HorizontalDirectionalDrilling PDF

Chapter 12 421
Horizontal Directional Drilling
Chapter 12

Introduction
The Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Industry has experienced

so much growth in the past two decades that HDD has become
commonplace as a method of installation. One source reported
that the number of units in use increased by more than a hundred-
fold in the decade following 1984. This growth has been driven
by the benefits offered to utility owners (such as the elimination
of traffic disruption and minimal surface damage) and by the
ingenuity of contractors in developing this technology. To date,
HDD pipe engineering has focused on installation techniques, and
rightfully so. In many cases, the pipe experiences its maximum
lifetime loads during the pullback operation.
The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with some of

the important considerations in selecting the proper PE pipe. Proper
selection of pipe involves consideration not only of installation
design factors such as pullback force limits and collapse resistance,
but also of the long-term performance of the pipe once installed in
the bore-hole. The information herein is not all-inclusive; there may
be parameters not discussed that will have significant bearing on
the proper engineering of an application and the pipe selection.
For specific projects, the reader is advised to consult with a qualified
engineer to evaluate the project and prepare a specification
including recommendations for design and installation and for pipe
selection. The reader may find additional design and installation
information in ASTM F1962, “Standard Guide for Use of Maxi-
Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of PE Pipe or Conduit
Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings,” and in the ASCE
Manual of Practice 108, “Pipeline Design for Installation by
Directional Drilling.”
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422 Chapter 12
Background
Some of the earliest uses of large diameter PE pipe in directional drilling were for
river crossings. These are major engineering projects requiring thoughtful design,
installation, and construction, while offering the owner the security of deep river
bed cover with minimum environmental damage or exposure, and no disruption of
river traffic. PE pipe is suited for these installations because of its scratch tolerance
and the fused joining system which gives a zero-leak-rate joint with design tensile
capacity equal to that of the pipe.
To date, directional drillers have installed PE pipe for gas, water, and sewer mains;
communication conduits; electrical conduits; and a variety of chemical lines.
These projects involved not only river crossings but also highway crossings and
right-of-ways through developed areas so as not to disturb streets, driveways, and
business entrances.
PE Pipe for Horizontal Directional Drilling

This chapter gives information on the pipe selection and design process. It is not
intended to be a primer on directional drilling. The reader seeking such information
can refer to the references of this chapter. Suggested documents are the “Mini-
Horizontal Directional Drilling Manual” (1) and the “Horizontal Directional
Drilling Good Practices Guidelines” (2) published by the North American Society for
Trenchless Technology (NASTT).
Horizontal Directional Drilling Process

Knowledge of the directional drilling process by the reader is assumed, but some
review may be of value in establishing common terminology. Briefly, the HDD
process begins with boring a small, horizontal hole (pilot hole) under the crossing
obstacle (e.g. a highway) with a continuous string of steel drill rod. When the bore
head and rod emerge on the opposite side of the crossing, a special cutter, called a
back reamer, is attached and pulled back through the pilot hole. The reamer bores
out the pilot hole so that the pipe can be pulled through. The pipe is usually pulled
through from the side of the crossing opposite the drill rig.
Pilot Hole
Pilot hole reaming is the key to a successful directional drilling project. It is as
important to an HDD pipeline as backfill placement is to an open-cut pipeline.
Properly trained crews can make the difference between a successful and an
unsuccessful drilling program for a utility. Several institutions provide operator-
training programs, one of which is University of Texas at Arlington Center for
Underground Infrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE). Drilling the pilot hole
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Chapter 12 423
establishes the path of the drill rod (“drill-path”) and subsequently the location of
the PE pipe. Typically, the bore-head is tracked electronically so as to guide the hole
to a pre-designed configuration. One of the key considerations in the design of the
drill-path is creating as large a radius of curvature as possible within the limits of
the right-of-way, thus minimizing curvature. Curvature induces bending stresses
and increases the pullback load due to the capstan effect. The capstan effect is the
increase in frictional drag when pulling the pipe around a curve due to a component
of the pulling force acting normal to the curvature. Higher tensile stresses reduce
the pipe’s collapse resistance. The drill-path normally has curvature along its vertical
profile. Curvature requirements are dependent on site geometry (crossing length,
required depth to provide safe cover, staging site location, etc.) But, the degree
of curvature is limited by the bending radius of the drill rod and the pipe. More
often, the permitted bending radius of the drill rod controls the curvature and thus
significant bending stresses do not occur in the pipe. The designer should minimize
the number of curves and maximize their radii of curvature in the right-of-way
by carefully choosing the entry and exit points. The driller should also attempt to
minimize extraneous curvature due to undulations (dog-legs) from frequent over-
correcting alignment or from differences in the soil strata or cobbles.
Pilot Hole Reaming

The REAMING operation consists of using an appropriate tool to open the pilot
hole to a slightly larger diameter than the carrier pipeline. The percentage oversize
depends on many variables including soil types, soil stability, depth, drilling mud,
borehole hydrostatic pressure, etc. Normal over-sizing may be from 1.2 to 1.5 times
the diameter of the carrier pipe. While the over-sizing is necessary for insertion, it
means that the inserted pipe will have to sustain vertical earth pressures without
significant side support from the surrounding soil.
Prior to pullback, a final reaming pass is normally made using the same sized
reamer as will be used when the pipe is pulled back (swab pass). The swab pass
cleans the borehole, removes remaining fine gravels or clay clumps and can compact
the borehole walls.
Drilling Mud
Usually a “drilling mud” such as fluid bentonite clay is injected into the bore during
cutting and reaming to stabilize the hole and remove soil cuttings. Drilling mud
can be made from clay or polymers. The primary clay for drilling mud is sodium
montmorillonite (bentonite). Properly ground and refined bentonite is added to
fresh water to produce a “mud.” The mud reduces drilling torque, and gives stability
and support to the bored hole. The fluid must have sufficient gel strength to keep
cuttings suspended for transport, to form a filter cake on the borehole wall that
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424 Chapter 12
contains the water within the drilling fluid, and to provide lubrication between the
pipe and the borehole on pullback. Drilling fluids are designed to match the soil
and cutter. They are monitored throughout the process to make sure the bore stays
open, pumps are not overworked, and fluid circulation throughout the borehole is
maintained. Loss of circulation could cause a locking up and possibly overstressing
of the pipe during pullback.
Drilling muds are thixotropic and thus thicken when left undisturbed after pullback.
However, unless cementitious agents are added, the thickened mud is no stiffer than
very soft clay. Drilling mud provides little to no soil side-support for the pipe.
Pullback
The pullback operation involves pulling the entire pipeline length in one segment
(usually) back through the drilling mud along the reamed-hole pathway. Proper pipe
handling, cradling, bending minimization, surface inspection, and fusion welding
procedures need to be followed. Axial tension force readings, constant insertion
velocity, mud flow circulation/exit rates, and footage length installed should be
recorded. The pullback speed ranges usually between 1 to 2 feet per minute.
Mini-Horizontal Directional Drilling

The Industry distinguishes between mini-HDD and conventional HDD, which is
sometimes referred to as maxi-HDD. Mini-HDD rigs can typically handle pipes up
to 10” or 12” diameter and are used primarily for utility construction in urban areas,
whereas HDD rigs are typically capable of handling pipes as large as 48”diamter.
These machines have significantly larger pullback forces ranging up to several
hundred thousand pounds.
General Guidelines
The designer will achieve the most efficient design for an application by consulting
with an experienced contractor and a qualified engineer. Here are some general
considerations that may help particularly in regard to site location for PE pipes:
1. Select the crossing route to keep it to the shortest reasonable distance.
2. Find routes and sites where the pipeline can be constructed in one continuous
length; or at least in long multiple segments fused together during insertion.
3. Although compound curves have been done, try to use as straight a drill path as
possible.
4. Avoid entry and exit elevation differences in excess of 50 feet; both points should
be as close as possible to the same elevation.
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Chapter 12 425
5. Locate all buried structures and utilities within 10 feet of the drill-path for mini-
HDD applications and within 25 feet of the drill-path for maxi-HDD applications.
Crossing lines are typically exposed for exact location.
6. Observe and avoid above-ground structures, such as power lines, which might
limit the height available for construction equipment.
7. The HDD process takes very little working space versus other methods.
However, actual site space varies somewhat depending upon the crossing
distance, pipe diameter, and soil type.
8. Long crossings with large diameter pipe need bigger, more powerful equipment
and drill rig.
9. As pipe diameter increases, large volumes of drilling fluids must be pumped,

requiring more/larger pumps and mud-cleaning and storage equipment.
10. Space requirements for maxi-HDD rigs can range from a 100 feet wide by 150 feet
long entry plot for a 1000 ft crossing up to 200 feet wide by 300 feet long area for a
crossing of 3000 or more feet.
11. On the pipe side of the crossing, sufficient temporary space should be rented to
allow fusing and joining the PE carrier pipe in a continuous string beginning
about 75 feet beyond the exit point with a width of 35 to 50 feet, depending on the
pipe diameter. Space requirements for coiled pipe are considerably less. Larger
pipe sizes require larger and heavier construction equipment which needs more
maneuvering room (though use of PE minimizes this). The initial pipe side “exit”
location should be about 50’ W x 100’ L for most crossings, up to 100’ W x 150’ L
for equipment needed in large diameter crossings.
12. Obtain “as-built” drawings based on the final course followed by the reamer
and the installed pipeline. The gravity forces may have caused the reamer to go
slightly deeper than the pilot hole, and the buoyant pipe may be resting on the
crown of the reamed hole. The as-built drawings are essential to know the exact
pipeline location and to avoid future third party damage.
Safety
Safety is a primary consideration for every directionally drilled project. While this
chapter does not cover safety, there are several manuals that discuss safety including
the manufacturer’s Operator’s Manual for the drilling rig and the Equipment
Manufacturer’s Institute (EMI) Safety Manual: Directional Drilling
Tracking Equipment. (3)
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426 Chapter 12
Geotechnical Investigation
Before any serious thought is given to the pipe design or installation, the designer
will normally conduct a comprehensive geotechnical study to identify soil
formations at the potential bore sites. The purpose of the investigation is not only
to determine if directional drilling is feasible, but to establish the most efficient way
to accomplish it. With this information the best crossing route can be determined,
drilling tools and procedures selected, and the pipe designed. The extent of the
geotechnical investigation often depends on the pipe diameter, bore length and
the nature of the crossing. Refer to ASTM F1962, Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal
Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles,
Including River Crossings (4) and ASCE MOP 108, Pipeline Design for Installation by
Horizontal Directional Drilling (5) for additional information.
During the survey, the geotechnical consultant will identify a number of relevant
items including the following:
a. Soil identification to locate rock, rock inclusions, gravelly soils, loose deposits,
discontinuities and hardpan.
b. Soil strength and stability characteristics
c. Groundwater
(Supplemental geotechnical data may be obtained from existing records, e.g. recent
nearby bridge constructions, other pipeline/cable crossings in the area.)
For long crossings, borings are typically taken at 700 ft intervals. For short crossings
(1000 ft or less), as few as three borings may suffice. The borings should be near the
drill-path to give accurate soil data, but sufficiently far from the borehole to avoid
pressurized mud from following natural ground fissures and rupturing to the
ground surface through the soil-test bore hole. A rule-of -thumb is to take borings
at least 30 ft to either side of bore path. Although these are good general rules, the
number, depth and location of boreholes is best determined by the geotechnical
engineer.
Geotechnical Data For River Crossings

River crossings require additional information such as a study to identify river
bed, river bed depth, stability (lateral as well as scour), and river width. Typically,
pipes are installed to a depth of at least 20 ft below the expected future river
bottom, considering scour. Soil borings for geotechnical investigation are generally
conducted to 40 ft below river bottom.
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Chapter 12 427
Summary
The best conducted projects are handled by a team approach with the design
engineer, bidding contractors and geotechnical engineer participating prior to the
preparation of contract documents. The geotechnical investigation is usually the
first step in the boring project. Once the geotechnical investigation is completed, a
determination can be made whether HDD can be used. At that time, design of both
the PE pipe and the installation can begin. The preceding paragraphs represent
general guidance and considerations for planning and designing an HDD PE
pipeline project. These overall topics can be very detailed in nature. Individual HDD
contractors and consultant engineering firms should be contacted and utilized in the
planning and design stage. Common sense along with a rational in-depth analysis
of all pertinent considerations should prevail. Care should be given in evaluating
and selecting an HDD contractor based upon successful projects, qualifications,
experience and diligence. A team effort, strategic partnership and risk-sharing may
be indicated.
Product Design: PE Pipe DR Selection

After completion of the geotechnical investigation and determination that HDD
is feasible, the designer turns attention to selecting the proper pipe. The proper
pipe must satisfy all hydraulic requirements of the line including flow capacity,
working pressure rating, and surge or vacuum capacity. These considerations have
to be met regardless of the method of installation. Design of the pipe for hydraulic
considerations can be found in Chapter 6. For HDD applications, in addition to
the hydraulic requirements, the pipe must be able to withstand (1) pullback loads
which include tensile pull forces, external hydrostatic pressure, and tensile bending
stresses, and (2) external service loads (post-installation soil, groundwater, and
surcharge loads occurring over the life of the pipeline). Often the load the pipe sees
during installation such as the combined pulling force and external pressure will
be the largest load experienced by the pipe during its life. The remainder of this
document will discuss the DR (Dimension Ratio) selection based on pullback and
external service loads. (PE pipe is classified by DR. The DR is the “dimension ratio”
and equals the pipe’s outer diameter divided by the minimum wall thickness.) A
more detailed explanation of the DR concept is provided in Chapter 5.
While this chapter gives guidelines to assist the designer, the designer assumes all
responsibility for determining the appropriateness and applicability of the equations
and parameters given in this chapter for any specific application. Directional drilling
is an evolving technology, and industry-wide design protocols are still developing.
Proper design requires considerable professional judgment beyond the scope of
this chapter. The designer is advised to consult ASTM F 1962, Guide for Use of
Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit
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428 Chapter 12
Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings (4) when preparing an HDD design. This
methodology is applied to designing municipal water pipe crossings as shown in
Petroff (6).
Normally, the designer starts the DR selection process by determining the DR

requirement for the internal pressure. The designer will then determine if this DR
is sufficient to withstand earth, live, and groundwater service loads. If so, then the
installation (pullback) forces are considered. Ultimately, the designer chooses a
DR that will satisfy all three requirements: the pressure, the service loads, and the
pullback load.
Although there can be some pipe wall stresses generated by the combination of
internal pressurization and wall bending or localized bearing, generally internal
pressure and external service load stresses are treated as independent. This is
permissible primarily since PE is a ductile material and failure is usually driven by
the average stress rather than local maximums. There is a high safety factor applied
to the internal pressure, and internal pressurization significantly reduces stresses
due to external loads by re-rounding. (One exception to this is internal vacuum,
which must be combined with the external pressure.)
Figure 1 Borehole Deformation
Design Considerations for Net External Loads

