. The station regulates all hotels and
requires visitors who remain beyond a certain
number of days to register. It also regulates the
possession, transportation, and use of all
explosives, guns, ammunition, and poisons.
Another important police function is controlling
change of residence. Without such controls, larger
numbers of rural residents undoubtedly would
move to the overcrowded cities in search of better
living standards, work, or education
(see Urbanization in China). In April 1984 the State
Council issued the "Tentative Regulations
Governing People's Republic of China Resident
Identity". The regulations, to be implemented over a
period of years, required all residents over sixteen
years of age, except active-duty members of the
PLA and the People's Armed Police and inmates
serving sentences, to be issued resident identity
cards by the Ministry of Public Security. The picture
cards indicated the name, sex, nationality, date of
birth, and address of the bearer.
Special police operations employed agents,
informers, and spies. Informers are used
in surveillance of suspected criminals.
The criminal laws in force after January 1, 1980,
restricted police powers regarding arrests,
investigations, and searches. A public security
official or a citizen could apprehend a suspect
under emergency conditions, but a court or
procuratorate was required to approve the arrest.
The accused had to be questioned within twenty-
four hours and his or her family notified of the
detention "except in circumstances where
notification would hinder the investigation or there
was no way to notify them." Any premeditated
arrest required a court or procuratorate warrant.
The time that an accused could be held pending
investigation was limited to three to seven days,
and incarceration without due process is illegal.
Two officials were needed to conduct a criminal
investigation. They were required to show
identification and to inform the accused of the crime
allegedly committed before he or she was
questioned. The suspect could refuse to answer
only those questions irrelevant to the case. Torture
is illegal.
The 1980 laws also provided that in conjunction
with an arrest the police could conduct an
emergency search; otherwise, a warrant was
required. They had the right to search the person,
property, and residence of an accused and the
person of any injured party. They could intercept
mail belonging to the accused and order
an autopsy whenever cause of death was unclear.
In July 1980 the government approved new
regulations governing police use of weapons and
force. Police personnel could use their batons only
in self-defense or when necessary to subdue or
prevent the escape of violent criminals or rioters.
Lethal weapons, such as pistols, could be used if
necessary to stop violent riots, to lessen the overall
loss of life, or to subdue surrounded but still
resisting criminals. The regulations also governed
use of sirens, police lights, and whistles.
The relationship between the police officers
assigned to neighborhood patrols and the people is
close. Police officers live in a neighborhood on a
long-term assignment and are expected to know all
the residents personally. Their task is not only to
prevent and punish crime but to promote desirable
behavior by counseling and acting as role models.
This positive side of the police officer's duties was a
constant responsibility, and the bond between the
public security units and the people are
strengthened annually by means of "cherish-the-
people" months, during which the police officer
makes a special effort to be of help, especially to
the aged and the infirm.
People's Armed Police[edit]
A People's Armed Police squad in the Forbidden
City, Beijing.
Main article: People's Armed Police
The People's Armed Police (PAP) is
a Gendarmerie paramilitary police force under the
authority of the Ministry of Public Security and
Central Military Commission. After a trial period in
selected jurisdictions, it was officially established at
the national level in 1983. In line with the general
policy of reducing the size of the armed forces and
transferring responsibilities to the civilian sector, the
newly established force was formed from internal
security units reassigned from the PLA to the
Ministry of Public Security and from border
defense (customs) and fire-fighting units. In 1985
the PAP consisted of approximately 600,000
volunteers and conscripts. With a headquarters at
the national level and division-level provincial units,
regimental-level detachments, and battalion-level
brigades, it retained its military organization.
Current strength of PAP is 1.5 million.
PAP units are responsible for guarding party and
state organizations and
foreign embassies and consulates, as well as for
responding to emergencies and maintaining law
and order. Border defense units performed
standard customs duties, such as inspecting
vehicles and ships entering and leaving the country,
and
maintained surveillance against smugglers and dru
g traffickers. PAP firefighting units were responsible
for fire-prevention education as well as for fighting
fires. PAP units at every level worked in close
cooperation with the armed forces and other public
security organizations.
Inspection officers[edit]
Cities in China often have uniformed, but unarmed
inspection officers under the command of each
municipalities' "City Urban Administrative and Law
Enforcement Bureau". More commonly known as
"Chengguan", the Chinese abbreviation of the term.
They are usual civil servants and do not enjoy
Police's rights and privileges. The agency is in
charge with enforcement of urban management of
the city. This includes local bylaws, city appearance
bylaws, environment, sanitation, work safety,
pollution control, health, and can involve
enforcement in planning, greening, industry and
commerce, environment protection, municipal
affairs and water in large cities.
However, since the establishment of the
Chengguan in 2001/2002, there have been
numerous cases of Chengguan in cities across
China using excessive violence and abuse of
power. In fact, there have been several incidents
involving the Chengguan seriously wounding
innocents and even beating people to death in
public.[2] These tragedies have given the
Chengguan a notorious reputation and the agency
is generally disliked and loathed by the Chinese
people. In recent years efforts have been made to
ameliorate the tense relation between the
Chengguan and the general public, with mixed
results.
Police Vehicles[edit]
Police cars in the mainland are white with a dark
blue swoosh painted on the side such as BYD e6.
[3]
China does not have a uniform fleet buying
program so local departments typically buy from a
variety of local dealerships. VW Santanas and
Passats are the most common but other makes and
models are present as well.
Hong Kong Police vehicles have been influenced
by British and Chinese schemes and still today
retain them. Police in Macau use generic European
designs patterns.
A roadblock operated by Shenzhen Public Security
Bureau on G4 motorway. The police vehicle is
a Ford Transit
A Mercedes-Benz Sprinter police patrol van
in Hong Kong.
A Mercedes-Benz Sprinter police patrol van of
the Public Security Police Force of Macau.
Historical background[edit]
However much the public security system may
have been influenced by communist ideology and
practice, it remained rooted directly in the traditional
Chinese concept of governmental control through
imposed collective responsibility. Even in the pre-
imperial era, a system was proposed to organize
the people into "groups of families which would be
mutually responsible for each other's good behavior
and share each other's punishments."
The Qin (221-207 BCE) and Han (206 BCE-CE
220) dynasties made use of the concept, and
the Song dynasty (960-1279) institutionalized it on
a nationwide basis in the bao jia (tithing) system. It
entailed the organization of family households into
groups of ten, each unit being organized
successively into a larger unit up to the county level
of administration. Each family sent a representative
to the monthly meeting of its unit, and each unit
elected a leader to represent it at the next higher
level. Since the head of each unit was responsible
to the next higher level for the conduct of all
members of his unit, the system served as an
extension of the central government. Eventually,
each group of families also was required to furnish
men to serve in the militia. Bao jia, which
alternately flourished or languished under later
rulers and usually existed more in theory than in
practice, was reinstituted during the Qing
dynasty (1644–1911).
During the Qing period, the people's aversion
to legalistic procedures and the rulers' preferences
for socially and collectively
imposed sanctions continued. Technically,
the magistrate was to hear even minor criminal
cases; but local elders and village leaders were
allowed to handle most disputes, freeing the
magistrate for more important work and saving the
government expense. The people preferred to
handle matters in this way, outside the
intimidating court system.
Other practices for maintaining public order in
China during the imperial era included the
formation of mutual aid groups of farm households,
which over time came to assume police functions.
In a manner similar to twentieth-century means of
ideological control, the Qing bureaucracy organized
mass lectures that stressed the Confucian principle
of obedience. Still another traditional form of
policing was the appointment of censors to
investigate corruption and misconduct up to the
highest levels of government. Doing that job too
well cost many censors their lives.
In 1932 Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT)
government reinstituted the bao jia system. In the
KMT's revised bao jia system, in addition to the
chief, there were two officers of importance within
each 100-family unit. The population officer
maintained the records and reported all births,
deaths, marriages, moves, and unlawful activities to
the district office. The bao jia troop commander
headed a self-defense unit and was responsible for
maintaining law and order. In rural China, however,
the local village was generally a self-contained
world, and the peasants remained aloof from
distant and higher-ranking centers of authority.
The Japanese were introduced to the bao
jia system on Taiwan when they assumed control of
the island after the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95),
and they found the system highly suitable for
administering occupied areas. They instituted
modified versions of it in north China after 1937.
The Japanese imposed severe restrictions on the
population, and the system aided in taking
the census, restricting movement, and
conducting spot checks. Each household had to
affix a wooden tablet on the front door with the
names of all inhabitants inscribed. Anyone missing
or not on the list during an inspection by Japanese
troops was assumed to be an insurgent. Since
there were not as many Japanese troops in south
China as in the north, the local leaders assisted the
Japanese in administering the areas. They also
disseminated propaganda at neighborhood
meetings and established self-defense and youth
corps.
The Communists were themselves products of
Chinese society, and when they came to power in
1949 they liberally borrowed from these historical
examples. They extensively organized the
population and maintained the principles of mutual
surveillance and mutual responsibility. They also
retained the concept of self-defense forces.
Communist control, however, exceeded that of bao
jia or any other traditional system and extended into
virtually every household. Under communist rule,
the family was not considered an effective control
mechanism. To achieve near-total control, a large
number of administrative agencies and social
organizations were established or adapted. Police
forces resembling the Soviet police in organization,
power, and activities were organized with the aid of
Soviet advisers.
From 1949 to 1953, the newly established
government of the People's Republic made use of
the PLA, militia units made up of demobilized
soldiers and other civilians, the police, and loyal
citizens to put down resistance and establish order.
Remnants of the Republic of China Armed
Forces remained in pockets on the mainland, and
communist efforts to enforce tax laws and
agricultural rules provoked disturbances and riots.
Extending responsibility for public order to include
the police, military, and citizenry proved to be a
highly effective arrangement, and the concept was
written into the Common Program that preceded
the 1954 state constitution.
The PLA and the militia continued to share
responsibility for internal security and public order
under the 1954 state constitution. The PLA's
involvement in internal affairs was most extensive
during the more turbulent period of the Cultural
Revolution (1966–76). Mao Zedong, perceiving that
the public security cadres were protecting precisely
the party leaders he wished to purge, directed
youthful Red Guards to crush the police, courts,
and procuratorates as well. The minister of public
security, Luo Ruiqing (who concurrently served as
the chief of Joint staff), was purged, soon followed
by heads of the courts and procuratorates.
Initially, the military tried to remain uninvolved. But
on Mao's orders, the PLA, which had once been
told to support (actually to acquiesce to) the Red
Guards, moved in to quell the chaos that Mao had
inspired. The PLA gradually took over public
security functions by establishing military control
committees to replace the government
bureaucracy. Revolutionary committees were set
up as provincial-level and local administrative
organs, usually with a PLA cadre in charge, and
order gradually returned. By the summer of 1968
the Red Guards were being disbanded, and mass
trials were used to punish and intimidate rioters.
With nineteen of China's twenty-nine provincial-
level people's revolutionary committees headed by
PLA commanders, the military again was in charge
of administration and security throughout the
country, but it badly needed help from
experienced police officers. A policy of leniency
toward most former officials evolved, and some
public security cadres returned to work. The PLA
also recruited inexperienced people to
form auxiliary police units. These units were mass
organizations with a variety of names reflecting
their factional orientation. Perhaps the best known
unit was the "Attack with Reason, Defend with
Force Corps" named for the militant slogan of
Mao's wife, Jiang Qing. Public security forces were
composed largely of non-professionals and lacked
the disciplined informant networks and personnel
dossiers previously used to maintain order.
Beginning in 1968, the authorities called upon the
PLA to help remove millions of urban dwellers from
the overcrowded cities and relocate them to the
countryside and to transport cashiered officials to
special cadre schools for indoctrination and labor.
The migration to the country mostly involved
students and other youths for whom there were not
enough jobs or places in the school system within
the cities. Yet despite the discontent these
campaigns caused, reported crime declined after
1970. Increased concern over the threat from
the Soviet Union in the wake of armed clashes on
the Sino-Soviet border in 1969 forced the PLA
gradually to return to barracks, and control of the
country reverted to the civilian leadership.
The Beijing-based Central Security Regiment, also
known as the 8341 Unit, was an important PLA law
enforcement element. It was responsible over the
years for the personal security of Mao Zedong and
other party and state leaders. More than
a bodyguard force, it also operated a
nationwide intelligence network to uncover plots
against Mao or any incipient threat to the
leadership. The unit reportedly was deeply involved
in undercover activities, discovering electronic
listening devices in Mao's office and performing
surveillance of his rivals. The 8341 Unit participated
in the late 1976 arrest of the Gang of Four, but it
reportedly was deactivated soon after that event.
The militia also participated in maintaining public
order in the 1970s. Their involvement was
especially evident in the 1973-76 period. In 1973
the Gang of Four, concerned over the
transformation of the PLA into a more professional,
less political, military force, took control of the