This and the following sections will discuss external buried loads that occur on
directionally drilled pipes. One important factor in determining what load reaches the
pipe is the condition of the borehole, i.e. whether it stays round and open or collapses.
This will depend in great part on the type of ground, the boring techniques, and the
presence of slurry (drilling mud and cutting mixture). If the borehole does not deform
(stays round) after drilling, earth loads are arched around the borehole and little soil
pressure is transmitted to the pipe. The pressure acting on the pipe is the hydrostatic
pressure due to the slurry or any groundwater present. The slurry itself may act to
keep the borehole open. If the borehole collapses or deforms substantially, earth
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nes, consideration should be given to the time the line sits
fter construction. This may be several months. Most directionally
contain fluid will have a static head, which will remain in the lineChapter 12 429
s head may be subtracted from the external pressureHorizontal dueDirectional

to Drilling
er load. The designer should keep in mind that the external load
ith time, for example, flooding.
pressure
ROUNDWATER will be applied to the pipe. The resulting pressure could exceed the slurry
PRESSURE
pressure unless considerable tunnel arching occurs above the borehole. Where no
tunnel arching occurs, the applied external pressure is equal to the combined earth,
can
reachbe the
usedpipe to establish
whenandthe
groundwater, theborehole
live-loadnet external
pressure. deforms
For pressure
river andinor,
crossings, as it isthe
contacts
unconsolidated river bed
theofdifferential
nt soil loadsoils,pressure
transmitted
little archingbetween
toanticipated
is the pipethe inside
will
. The depend
applied and outside
pressure on the
likely of the
thegeostatic
extent
equals of
d the relativestress (sometimesbetween
stiffness called the prismthe load). In consolidated
pipe and the soils,soil.
archingEarth
above the
ot be uniform. borehole
Duemaytooccur, this andcomplexity,
the applied pressure will likely
there is be less than
not the geostatic
a simple
stress, even after total collapse of the borehole crown onto the pipe. If the soil deposit
borehole
ting condition,
earth load
is a stiff clay,the
to height ofnet
cemented, orexternal
cover. Groundwater pressure
partially lithified, is defined
loading
the borehole bywith little or
will occur
may stay open
uations can
med/collapsed be
e deforms ornonot; used
borehole) to
the only
deformation.
establish
orthis
In Eq. the
2the
question
case, (open net external
is borehole):
applied whether pressure
or not
pressure is likely to be the
or, as it is
slurry
just the slurry head or
alled,
and themay
thus differential
in fact pressure
groundwater control
head. between
design. Thus,the what
insideloads and outside
reach the of the
E PGW PSUR In
Pon the stability PofI theto(1)
addition borehole.
the overt external pressures such as slurry head and groundwater,
following equations can be used to establish the net external pressure or, as it is
internal vacuum in the pipe results in an increase in external pressure due to the
onsometimes
the borehole
rmining called,
the removal
loads ofthe
condition, differential
atmospheric
reaching the net pressure
pressure
the external
from
pipeinside between
pressure
the pipe. On on
depends the
the is inside
hand, aand
defined
other
detailed by outside of the
positive
pipe.
edeformed/collapsed
soil, the designer borehole)
internal pressure
may wish or may
in the pipe
to Eq.mediate
2 (open
consult athe borehole):
external
geotechnicalpressure.engineer
The following
determining equations
earth and can be used to establish the net external pressure or, as it is sometimes
groundwater loads.
Depending called,
on the
the differential
borehole pressure between the inside andexternal
outside of the pipe.
PN PE PPNGW PMUD PSUR PIPI (1) condition, the net(2) pressure is defined by
e either Eq. 1Depending
- Groundwater (deformed/collapsed
on the borehole
Pressure borehole)
Onlycondition, or Eq.pressure
the net external 2 (open borehole):
is defined by either
Eq. 1 (deformed/collapsed borehole) or Eq. 2 (open borehole):
=lledNetstable
external pressure,
PN PE round
if it(1)remains Ppsi
GW and PI
PSUR deforms (1)
little after drilling. For
External pressure due to earth pressure,
in competent rock will typically result in a stable borehole. Stable psi
=
occurGroundwater
in some(2) Ppressure
soilsN wherePMUD (including
PI slurry the
the exerts height of riverpressure
sufficient water),
(2) to
d and open hole. Since the deformations around the hole are
=
suresSurcharge
transmitted and
Where live
to loads,
the pipe psi are negligible. The external load
P
nternal = Net
pressure, external psi pressure,
P N = Net external pressure, psi
(negative psithe
PNin event PI of due vacuum) (2)
peN consists only of the
PE = External hydrostatic
pressure due to earth
PMUD
pressure
pressure, psi to the slurry or
P = External pressure due to earth pressure, psi
r,=ifE Hydrostatic
present. PEquation pressure
GW = Groundwater4
of(including
gives
pressure drilling slurry
thethehydrostatic
height or pressure
of river water), psigroundwater due to
P
ure, = Groundwater
GWif slurry can PSUR =carry pressure
Surchargeshear (including
stress,
and live loads, psi psi the height of river water),
grout. Standing
Where: =surface water should psi be added to the
psi PI =P N
Internal Netpsiexternal
pressure, (negative in thepressure,
event of vacuum)
er,PSUR
and= surcharge
Surcharge PMUD PE= Hydrostatic
= External
and
pressures
pressure ofpressure
live loads,
usedpsi due
drilling slurry or groundwater
in Eq. 1 are to pressure,
earth ifpressure,
discussed in a psi
slurry can carry shear stress, psi
PI = chapter.)
this Internal chapter.) PGW = Groundwater
pressure, psi (negativepressure in the event (including
of vacuum) the height of river water),
(Earth, ground water, and surcharge pressures used in Eq. 1 are discussed in a following section of this
psi g H
PMUD = Hydrostatic (3) PGW g=pressure W
MUD H B 2
W
of drilling slurry or groundwater (4)
pressure, if slurry PMUD
P SUR can= Surcharge
carry 2 shear
in and live loads,
stress, psi psi
144 in 2
PI = Internal 144 2pressure,
ft psi (negative (3)in the event of vacuum)
nd
W = water,
Hydrostatic WherePfluid
andg surcharge = Hydrostatic
MUD pressure
ft
pressures due used topressure
groundin Eq.and of
1 are drilling
discussed
surface slurryinor
water, a groundwater
MUD = Unit weight of slurry (drilling mud and cuttings), pcf
tion
i of this chapter.) H B pressure, if slurry can carry shear stress, psi
= Elevation difference between lowest point in borehole and entry or exit pit, ft
g MUD H B
(144 is included for units conversion.)
= (Earth,
Unit weight of slurry
ground water, and surchargeP(drilling
MUD mud2 and pressures cuttings), pcf used in Eq. 1 are discussed in a
in (3)
= following
Elevationsection difference of thisbetween
12chapter.)144 lowest2
point in borehole and
entry or exit pit, ft (144 is included for units ft conversion.)
g MUD HB
PMUD
in 2 (3)
the net external pressure, the designer 144will2 give careful
g = Unit weight of slurry (drilling mud and cuttings),
421-461.indd 429 ft pcf 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM
430 Chapter 12
When calculating the net external pressure, the designer will give careful
consideration to enumerating all applied loads and their duration. In fact, most
pipelines go through operational cycles that include (1) unpressurized or being
drained, (2) operating at working pressure, (3) flooding, (4) shutdowns, and (5)
vacuum and peak pressure events. As each of these cases could result in a different
net external pressure, the designer will consider all phases of the line’s life to
establish the design cases.
In addition to determining the load, careful consideration must be given to the

duration of each load. PE pipe is viscoelastic, that is, its effective properties depend
on duration of loading. For instance, an HDD conduit resists constant groundwater
and soil pressure with its long-term apparant modulus stiffness. On the other hand,
an HDD force-main may be subjected to a sudden vacuum resulting from water
hammer. When a vacuum occurs, the net external pressure equals the sum of the
external pressure plus the vacuum. Since surge is instantaneous, it is resisted by the
pipe’s short-term apparant modulus,, which can be four times higher than the long-
term apparent modulus.
For pressure lines, consideration should be given to the time the line sits
unpressurized after construction. This may be several months. Most directionally
drilled lines that contain fluid will have a static head, which will remain in the line
once filled. This head may be subtracted from the external pressure due to earth/
groundwater load. The designer should keep in mind that the external load also may
vary with time, for example, flooding.
Earth and Groundwater Pressure

Earth loads can reach the pipe when the borehole deforms and contacts the pipe.
The amount of soil load transmitted to the pipe will depend on the extent of
deformation and the relative stiffness between the pipe and the soil. Earth loading
may not be uniform. Due to this complexity, there is not a simple equation for
relating earth load to height of cover. Groundwater loading will occur whether the
hole deforms or not; the only question is whether or not the slurry head is higher and
thus may in fact control design. Thus, what loads reach the pipe will depend on the
stability of the borehole.
The designer may wish to consult a geotechnical engineer for assistance in

determining earth and groundwater loads, as the loads reaching the pipe depend
on the nature of the soil.
Stable Borehole - Groundwater Pressure Only

A borehole is called stable if it remains round and deforms little after drilling. For
instance, drilling in competent rock (rock that can be drilled without fracturing and
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- Groundwater Pressure Only
Groundwater Pressure Only
led stable if it remains round and deforms little after drilling. For
Horizontal
Chapter 12
Directional Drilling
431
dinstable if it remains
competent rock willround and result
typically deforms in alittle after
stable drilling. For
borehole. Stable
competent rock will typically result in a stable
ccur in some soils where the slurry exerts sufficient pressure to borehole. Stable
durand
in some
opensoils
hole.where
Sincethe slurry
the exerts sufficient
deformations aroundpressure
the hole to are
and
ures open hole. Since
transmitted to thethe pipedeformations
are negligible. aroundThethe hole are
external load
collapsing) will typically result in a stable borehole. Stable boreholes may occur in
es transmitted
pe consists only to the
of the pipe are
hydrostatic negligible.
pressure The
due to external load
the slurry
some soils where the slurry exerts sufficient pressure to maintain a roundor and open
consists only
, if present. hole. of
Equationthe hydrostatic
Since the 4 gives the
deformations
pressure
hydrostatic
around
due to the
pressure
the hole are small,
slurry
dueor
soil pressures to
transmitted
f grout.
present.Standing
Equation 4 negligible.
gives water
to the pipesurface
are the hydrostatic
should
The external pressure
be
load applied the pipe due
toadded to to
consists the
only of
grout. Standing surface
the hydrostatic water
pressure should
due to the slurry or be added iftopresent.
the groundwater, the Equation
4 gives the hydrostatic pressure due to groundwater or drilling slurry. Standing
surface water should be added to the groundwater.
gWHW
PGW =g W H
(4)
(4)
PGW = W 2
in (4)
144 in 2
144 2ft 2
ft
W = Hydrostatic
Wherefluid pressure due to ground and surface water,
= Hydrostatic GW
P fluid pressurepressure
= Hydrostatic fluid dueduetoto ground
ground and
and surface surface
water, psi water,
gw = Unit weight of water, pcf
HW = Height to free water surface above pipe, ft (144 is included for correct units conversion.)
Borehole Deforms/Collapse With Arching Mobilized

12
When the crown
12 of the hole deforms sufficiently to place soil above the hole in the
plastic state, arching is mobilized. In this state, hole deformation is limited. If no soil
touches the pipe, there is no earth load on the pipe. However, when deformation is
sufficient to transmit load to the pipe, it becomes the designer’s chore to determine
how much earth load is applied to the pipe. At the time of this writing, there have
been no published reports giving calculation methods for finding earth load on
directionally drilled pipes. Based on the successful performance of directionally
drilled PE pipes, it is reasonable to assume that some amount of arching occurs in
many applications. The designer of HDD pipes may gain some knowledge from
the approaches developed for determining earth pressure on auger bored pipes
and on jacked pipes. It is suggested that the designer become familiar with all of
the assumptions used with these methods. For additional information on post
installation design of directionally drilled pipelines see Petroff (9).
O’Rourke et. al. (7) published an equation for determining the earth pressure on
auger bored pipes assuming a borehole approximately 10% larger than the pipe. In
this model, arching occurs above the pipe similar to that in a tunnel where zones
of loosened soil fall onto the pipe. The volume of the cavity is eventually filled with
soil that is slightly less dense than the insitu soil, but still capable of transmitting
soil load. This method of load calculation gives a minimal loading. The method
published here is more conservative. It is based on trench type arching as opposed
to tunnel arching and is used by Stein (8) to calculate loads on jacked pipe. In Stein’s
model, the maximum earth load (effective stress) is found using the modified form
of Terzaghi’s equation given by Eq. 6., Petroff (9). External groundwater pressure
must be added to the effective earth pressure. Stein and O’Rourke’s methods
421-461.indd 431 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