urban militia from the PLA and placed it under local
party committees loyal to them. For the next three
years, the urban militia was used extensively to
enforce radical political and social policies. It was
the urban militia, along with the public security
forces, that broke up the demonstrations in
Tiananmen Square honoring the memory of Zhou
Enlai in April 1976 — the event that served as the
pretext for the second purge of Deng Xiaoping. At
the time, in rural areas the militia was more under
the control of the PLA.
Public security officials also made extensive use of
the authority granted them to impose administrative
sanctions by two sets of documents. These were
the 1957 Regulations on Reeducation Through
Labor, which were reissued in 1979 with
amendments, and the 1957 Regulations Governing
Offenses Against Public Order, which were
rescinded and replaced in 1986 by regulations of
the same name. Offenders under the Regulations
on Reeducation Through Labor might include
"vagabonds, people who have no proper
occupation, and people who repeatedly breach
public order." The police could apprehend such
individuals and sentence them to reeducation
through labor with the approval of local labor-
training administration committees. The 1957
regulations placed no limit on the length of
sentences, but beginning in the early 1960s three
or four years was the norm. The 1979 amended
regulations, however, limited the length of
reeducation through labor to three years with
possible extension for extraordinary cases. The
Regulations Governing Offenses Against Public
Order empowered the police to admonish, fine, or
detain people for up to fifteen days. Goods illegally
in the possession of an offender were to be
confiscated, and payment was imposed for
damages or hospital fees in the event injury had
been caused.
History of grass-roots organizations[edit]
Neighborhood committees in the 1980s continued
to be heavily involved in law enforcement and
mediation of disputes at the local level. Among the
enforcement procedures these committees used to
influence both thought and behavior were criticism
and collective responsibility.
Before the reform era, aspects of Chinese society
also contributed to shaping the contemporary
structure for maintaining public order. During the
beginning of the 1980s economic reforms, urban
and rural dwellers rarely changed their residences.
Amid the sprawling cities, neighborhoods remained
closeknit communities. For the 80 percent of the
population that lived in the countryside, home and
place of work were the same. With little physical
mobility, most villagers stayed put for generations
and knew each other intimately. In such close-knit
environments, where everyone was likely to know
everyone else and noticed most of what happened,
mutual surveillance and peer pressure was
extremely effective.
The structure of the public security system
remained extensive in the 1980s, and the authority
of its forces exceeded that of most police forces in
the West. Nevertheless, public security agencies
required and received the assistance of a wide-
ranging network of grass-roots organizations to
mobilize residents' responses to the government's
call for observance of laws, lead the people in
maintaining social order and public security, and
settle disputes among residents.
In urban areas an average of 11 patrolmen were
responsible for controlling an area containing
15,000 or more residents. A patrolman could not
know all the people and their particular problems,
and therefore needed and enlisted help. The local
people's governments and congresses shared
responsibility for public order but had no special
personnel for the task. The armed forces were
available, but they had other primary concerns and
would be called out only in the most extreme
circumstances.
To provide security beyond what could be provided
by the police and to extend government control, a
system of neighborhood or street committees had
been established on a nationwide basis in 1954.
The committees were charged with the
responsibility of assisting the government in
maintaining order. They usually controlled from
10,000 to 20,000 people and consisted of 3 to 7
full-time officials. In the late 1970s, the size and
functions of neighborhood committees were
expanded. The neighborhood committees were
specifically responsible for maintaining public order
and were accountable to the local people's
congress.
Residents' committees and residents' "small
groups," also established in 1954, were
subordinate to neighborhood committees. These communist areas during the Chinese Civil
were the genuine grass-roots organizations, staffed War (1945–49) as a natural outgrowth of traditional
by unpaid local residents elected by their preferences for local mediation of disputes. Upon
neighbors. They directly involved the people in taking over the major cities of China in 1949, the
controlling their neighborhoods, and they reduced Communists were confronted with a tremendous
the demands on formal state institutions by backlog of judicial cases. Mediation committees
maintaining surveillance for the public security provided a means of resolving disputes while
forces and mediating most civil disputes and minor actively propagandizing and involving the people in
criminal cases for the judiciary. A residents' the new government. Beginning in 1954 mediation
committee supervised from 100 to 600 families with committees were set up in neighborhoods, stores,
a staff of 7 to 17 members, one from each schools, enterprises, factories, and workshops in
subordinate residents' small group. A residents' the cities and in the production brigades and teams
small group controlled fifteen to forty households. in the countryside.
The public security organization in the countryside
In the 1980s the five- to eleven-member people's
was also pervasive. From the 1950s to the early
mediation committees were elected by popular vote
1980s, it was structured along military lines.
to two-year terms with the option of being
The people's commune was the lowest level of
reelected. Members served without pay and could
government organization, with its administrative
be removed at any time by the electors for
committee on a legal par with the local people's
dereliction of duty. They were responsible for
government in the urban areas. People's
settling disputes, strengthening popular unity,
communes were subdivided into production
promoting production and order, and conducting
brigades and production teams. Each team elected
propaganda activities. Parties in dispute came
a people's public security committee, which sent a
voluntarily to the mediation committee; people
representative to the committee at the brigade
seemed to feel they should try mediation before
level. Physical control was mostly the responsibility
proceeding to a lawsuit. Mediators' duties ranged
of the militia units organized at the team, brigade,
from acting as go-betweens for parties who refused
and commune levels. In the winter of 1982-83
to talk to one another to defining issues, deciding
communes were replaced by township
questions of fact, and issuing tentative
governments, and grass-roots committees were
or advisory decisions. Mediation committees also
patterned after urban committees. These rural
exerted strong political, economic, social, and
grass-roots committees were given legal status by
moral pressures upon one or both parties to gain
the Draft Organic Regulations for Villagers'
"voluntary" compliance with the decisions. In
Committees approved by the National People's
addition to mediation committees, other officials,
Congress in April 1987.
police officers, party members, and work
Residents' committees and small groups were supervisors were expected to serve as mediators.
staffed originally by housewives and retired Members of the residents' committees and small
persons but involved others as their functions groups who were not members of the mediation
expanded. Their pervasive presence made them a committees were also involved in the mediation
primary means for disseminating propaganda, and process.
their grass-roots nature allowed for effective use of
peer pressure in mediating disputes and controlling
troublemakers. Perhaps 4 or 5 percent of the adult

population exercised some authority in what
Western experts have described as "participatory
democracy in an extended form." The functional
subunits, the residents' committees and residents'
small groups, were particularly important in
controlling the people.
People's mediation committees, guided and
supervised jointly by the basic people's court and
the public security station, performed an important President Roberto Urdaneta Arbelaez
function within the residents' committees. They
settled minor disputes and disagreements
using conciliation and peer pressure. Mediation
committees were established originally in
 
Oficial de Transportes, 1957
 the presidency of Rafael Núñez, the president went
First motorcycle squad, 1953
 the Ministry of Government. To guarantee the
First Emergency Vehicle Ford March 1952
Class Cadetes Carlos Holguin 1951 Escuela
General Santander
Centinela, magazine from class Cadetes Carlos
Holguin, 1951
After a civil war broke out in 1895 during
absent and Miguel Antonio Caro took over office
temporarily. Caro declared a general state of
emergency in which authority over the National
Police was transferred to the Ministry of War on
January 21, 1896, and its members received the
same privileges as military personnel.
When aged president Manuel Antonio
Sanclemente was replaced by Vice-president José
Manuel Marroquín, who assumed the presidency,
the National Police was restructured and organized
in a military manner. It was then transferred back to
security of Bogotá, the National Police was divided
into seven districts to cover the entire city. A mutual
fund called Caja de Gratificaciones was set up to
pay benefits to service members, financed by the
penalties imposed to the civilian population. By
1899 the National Police had a force of 944 agents
divided into eight divisions.
Colombian National Policemen guarding the
Colombian Inspector General's building.
20th century[edit]
Main article: Thousand Days' War
When the most intense of the civil wars broke out,
known as the Thousand Days' War (1899–1902),
the National Police was once again assigned to the
Ministry of War until September 6, 1901. Under the
Decree 1380 of September 16, 1902 the National
Police created the Presidential Palace Honor Guard
Corps with the name Guardia Civil de la Ciudad de
Bogotá (Civil Guard of the City of Bogotá).
During the presidency of Rafael Reyes, the
government authorized by decree 743 of 1904, the
transfer of the Police to the Ministry of War, with the
president micro-managing the institution. By
authorization of Law 43 the Judicial Commissary of
Police was established under the dependency of
the General Command of the National Police to
investigate crimes within its jurisdiction.
From 1906 to 1909 the government created a
cloned institution with similar functions to the
National Police named the
National Gendarmerie Corps (Cuerpo de
Gendarmeria Nacional) intended to function
decentralized from the National Police command
and more militarized regime, managed by the
Ministry of War. When General Jorge Holguín
suppressed the National Gendarmerie Corps, the
province governors were given the authority to
organize police services at their own will.
Mounted Carabineros in Medellín.
Law 14 signed on November 4, 1915 defined the
National Police functions to "preserve public
tranquility in Bogotá and any other place where
needed to execute its functions, protect citizens
and aid the constitutional law by enforcing it and
the judicial branch of government." The institution
was divided into three groups; the first in charge of
security and vigilante functions, a second group
acting as civil gendarmerie guard whose main
responsibility was protecting the postal service and
controlling the prison system. The third group
functioned as the judicial police.
In 1916 the institution was trained by the
Spanish Guardia Civil in their doctrine, mainly
related to criminology. They were restructured by
Decree 1628 of October 9 of 1918, assigning the
direction, sub-direction and Inspector General
duties to officers seconded from the National Army
of Colombia - thus the basis for the Prussian style
dress uniforms used today. Later the same year, as
authorized by a Law 74 of November 19, 1919, the
Colombian president hired a French instructor and
chief of detectives, who was an expert in
the anthropometric system to train the National
Police.
In 1924 the Criminal Investigation School was
founded to update personnel working in this area.
In 1929 the Colombian government in agreement
with the Argentine government, hired Enrique
Medina Artola to train the Colombian Police
in dactylography to replace the anthropometric
system. In 1934 in an agreement with the Spanish
government the National Police was trained in
scientific identification until 1948.
On July 7, 1937 by Decree 1277, the government
authorized the creation of the General Santander
Academy, which began operating in 1940 as an
institute for every police recruit in the force. In 1939
the Colombian government receives the first
cooperation agreement with the United States,
through a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
committee headed by agent Edgar K. Thompson.
El Bogotazo and La Violencia[edit]
Main articles: Bogotazo and La Violencia
In 1948 when the civil unrest known as
"El Bogotazo" broke out, after the assassination of
the popular presidential candidate Jorge Eliecer
Gaitán, the stability of the country was abruptly
interrupted. This generated a period of civil unrest
known as La Violencia, which lasted for almost a
decade. The government then decided to
restructure the institution once again, with the
cooperation and advice from the British. The
English mission was composed of Colonel Douglas
Gordon, Colonel Eric M. Roger, Lieutenant Colonel
Bertrand W.H. Dyer, Major Frederick H. Abbot and
Major William Parham, primarily assisted by
Colombian lawyers Rafael Escallón, Timoleón
Moncada, Carlos Losano Losano, Jorge and
Enrique Gutiérrez Anzola.
By Decree 0446 of February 14, 1950 the National
Police created the Gonzálo Jiménez de Quesada
Non-Commissioned School to train mid-level
enlisted staff under the management of the General
Santander National Police Academy.
Military Dictator, Gustavo Rojas Pinilla[edit]
On June 13, 1953 Lieutenant General Gustavo
Rojas Pinilla seized power in a coup d'etat,
assuming functions as President of Colombia. In an
attempt to better organize the military forces,
President Rojas declared the Decree 1814 on the
same day officially renaming and revamping the
General Command of the Military Forces of
Colombia under the name of General Command of
the Armed Forces of Colombia. It defined the
conformation of the Armed Forces as comprising
the Army, Navy, Air Force and the National Police,
the last assigned to the Ministry of War once again
as a fourth military power, functioning with its own
independent budget and organization, separate
from the other branches as established by law.
The Ministry of War was later renamed as the
Ministry of Defense. Many Police Academies were
planned and constructed in other cities of
Colombia. In 1953 the Antonio Nariño Police
Academy in Barranquilla and the Alejandro
Gutiérrez Police Academy in Manizales were
opened, followed by a social plan for retirement and
social security called Caja de Sueldos de la Policia
Nacional by Decree 417 of 1954. The Eduardo
Cuevas Academy later opened in 1955 in the city
of Villavicencio and the Carlos Holguín Academy
in Medellín was opened in 1958. During this year a
cooperation mission arrived from Chile to
reorganize and train the Carabinier Corps in urban
and rural surveillance.
As established in Law 193 of December 30, 1959,
the Colombian nation assumed full financial
responsibility for the National Police.
Colombian Armed Conflict[edit]
See also: Colombian conflict and Plan Colombia
Luis Hernando Gomez-Bustamante, also known as
"Rasguño", arrest performed by the National Police
of Colombia
In 1964, as mandated by the Decree 349 of
February 19, the Police Superior Academy was
founded to indoctrinate officers with the rank of
Major to the grade of Lieutenant Colonels. By 1977
the institution had created the first course for
female officers.
During the 1960s and 1970s the National Police
started facing guerrilla threats which were emerging
during these years as a backlash from the political
bipartisan struggle of the La Violencia years. There
was also the growing problem of contraband and
illegal drug trafficking and the involvement of the
United States with the implementation of the Plan
LASO as a proxy war plan against the expansion
of Communism during the Cold War.
Later, the declaration of the War on Drugs and
the Plan Colombia would eventually help develop
the present and ongoing Colombian Armed
Conflict involving mainly guerrillas: the FARC-
EP including its Patriotic Union Party, ELN, EPL, M-
19, among many others; the Drug Cartels such as
the Medellín Cartel, Cali Cartel, and
others; paramilitarism and the AUC. The Colombian
National Police have been fighting against these
many threats, tainted or involved in some cases of
corruption and accusations of human rights
violations, amid the efforts of the majority of the
institution to change its image.
Late 1990s improvement drive[edit]
Former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell during
a visit to Colombia greeted by a Colombian
National Police patroller.
During successive weak presidencies, some
Colombian National Police members were accused
of being involved in many corruption cases,
including guerrilla collaboration; paramilitarism and
the cleansing of the leftist Patriotic Union Party,
among other cases; and the corruption generated
by the drug cartels' illegal money or other criminal
activities. The CNP became untrusted by the
general population of Colombia and the country
was facing an intense conflict or a full scale civil
war.
To prevent this situation the institution began a
process of change focusing on reinvigorating the
values and principles of the institution, mostly led
by General Rosso Jose Serrano. Colombia's
problems were demanding a strong government
with strong institutions to face the numerous
violations to the constitution and the population in
general. The first steps towards this path was the
relegation of bad policemen inside the force and
targeting the major criminal organizations. The