dod published
posed published
to tunnel herehere isismore
arching more and conservative.
conservative.
is used by Stein It Itisisbased
tobased onontrench
calculate trench
loads
osed
posed tototunnel
tunnel arching
arching and and
Stein’s model the maximum earth load (effective stress) isis isusedused byby Stein
Stein toto calculate
calculate loads
loads
Stein’s
Stein’s
odified formmodel
model the themaximummaximum earth
earthload load (effective
(effective
by Eq. stress) 6.stress) isis
432 of ChapterTerzhaghi’s
12 equation given External
dified
odified
ure must form
form be ofof Terzhaghi’s
added Terzhaghi’s
Horizontal
to the equation
Directional Drilling equationgiven
effective givenby
earth byEq.
pressure. Eq.6.6.External
External
Stein and
re
ure must
must be be added
added to to thethe
ds should only be considered where the depth of cover is effective
effective earth
earth pressure.
pressure. Stein
Stein andand
sds
lop should
should
arching only
only bebeconsidered
(typically consideredexceeding where
where fivethethe
(5) depth
depth
pipeofof cover
coverisis
diameters),
lop
p arching
ch arching
as traffic(typically
(typically
loads are exceeding
exceeding
insignificant, five
five (5)
the(5) pipe pipehas
soil diameters),
diameters),
sufficient
h
ch asastraffic
traffic loads
loads are are insignificant,
insignificant,
o transmit arching, and [?conditions are] confirmed tobydevelop
should only be considered where thethethe
depth soil
ofsoil
cover has
has
is sufficient
sufficient
sufficient a arching
transmit
transmit
eer. Usingarching, arching,
the (typically and
equations and [?conditions
exceeding [?conditions
five (5) pipe diameters),
given in Stein, are]
are] confirmed
thedynamic confirmed
external loads such byby
pressure a a loads
as traffic
er.
eer.Using
Usingthe are insignificant,
theequations
equationsgiven the soil has
givenininStein, sufficient
Stein,theinternal friction
theexternal to
externalpressure transmit
pressure and
arching,
conditions are confirmed by a geotechnical engineer.
§ KH C § d ··
Using the equations 1 exp given ¨¨ -in2Stein, thetan external ¸¸
¨ ¸ pressure is given below:
(5) P
Kg SE H C © B © ¹¹
2
(5)
EV Kg k Kg HH
PEV PEV SESE
inC 2C
§
KH CKH C§ d · § d · · (5)
(5)
144 1inin 2 2
2 2¨
exp ¨ -B2 tan ¨ tan¸ ¨ ¸ ¸¸
144144 ft 2 2 © B © 2 ¹© 2 ¹ ¹
k ft ft
(6)
(6) KH KHC §dδd·
1 − exp  - 22 C tan tan¨ ¸
 BB ©22¹
PEV = external k = earth pressure, psi
KH(6) C  dδ 
gSE = effective soil2weight, tanpcf  
HC = depth of cover, ft B 2
PEV = external earth pressure, psi
k = arching factor (6)
gSE = effective soil weight, pcf
Where
B = “silo” PE =width,
external earth ft pressure, psi
PEV =H C = depth
external
d = angle g
of cover,
earth
SE of wall friction,
= effective pressure,
soil
ft
weight, pcf degrees psi (For HDD, d = f)
k = arching
gSE =f effective H factor
C soil weight, pcf
= angle of internal
= depth of
13ft friction, degrees
cover,
13 ft
HC =B = “silo” width,
k = arching 13
factor
depth
K = earth of cover,
pressure ft coefficient given by:
d = angle
k = arching δfactor of
B = “silo” wall
width, ftfriction, degrees (For HDD, d = f)
= angle of wall friction, degrees (For HDD, δ = f)
f = angle
B = “silo” width, of internal friction, degrees
f = angleftof internal
2§ f ·degrees
friction,
K = earth pressure
d = angle of wall friction, degrees
K
K = earthtan ¨
pressure45 coefficient
coefficient ¸ given by: (For given HDD, by: d = f)
© 2 ¹
f = angle of internal friction, degrees
K = earth pressure § f·
K tan 2coefficient ¨ 45 ¸ given by:
© 2¹
o” width should be estimated based on the application. It varies between
2 f
e diameter K =and The “silo”
tan the −borehole
45 width should bediameter. estimated based Aonconservative
the application. It variesapproach between theis to
the silo width pipe 
equals
diameterthe 2 
and the borehole diameter.
borehole diameter. (The effective
A conservative approach is to soil weight
assume the is
o” width should silo be estimated
width equals the based
borehole on the
diameter. (The application.
effective soil It isvaries
weight the dry between
unit
unit weight of the soil for soil above the groundwater level, it is the
e diameter and theof theborehole diameter. A conservative approach is to
ed unit weightweight less the soil for soil above
weight of the groundwater
water for level, it is the saturated
soil below the unit weight
groundwater
theshould
dth silo width lessequals
the weightthe
be estimated
of waterborehole
based
for soil below
on the diameter.
the groundwater
application. (The level.)
effective
It varies soil between weight is
unit weight
ameter and the of the borehole soil for soil above the groundwater level, isit to is the
Borehole Collapsediameter. with Prism Load A conservative approach
ed unit weight
siloCollapse
width equals less thethe boreholeweight diameter. of water for soil below soil the weight
groundwater
le with
In the event Prism that Loadin the soil above (The
arching the pipeeffective
breaks down, considerable earthis
weight of the loading soilmayfor occur soilon the above
pipe. In the theevent
groundwater
that arching doeslevel, not occur, it the
is upper
the
nit weight
event less theinweight
that arching limit on the load
the soil is the of above
water the
weight of thefor soil
soil pipe below
prism (P breaksthe
E = g SE H C) groundwater
above
down, the pipe. The
considerable
le Collapse with prism load Prism is mostLoad likely to develop in shallow applications subjected to live loads,
ading may occur on the pipe. In the event that arching does not occur, the
mit on the load is the weight of the soil prism (PE = ySEHC) [do you mean
event
ollapse that arching in the soil above the pipe breaks down, considerable
ove the withpipe.Prism The Load prism load is most likely to develop in shallow
ading may occur on the pipe. In the event that arching does not occur, the
ions subjected to live loads, boreholes in unconsolidated sediments such
mit
that onarching
the loadinisthe thesoil weight above of the the soil
pipe prism
breaks = ySEHconsiderable
(PEdown, C) [do you mean
crossings, and holes subjected to dynamic loads. The “prism” load is
ove the pipe.
421-461.indd 432 The prism load is most likely to develop in shallow 1/27/09 12:41:21 PM
that arching in the soil above the pipe breaks down, considerable
hat
g may arching
occur on in the the soilpipe.above In the the event pipe thatbreaks
arching down,
doesconsiderable
not occur, the
may
n the load is the weight of the soil prism (PE = ySEHC) [dooccur,
occur on the pipe. In the event that arching does not you mean the
Chapter 12 433
the load is the weight of the soil
the pipe. The prism load is most likely to develop in shallow prism (P E = y SE H C ) [do you
Horizontal mean
Directional Drilling
he
on pipe.
of Earth
subjected Thetoandliveprism
Groundwater
loads, load is most
boreholes Pressure in likely to develop
unconsolidated in shallow
sediments such
ubjected to live loads, boreholes
ssings, and holes subjected to dynamic loads. The “prism” load is in unconsolidated sediments such
sings,
undwater
7. and isholes present subjected in theto soil dynamic formation,loads.its The “prism” must
pressure load isbe
7.or in the external boreholesload term. For sediments
in unconsolidated instance, suchinasa in river crossing
some river crossings,one can
and holes
h reasonable confidence subjected to dynamic loads. The “prism” load is given by Eq. 7.
g SEthat
H C the directionally drilled pipe is subjected
hmbination
pressure of fromEarth
(7) Pthe
E and sediments
g SE HGroundwater abovePressure it(7)combined with the water
bination of Earth E and Groundwater Pressure
C 2
P in
2
(7)
144 in 2
ere groundwater is present 144 ft
2 in the soil formation, its pressure must be
e groundwater
ounted for inPthe WHERE is presentft
external load term. in the soil formation,in its
For instance, pressure
a river crossing must onebecan
unted
on P
ume E = for
earth
of with
Earthin the external
pressure
and
reasonable on
Groundwater
gSE = effective
load
E = earth pressure on pipe, psi
pipe, term.
psi
of soil, pcf Pressure
confidence For instance, in a river crossing
that the directionally drilled pipe is subjected one can
PEgSE
me =with
earth
= pressure
reasonable
effective weight on pipe,
weight
confidence
of soil, psi that
pcf the directionally drilled pipewith is subjected
the earth pressure HC = soil heightfrom
above pipethe crown,sediments
ft above it combined the water
geSE = effective
earth pressure weight from of soil,
the pcf
sediments
H
undwater
ater = soil height
Clevel atisor present
ssure. above
below ground
(Note: 144 is pipe
in thesurface
included for units soil formation, its pressure must be water
crown,
conversion.) ft above it combined with the
H
sure. = soil height above pipe crown, ft
for(Note:
C
in the144 is
external included
Combinationload of for
term.
Earthunits andconversion.)
For instance, in
Groundwater a river crossing one can
Pressure
(Note: 144 is included for units conversion.)
h reasonableWhere confidence g B H W that
groundwater H C directionally
the
isg Dpresent in H formation,
theWsoil g W Hdrilled pipe is subjected
W its pressure must be accounted
P
h pressure from E P
for in the
GW the sediments
external load term. For above
instance,
2 itin acombined (8) with
river crossing one can the
assume water
with
reasonable confidence that the
in
directionally drilled pipe is subjected to the earth
pressure from the sediments 14 144above ft 2 it combined with the water pressure.
se(1): Water level at or below 14 ground surface
(1): Water level at or below ground surface
Case 1 Water level at or below ground surface
g H + g (H − H ) + g W H W
PE + PGW =g B HB W W+ g D (DH C −C H W2 )W+ g W H
(8)
(8)
PE + PGW = in W
(8)
ater level at or below ground surface 144 in 2 2
ater level at or above ground surface 144 (i.e. pipe2ft
in river bottom)
ft
g B H W g D H C H W g W H W
Case 2 Water level at or above ground surface (i.e. pipe in river bottom)
PE (9)PGW gBHC g W H (8)

PE PGW in 2 W
(9)
144 in 2 2
144 ft
ft 2
se (2): Water Hlevel
WHERE at or above ground surface (i.e. pipe in river bottom)
(2): Water level at orof Ground
W = Height abovewaterground surface
above pipe springline, ft (i.e. pipe in river bottom)
HC = height of cover, ft
gB = buoyant weight of soil, pcf g H + gWHW
H W = Height gW =of Ground
weight of water,
water above
E + PGW =
Ppcf g B HB C +Cpipe
g W H2springline, ft (9)
HC =level
Height gDof Cover,
unit weightEft
P + P = in W
(9)
Water at or above
= dry
ground
of soil, GW
pcf
surface 144 (i.e.
in 2pipe in river bottom)
gB = buoyant weight of soil, pcf 144 2ft 2
Live Loads ft
gW = weight of water, pcf
g Hor other g Wvehicles
H W are significant for pipe at shallow depths
gD = dry unitWheel loads from trucks
weight
PE they
whether
Pof soil,BpcfC
are installed by open
GW (9)
2 cut trenching or directional drilling. The wheel
ere: H W =applied
Height ofpipe
Ground inwater above pipe thespringline, ft size,
e: HHW load= Height
= Height
to the
of
speed, of
Ground
Cover,
depends
144water on the vehicle
above weight,
pipe tire pressure and
springline,
ftft pavement and distance from the pipe to the
2 ft
Cvehicle surface smoothness,
HCg =pointHeight of Cover, ft
B = buoyant
of loading.weight
In order to ofdevelop
soil, pcf
proper soil structure interaction, pipe subject to
s from trucksg B = buoyant
vehicular
gW = or weight
loading should
otherof vehicles
weight of besoil, pcf
installed
water, pcfare significant at least 18” or one
forpipepipe
diameter
at (whichever
shallowis
herHthey Wg ==
W = Height
gare weight
of unit ofby
Ground water, water pcf above pcfpipe springline, ft drillingThe
D installed
dry weight open ofcut
soil,trenching or directional
HC = Height
applied =
to the of
g D dry unit
pipeCover, weight
depends ft of soil, pcf
on the vehicle weight, the tire pressure
gB =speed,
ehicle
e Loads buoyantsurface weight smoothness,
of soil, pcf pavement and distance from the
Loads
gW =
point ofweight
loading. of water,
In order pcfto develop proper soil structure interaction,
teel
to = dry unit
vehicular
gDloads fromweight
421-461.indd 433
trucksofshould
loading soil,
or otherpcf bevehicles
installedare at least 18" orforone
significant pipe pipeat 1/16/09
shallow
10:15:05 AM
434 Chapter 12
larger) under the road surface. Generally, HDD pipes are always installed at a deeper
depth so as to prevent inadvertent returns from occurring during the boring.
The soil pressure due to live load such as an H20 wheel load can be found in Tables
3-3 and 3-4 in Chapter 6 or can be calculated using one of the methods in Chapter 6.
To find the total pressure applied to the pipe, add the soil pressure due to live load,
PL, to the earth pressure, PE. See Example 1 in Appendix A.
Performance Limits
Hydrostatic Buckling or Collapse Ring Deformation
Figure 2 Performance Limits of HDD Pipe Subjected to Service Loads
Performance Limits of HDD Installed Pipe

The design process normally consists of calculating the loads applied to the pipe,
selecting a trial pipe DR, then calculating the safety factor for the trial DR. If the
safety factor is adequate, the design is sufficient. If not, the designer selects a lower
DR and repeats the process. The safety factor is established for each performance
limit of the pipe by taking the ratio of the pipe’s ultimate strength or resistance to the
applied load.
External pressure from earth load, groundwater, vacuum and live load applied to
the HDD pipe produces (1) a compressive ring thrust in the pipe wall and (2) ring
bending deflection. The performance limit of unsupported PE pipe subjected to
compressive thrust is ring buckling (collapse). The performance limit of a PE pipe
subjected to ring bending (a result of non-uniform external load, i.e. earth load) is
ring deflection. See Figure 2.
Viscoelastic Behavior
Both performance limits are proportional to the apparent modulus of elasticity of the
PE material. For viscoelastic materials like PE, the modulus of elasticity is a time-
dependent property, that is, its value changes with time under load. A newly applied
load increment will cause a decrease in apparent stiffness over time. Unloading will
421-461.indd 434 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

Chapter 12 435
result in rebounding or an apparent gain in stiffness. The result is a higher resistance

to short term loading than to long-term loading. Careful consideration must be given
to the duration and frequency of each load, so that the performance limit associated
with that load can be calculated using PE material properties representative of that
time period. The same effects occur with the pipe’s tensile strength. For instance,
during pullback, the pipe’s tensile yield strength decreases with pulling time, so the
safe (allowable) pulling stress is a function of time under load, and temperature.
Typical safe pull tensile stress values for MDPE and HDPE are given in Table
1. Consult the manufacturer for specific applications. The values are given as a
function of the duration of continuous loading. For pipe temperatures (not outside
air temperatures) other than 73ºF, multiply the value in Table 1 by the temperature
compensating multipliers found in Table B.1.2 of the Appendix to Chapter 3. The Safe
Pull Load at 12 hours is given for a variety of pipe sizes and DR’s in Tables 3 and 4
(3xxx material) and Tables 5 and 6 (4xxx material) in a following section, “Tensile
Stress During Pullback”.
Table 1
Safe Pull Tensile Stress @ 73º F
Typical Safe Pull Stress (psi) @ 73ºF

Duration
(Hours) PE2xxx PE3xxx PE4xxx
(PE2406) (PE3408) (PE4710)
0.5 1100 1400 1500
1 1050 1350 1400
12 850 1100 1150
24 800 1050 1100

The safe pull stress is the stress at 3% strain. For strains less than 3% the
pipe will essentially have complete strain recovery after pullback. The stress
values in Table 1 were determined by multiplying 3% times the apparent
tensile modulus from the Appendix to Chapter 3 adjusted by a 0.60 factor
to account for the high stress level during pullback.
Ring Deflection (Ovalization)

Non-uniform pressure acting on the pipe’s circumference such as earth load
causes bending deflection of the pipe ring. Normally, the deflected shape is an
oval. Ovalization may exist in non-rerounded coiled pipe and to a lesser degree
in straight lengths that have been stacked, but the primary sources of bending
deflection of directionally drilled pipes is earth load. Slight ovalization may also
occur during pullback if the pipe is pulled around a curved path in the borehole.
Ovalization reduces the pipe’s hydrostatic collapse resistance and creates tensile
421-461.indd 435 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

436 Chapter 12
bending stresses in the pipe wall. It is normal and expected for buried PE pipes to
undergo ovalization. Proper design and installation will limit ovalization (or as it
is often called “ring deflection”) to prescribed values so that it has no adverse effect
on the pipe.
Ring Deflection Due to Earth Load

As discussed previously, insitu soil characteristics and borehole stability determine
to great extent the earth load applied to directionally drilled pipes. Methods for
calculating estimated earth loads, when they occur, are given in the previous section
on “Earth and Groundwater Pressure.”
Since earth load is non-uniform around a pipe’s circumference, the pipe will
undergo ring deflection, i.e. a decrease in vertical diameter and an increase in
horizontal diameter. The designer can check to see if the selected pipe is stiff enough
to limit deflection and provide an adequate safety factor against buckling. (Buckling
is discussed in a later section of this chapter.)
The soil surrounding the pipe may contribute to resisting the pipe’s deflection.
Formulas used for entrenched pipe, such as Spangler’s Iowa Formula, are likely
not applicable as the HDD installation is different from installing pipe in a trench
where the embedment can be controlled. In an HDD installation, the annular space
surrounding the pipe contains a mixture of drilling mud and cuttings. The mixture’s
consistency or stiffness determines how much resistance it contributes. Consistency
(or stiffness) depends on several factors including soil density, grain size and the
presence of groundwater. Researchers have excavated pipe installed by HDD and
observed some tendency of the annular space soil to return to the condition of the
undisturbed native soil. See Knight (11) and Ariaratnam (12). It is important to note
that the researched installations were located above groundwater, where excess
water in the mud-cuttings slurry can drain. While there may be consolidation and
strengthening of the annular space soil particularly above the groundwater level,
it may be weeks or even months before significant resistance to pipe deflection
develops. Until further research establishes the soil’s contribution to resisting
deflection, one option is to ignore any soil resistance and to use Equation 10 which
is derived from ring deflection equations published by Watkins and Anderson (13).
(Coincidentally, Equation 10 gives the same deflection as the Iowa Formula with an
E’ of zero.) Spangler’s Iowa formula is discussed in Chapter 6. The design deflection
limits for directionally drilled pipe are given in Table 2. Design deflection limits
are for use in selecting a design DR. Field deflection measurements of directionally
drilled pressure pipe are normally not made. Design deflection must be limited to
control buckling resistance.
421-461.indd 436 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

above the groundwater level, it may be weeks or even months before
resistance to pipe deflection develops. Until further research
the soil’s contribution to resisting deflection, one option is to ignore Chapter 12 437
sistance and to use Equation 10 which is derived from ring deflection
published by Watkins and Anderson (1995). (Coincidentally, Equation

e same deflection as the Iowa Formula with an E’ of zero.)
(10) Δy
y 0.0125PE
= (10)
D E
12 (DR - 1) 3
WHERE
imit (%y/D) Δy = vertical ring7.5 6.0
deflection, in 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0
re: y = ring ring deformation,
pplications D = pipe diameter, in in
D = pipe Pdiameter,
E = Earth pressure,inpsi
mits for = Earth
PEpressure DRpressure,
= Pipe Dimension psi
applications are
Ratio
equal to 1.5 times the short-term deflection limits
DR = Pipe
X2.1 of ASTM F-714.