institution also focused on providing better benefits
for the policemen and their families; and a
particular effort to restore the trust of the
community for the police force, emphasizing
preventing crime, educating the population and the
policemen on cordial relationships, neighborhood
watch, cooperation, and community development.
Since 1995 the National Police has begun to
change norms, structures, and standard operating
procedures, essentially on policemen's judgment
toward accomplishing missions and encouraging
those who are willing to work with selfless service,
integrity, leadership, and a vision of improving the
population in general.
The National Police continues to have some
corruption and human rights problems but the
improvement has been considerable, including the
education of personnel in other countries' law
enforcement institutions and educational institutions
through cooperation agreements. The institution is
also highly involved in the Plan Colombia.
2007 Wiretapping Scandal[edit]
In May 2007, Revista Semana released transcripts
of illegal wiretaps of incarcerated paramilitary
leaders. After admitting his knowledge of the taps,
commanding general Jorge Daniel Castro was
asked to resign, along with General Guillermo
Chavez Ocana, the intelligence chief. General
Oscar Naranjo Trujillo, a relatively junior general,
was named to replace Castro. Due to police rules,
Naranjo's appointment required the additional
retirement of 10 senior generals.[3]
Ranks[edit]
Officers[edit]
Main article: Colombian National Police officer rank
insignia
The Officer Corps of the Colombian National Police
forms the commanding level of the institution,
starting with the rank of sub-lieutenant, and
ascending through lieutenant, captain, major,
lieutenant colonel, colonel, brigadier general, major
general, lieutenant general to the final and top
grade of general. This branch is in charge of the
administrative area of the institution and its public
relations.
Rank Badges[edit]
Executives[edit]
Main article: Colombian National Police executive
rank insignia
The executive branch is formed by chief officers of
the Colombian National Police, who are
commissioned to political appointee duties, and
may or may not actually be professional police
officers. In these circumstances, there is often a
professional chief of police in charge of day-to-day
operations.
Rank Badges[edit]
Enlisted[edit]
Main article: Colombian National Police enlisted
rank insignia
This branch of the Colombian National Police is in
charge of executing operations and functions under
the command of the officers.
Auxiliary Police[edit]
 Auxiliar de Policía : Auxiliary Police: Military
conscripts serving their compulsory military
service in the National Police for (18) eighteen
months, performing any other activities as a
professional member of the institution. They
use small arms, side-handle batons (Tonfa),
and in areas of public policing or are guards of
the police station, using long range weapons
(rifles).
 Auxiliar de Policía Bachiller: Auxiliary Police
Bachelor: Provides his compulsory military
service in the National Police for (12) twelve
months performing community activities, such
as regulating traffic and other primary activities
of police. Does not use firearms.
Organization[edit]
The National Police is an armed police service that
is civilian in nature, with a hierarchical structure,
similar to that of the Military Forces of Colombia.
The CNP is headed by the General of the National
Police, who is appointed by the President of the
Republic, and must be a General officer of the
institution.
Because their jurisdiction is national, the police
distributed in its coverage: (8) Regional Police, (5)
Metropolitan Police and (34) Police Departments,
including the region of Uraba.
The Directorate General (DIPON), is divided into
six directorates support services (administrative),
eight operational direction, a direction of
educational counselors and five offices:
 Operational Level:
 o Dirección de Seguridad Ciudadana
(DISEC) - Directorate for Citizens
Security (DISEC)
o Dirección de Carabineros
Seguridad - Directorate of Carabiners and
Rural Security
o Dirección de Investigación Criminal
e Interpol (DICIL) - Directorate of Criminal
Investigation and Interpol
o Dirección de Inteligencia Policial
(DIPOL) - Police Intelligence Directorate
(DIPOL)
o Dirección de Antinarcóticos (DIRAN)
- Anti-Narcotics Directorate (DIRAN)
o Dirección de Protección y Servicios
Especiales (DIPRO) - Directorate for
Protection and Special Services (DIPRO)
o Dirección Antisecuestro
Antiextorsión - Directorate for Anti-
kidnapping and Anti Extortion
o Dirección de Tránsito y Transporte -
Directorate of Traffic and Transportation
 Administrative level:
o Dirección Administrativa
Financiera (DIRAF) - Directorate for
Administration and Finance
o Dirección de Talento Humano
(DITAH) - Directorate of Human Capability
o Dirección de Sanidad (DISAN) -
Directorate of Health
o Dirección de Bienestar Social
(DIBIE) - Directorate of Social Welfare
o Dirección de Incorporación (DINCO)
- Directorate of Incorporation
 Advisory offices:
o Inspección General (INSGE) -
Inspector General
o Oficina de Planeación (OFPLA) -
Planning Office
o Secretaria General (SEGEN) -
Secretary General
o Oficina de Telemática (OFITE) -
Office of TeleCommunications
o Oficina de Comunicaciones
Estratégicas (COEST) - Office of Strategic
Communications
Special Groups[edit]
See also: Search Bloc
y
Special Operations Commandos
The following Grupos especiales or Special Groups
exist within the CNP:
 "COPES" Comandos de Operaciones
y Especiales - Special Operations Commandos
 "EMCAR" Escuadrones móviles
de carabineros - Mobile Carabinier Squadrons
 "JUNGLA" Compañía Jungla Antinarcóticos
- Anti-narcotics Jungle Company
 "GAULA" Grupos de Acción Unificada por la
y Libertad Personal - Unified Action Group for
Personnel Rescue
 "ESMAD" Escuadrones móviles
antidisturbios - Mobile Riot Squadrons
 "POLCA" Policía de carreteras - Highway
Police
 "POLFA" Policia Fiscal y Aduanera - Fiscal
and Customs Police
 "SAPOL" Servicio Aéreo de Policia - Police
Air Service
Regional organization[edit]
 Police Regions
1. Región de Policía No. 1 - Police Region 1
headquartered in Bogota
2. Región de Policía No. 2 - Police Region 2
headquartered in Neiva
3. Región de Policía No. 3 - Police Region 3
headquartered in Pereira
4. Región de Policía No. 4 - Police Region 4
headquartered in Cali
5. Región de Policía No. 5 - Police Region 5
headquartered in Cucuta
6. Región de Policía No. 6 - Police Region 6
headquartered in Medellin
7. Región de Policía No. 7 - Police Region 7
headquartered in Villavicencio
8. Región de Policía No. 8 - Police Region 8
headquartered in Barranquilla
 Policía Metropolitana - Metropolitan Police -
There are 17 metropolitan police commands in
Bogota, Tunja, Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla,
Cartagena, Cucuta, Pereira, Bucaramanga,
Santa Marta, Valle de Aburrá, Pereira, Ibagué,
Neiva, Villavicencio, Pasto and Popayán.
These are led by either Colonels or Brigadier
Generals.
 Departamento de Policía - Departmental
Police - Each of the 32 departments of
Colombia have a full Departmental Police
Command with a Colonel as Commanding
officer, with Uraba and Magdalena Medio
having their own departmental police
commands bringing the total number to 34.
Both are subdivided as follows:
1. Comando Operativo de Seguridad
Ciudadana - Operational command of
Public Safety
2. Distrito de Policía - Police District
3. Estación de Policía - Police Station
4. Subestación de Policía - Police Substation
5. Comandos de Atención Inmediata – CAI -
immediate attention Commands
6. Puesto de Policía - Police Posts
Schools[edit]
Colombian National Police School locations in
Colombia.
Motorcycle used by the Colombian National Police
The Colombian National Police has 18 different
educational facilities throughout Colombia.
General Santander Academy[edit]
Main article: General Santander National Police
Academy
The General Santander National Police Academy is
the main educational center for the Colombian
National Police. The academy functions as a
university for the formation of its force, focusing
primarily on officers. It is located in Bogotá.
National Police NCO School "Gonzalo Jimenez
de Quesada"[edit]
Based in Sibaté, Cundinamarca Department, the
National Police NCO School trains all active non-
commissioned personnel of the National Police in
the police sciences, basic police training and proper
methods in policing.
National Carabinier School "Alfonso Lopez
Pumarejo"[edit]
The National Carabinier School with its campus
in Facatativá in Cundinamarca trains the
Colombian Carabiniers, the mounted and rural
branch of the National Police dedicated towards
keeping law and order in the nation's rural
communities, and one of its oldest components,
having been set up in 1841, 50 years before the
advent of the National Police.
National Police Staff College[edit]
Stationed in Bogota, the national capital city, this
institution trains all senior grade officers of the
National Police in preparation for them to receive
more higher responsibilities.
Bogota Metropolitan Police Academy
"Lieutenant Colonel Julián Ernesto
Guevara Castro"[edit]
The Bogota Metropolitan Police Academy trains all
officers, executive staff and policemen for service in
the capital city.
Sumapaz Provincial Police Academy[edit] Armored Riot control vehicle with water cannon
ISBI
With campus in Fusagasugá, Sumapaz Province,
Cundinamarca, it is one of the foremost Personal weapons[edit]
departamental police academies of the National Grenade launchers:
Police, training men and women in public security
and police skills in the province and throughout the  Mk 19 grenade launcher
Greater Bogota area.
 M79 Grenade Launcher
Antonio Nariño Police Academy[edit]  Milkor MGL
Stationed in Soledad, Atlántico, this police academy
trains future non-commissioned police agents and Machine Guns:
executive staff in service in the Greater Barranquilla
area.  IMI Negev
 GAU-17
National Police Air Training School[edit]  M240 machine gun
Located in the municipality of Mariquita, Tolima, it  M249 SAW
trains police agents, executive service staff, and  M60 Machine gun
officers for service in the Police Air Service.  GAU-19
 M1919 Browning machine gun
Equipment[edit]  M2 Browning
 Heckler & Koch HK21
Transport[edit]
 Ultimax 100
 FN MAG
 MG 42
 Vektor SS-77