Dimension Ratio
E = apparent modulus of elasticity, psi (Refer to Appendix, Chapter 3, Engineering Properties, for the
appropriate value for the Material Designation Code of the PE pipe being used and the applicable
E = modulus
ofconditions)
service elasticity, psi
* To obtain ring deflection in percent, multiply Δy/D by 100.
ections are for use in selecting DR and for field quality control. (Field
ng deflection
eflections in percent,
exceeding the multiply y/D by 100.
design deflection do not necessarily indicate
Table 2
over-strainedDesignpipe. In this case, an engineering analysis of such pipe
Deflection Limits of Buried Polyehtylene Pipe, Long Term, %*
ction Limits (Ovality
erformed before acceptance.) Limits)
DR or SDR 21 17 15.5 13.5 11 9 7.3
Deflection Limit (% Δy/D)
nned or ring deflection (in percent)7.5is limited
Buckling Non-Pressure Applications
7.5
by
7.5
the 7.5 pipe wall 7.5
strain,,
7.5
the
7.5
aulic capacity, and the pipe’s7.5geometric

Deflection Limit (%Δy/D)
Pressure Applications
6.0 stability.
6.0 6.0 Jansen
5.0 observed
4.0 3.0
,ernal
pressure-rated
pressure pipe,
deflectionsubjected
applied
* Design toperthe
limits ASTM pipeto Guide
F1962, soil forpressure
either Use offrom only,
earth
Maxi-Horizontal “no upper
andDrilling
Directional limit
livefor load,
ctical design
r, or the point of view seems to exist for the bending
Placement of PE Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, Including River Crossings.
drilling slurry creates a ring compressive hoop stress strain.” in theOn
and,
If the pressurized
external pressure pipes is are subject to
increased to strains
a point from whereboth the hoopsoil induced
stress
critical value, there is a sudden and large inward deformation ofhigh,
and internal pressure.
Unconstrained The
Buckling combined strain may produce a the
outer-fiber tensile
Uniform stress.
external However,
pressure applied
called buckling. Constraining the pipe by embedding it in soil or to as
the pipe the
either internal
from earth pressure
and live load, is
thegrout
us will groundwater,
pipe tends to re-round
increase or the drilling
the and pipe’s slurrybending
the creates a ring
buckling compressive
strain
strength hoop stress Due
is reduced.
and allowin the it toto
pipe’s wall. If the external pressure is increased to a point where the hoop stress
al
gherfor external
combinedpressure strain (bending and hoop tensile),
than if unconstrained. However, it is conservative
as noted in to a
reaches a critical value, there is a sudden and large inward deformation of the pipe
tion of pressure
ction it is notwall, pipes
likely
calledthat
to
buckling.
less
pipes than non-pressure
installed
Constraining below
the pipe
pipes.
the groundwater
by embedding
In lieu of
level
it in soil or cementitious
an
lation for allowable
significant support
grout willfromdeflection
increase the limits,
thesurrounding
pipe’s the strength
buckling limits in
andTable
mud-cuttings allow it to 3 can beand
mixture
withstand used.
higher for
e groundwater support may take considerable time to develop.
external pressure than if unconstrained. However, as noted in a previous section
is not likely that Table 3 itbelow
until further itresearch is pipes installed
available is the groundwater level will acquire
conservative to assume no
significant support from the surrounding mud-cuttings mixture and for pipe above
Deflection
om the soil.Limits
The following of Buried Polyehtylene
equation, known Pipe, as Levy’s Longequation,
Term, %*may
groundwater support may take considerable time to develop. Therefore, until
o determine further the allowable 21 external
research is available
17 it is conservative
15.5
pressure 13.5 (or11nonegative
to assume
9
constraint from
7.3
internal
the soil.
or unconstrained pipe. . equation, known as Levy’s equation, may be used to determine the
The following
Limit (%y/D) allowable external 7.5pressure 7.5(or negative
7.5 internal 7.5 pressure) 7.5 for unconstrained
7.5 7.5pipe.
ure Applications (11) 2E 1 3 fO
PUC = ( ) (11
UA
(1 - m μ ) DR - 1 N
2
Pua = Allowable unconstrained pressure, psi

E = Modulus of elasticity (apparent),
19 psi
m = 421-461.indd
Poisson’s 437 Ratio 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM
= 30,000 psi for HDPE at 73.4 F (23 C), 50 year loading
I = Pipe wall moment of inertia, in4/in
= t3/12 for solid wall polyethylene
438 Chapter 12
ν = Horizontal Directional Drilling

Poisson’s ratio, 0.45 for polyethylene
m = Mean diameter, inches (inside diameter plus one wall thickness)
f = Ovality compensation factor, dimensionless (see Figure 10-1)
D −D
Where min
where P% Deflection = × 100
uc = Allowable unconstrained buckling pressure
D
E = Apparent modulus of elasticity, psi (Refer to Appendix, Chapter 3, Engineering Properties,
D = Pipe average
diameter,
for the appropriate value forin
the Material Designation Code of the PE pipe being used and the
applicable service conditions.)
n = Pipe minimum diameter, in
μ = Poisson’s Ratio = 0.45 for all PE pipe materials
DR = Dimension Ratio (Do/t), where Do =Outside Pipe Diameter and t = Minimum Wall Thickness
fo = Ovality compensationFigure 10-1
factor (see figure 3)
% Deflection vs. Ovality
N = Safety factor, generally 2.0 or higherCorrection Factor, f
Figure 3 Ovality Compensation Factor=fo
he buckling pressure of a dimension ratio (DR) series polyethylene pipe (i.e., a

olid wall pipesForofa detailed
differentdiscussion of buckling see the section in Chapter 6 titled
diameters but with the same ratio of specified outside
“Unconstrained Pipe Wall Buckling (Hydrostatic Buckling). Note that the(22) apparent
minimum wall thickness), the following variation of Love's equation , Eq. 10-2, is
modulus of elasticity is a function of the duration of the anticipated load. When
selecting a modulus to use in Equation 11 consideration should be given to internal
pressurization of the line. When the pressure in the pipe exceeds the external
pressure due to earth and live load, groundwater and/or slurry, the stress in the
pipe wall reverses from compressive to tensile stress and collapse will not occur.
For determining the pipe’s resistance to buckling during pullback, an additional
reduction for tensile stresses is required, which is discussed in a later section of
this chapter.
Wall Compressive Stress

The compressive stress in the wall of a directionally drilled PE pipe rarely controls
design and it is normally not checked. However, it is included here because in some
421-461.indd 438 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

ormally not checked. However, it is included here because in
es such as directional drilling at very deep depths such as in
trol design. Chapter 12
439
e applied to a buried pipe creates a compressive thrust stress

When the pipe is pressurized, the stress is reduced due to the
creating tensile thrust
special cases stresses. Thedrilling
such as directional net stress can
at very deep be such
depths positive
as in landfills it
nding on themay depth
controlof cover. Buried pressure lines may be
design.
ompressive stress when applied
The earth pressure shut todown or creates
a buried pipe whena compressive
experiencing thrust stress
e usually short-term
in the pipeconditions
wall. When theand
pipe isare not typically
pressurized, the stress considered
is reduced due to the
sign, since internal
the short-term design
pressure creating stress
tensile thrust stresses.of
Thepolyolefins is
net stress can be positive or
negative depending
er than the long-term design on stress.
the depth of cover. Buried
Pipes with pressure lines may be
large depths ofsubject to
net compressive stress when shut down or when experiencing vacuum. These are
ng at low pressures may have net compressive stresses in the
usually short-term conditions and are not typically considered significant for design,
owing equation can be used to determine the net compressive
since the short-term design stress of polyolefins is considerably higher than the long-
term design stress. Pipes with large depths of cover and operating at low pressures
may have net compressive stresses in the pipe wall. The following equation can be
used to determine the net compressive stress:
(12) PS D O PD
Sc = - (12)
288t 2t
Where
SC = Compressive wall stress, psi
CompressivePSwall = Earthstress, psi
load pressures, psf
Earth load pressures,

D O = Pipe outside
psf in
diameter,
t = Wall thickness, in
Pipe outside Pdiameter, in
= (Positive) internal pressure, psi
Wall thickness,Din= Mean diameter, DO-t, in
Positive) internal pressure, psi
Mean diameter, The D O-t, in wall stress should be kept less than the allowable compressive
compressive
stress of the material. For PE4710 PE pipe grade resins, 1150 psi is a safe
allowable stress. For other materials see the Appendix of Chapter 3.
wall stress should be kept less than the allowable compressive
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS An example calculation for selecting the DR for an HDD
pipe is given in Appendix A.
Installation Design Considerations

After determining
22 the DR required for long-term service, the designer must
determine if this DR is sufficient for installation. Since installation forces are so
significant, a lower DR (stronger pipe) may be required.
During pullback the pipe is subjected to axial tensile forces caused by the
frictional drag between the pipe and the borehole or slurry, the frictional drag on
the ground surface, the capstan effect around drill-path bends, and hydrokinetic
drag. In addition, the pipe may be subjected to external hoop pressures due to net
external fluid head and bending stresses. The pipe’s collapse resistance to external
pressure given in Equation 2 is reduced by the axial pulling force. Furthermore,
421-461.indd 439 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

440 Chapter 12
the drill path curvature may be limited by the pipe’s bending radius. (Torsional
forces occur but are usually negligible when back-reamer swivels are properly
designed.) Considerable judgment is required to predict the pullback force
because of the complex interaction between pipe and soil. Sources for information
include experienced drillers and engineers, programs such as DRILLPATH (14)
and publications such as ASTM F1962 and ASCE MOP 108, “Pipeline Design for
Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling”. Typically, pullback force calculations
are approximations that depend on considerable experience and judgment.
The pullback formulas given herein and in DRILLPATH and ASTM F1962 are based
on essentially an “ideal” borehole. The ideal borehole behaves like a rigid tunnel
with gradual curvature, smooth alignment (no dog-legs), no borehole collapses,
nearly complete cuttings removal, and good slurry circulation. The ideal borehole
may be approached with proper drilling techniques that achieve a clean bore fully
reamed to its final size before pullback. The closer the bore is to ideal; the more likely
the calculated pullback force will match the actual.
Because of the large number of variables involved and the sensitivity of pullback
forces to installation techniques, the formulas presented in this document are for
guidelines only and are given only to familiarize the designer with the interaction
that occurs during pullback. Pullback values obtained should be considered only as
qualitative values and used only for preliminary estimates. The designer is advised
to consult with an experienced driller or with an engineer familiar with calculating
these forces. The following discussion assumes that the entry and exit pits of the
bore are on the same, or close to the same, elevation. For an overview, see
Svetlik (15).
Pullback Force
Large HDD rigs can exert between 100,000 lbs. to 500,000 lbs. pull force. The majority
of this power is applied to the cutting face of the reamer device/tool, which precedes
the pipeline segment into the borehole. It is difficult to predict what portion of the
total pullback force is actually transmitted to the pipeline being inserted.
The pulling force which overcomes the combined frictional drag, capstan effect,
and hydrokinetic drag, is applied to the pull-head and first joint of PE pipe. The
axial tensile stress grows in intensity over the length of the pull. The duration of the
pullload is longest at the pull-nose. The tail end of the pipe segment has zero applied
tensile stress for zero time. The incremental time duration of stress intensity along
the length of the pipeline from nose to tail causes a varying degree of recoverable
elastic strain and viscoelastic stretch per foot of length along the pipe.
The DR must be selected so that the tensile stress in the pipe wall due to the pullback
force, does not exceed the permitted tensile stress for the pipe material. Increasing
the pipe wall thickness will allow for a greater total pull-force. Even though the
421-461.indd 440 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

elected so that the tensile stress due to the pullback force does
ermitted tensile stress for the pipe. Increasing the pipe wall Chapter 12
441
ow for a greater total pull-force, but the thicker wall also

ght per foot of the pipe in direct proportion. Hence, thicker wall
essarily reduce stress, only increase the absolute value of the
ge. The designer should carefully check all proposed DR’s.
thicker wall increases the weight per foot of the pipe, the pullback force within the
bore itself is not significantly affected by the increased weight. Hence, thicker wall
esistance pipe generally reduces stress. The designer should carefully check all proposed DR’s.
o pullback in Frictional Drag Resistance

the borehole depends primarily on the frictional
Pipe resistance
ween the pipe and the borehole to pullback in the
orborehole
the pipedepends primarily
and the on the frictional force
ground
created between the pipe and the borehole or the pipe and the ground surface in the
y area, the frictional drag between pipe and drilling slurry, the
entry area, the frictional drag between pipe and drilling slurry, the capstan effect
bends, and atthe weight
bends, of the
and the weight of thepipe. Equation
pipe. Equation 13 gives13 gives resistance
the frictional the or
e or required required
pullingpulling
forceforce
forforpipe pulled
pipe pulled in straight,
in straight, level
level bores bores
or across level ground.
und. Equation 13, gives the frictional resistance or required pulling force for pipe pulled
in straight, level bores or across level ground. (See Kirby et al. (16)).
(13)
FP = mWB L (13)
pulling force,Where
Flbs
P = pulling force, lbs
coefficient of mfriction between
= coefficient pipe
of friction between pipe and slurry
and slurry (typically(typically
0.25) or between 0.25) or (typically 0.40)
pipe and ground
between pipe and
w B = net ground (typically 0.40)
downward (or upward) force on pipe, lb/ft
L = length, ft
net downward (or upward) force on pipe, lb/ft
ength, ft When a slurry is present, WB equals the buoyant force on the pipe minus the weight
of the pipe and its contents, if any. Filling the pipe with fluid significantly reduces
present, wB the
is buoyancy
the upwardforce andbuoyant
thus the pulling
forceforce.
ofPEthe
pipe has
pipea density
and near
its that of
water. If the pipe is installed “dry” (empty) using a closed nose-pull head, the pipe
e pipe with fluid significantly reduces the buoyancy force and
will want to “float” on the crown of the borehole leading to the sidewall loading
and frictional drag through the buoyancy-per-foot force and the wetted soil to pipe
coefficient of friction. Most major pullbacks are done “wet”. That is, the pipeline
is filled with water as it starts to descend into the bore (past the breakover point).
24
Water is added through a hose or small pipe inserted into the pullback pipe. (See the
calculation examples.)
Note: The buoyant force pushing the empty pipe to the borehole crown will cause
the PE pipe to “rub” the borehole crown. During pullback, the moving drill mud
lubricates the contact zone. If the drilling stops, the pipe stops, or the mud flow
stops, the pipe - slightly ring deflected by the buoyant force - can push up and
squeeze out the lubricating mud. The resultant “start-up” friction is measurably
increased. The pulling load to loosen the PE pipe from being “stuck” in the now
decanted (moist) mud can be very high. This situation is best avoided by using
thicker (lower DR) pipes, doing “wet” pulls, and stopping the pull only when removing
drill rods.
421-461.indd 441 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

ing stiffness pipes, inserting full pipe not empty pipe, and
progress.]
442 Chapter 12
orehole, the force can be factored into horizontal and vertical

y et al.(3) shows an additional frictional force that occurs in
the pressureCapstan
required Force
by the borehole to keep the steel pipe
For curves in the borehole, the force can be factored into horizontal and vertical
with a radius of curvature similar to that used for steel pipe,
components. Huey et al. shows an additional frictional force that occurs in steel
(17)
nsignificant forpipe
PE pipe. For very tight bends, it may be prudent
due to the pressure required by the borehole to keep the steel pipe curved. For
The frictionalbores
resistance
with a radiusduring
of curvaturea similar
pull isto that
compounded bythese
used for steel pipe, theforces are
the pipe is pulled around
insignificant for PE a curve
pipe. ortight
For very bend creating
bends, an angle
it may be prudent q, them. In
to consider
nding of the forces due to the direction of the pulling vectors. pulling
addition to this force, the capstan effect increases frictional resistance when
FC, due to thealong a curved path.
capstan As the
effect is pipe is pulled
given around
in Eq. 14.a curve or bend creating
Equations 13 an angle
q, there is a compounding of the forces due to the direction of the pulling vectors.
d recursivelyThe topulling
the pipe for each section along the pullback
force, FC, due to the capstan effect is given in Eq. 14. Equations 13 and
n in Figure 4.14This method
are applied is credited
recursively to each
to the pipe for Larry Slavin,
section Outside
along the pullback distance as
ervices, Inc. Rockaway,
shown in Figure 4. N.J.
This method is credited to Larry Slavin, Outside Plant Consulting
Services, Inc. Rockaway, N.J.
(14) Fc = e mq (mWB L) (14)
Where
Natural logarithm base
e = Natural logarithm (e=2.71828)
base (e=2.71828)
coefficient of friction
m = coefficient of friction
angle of bendq =in pipe, radians

angle of bend in pipe, radians
wB = weight of pipe or buoyant force on pipe, lbs/ft
weight of pipe or buoyant force on pipe, lbs/ft
L = Length of pull, ft
Length of pull, ft
25
421-461.indd 442 1/16/09 10:15:07 AM

a m g Wp L1 L 2 L 3 L 4
a F1 m b Wb L 2 Wb H m g Wp L 2 expm g a
Chapter 12 443
a m gisW"W
Wb L 3 expm b[What p Lp3" exp m g a
above?]
b F3 m b Wb L 4F1=W
expH
b
(mg aexp
)(m g m
Wp (aL1m
b
+ LW
g
L 3 + L 4 ))
p 4 expm g a
2 +L
F = exp(m a )(F + m W L + W H − m W L exp(m a ))

H = Depth of 2bore (ft)b 1 b b 2 b g p 2 g
Fi = Pull Force on pipe at Point i (lb)

F3 = F2 + m b Wb L 3 − exp(m b a )(m g Wp L 3 exp(m g a ))
Li = Horizontal distance of Pull from point to point (ft)
m = Coeff. of friction (ground (g) and borehole (b))
F4 = exp(m b b )(F3 + m b Wb L 4 − Wb H − exp(m b a )(m g Wp L 4 exp(m g a )))
W = Pipe weight (p) and Buoyant pipe weight (b) (lb/ft)
a, b = Entry Where
and Exit angles (radians)
Where: H = Depth of bore (ft)
H = Depth of bore (ft)
Li = Horizontal distance of Pull from point
Li = Horizontal distance of Pull from point to point (ft)
to point (ft)
m = Coeff. of friction
m = Coeff. of friction (ground (g) and borehole (b)) (ground (g) and borehole (b))
Wp = Weight of pipeFigure
W = Pipe
(lb/ft) 4 weight (p) and Buoyant pipe weight (b) (lb/ft)
Estimated
Wb = BuoyantPullback a, b = Entry
weightand
Force
force on pipe minus pipeExit
ofCalculation angles
and contents (radians)
(lb/ft)
a, b = Entry and Exit angles (radians)
ic Force Figure 4 Estimated Pullback Force Calculation
Figure 4
ng, pipe movement is resisted Estimated
Hydrokinetic Force
by the drag forceForce
Pullback of theCalculation
drilling fluid.
kinetic force is difficult to estimate and depends on the drilling slurry,
During pulling, pipe movement is resisted by the drag force of the drilling fluid.
Hydrokinetic
rate pipe pullback rate, and Forceborehole and pipe sizes. Typically, the
This hydrokinetic force is difficult to estimate and depends on the drilling slurry,
c pressure is estimated
slurry flow rateto bepullback
pipe in therate,
30and toborehole
60 kPa and(4 tosizes.
pipe 8 psi) range.
Typically, the
During pulling, pipe movement is resisted by the drag force of the drilling fluid.
hydrokinetic pressure is estimated to be in the 30 to 60 kPa (4 to 8 psi) range.
This hydrokinetic force is difficult to estimate and depends on the drilling slurry,
slurry
(15)
FHK flow
πp (D pipe
p rate
2 pullback
2 rate, and borehole and pipe
(15)sizes. Typically, the
H - OD )
hydrokinetic8 pressure is estimated to be in the 30 to 60 kPa (4 to 8 psi) range.
Where p
FHK = hydrokinetic force,
FHK = hydrokinetic force, lbs
lbs FHK = p (D H - OD 2 )
2
(15)
8
p = hydrokinetic pressure,
p = hydrokinetic pressure, psipsi
DH = borehole diameter,
DH = borehole
Where:
diameter, inin
FHKin= hydrokinetic force, lbs
OD = pipe outside diameter,
OD = pipe outside diameter,
in
p = hydrokinetic pressure, psi
ull back force, FT, then isDthe combined
H = borehole pullback
diameter, in force, FP, plus the
c force, FHK. For the example shown in Figure 4, Fin
ASCE MOP 108 OD
suggests =apipe outside
different diameter,
method for P equals
calculating F4. drag
the hydrokinetic
TheIttotal
force. pullmultiplying
suggests back force, FT, then
the external is the
surface combined
area of the pipe bypullback
a fluid dragforce, FP, plus the
TRESS hydrokinetic
coefficient
DURING of 0.025force,
PULLBACK FHK.
lb/in2 after For the
Puckett (18)
example
. The total pullshown in
back force,Figure
FT, then 4, FP equals F4.
is the
combined pullback force, FP, plus the hydrokinetic force, FHK. For the example
shown in Figure
TENSILE 4, FP equals
STRESS F4.
DURING PULLBACK
um outer fiber tensile stress should not exceed the safe pull stress.
um outer fiberThe
tensile stress
maximum outerisfiber
obtained by taking
tensile stress the
should notsum of the
exceed thesafe pull stress.
The maximum outer fiber tensile stress is obtained by taking the sum of the
421-461.indd 443 1/16/09 10:15:07 AM
444 Chapter 12
ss in the pipeTensile
due toStress
the pullback force, the hydrokinetic pulling force,
During Pullback
nsile bendingThestress due to pipe curvature. During pullback it is
maximum outer fiber tensile stress should not exceed the safe pull stress. The
o monitor the maximum
pulling outer
force and
fiber tostress
tensile useisaobtained
“weakbylink”
taking (such astheatensile
the sum of pipestress
of
mechanical break-away
in the pipe due toconnector or other
the pullback force, failsafepulling
the hydrokinetic method to prevent
force, and the tensile
ng the pipe. bending stress due to pipe curvature. During pullback it is advisable to monitor
the pulling force and to use a “weak link” (such as a pipe of higher DR) mechanical
breakaway connector or other failsafe method to prevent over-stressing the pipe.
stress occurring in the pipe wall during pullback is given by Eq. 16.
The tensile stress occurring in the pipe wall during pullback is given by Eq. 16.
(16) FT E D
st = + T OD (16)
πt (D OD - t) 2R
Where
sT = Axial tensile stress,
sT = Axial tensile psi
stress, psi
FT = Total pulling force,
FT = Total pulling lbs
force, lbs
t = Minimum wall thickness,

t = Minimum wall thickness, in in
DOD = Outer diameter of pipe, in
DOD = Outer diameter of pipe, in
ET = Time-dependent apparent modulus, psi (Refer to Appendix, Chapter 3, Engineering Properties,
ET = Time-dependent
tensile
for the appropriate modulus,
value for the psi Code of the PE pipe being used and the
Material Designation
R = Minimum radius of curvature in bore path, in
applicable service conditions
R = Minimum radius of curvature in bore path, in
ensile stress due to the pulling forces should not exceed the safe pull
The axial tensile stress due to the pulling force should not exceed the pipe’s safe pull
s in Table 5 load.
canAsbe used,in aorprevious
discussed the designer can strength
section, the tensile calculate a safe
of PE pipe pull
is load-rate
on a differentsensitive.
pull time. As discussed
Time under in a previous
load is an important considerationsection,
in selectingthe tensile
the appropriate
PE pipe is tensile
load-rate
strengthsensitive, and the
to use in calculating therefore values
safe pull load. of “safe”
During pullback, pull
the pulling
force is not continually applied to the pipe, as the driller must stop pulling after
h might be satisfactory for sliplining or insert renewal where the pull
extracting each drill rod in order to remove the rod from the drill string. The net
osed for a maximum of 30 min. to 60 min may not be satisfactory for
result is that the pipe moves the length of the drill rod and then stops until the
drilling. With extracted
directional drilling,
rod is removed. the istime
Pullback duration
an incremental of stress
(discrete) intensity
process rather than
nger--between 4 hours to 24 hours. The “safe” pullload is
a continuous process. The pipe is not subjected to a constant tensile force and thus time
Hence, the 60maymin. or less
relax some between “safe”
pulls. Apull loadapparent
one-hour (to limit elongation
modulus value might in the
be safe
for design, however, a 12-hour value will normally minimize “stretching” of the
tion of the pipeline where the pull force is largest), is inappropriate for
pipeline. Tables 3 through 6 give safe pull loads for PE pipes based on a 12-hour
tion pulls. Table 2 gives safe tensile stress values for time intervals.
value. The safe pull force also referred to as the allowable tensile load in the Tables
ur value will3 through
normally keep
6 is based the
on the pull-nose
minimum pipe wall“stretch”
thickness andlow and
may be foundavoid
using
erniation of the HDPE
Equation pipeline.
17. (The safe pull Allowable
load may also be safe
foundpullback values
using the average wallfor gas
thickness.
ven in ASTM F-1807, “Practice for Determining Allowable Tensile
Check with the manufacture for the average wall values.) Allowable safe pullback
valuesGas
olyethylene (PE) for gasPipe
pipe are given inPull-In
during ASTM F-1807, “Practice for Determining
Installation.” Tables 5Allowableand 6
Tensile Load for Polyehtylene (PE) Gas Pipe during Pull-In Installation”.
pull loads for HDPE pipes.
ck, pipe may take several hours (typically equal to the duration of the
ver from the axial strain. When pulled from the reamed borehole, the
hould be pulled out about 3% longer than the total length of the pull.
strain will 444recover immediately and the viscoelastic stretch will1/16/09
421-461.indd 10:15:07 AM
Chapter 12 445
(17)
!
WHERE
FS = Safe Pull Force (lbs)
TALLOW = Safe Pull Stress (psi)
DOD = Outside Diameter (in)
DR = Dimension Ratio
After pullback, pipe may take several hours (typically equal to the duration of the
pull) to recover from the axial strain. When pulled from the reamed borehole, the
pull-nose should be pulled out about 3% longer than the total length of the pull. The
elastic strain will recover immediately and the viscoelastic stretch will “remember”
its original length and recover overnight. One does not want to come back in the
morning to discover the pull-nose sucked back below the borehole exit level due
to stretch recovery and thermal-contraction to an equilibrium temperature. In the
worst case, the driller may want to pull out about 4% extra length (40 feet per 1000
feet) to insure the pull-nose remains extended beyond the borehole exit.
421-461.indd 445 1/16/09 10:15:07 AM

446 Chapter 12
TABLE 3
PE 3xxx 12 hour Pull IPS Size
Safe Pull Force, lbs

Size Nom. OD 9 11 13.5 17
1.25 1.660 940 787 653 527
1.5 1.900 1232 1030 855 690
2 2.375 1924 1610 1336 1079
3 3.500 4179 3497 2902 2343
4 4.500 6908 5780 4797 3872
6 6.625 14973 12529 10398 8393
8 8.625 25377 21235 17623 14225
10 10.750 39423 32988 27377 22098
12 12.750 55456 46404 38511 31086
14 14.000 66863 55949 46432 37480
16 16.000 87331 73076 60646 48954
18 18.000 110528 92487 76756 61957
20 20.000 136454 114182 94760 76490
22 22.000 165110 138160 114660 92553
24 24.000 196494 164422 136454 110146
26 26.000 230608 192967 160144 129268
28 28.000 267450 223796 185729 149920
30 30.000 307022 256909 213210 172102
32 32.000 N.A. 292305 242585 195814
34 34.000 N.A. 329985 273856 221056
36 36.000 N.A. 369949 307022 247827
42 42.000 N.A. N.A. 417891 337321
48 48.000 N.A. N.A. N.A. 440582
54 54.000 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
*Tables are based on the Minimum Wall Thickness of Pipe
421-461.indd 446 1/16/09 10:15:07 AM

Chapter 12 447
TABLE 4
PE 3xxx 12 hour Pull DIPS Size

Size Nom. OD 9 11 13.5 17
4 4.800 7860 6577 5458 4406
6 6.900 16241 13590 11279 9104
8 9.050 27940 23379 19403 15662
10 11.100 42031 35171 29188 23561
12 13.200 59440 49738 41277 33319
14 15.300 79856 66822 55456 44764
16 17.400 103282 86424 71724 57895
18 19.500 129717 108544 90081 72713
20 21.600 159160 133182 110528 89218
24 25.800 227074 190010 157690 127287
30 32.000 349323 292305 242585 195814
36 38.300 N.A. 418730 347506 280506
42 44.500 N.A. N.A. 469121 378673
48 50.800 N.A. N.A. N.A. 493483
421-461.indd 447 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

448 Chapter 12
TABLE 5
PE 4xxx 12 hour Pull IPS Size

Size Nom. OD 9 11 13.5 17
1.25 1.660 983 822 682 551
1.5 1.900 1287 1077 894 722
2 2.375 2012 1683 1397 1128
3 3.500 4369 3656 3034 2449
4 4.500 7222 6043 5015 4048
6 6.625 15653 13098 10870 8774
8 8.625 26531 22200 18424 14872
10 10.750 41214 34487 28621 23103
12 12.750 57977 48513 40262 32499
14 14.000 69902 58492 48543 39184
16 16.000 91300 76398 63403 51179
18 18.000 115552 96691 80244 64773
20 20.000 142657 119372 99067 79967
22 22.000 172615 144440 119871 96760
24 24.000 205426 171896 142657 115152
26 26.000 241090 201739 167424 135144
28 28.000 279607 233969 194172 156735
30 30.000 320978 268587 222901 179925
32 32.000 N.A. 305592 253612 204715
34 34.000 N.A. 344985 286304 231104
36 36.000 N.A. 386765 320978 259092
42 42.000 N.A. N.A. 436886 352654
48 48.000 N.A. N.A. N.A. 460609
54 54.000 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
421-461.indd 448 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

Chapter 12 449
TABLE 6
PE 4xxx 12 hour Pull DIPS Size

Size Nom. OD 9 11 13.5 17
4 4.800 8217 6876 5706 4606
6 6.900 16980 14208 11791 9518
8 9.050 29210 24442 20285 16374
10 11.100 43942 36770 30515 24632
12 13.200 62141 51998 43154 34834
14 15.300 83486 69859 57977 46799
16 17.400 107977 90353 74984 60527
18 19.500 135613 113478 94176 76018
20 21.600 166395 139235 115552 93273
24 25.800 237395 198647 164858 133073
30 32.000 365201 305592 253612 204715
36 38.300 N.A. 437764 363302 293256
42 44.500 N.A. N.A. 490445 395886
48 50.800 N.A. N.A. N.A. 515914
External Pressure During Installation

During pullback it is reasonable to assume that the borehole remains stable and open
and that the borehole is full of drilling slurry. The net external pressure due to fluid
in the borehole, then, is the slurry head, PMUD. This head can be offset by pulling
the pipe with an open nose or filling the pipe with water for the pullback. However,
this may not always be possible, for instance when installing electrical conduit. In
addition to the fluid head in the borehole, there are also dynamic sources of external
pressure:
1. If the pulling end of the pipe is capped, a plunger action occurs during pulling
which creates a mild surge pressure. The pressure is difficult to calculate. The
pipe will resist such an instantaneous pressure with its relatively high short-
term modulus. If care is taken to pull the pipe smoothly at a constant speed, this
calculation can be ignored. If the pipe nose is left open, this surge is eliminated.
2. External pressure will also be produced by the frictional resistance of the drilling
mud flow. Some pressure is needed to pump drilling mud from the reamer tool
into the borehole, then into the pipe annulus, and along the pipe length while
conveying reamed soil debris to the mud recovery pit. An estimate of this short
term hydrokinetic pressure may be calculated using annular flow pressure loss
formulas borrowed from the oil well drilling industry. This external pressure is
dependent upon specific drilling mud properties, flow rates, annular opening,
and hole configuration. This is a short-term installation condition. Thus, PE pipe’s
short-term external differential pressure capabilities are compared to the actual
421-461.indd 449 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

onsideration of the dynamic or hydrokinetic pressure, PHK, the designer will
nsideration of the dynamic or hydrokinetic pressure, PHK, the designer will
additional external pressure to the slurry head:
additional external pressure to the slurry head:
450 Chapter 12
PPNN = PPMUD + PPHK -- PP1

MUD
HK 1
(17)
(17)
re the terms have been defined previously.