Rifles:

 M4 carbine
 M16 rifle variants M16A2, M16A3
 IMI Galil variants AR, SAR, ARM
Police vehicles  Galil ACE
 IMI Tavor TAR-21
1. Armed speedboats.
2. Transport trucks. Submachine guns:
3. Armored vehicles.
4. Buffalo riot control vehicles  Uzi
5. Pick-Up Trucks for rural transport.  Walther MP
6. Toyota Prado and Nissan Patrol Trucks for  HK MP5
patrol.  TDI Vector
7. vans to transport prisoners and metropolitan  Micro Tavor
work.
8. Buses to transport prisoners from jail to jail. Handguns:
9. Chevrolet Optra work for metropolitan and
persecution.  Colt M1911
10.High-powered motorcycles.
 Jericho 941
 CZ 45
 SIG Sauer P228 (M11)
 SIG Sauer Pro variants 2009 and 2022
 SIG Sauer P226
 CZ 75variant BD
 Smith & Wesson 459
 Uberti Revolvers

Aircraft inventory[edit]
 Motto Insight, vision and foresight [1]

Agency overview

Formed 1919

Blackhawk helicopter (with crew) of the Colombian Jurisdictional structure

National Police
Servicio Aéreo de Policia (SAPOL) operates 39 National agency
fixed wing aircraft and 65 helicópters[4]
Governing body Rigspolitiet
Fixed-wing
 Local civilian police
 Air Tractor AT-802 General nature
 ATR 42  Local civilian agency
 Ayres S2R-T45 Turbo Thrush
 Basler BT-67 (produced by Basler Turbo Headquarters Copenhagen
Conversions basically a retrofitted Douglas DC-
3 airframe.)
Civilians 14 000
 Cessna TU206G Stationair
 Beechcraft 1900D Website
 Beechcraft B300 King Air www.politi.dk
 Beechcraft 200 Super King Air
 Beechcraft C99
 Bombardier Dash 8-300
 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan
 Cessna 152
 de Havilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter
 Fairchild SA227-AC Metro III
 Fairchild C-26

Helicopters

 MD Helicopters MD-530F Lifter and MD-

500D Police officers in daily utility uniform
 Bell OH-58s and Bell 206B Ranger, Bell
206L Longranger
 Bell UH-1Hs, Bell 212, Bell 412
 Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

Historic Civil Guards now a

Police of Denmark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
State Police
Parked police vehicle
Politiet
 (the Danish military being the exterior). The police
are empowered to enforce the law and to effect
public and social order, as well as being
responsible for border control.[2]

Contents

 1Organization
 2Equipment
o 2.1Uniform
o 2.2Vehicles
Police motorcycles escorting an ambulance o 2.3Weapons
 3Law about police enforcement
 4Ranks and insignia
 5Military police
 6Police Home Guard
 7See also
 8Notes
 9References
 10External links