re the terms have been defined previously.
short-term total external pressure during this installation condition.
stance to External Collapse
Under Collapse
normal Pressure
conditions, During
the annular-flow back pressure component is less
stance to External Pressure During
back Installation
than 4-8 psi.
back Installation
In consideration of the dynamic or hydrokinetic pressure, PHK, the designer will add
allowable external
additionalbuckling pressure
external pressure equation,
to the slurry head: Eq.11, with the appropriate
allowable external buckling pressure equation, Eq.11, with the appropriate
dependent modulus value can be used to calculate the pipe’s resistance to
dependent modulus
(18) PN = PMUD
value + Pcan
HK - Pbe I used to calculate the pipe’s resistance to
external pressure, PN, given by Eq.17 during pullback. The following
external pressure, PN, given by Eq.17 during pullback. The following
ctions in strength should be taken:
Where the terms have been defined previously.
ctions in strength should be taken:
Resistance to External Collapse Pressure During Pullback Installation
The allowable external buckling pressure equation, Eq.11, with the appropriate
apparent modulus (see chapter 3- Appendix) value can be used to calculate the
he tensile pulling forceto the
pipe’s resistance reduces the buckling
external pressure, resistance.
PN, given by Eq.18 This
during pullback. The can be
he tensile pulling force reduces the buckling resistance. This can be
unted for by following reductions in strength should be taken:
an additional reduction factor, fR. The pulling load in the pipe
unted for by an additional reduction factor, fR. The pulling load in the pipe
es a hoop strain as pulling
The tensile described by Poisson’s
force reduces ratio. The
the buckling resistance. hoop
This can strainforreduces
be accounted by
es a hoop strain
an
as described
additional reduction
byFRPoisson’s
factor, . The pulling
ratio.
load in the
The
pipe
hoopa hoop
creates
strain reduces
strain
buckling resistance. Multiply Eq.11 by the reduction factor, fR to obtain the
buckling resistance.
as describedMultiply Eq.11
by Poisson’s byhoop
ratio. The thestrain
reduction
reduces the factor, fR to obtain the
buckling resistance.
wable externalMultiply
buckling pressure during pullback.
able external buckling Eq.11pressure during
by the reduction factor,pullback.
FR to obtain the allowable external buckling
pressure during pullback.
(19) F = (5.57 - (r + 1.09) 2 ) - 1.09 (18)
FRR (5.57 - (r 1.09) 2 ) - 1.09 (18)
(20) s
r = s TT (19)
(19)
r 2S
2S
re s = Where
calculated
tensile stress during pullback (psi)
re sTT = scalculated
= calculated tensile
tensile stress
stress during during pullback (psi)
pullback (psi)
s = ssafe
T
pull stress (psi)
s = safe pull
= safe pull stress
stress (psi) (psi)
r = tensile stress ratio
e the pullback time
Since is typically
the pullback several
time is typically hours,
several hours, a a modulus value consistent
e the pullback time is typically several hours, amodulus
modulusvalue consistent
value withconsistent
the pullback time can be selected from Table 2.
the pullback time can be selected from Appendix, Chapter 3.
he pullback time can be selected from Table 2.
Bending Stress
HDD river crossings incorporate radii-of-curvature, which allow the PE pipe to cold
bend within its elastic limit. These bends are so long in radius as to be well within
the flexural bending capability of SDR 11 PE pipe which can be cold bent to 25 times
its nominal OD (example: for a 12”29SDR 11 PE pipe, the radius of curvature could
29
be from infinity down to the minimum of 25 feet, i.e., a 50-foot diameter circle).
Because the drill stem and reaming rod are less flexible, normally PE can bend easily
421-461.indd 450 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

Chapter 12 451
to whatever radius the borehole steel drilling and reaming shafts can bend because
these radii are many times the pipe OD. However, in order to minimize the effect of
ovaling some manufacturers limit the radius of curvature to a minimum of 40 to 50
times the pipe diameter. As in a previous section, the tensile stress due to bending is
included in the calculations.
Thermal Stresses and Strains

HDD pipeline crossings generally become fully restrained in the axial direction
as progressive sedimentation and soil consolidation occur within the borehole.
The rate at which restraint occurs depends on the soil and drilling techniques
and can take from a few hours to months. This assumption is valid for the vast
majority of soil conditions, although it may not be completely true for each and
every project. During pipe installation, the moving pipeline is not axially restrained
by the oversize borehole. However, the native soil tends to sediment and embed
the pipeline when installation velocity and mud flow are stopped, thus allowing
the soil to grip the pipeline and prevent forward progress or removal. Under such
unfortunate stoppage conditions, many pipelines may become stuck within minutes
to only a few hours.
The degree to which the pipeline will be restrained after completed installation is
in large part a function of the sub-surface soil conditions and behavior, and the soil
pressure at the depth of installation. Although the longitudinal displacement due
to thermal expansion or contraction is minimal, the possibility of its displacement
should be recognized. The PE pipe should be cut to length only after it is in
thermal equilibrium with the surrounding soil (usually overnight). In this way the
“installed” versus “operating” temperature difference is dropped to nearly zero, and
the pipe will have assumed its natural length at the existing soil/water temperature.
Additionally, the thermal inertia of the pipe and soil will oppose any brief
temperature changes from the flow stream. Seasonal temperature changes happen so
slowly that actual thermally induced stresses are usually insignificant within PE for
design purposes.
Torsion Stress
A typical value for torsional shear stress is 50% of the tensile strength. Divide
the transmitted torque by the wall area to get the torsional shear stress intensity.
During the pullback and reaming procedure, a swivel is typically used to separate
the rotating cutting head assembly from the pipeline pull segment. Swivels are not
100% efficient and some minor percent of torsion will be transmitted to the pipeline.
For thick wall PE pipes of SDR 17, 15.5, 11, 9 and 7, this torsion is not significant and
usually does not merit a detailed engineering analysis.
421-461.indd 451 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

452 Chapter 12
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS Example Calculations are given in Appendix A and B.
References
1. Sener, E.M. & Stein, R. (1995). Mini-Horizontal Directional Drilling Manual, North American Society for Trenchless
Technology (NASTT), Reston, Virginia.
2. Horizontal Directional Drilling Good Practices Guidelines, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT),
Reston, Virginia.
3. Safety Manual: Directional Drilling Tracking Equipment, Equipment Manufacturer’s Institute (EMI).
4. ASTM F1962, Guide for Use of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement of Polyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under
Obstacles, Including River Crossings, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
5. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 108, “Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional
Drilling”, ASCE, Reston, Virginia (2005).
6. Petroff, L.J. (2006). Designing Polyethylene Water Pipe for Directional Drilling Applications Using ASTM F1962,
NASTT No-Dig Conference, Nashville, TN.
7. O’Rourke, T.D., El-Gharbawy, S.L. & Stewart, H.E. (1991). Soil Loads at Pipeline Crossings, ASCE Specialty
Conference on Pipeline Crossings, Denver, CO..
8. Stein, D., Mollers, K. & Bielecki, R (1989) Microtunnelling, Ernest & Sohn, Berlin..
9. Petroff, L.J. (1999). Guidelines for Design of Directionally-Drilled Polyethylene Pipe, International Plastic Pipe Fuel
Gas Symposium, PPI, AGA, & GTI, New Orleans, LA.
10. Spangler, M. G. & Handy, R. L. (1973). Soil Engineering, Intext, Harper and Row, New York, NY.
11. Knight, M.A., Duyvestyn, G., & Gelinas, M. (2001, Sept). Excavation of surface installed pipeline, J. Infrastructural
Systems, Vol. 7, no 3, ASCE.
12. Ariaratnam, S.T. (2001). Evaluation of the Annular Space Region in Horizontal Directional Drilling Installations,
Arizona State University.
13. Watkins, R.K. & Anderson, L.R. (1995). Structural Mechanics of Buried Pipes, Dept. of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT.
14. DRILLPATH (1996). Infrasoft L.L.C., Maurer Technology.
15. Svetlik, H. (1995, March). Design Considerations for PE Pipe Used in Directional Drilling, No-Dig Engineering, Vol.2,
No.3.
16. Kirby, M.J., Kramer, S.R., Pittard, G.T., & Mamoun, M. (1996). Design Guidelines and Procedures for Guided
Horizontal Drilling, Proceedings of the International No-Dig ‘96 Conf., New Orleans, LA.
17. Huey, D.P., Hair, J.D., & McLeod, K.B. (1996). Installation Loading and Stress Analysis Involved with Pipelines
Installed by Horizontal Directional Drilling, No-Dig ‘96 Conf., New Orleans, LA.
18. Puckett, J.S. (2003). Analysis of Theoretical versus Actual HDD Pulling Loads, ASCE International Conference on
Pipeline Engineering and Construction, Baltimore, MD.
Appendix A
Design Calculation Example for Service Loads (Post-Installation)
Example 1
A 6” IPS DR 11 PE4710 pipe is being pulled under a railroad track. The minimum
depth under the track is 10 ft. Determine the safety factor against buckling.
Given Parameters
OD = 6.625 in
Nominal Pipe OD
DR = 11 Pipe
Dimension Ratio
H = 10 ft.
Max. Borehole Depth
gs = 120 lbf/ft 3
Unit Weight of Soil
PLive = 1,100 Ibf/ft 2
E-80 Live Load
421-461.indd 452 1/16/09 10:15:08 AM

Chapter 12 453
Wheel loading from train will be applied for several minutes without relaxation.
l loading from Repetitive
train will betrains applied crossing
for severalmay minutes
accumulate. without A relaxation.
conservative choice for the
apparentmay
itive trains crossing modulus is the 1000-hour
accumulate. modulus. choice for the
A conservative
ent modulus is the 1000-hour modulus.
Wheel loading E from
mid =train
PE Material
43,700 willpsibe applied
Parameters
ȝ= 0.45 forLong-Term
several minutesPoisson’s without
Ration relaxation.
Repetitive trains Wheel loading
crossing from
may train will be appliedAfor conservative
accumulate. several minutes without
choice relaxation.
for the
43,700 psi ȝ= 0.45
Repetitive
Long-Term
trains crossing
Poisson’s Ration
pparent modulus Soilisand the Live
1000-hour modulus. on Pipe (Assuming that the apparent
Load Pressure
may accumulate. A conservative choice for the
earth load equals the
modulus is the 1000-hour modulus. See Appendix of Chapter 3 Table B.1.1.
nd Live Load prism Pressure loadon is Pipe
perhaps too conservative
(Assuming that the earthexceptloadfor aequals
calculation
the involving dynamic
Eload
mid = is43,700 psi E
surface ȝ=
= 0.45
46,000
loading.)Long-Term
psi Poisson’s
perhaps too conservative except for a calculation involving dynamic
mid Ration
e loading.)
Soil and Live Load Pμ == Poisson’s
(gPressure
SH+ PLive)on 1 ftPipe
Ratio = 0.45 for
/144(Assuming
2all PE pipe 2
inmaterials Pthat the earth
= 15.97 psi load equals the
rism load is perhaps
2 Soil and2too
SH+ PLive) 1 ft /144 in
Live conservative
Load Pressure
P = 15.97 psi except
on Pipe for
(Assuminga calculation
that the involving
earth dynamic
load equals the prism
urface loading.) load isDeflection
Ring perhaps too conservative
resulting from except soil
for a calculation
and live involving dynamic surface
load pressures assuming no side
Deflection resulting loading.)
support is given
from soil by andequation
live load 10.pressures assuming no side
2 2
SH+ P
Prt=is(ggiven by ) P1 =ft(g
Liveequation /144
H in
10.
+ P ) 1 /144P = 15.97 psi
s Live
Ring Deflection Presulting

= 16.0 psi from soil and live load pressures assuming no side
upport is given by equation 10. y 0.0125P
O
y Ring Deflection
0.0125 P resulting
O
D fromEsoil and live load pressures assuming no side support
O = is given by equation 10. mid
12DR 1
O
D E mid 3
y (DR −
Δy
12
O
)3 P
0.10125
O
D E mid
%y/D = 5.482 Percent deflection from soil loads
12DR 1
3
%y/D = 5.482 Percent deflection from soil loads
Determine critical
% Δ y / D = 5.1 Percent unconstrained
deflection from soil loads buckling pressure based on deflection from
loading and safety
mine critical unconstrained factorpressure
buckling using Eq.based 11 on deflection from
%y/D
g and safety factor = 5.482 Percent
usingcritical
Determine Eq. 11 deflection from soil loads
unconstrained buckling pressure based on deflection from
foloading
= 0.56and Ovality compensation
safety factor using Eq. 11 factor for 5.5% ovality from Figure 3
Determine critical
56 Ovality compensation unconstrained buckling pressure Figure based3 on deflection from
fo = 0.58 Ovalityfactor for 5.5%
compensation factor forovality
5.1% ovalityfrom
from Figure 3
oading and safety factor using Eq. 11 2E mid 1
PUC ( )3 f O
2E mid 1 ( 1 - m 2
) DR 1
o = 0.56 Ovality P UC =
compensation ( factor )for f 5.5% ovality from Figure 3
3
(1- m μ22 ) DR − 1 O
PUC = 68.4 psi 2E mid 1
PCritical
UC =unconstrained
P61.37 psibuckling
(Critical ) 3 safety
pressure (nounconstrained
f O factor) buckling pressure (no safety factor)
( 1 - m ) DR 1
UC 2
61.37 psi Critical unconstrained buckling pressure (no safety factor)
PUC
SFcr
PUC P SFcr = 3.84 Safety factor against buckling
PUC = 61.37 psiSF =Critical unconstrained buckling pressure (no safety factor)
P SFcrcr= 4.33.84
Safety Safety factor
factor against against
buckling buckling
Example 2: A 6” IPS DR 13.5 HDPE pipe is being pulled under a small river for
PUC
ple
SFcr 2: A 6” IPS DR 13.5 HDPE use as pipe aniselectrical
being pulled duct. under
At its lowest
a smallpoint, the pipe will be 18 feet
river for
P SFcr = 3.84 belowSafety the factor
river against buckling
surface. Assume the slurry weight is equal to 75
use as an electrical duct. At its lowest point, the pipe will be 18 feet
below the river surface. Ib/cu.ft.
Assume The the ductslurryis empty
weightduring
is equaltheto pull.
75 Calculate a) the
ExampleIb/cu.ft.
2: A 6”The IPS DR duct13.5 is HDPE
empty pipe
maximum pulling
during is being
the pulled
force and under
pull. b)Calculatea small
the safety riveragainst
a)factor
the for buckling for
use as an electrical
the duct.
pipe. At
Assumeits lowest
that
maximum pulling force and b) the safety factor against buckling for point,
the the
pipe’s pipe will
ovality isbe
3% 18 feet
and that the pulling
below the
the pipe. Assume that river surface.
time the Assume
willpipe’s
not exceed
ovality 10 the slurry
is hours. weight is
3% and that the pullingequal to 75
Ib/cu.ft. The duct
time will not exceed 10 hours. is empty during the pull. Calculate a) the
maximum pulling force and b) the safety factor against buckling for
421-461.indd 453 1/16/09 10:15:09 AM
454 Chapter 12
Example 2
A 6” IPS DR 13.5 PE4710 pipe is being pulled under a small river for use as an
Solution:
electrical duct. At its lowest point, the pipe will be 18 feet below the river surface.
Assume
Solution:
Calculate the slurry
the safe pullweight is equal
strength to 75 Ib/cu.ft.
or allowable The duct
tensile is empty during the pull.
load.
Calculate a) the maximum pulling force and b) the safety factor against buckling
for the pipe.the
OD =Calculate
6.625in. Assume
Pipethat
safe the
pull pipe’s
strength
outside ovality is 3% and that
or allowable
diameter the pulling
tensile load.time will not
Solution:
exceed 10 hours.
DR = 13.5 Pipe dimension ratio
Tallow =OD 1150=psi 6.625in. TypicalPipe safeoutside
pull stress diameterfor HDPE for 12-hour pull duration
Calculate
Solution the safe pull strength or allowable tensile load.
DR = 13.5 Pipe dimension ratio
TCalculate
allow = 1150
the safe pull strength or allowable tensile load.
1 psi 1 Typical safe pull stress for HDPE for 12-hour pull duration
Fs STODOD = 6.625in.
2
OD (- Pipe outside
allow= 6.625in. - Pipe
) outside diameter
diameter
2
DRDR = 13.5= -13.5 DR DR
Pipe dimension ratio Pipe dimension ratio
1 1
TTFallow
allow S=T 1150
= 1150 OD psi
2
( Typical
- stress2for)safe
psi - Typical safe pull PE4710pull stress
for 12-hour pull for HDPE
duration. for1. 12-hour pull duration
See Table
s 4
allow
Fs = 1.088 x 10 lbf Safe DRpull DR strength for 6î IPS DR 13.5 HDPE pipe assuming
10-hour1 maximum
1 pull duration
FFss == 1.088
πTallow xOD 104( lbf Safe
2
- pull
2
) strength for 6î IPS DR 13.5 HDPE pipe assuming
DR DR
Step 1: Determine the 10-hour
criticalmaximum
buckling pull duration
pressure during Installation for the
Fs = 1.088 x 10 lbf4
pipe (include 4 tensile reduction factor assuming the frictional drag
s =pull
FSafe 1.088 x6”10 lbf13.5Safe
PE pipepull strength for 6î pullIPS DR 13.5 HDPE pipe assuming
Step 1:force
during
for IPS DR
Determine
pull
pull results
theassuming 12-hour maximum
critical
in 1000 psibuckling
longitudinal
duration.
pressure during Installation for the
pipe stress)
Also see Table 5 for safe 10-hour maximum pull duration
force.
pipe (include tensile reduction factor assuming the frictional drag
E = 57,500Step 1psi during
Apparent pullmodulus
results inof1000 psi longitudinal
elasticity (for 10 hours pipeat stress)
73 degrees F)
Step
Determine
1: the critical Determine buckling
the critical
pressure during
buckling pressure
Installation for the
during
pipe
Installation for the
(include
ȝ = 0.45 Poisson’s ratio (long term value)
pipe (include the tensile reduction factor assuming the frictional drag
Etensile
fo = 0.76 = 57,500reduction factor assuming
psiOvality Apparent
compensation frictional
modulus drag during
of elasticity
factor (for 3% pull results
(for 10 in
ovality) 1000 psi
hours at 73 degrees F)
longitudinal pipeduring
stress) pull results in 1000 psi longitudinal pipe stress)
ȝ = 0.45 Poisson’s ratio (long term value)
foE =
R = 0.435 0.76
Tensile
= 63,000 ratio modulus
psi - Apparent (basedOvality on compensation
assumed
of elasticity (for 12 hours1000 factor F) (for
psi pull
at 73 degrees 3% ovality)
stress calculation)
Eμ = 57,500 psi Apparent modulus of elasticity (for 10 hours at 73 degrees F)
= Poisson’s Ratio = 0.45 for all PE materials
ȝf == 0.76
0.45 Poisson’s ratio (long term value)
Ro = 0.435 - OvalityTensile
compensationratio (based
factor on assumed 1000 psi pull stress calculation)
(for 3% ovality)
fo = 0.76 Ovality compensation factor (for 3% ovality)
Rf R= 0.435 r 1.09
5.57Tensile (based
ratio 1.09 onf assumed Tensile
0.71 1000 Reduction
psi pull Factor
stress calculation)
2
R
fR2E
f
= 0.71 R

1 5.573 r 1.09 1.09
R = 0.435 - Tensile ratio (based on assumed2 1000 psi pull stress calculation)
f R 0.71 Critical unconstrained
Tensile Reduction Factor
Pcr ( ) f f P 39.90 buckling pressure for DR 13.5
(1 - P 2 ) DR - 1
O R CR
pipe Criticalsafety
without unconstrained
factor
f 2E= 5.57 −1 (r + 31.09)2 − 1.09 f = 0 . 71 Tensile Reduction Factor
Pcr R ( ) fO fR PCR R39.90 buckling pressure for DR 13.5
Step 2: (1 - P 2
) DR - 1
Determine expected loads on pipe (assume onlypipe static drilling
without fluidfactor
safety
Critical unconstrained
head
2E Factor
Tensile Reduction acting1 on 3pipe, and borehole intact with no buckling soil loading)
PPcr =43.71 2 ( ) ⋅ fO ⋅ fR PCR = 39.90 pressure for DR 13.5
Step
CR = 2: Determine
(1 -3 µ ) DR - 1 expected loads on pipe (assume only static drilling
pipe without safety fluid
factor
gslurry = 75 lbf/ft , drilling
Critical unconstrainedheadfluid
bucklingacting
pressureon pipe, H
weight
for DR 13.5 and
pipe
= 18borehole
without
ft, Maximum
safety intact with
factor
boreno soil loading)
depth
Step 2: Determine
3 expected loads on pipe (assume only static drilling fluid
gslurry = 75 lbf/ft , drilling fluid weight H = 18 ft, Maximum
Total staticbore depth
drilling
1ft 2 head acting on pipe, and borehole intact with no soil loading)
Pslurry Hg slurry ( ) P slurry 9.37 psi fluid head pressure if
144in 2 drilled Total static drilling
from surface
gPslurry = 75 lbf/ft( 3,1ft
drilling fluid weight H = 18 ft, Maximum bore depth
2
slurry Hg slurry 2
) P slurry 9.37 psi fluid head pressure if
Step 3: 144in
Determine the resulting safety factor against critical buckling
drilled fromduring
surface
Total static drilling
Installation 1ft 2
Pslurry = Hg slurry ( ) Pslurry = 9.37 psi fluid head 1/16/09
pressure ifAM
Step
421-461.indd 454
3: Determine2 the resulting safety factor against critical buckling during
10:15:09
r 1r.09
f R f R 5.575.57 1.09
1.209 Tensile
1.09 f R f 0R .710.71 Tensile
2
Reduction
Reduction Factor
Factor
Chapter 12 455
Critical
unconstrained
2E 2E 1 13 3
Pcr Pcr ( ( ) f)O f RO f R PCR PCR 39.90
39.90 buckling
buckling pressure
pressure for DR
for DR 13.513.5
(1 - P(12 )- P 2 )DR DR
-1 -1 pipepipe without
without safety
safety factor
factor
StepStep
2: 22:
Step Determine
Determine expected
expected loads
loads on pipe
on pipe (assume
(assume onlyonly static
static drilling
drilling fluidfluid
Determine expected
headhead loads
acting on
onpipe
acting on (assume
pipe,pipe,
andandonlyborehole
static drilling
borehole fluid
intact
intact head
withwith acting
no
no soil onloading)
soil
loading)
pipe, and borehole intact with no soil loading)
33 3
= 75==lbf/ft
ggslurry
gslurry slurry 75 lbf/ft , drilling
, ,drilling
75 lbf/ft drilling fluid
fluid fluid weight H =H18= ft,
weight
weight 18Maximum
ft, Maximum
borebore depth
depth
H = 18 ft, Maximum bore depth
TotalTotal static
static drilling
drilling
1ft 2 1ft 2
PslurryPslurry
Hg slurry ) Pslurry9.379.37
Hg(slurry ( 2 ) P2 slurry psi psi fluidfluid
headhead pressure
pressure if if
144in144in drilled from
drilled from surfacesurface
Pslurry = 9.36 psi
Total static drilling fluid head pressure if drilled from surface
StepStep
3: 3: Determine
Determine the the resulting
resulting safety
safety factor
factor against
against critical
critical buckling
buckling during
during
Step 3 Installation
Installation
Determine the resulting safety factor against critical buckling duringSafety
installation
Safety factor
factor against
against
PCR P P
SFCR SFCRSF=CR =CR CR SFCR SFCR
4.25 = 4.25
SFCR = 4.25 critical
critical buckling
buckling during
during
Pslurry PslurryPslurry pull.pull.
SFCR = 4.67 34 34
Example Example
3: Example
Determine3: 3:
Determine
Determine
the safety the the
safety
factor safety
Safety factor against critical buckling during pull
factor
for factor
long for
term for
long long
termterm
performance performance
performance
for the for forthe the
communication communication
communication
duct in exampleductduct in example
in Assume
2. example 2. Assume
2. Assume
there arethere
10there
are are
feet 10 10
of feetfeet
of of
Example 3 riverbed riverbed deposits
deposits aboveabovethe the
borehole
borehole having
having
a saturated
a saturated
unit unit
riverbed deposits above 3the 3 borehole having a saturated unit
Determine
weight ofthe
110safety
weightweight
Ib/ftoffactor
3 of for
.110
(18 110 long-term
Ib/ft
feet Ib/ft
.deep, performance
(18. (18
feet
3% feet
deep, for
deep,
initial 3% the
3% communication
initial
ovality) initial
ovality) duct
ovality)
in Example 2. Assume there are 10 feet of riverbed deposits above the borehole
having a saturated unit weight of 110 lb/ft3. (18 feet deep, 3% initial ovality)
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution
Step 1: StepStep
1: 1: Determine
Determine Determine
the pipe the
soilthe
pipe
loadpipe
soil soil
loadload
(Warning (Warning
(Warning
requires requires
requires
Input of Input
Input
ovalityof ovality
of ovality
compensation
compensation
Step 1 compensationin
in step 4.) step
in step
4.) 4.)
Determine the pipe soil load (Warning: Requires input of ovality compensation
E long in E long
= step E long
4.
28,200 =psi
28,200
= 28,200
psi psi termLong
Long Long
termterm
apparent apparent
apparent
modulus modulus
modulus
3 3
gw =E long
62.4 w =gpsi
glbf/ft.
= 29,000 62.4
w 3 = 62.4 lbf/ft.
- Long-term lbf/ft.
Unit weight
apparent Unit
modulus ofUnit
weight
weight
water of water
of water
H g=w 18
= 62.4 H =3 H
ftlbf/ft.
Max. -18 = ftweight
Unit 18Max.ftofMax.
borehole
water borehole
depthborehole
depth
depth
3 3
gs H== 110 g =
lbf/ft.
18 ft Max. g 110
3
s - Borehole
s = 110
depth Saturated unit weight ofunit
lbf/ft.lbf/ft. Saturated
Saturated
unit weight
weight
of sediments
sediments of sediments
GWg= s = 18 GW
ft 3GW
110 lbf/ft. -=Saturated
18= ft18unitftweight
Groundwater Groundwater
of sediments Groundwater
height height height
C = 10ft.
GW = 18 ft - C = C 10ft.
Groundwater = 10ft.
height Height
Height
Height of soil cover of soil
of soil
covercover
= 10ft. -OD OD
=of6.625= 6.625 in in Nominal
Nominal
C
OD = 6.625 in Height soil cover
Nominal pipe OD pipepipe OD OD
OD = 6.625
DR = 13.5 DR in -DR
= 13.5
Nominal = 13.5
pipe OD Pipe Pipe
Pipe dimension ratio dimension
dimension ratioratio
µ = 0.45 = µ0.45
DR = 13.5 - µ Pipe = 0.45 Long Term
dimension ratio Long Long
Term
Poisson’sTerm
Poisson’s
Poisson’s
ratio ratioratio
μ = Poisson’s Ratio = 0.45 for all PE materials
1ft 2 1ft 2 1ft 2

Psoil P P= g
(g S - gsoilW ) soil =
C (S SW 2 W) Psoil ( 23.30
( -
( g
g - )gC )
( C ) P=soil3.30
) P2 psi
soil = 3.30 psi loadPrism
psiPrism on Prism
load
pipe load
on pipe
from on pipe
10’ fromfrom
of 10’ 10’
of of
144in 144in144in saturated coversaturated
saturated
cover
(including cover
(including
(including
Psoil = 3.30 psi buoyant force on submerged submerged
buoyant
buoyant
force force
on submerged
on
Prism load on pipe from 10’ of saturated cover (including soil) soil)
buoyant force on soil) soil)
submerged
Step 2: StepStep
2: 2: Calculate
Calculate theCalculate
the the
ringring
ring deflection deflection
deflection
resulting resulting
fromresulting
soil fromfrom
loadssoil soil
loads
assuming loads
assuming
noassuming
no no
sideside
side support. support.
support.
421-461.indd 455 1/16/09 10:15:10 AM

1ft Prism load on pipe from 10’ of
Psoil (g S - g W ) C ( ) Psoil 3.30 psi
144in 2 saturated cover (including
456 Chapter 12
buoyant force on submerged
Horizontal Directional Drilling soil)
Step 2: Calculate the ring deflection resulting from soil loads assuming n
Pside P
SFCRSFCR CR CRsupport. SFCR SFCR4.254.25
PslurryPslurry
Step 2
Calculate the ring deflection resulting from soil loads assuming no side support.
Example
Example3: 3:Determine
Determine the thesafety safetyfactor
factor
for for
longlong
termtermperformance
performance for for
the the
communication
communication ductduct in example
in example2. Assume
2. Assume there
there
are are
10 10
feetfeet
of of
riverbed u u
=riverbed deposits
deposits
soil above above
the the
borehole
borehole having
havinga saturated
a saturatedunitunit
0 . 0125 P 100
% (Δy/D) 3 3
Percent deflection from soil
weight
%(y/D) = weight
of 110
of 110
Ib/ft
E long Ib/ft
. (18 . (18
feetfeet
deep,
deep,
3% 3%
initial
initial
ovality)
%y/D = 3.43 ovality)
loads
[ ]
Solution:
Solution: 12 (DR - 1) 3
% (Δy/D) = 3.33 Percent deflection from soil loads
StepStep1:t = OD/DRt = OD/DR
1: Determine
t =0.491 in
Determine t =0.491
the the pipeinpipe soil soil
loadload (Warning
(Warning requires
requires Input Input
of ovality
of ovality
compensation
compensation in stepin step4.) 4.)
Step Step
3 3: Determine the long-term hydrostatic loads on the pipe
E long
Determine E long = the 28,200
=long-term
28,200 psi psi hydrostatic Long Long
loadsterm
on term
theapparent
pipeapparent modulus
modulus
3 3
gw =gw62.4 GW = 62.4 lbf/ft. lbf/ft. UnitUnit
weight weightof water
of waterExternal pressure due to
PW = H( =H18= ft18Max. ) +Max.
ft Psoil PWborehole = 11.09
borehole depth depth
2.31 ft/psi groundwater head
3 3
g s = g s110
GW = 110
lbf/ft. lbf/ft. Saturated
Saturated unit unit
weightweightof sediments
of sediments
External pressure due to
PP = 11.09( ) Psoil PW 11.09
WW
GWGW 2=.31 GW18= ft18 3ft
ft/psi Groundwater
Groundwater heightheightExternal
groundwater pressureheaddue to
PW =pressure
gExternal (75 ) Psoil head
due to groundwater PW Unit 11.09weight of drilling fluid
slurry C = C10ft. =
lb/cu.ft.
GW 10ft. HeightHeightof soil
of soil
cover cover groundwater head
External pressure due to
PW OD ( 2OD .31
= GW
ft/psi ) P
6.625= 6.625in in PWNominal11.09
Nominal pipe pipe
35
OD OD External pressure
PgWslurry= ( 275 .31lb/cu.ft. 3
soil
ft/psi ) + Psoil PW = 11.09 groundwater
Unit weight of drillinggroundwater fluid headdue to
DR2.DR =3113.5 = 13.5
ft/psi 3 1ft 2 PipePipedimension
dimension ratioratio head
gUnit = 75 lb/cu.ft. Unit
= weight of drilling fluid
External pressure due to slurry
Pslurry µ=
weight
slurry g µ
0.45
ofslurry = 0.45
drillingH (
fluid
3 2
) P Long
slurry Long
Term
9.37 Term
psi Poisson’s
Poisson’s ratioratio
g slurry 75 lb/cu.ft.144in 3 1ft
2 Unit weight of drilling fluid
head
Pslurry= 75g slurry
g slurry lb/cu.ft. H (2 2 2 ) Pslurry Unit 9.37weight
psi of drilling fluid External pressure due to slurry
1ft 144in
1ft head
>ggPSWslurry
Psoil Psoil(Pgslurry
S -( g-)gslurry
CW, therefor
)( HC ( 2 use ) PP) Pfor soil3.30 3.30
psi
9.37psi
buckling psi
load Prism Prism
load External
load
on pipe
on pipepressure
10’due
fromfrom of to
10’ of slurry
W
144in 1ft 22 2 soilW slurry
144in saturated
saturated head
covercover
External(including
(including
pressure due to slurry
Pslurry g slurry H ( 1ft 2 ) Pslurry 9.37 psi
P P
Pslurry !
W ==9.37P gslurry ,
psi H (therefor 144in use ) WPslurry = 9.37 psi
P for buckling load buoyant
buoyant External
force force
head on pressure
submerged
on due
submerged to slurry
Step slurry
4:
PW ! Ppressure
slurry
Determine
144in 2 critical unconstrained
headPW for buckling load soil)soil)
buckling
head pressure based on
External slurry , therefor
due to slurry use
deflection from loading
PW ! P4:slurry , therefor
Step Determine use PW for critical
buckling unconstrained
load buckling pressure based on
StepStep2:PW2:> Pslurry Calculate Calculate
, therefor the
deflection
usethe ring
PW forring
deflection
deflection
buckling resulting
load resultingfrom from
soil soil
loads loads
assuming
assuming no no
Step
fo = 0.4:64 side side
Determine
5%
support. Ovalityfrom
support.
loading
critical
Compensation unconstrained based buckling
on 3% initial pressure
ovalitybased
and 2% on
Step 4:
Therefor use PW for deflection
deflection from
Determine
buckling load loading
critical unconstrained buckling pressure based on
Step
fo = 0. 4: 64 Determine
5% Ovality
deflection fromcritical unconstrained
Compensation
loading based buckling
on 3% initial pressureovalitybased
and on2%
Step 4
fo = 0. 642E long 5% Ovality deflection
Determine critical (unconstrained 1 3 Compensation buckling pressure
based on 3% initial ovality and 2%
based
foP=UC0.= 64 deflection
5% Ovality ) f Compensation
P = 23.17 psi on on
based
3%
Criticalinitial ovality and 2%
unconstrained
−percent 2 O UC
fofo== 0.0.6464 (12E m 5% DR
) Ovality -1
Ovality Compensation based on 3%
Five
longdeflection
Compensation
1 3 based on 3.3% deflection with an buckling pressure (noand
additional initial
factor for ovality 2%
safety
conservatism.
PUC0 . 0125 02E . 0125 u 2deflection
u( Pusoil100
Psoil u) 100 fO PUC 23.17 psi Percent
Percent Critical
deflection
deflection unconstrained
fromfrom
soil soil
P (1 long m ) ( DR 1 -1 3
) f P 23.17 psi
factor
%(y/D)
%(y/D) = = 2E
UC
Elong
mlongE) long
2
DR1 - 1) 3 f
O UC %y/D %y/D = 3.43loads
= 3.43loads buckling
Critical pressure
unconstrained(no safety
PUC[ ([12E ( ]
31 3 3
] P 23.17 psi factor
Critical unconstrained safety
buckling pressure (no
PUC =12(1(DR m
P12 μ(DR
long 22
)- 1)
( DR- 1) - 1 ) f
O
P
UC
= 23.17 psi Critical unconstrained
SF CR =(1 −UCm ) DR - 1 SF CR = 2.08
2 O UC Safety factor against factor buckling
buckling pressurepressure of
(no safety
PUC = 23.83 P psiW highest load (slurry) buckling
factor pressure (no safety
t = OD/DR
t = Critical
OD/DR t =0.491
SF CRunconstrained
P UCt =0.491 in in
buckling pressure
SF CR (no safety factor)
2.08 Safety factor againstfactor buckling pressure of
SF PP highestfactor
Safety load against
(slurry) buckling pressure of
SFCRCR= 2.14 UCW SF CR 2.08
StepStep3: Determine
3: Determine PPUC W the the long-term
long-term hydrostatic
hydrostatic loads loads
higheston the
on
load the
pipe pipe buckling pressure of
(slurry)
Safety factor against
SF CR PPUC SF CR 2.08
SF CR = W SF CR = 2.08 Safety
highest load (slurry) buckling pressure of
factor against
PW highest load (slurry)
421-461.indd 456 1/16/09 10:15:11 AM