Organization[edit]
The police of Denmark consists of 12 districts each
managed by a director and two minor districts
in Greenland and the Faroe Islands, run by a local
Mounted police officers chief of police. The district of Copenhagen is
somewhat differently organized due to its size and
tasks.[citation needed]
Besides the regular districts other organizations
exist that work outside the general police:

 Rigspolitiet - a nationwide police force with

Police line made by caution tape
specialized tasks such as Budgets and
Accounts, Building Surveying Department and
the Data Investigating Department
 Politiets Efterretningstjeneste - the national
security intelligence agency of Denmark
 Politiets Aktionsstyrke - the special forces
unit of the Danish police

2nd gen. LT35 operated by the Danish police
The police of Denmark (Danish: Politiet) is the
interior part of the Danish security forces
Equipment[edit]
Uniform[edit]
The common uniform is a light blue shirt with the
police insignia on the sleeve. Usually a tie is also
worn. Rank-insignia is worn on the shoulders. The
trousers are dark blue with reflective patches. Black
shoes are also included in the standard uniform.
Special tactical suits are made of flame-resistant
materials and are worn in situations requiring such
equipment. The tactical suit also includes a
protective helmet.[citation needed]
Vehicles[edit]
For daily duties, the patrol-vehicles are white and
dog-patrols are mostly dark blue. They have a blue
strobe-light or flashing light and the word "POLITI"
painted on the side in clear reflective paint. The
most commonly used patrol vehicles are Ford
Mondeo, Volkswagen Passat and Opel Vectra, with
2.0 to 2.2 litre engines. In 2009, the 3.6 litre Škoda
Superb was added to the fleet. Unmarked cars are
usually fitted with engines with a size of around 1.6
to 2.2 litres. In addition a large number of small
unmarked cars are used like Peugeot 307, Opel
Astra, Ford Focus and Toyota Yaris - with engine
size of around 1.2 to 1.6 litre. The Peugeot 607 is
used by a security attachment for cabinet members
and the royal court. The Toyota Landcruiser and
VW Touareg are used for special tasks. Small
detachments typically use VW Transporters,
while VW LTs and Ford Transit mini-buses are used
in larger operations, which require a lot of
manpower (demonstrations, football matches and
larger civil unrests). In extreme events, a variation
of the MB Vario is used. It is generally known as
the Dutchman's vehicle (in Danish Hollændervogn).
This name derives from the fact that these vehicles
are kitted out in the Netherlands as light APC's with
reinforced windows, wheels and metal parts
and fire-resistant coating. They are used both as
light APCs in event of demonstrations or public
disturbances, and as general transportation of large
numbers of detainees.[citation needed] Other vehicles in
use are the Mercedes-Benz Vito (used by both
Central Patrol Leaders, a kind of on-street watch
commanders) and Nissan Patrols used by the
mounted police squads with a horse carrier
attached.[citation needed]
The traffic police also use unmarked vans for
automatic traffic control. These are primarily VW
Transporters, Mercedes Benz Vitos, Toyota Hiaces,
but others are used as well.[3]
Some rural police officers use civilian vehicles with
a dismountable magnetic roof beacon.[citation needed]
For traffic regulation and VIP and ambulance
escorts motorcycles are also used,
primarily Yamaha FJR1300A, Honda ST1300a,
[4]
BMW K1200RS and BMW K1200GT (over time
replacing older BMW K1100LT and BMW
R1100RT).
Weapons[edit]
The standard service handgun is the H&K USP
Compact 9mm pistol. For special tasks the H&K
MP5 sub-machine gun is used. Officers are also
equipped with batons and pepper spray cans.[5]
Law about police enforcement[edit]
The operation of Danish police is regulated in
the Act on Police Enforcement (da: Lov om politiets
virksomhed), commonly known as The Police
Act (da: politiloven) of 20 August 2015.[6]
Its first section states that:
"The police must work to ensure security, safety,
peace and order in society. The police must
promote this purpose through prevention,
assistance and enforcement."
The second section states that other areas of police
jurisdiction include:
1. preventing criminal actions, disturbances of
the public peace and order and danger to
individual citizens and public safety
2. stopping criminal actions and investigating
and prosecuting criminal actions
3. supporting citizens in dangerous situations
4. carrying out checking and inspecting under
current rules and regulations
5. supporting other agencies under current
rules and regulations
6. performing other tasks under current rules
and regulations, as well as handling other
tasks which are naturally associated with
police duties.
Lastly, the third section states: "The police may in
other situations than those mentioned in statutory
law only interfere with citizens under this Act."[note 1]
Ranks and insignia[edit]
In Denmark, the local prosecution service is part of the police.
Since 2014, only Chief Prosecutors wear uniforms; other
prosecutors, such as senior prosecutors, prosecutors, associate
prosecutors, and advocates, do not.
Rank Personn
Ra English
Rank titles[7] insignia[ el
nk 7] equivalent
category
Police
Senior
1. Rigspolitichef commission
manager
er
 Politidirektør Police
Direktionsmedl Constable
em i 7. Politiassistent Police with 12
Rigspolitiet years
Politimester Senior Chief service
2.
i PET manager constable
Politimester i
Grønland
Politimester på
Færøerne Police
Constable
8. Politiassistent Police
with 7 years
service
Stabschef
Assistant
Afdelingschef i Senior
Chief
Rigs- manager
Constable
politiet

Police
3. Chief Crown 9. Politibetjent Police
Chefanklager Lawyer Constable
Prosecutor

Chief
Chefpolitiins
Police Superintend
pektør
ent
10. Politikadet Police Police Cadet

Vicepolitimeste
r i Grønland
Vicepolitimeste
Superintend
4. r på Færøerne Police Military police[edit]
ent
Vicepolitimeste
r i Rigspolitiet
Politiinspektør

Vicepolitiinspe Police
5. Police
ktør Inspector

Danish military police

Politikommiss Police The military police (MP) in Denmark are police units
6. Police
ær Sergeant within the armed forces branches. Each branch has
its own MP corps, although they often work
together and wear similar insignias.
MP personnel typically wear either specific display
dress uniforms with white MP shoulder markings or
the branch-common daily battle dress uniforms with Law enforcement in Finland
a red beret. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MP personnel generally do not have any legal Jump to navigationJump to search
jurisdiction over civilians in non-military locations,
but only over military personnel and over everyone
on military installations (also publicly accessible
places such as the Holmen Naval
Base in Copenhagen), in the buildings housing the
Ministry of Defence, royal palaces
(like Amalienborg Palace) and parts
of Christiansborg Palace. On some occasions, MP
personnel can provide support to the civilian police
for certain tasks, but will only have slightly more
legal authority than civilians, similar to the police
home guard.

Police Home Guard[edit]

The sword and lion emblem is the symbol of

the Police of Finland

A Finnish police car van with last livery

Police Home Guard motorcycle operator.
The Danish police can call upon assistance from a
section of the Danish home
guard: Politihjemmeværnet the police home guard.
The police home guard consists of 47 companies,
each led by professional police officers.[citation needed]
The volunteers are mainly used for traffic control
at festivals, searches for victims and guarding
community installations and are never used in tasks
involving direct confrontation with civilians (riot
control or planned arrests). These companies are
part of the Army Home Guard.[8]
They wear branch-common daily battle dress Police van in Helsinki
uniforms, green berets and bright yellow vests with Law enforcement in Finland is the responsibility
the text "POLITI HJEMMEVÆRNET" (POLICE of several agencies. The Police of Finland, a
HOME GUARD). national police agency, is responsible for most
Members of the police home guard have slightly tasks.[1] The two other main agencies are
more legal authority than regular citizens when the the Finnish Border Guard and the Finnish Customs.
service they provide calls for it, but they are always Examples of other agencies with limited policing
under the supervision of the civilian police.
 powers are the Finnish Defence Forces, municipal
parking inspectors and railway staff.
Contents
 1Law enforcement agencies
o 1.1Police of Finland
o 1.2Finnish Security Intelligence
Service
o 1.3Border Guard and Customs
o 1.4Finnish Defence Forces
o 1.5Miscellaneous
 2Voluntary support
 3See also
 4References
Law enforcement agencies[edit]
Police of Finland[edit]
Main article: Police of Finland
The Police of Finland is subordinate to the Ministry
of the Interior and divided into the National Police
Board, two national units and 11 local police
departments. Within departments, there is a
division between uniformed patrol police
(järjestyspoliisi, "order police") and criminal
investigation (rikospoliisi, "criminal police"). The
function of each police department is to maintain
general law and order, prevent crime, investigate
crime and other events that threaten public order
and safety, carry out traffic control and surveillance,
and promote traffic safety.
The Police University
College (Poliisiammattikorkeakoulu, Polamk) is the
national university-level unit responsible for general
police training, research and development.
[2]
The National Bureau of
Investigation (Keskusrikospoliisi, KRP) is the
national unit tasked with fighting international,
organised and serious crime.
Finnish Security Intelligence Service[edit]
Main article: Finnish Security Intelligence Service
The Finnish Security Intelligence Service
(Suojelupoliisi, Supo) specializes in the prevention
of security threats of the State, such as
counterintelligence and terrorism.[3] Supo was an
agency under police administration, but was
transferred under the direct control of the Ministry
of the Interior in 2016.[4]
Border Guard and Customs[edit]
The Finnish Border Guard have police powers in
border zones; likewise, Finnish Customs have
police powers when dealing with arriving persons
and goods. Within their fields of work, the Customs
and Border Guard officers have most police
powers. In the Customs, the power to arrest is
delegated to the level of senior customs inspectors.
In the Border Guard, the power to arrest is
delegated to the level of border control
detachments commander.[5] The Border Guard is
also responsible for search and rescue and
maritime search and rescue. The Customs may
utilize all investigative police powers, with the
exception of the use of deep-cover personnel
and sting operations.[6] The Border Guard may use
almost all investigative powers. The Customs also
occasionally enforces laws such as fuel taxes and
vehicle traffic-worthiness, without connection to
imported goods.
Police, Customs and Border Guard have close
inter-agency cooperation.
PCB (police, border guard and customs) is a
scheme for cooperation between the police, border
guard and customs. In a PCB patrol, there is a
patrol from two of the agencies: For instance, two
officers from customs and two from police – who
then get acquainted with each other's tasks and
expertise. Another form of PCB cooperation is in
criminal intelligence – whereby the different
disciplines share the same intelligence and
situation centers.
Finnish Defence Forces[edit]
Main article: Finnish Defence Forces
The Finnish Defence Forces have provost duties
and jurisdiction within military installations. The
Defence Forces also have the right to investigate
all military crimes and most crimes committed by
service-men against non-civilians. In addition, the
Defence Forces have the right to conduct counter-
espionage and counter-sabotage activities related
to national defence. However, the Finnish Security
Intelligence Service conducts actual criminal
investigations of state security-related crimes within
the Defence Forces. Military unit commanders have
jurisdiction of investigations over minor infractions.
[7][8]
The power to arrest is delegated to the company addition, the Vapepa may support police in
commander level. More serious crimes are communications or first-response logistics and
investigated by the investigative section of psychological care.[13]
the Finnish Defence Command or by the military
The SRVA is a voluntary activity organised by the
attorneys of lower command levels. Security-
semi-governmental hunting district associations
related military police activities and all technical
(Finnish: riistanhoitoyhdistys). The SRVA personnel
surveillance activities are carried out by the
are experienced hunters trained for police
investigative section of the Defence Command. The
assistance, and they provide hounds and armed
Defence Forces do not have the right to
hunters to track and euthanise large game that has
conduct wiretaps or other similar measures on
been wounded in a traffic accident or that police
Finnish civilian telecommunications.[7][8]
has decided to euthanise to prevent danger to
The police may request assistance in performing human safety.[14]
their duties from the Defence Forces or other
agencies – for example when special equipment or
competency is required. The operation itself
remains under the command of the police. Military
units (brigades) usually keep a company under
readiness for assistance at all times; the turn
rotates among companies and requires them to
forego regular leave. In practice, the Defence
Forces have assisted in disposal of explosives,
provided Pasi armored vehicles for operations
against heavily armed suspects (e.g. the Kauhajoki
shooting), and conscript manpower for searching
missing persons in terrain and in supporting the
2015 refugee crisis.[9] Finnish military police and
investigative command would assume a more
extensive set of tasks in wartime.
Miscellaneous[edit]
Municipal parking inspectors, train conductors and
ticket inspectors, and fishing inspectors have
limited police powers. The Ministry of the Interior
has the authority to grant police powers to any
person for a specific task and to the degree
necessary.

Voluntary support[edit]
The Police of Finland is supported by two voluntary
organisations: Vapepa, the voluntary rescue
service (Finnish: Vapaaehtoinen pelastuspalvelu),
and the SRVA, the assistance organisation for large
game situations (Finnish: suurriistavirka-apu).
Neither organisation uses police powers during
assistance missions.
The most typical support mission for the Vapepa is
a search mission. The organisation is composed of
volunteers trained in the search of missing persons,
who can be alerted by the local police for a search
with a reasonably short response time.[10] For
example, in a recent case, the person was reported
missing at 4 PM, the Vapepa search operation
started with 42 volunteers at 7 PM, and continued
at 7 AM the following morning, after being stopped
at 4 AM, with more than 100 volunteers.[11][12] In