fo = 0. 64 5% Ovality Compensation based on 3% initial ovality and 2%
deflection
2E long 1 3 Chapter 12 457

PUC = () fO PUC = 23.17 psi Horizontal Directional Drilling
(1 − m ) DR - 1
2
buckling pressure (no safety
factor
P UC Safety factor against buckling pressure of

SF CR = SF CR = 2.14
2.08
PW highest load (slurry)
Safety Factor against buckling pressure of highest load groundwater head (11.09 psi)
APPENDIX B
Design Calculations Example for Pullback Force
Example 1
APPENDIX B:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE FOR PULLBACK FORCE
Find the estimated force required to pull back pipe for the above theoretical river
crossing using Slavin’s Method. Determine the safety factor against collapse. Assume
the PE pipe is 35 ft deep and approximately 870 ft long with a 10 deg. entry angle and
a 15 deg. exit angle. Actual pullback force will vary depending on backreamer size,
selection, and use; bore hole staying open; soil conditions; lubrication with bentonite;
driller expertise; and other application circumstances.
36
Pipe Properties
Outside Diameter
OD = 24 in - Long-term Modulus - Elong = 29,000 psi, PE4710 Material
Standard Dimension Ratio
DR = 12 - 12 hr Modulus - E 24hr =63,000 psi
Minimum wall thickness
t = 2.182 in - Poisson’s ratio (long term) - µ = 0.45 - Safe Pull Stress (12 hr) - s pb = 1,150 psi
Path Profile
H = 35 ft Depth of bore
gin = 10 deg Pipe entry angle
gex = 15 deg Pipe exit angle
L1 = 100 ft Pipe drag on surface (This value starts at total length of pull, approximately 870 ft. then decreases
with time. Assume 100 ft remaining at end of pull)
Lcross = 870 ft
421-461.indd 457 1/16/09 10:15:11 AM

pull, approximately 870 ft. then decreases with time. Assume
100 ft remaining at end of pull)
458 Chapter 12
L = 870 ft
cross Drilling
Horizontal Directional
Path length (Determine L2 and L4):
Average Radius of Curvature for Path at Pipe Entry gin is given in

radians Path length (Determine L2 and L4)
Average Radius of Curvature for Path at Pipe Entry gin is given in radians
in = 2H/g in R avgin = 2.298 × 10 3 ft

2
R avg
avgin
Ravg in = 2.298 x 103 ft

Average
Average RadiusRadius offor
of Curvature Curvature for Path at Pipe Exit
Path at Pipe Exit
R agex 1.021 u 10 3 ft
2
R agex 2H/g ex
agexex = 2H/g ex R agex = 1.021 × 10 3 ft
2
Ravg
Horizontal
Ravg ex = 1.021 Distance
x 10 3 ft Required to 37 Achieve Depth or Rise to the Surface at
Pipe Entry
Horizontal Distance
Horizontal Distance Required
Required to Achieve Depth ortoRiseAchieve
to the SurfaceDepth or Rise to the Surface at
at Pipe Entry
Pipe Entry
L 2 2H/g in L 2 401.07ft
LL2 2= = 2H/g
401.07 ft in L 2 = 401.07ft
Horizontal Distance
Horizontal Distance Required
Required to Achieve Depth ortoRiseAchieve
to the SurfaceDepth or Rise to the Surface at
at Pipe Exit
Pipe Exit Distance Required to Achieve Depth or Rise to the Surface at
Horizontal
Where
Pipe
L2 & LExit
4 = horizontal transition distance at bore exit & entry respectively.
L 4 2H/gex L 4 267.38ft
L 4 = 2H/gAxial
Determine ex Bending Stress
L 4 = 267.38ft
Where: L2 Radius
R = Ravg ex - Min. & for
L4Drill=pathhorizontal transition distance at bore exit & entry
respectively.
R = 1.021 x 10 3 ft
Where: L2 & L4 = horizontal transition distance at bore exit & entry
OD = 24 in
respectively.
Radius of curvature should exceed 40 times the pipe outside diameter to prevent ring collapse.
Determine Axial Bending Stress:
r = 40 OD
Determine
r = 80Axial
ft Okay Bending Stress:
R > r R = Ravgex Min. Radius for Drill path
R=
R = 1.021
Ravgex x 10 ft 3 Min. Radius for Drill path
Bending strain 3
ea = OD/2R
R = =1.021
OD 24 inx 10 ft
RadiusOD = 24 in should exceed 40 times the pipe outside diameter to
ea = 9.79 x 10 -4 in/in
of curvature
prevent
Where of
Radius ring collapse.should exceed 40 times the pipe outside diameter to
curvature
ea = bending strain, in/in
prevent ring collapse.
OD = outside diameter of pipe, in
r = 40 OD
R = minimum radius of curvature, ft
rr =
= 8040 ft OD
Okay. R>r
r =strain
Bending stress
Bending 80 ft Okay. R>r
Sa = E12hrea
Bending
Sa = 61.68 psistrain
ea = OD/2R ea = 9.79 x 10-4 in/in
wheree = OD/2R
a ea = 9.79 x 10-4 in/in
Sa = bending stress, psi
Where: ea = bending strain, in/in
Where: ea ==bending
OD outside strain,
diameterin/inof pipe, in
OD
R == outside diameter
minimum of pipe, in ft
radius of curvature,
Bending stress R = minimum radius of curvature, ft
Bending stress
sa = E24hrea
421-461.indd 458
sa = 55.32 psi 1/16/09 10:15:11 AM
Chapter 12 459
Find Pulling Force

Weight of Empty Pipe
Pw =3.61x10 -2 lbf/in3
ga = 0.95
gb = 1.5
wa = πOD 2 (DR-1/DR 2)r w ga 12 in/ft
wa = 61.54 lbf/ft
Net Upward Buoyant Force on Empty Pipe Surrounded by Mud Slurry

Wb = π(OD 2 /4) r w gb 12 in/ft - wa
wb = 232.41 lbf/ft
Where
rw = density of water, lb/in3
ga = specific gravity of the pipe material
gb = specific gravity of the mud slurry
wa = weight of empty pipe, Ibf/ft
wb = π(OD2 /4)rwgb 12in/ft - wa
Determine pullback force acting on pipe

See figure:
L1 = 100 ft - va = 0.4
L2 = 401.07ft - vb = 0.25
L3 = 200ft - σ = gin - σ = 10 deg = 0.175 radians
L 4 = 267.38 - β = gex - β = 15 deg = 0.262 radians
L3 = Lcross- L 2 - L 4 - L 3 = 201.549ft
TA = exp (va σ) [va wa (L1 + L 2 + L 3 + L 4)]
TA = 2.561 x 104 Ibf
TB = exp (vb σ) (TA + vb [wb] L2 + wb H - va wa L 2 exp (vb σ))
TB = 4.853 x 104 Ibf
TC =TB + vb [wb] L 3 - exp(vb σ) (va wa L 3.exp (va σ))
TC = 5.468 x 104 Ibf
TD = exp(vb σ) [TC + vb [wb] L 4 - wb H - exp(vb σ) (va wa L 4 exp (vb σ))]
TD = 5.841 x 104 Ibf
Where
TA = pull force on pipe at point A, Ibf
TB = pull force on pipe at point B. Ibf
TC = pull force on pipe at point C, Ibf
TD = pull force on pipe at point D, Ibf
L1 = pipe on surface, ft
L2 = horizontal distance to achieve desired depth, ft
L3 = additional distance traversed at desired depth, ft
421-461.indd 459 1/16/09 10:15:11 AM

460 Chapter 12
L3 = additional distance
L 4 = horizontal distance to traversed
rise to surface, ftat desired depth, ft
va = coefficient
L4 = horizontal distance to riseattothesurface,
of friction applicable surface beforeftthe pipe enters bore hole
v
va = coefficient of friction applicable at the surface
b = coefficient of friction applicable within the lubricated bore hole orbefore thepipe
after the (wet) pipe
exits
σ = bore hole angle at pipe entry, radians
enters bore hole
β = bore holeof
vb = coefficient angle at pipe exit, radians
friction applicable within the lubricated bore hole
(refer to figure at start of this appendix)
or after the (wet) pipe exits
ı = bore hole angle at pipe entry, radians
ȕ = bore hole angle Pressure
Hydrokinetic at pipe exit, radians
∆P = 10 psi
Dh = 1.5 0D
(refer to figure at start of this appendix)
Dh = 36in
∆T = ∆P (π/8) (Dh2 - OD2)
okinetic Pressure
∆T = 2.82 x 103Ibf
¨P = 10 psi
Dh = 1.5 0D Where: Dh = 36in
∆T = 2pulling force
¨T = ¨P (ʌ/8) (Dh - OD ) ¨T = 2.82 x 103Ibf
2 increment, Ibf
∆P = hydrokinetic pressure, psi
e: ¨T = pulling force increment, Ibf
Dh = back reamed hole diameter, in
¨P = hydrokinetic pressure, psi
Dh = back reamed hole diameter, in
Compare Axial Tensile Stress with Allowable Tensile Stress During Pullback of 1,150 psi: (Assume the pull
takes several hours and use 12 hours safe pull stress.)
pare Axial Tensile Stress
Average with
Axial Stress Allowable
Acting Tensile
on Pipe Cross-section Stress
at Points A, B. C, DDuring Pullback of
psi: s1 = 190.13 psi <1,150 psi OK
s2 = 343.40 psi <1,150 psi OK
Average Axials3Stress Acting
= 384.55 psi onOKPipe
<1,150 psi Cross-section at Points A, B. C, D
s4 = 409.48 psi <1,150 psi OK
DR 2
s1 = (Ti + ∆T)
1
( ) ( )
πOD2 DR - 1
Where
sTi1==TA190.13 psi <1,100 psi OK
, TB, TC, TD (Ibf)
si = corresponding stress, psi
s2 = 343.40 psi <1,100 psi OK
sBreakaway
3 = 384.55 psi <1,100 psi OK
links should be set so that pullback force applied to pipe does not exceed 1,150 psi stress.
sID4==OD409.48
- 2t psi <1,100 psi OK
Fb = s pb (π/4)(OD 2 - ID 2)
Where: Ti = TFb
A, =T1.64
B, Tx 10,5 Ibf
C TD (Ibf)
si = corresponding stress,
Determine psi factor against ring collapse during pullback
safety
External Hydraulic Load
Breakaway links should
External bepressure
static head set so that pullback force applied to pipe does
not exceed 1,100 psi stress.
Pha = (1.5) (62.4 lbf/ft3) (H)
Pha = 22.75 psi
ID = OD - 2t
Fb = spb (ʌ/4)(OD2 - ID2) Fb = 1.64 x 105 Ibf
mine safety factor against ring collapse during pullback

421-461.indd 460 1/27/09 12:50:17 PM
Chapter 12 461
Combine static head with hydrokinetic pressure

Peffa = Pha + ∆P
Peffa = 32.75 psi
Critical collapse pressure

Resistance to external hydraulic load during pullback
fo = 0.76 Ovality compensation factor (for 3% ovality)
r = S 4/2SPb
r = 0.178
Tensile ratio (based on 1,150 psi pull stress calculation)
Tensile reduction factor
PCR = 108 psi
Safety factor against collapse

SF = Pcr/Pha
F = 4.75
Where
Pha = applied effIective pressure due to head of water of drilling
Pcr = calculated critical buckling pressure found by solving Equation 11 multiplied by
Equation 19 for 24” DR11, psi
SF = Safety Factor
421-461.indd 461 1/16/09 10:15:12 AM

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Chapter 12 421

Horizontal Directional Drilling

Horizontal Directional Drilling

The Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Industry has experienced

The purpose of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with some of

421-461.indd 421 1/16/09 10:15:03 AM

PE Pipe for Horizontal Directional Drilling

Horizontal Directional Drilling Process

421-461.indd 422 1/16/09 10:15:03 AM

Pilot Hole Reaming

421-461.indd 423 1/16/09 10:15:03 AM

Mini-Horizontal Directional Drilling

1. Select the crossing route to keep it to the shortest reasonable distance.

421-461.indd 424 1/16/09 10:15:03 AM

9. As pipe diameter increases, large volumes of drilling fluids must be pumped,

421-461.indd 425 1/16/09 10:15:03 AM

Geotechnical Data For River Crossings

421-461.indd 426 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

Product Design: PE Pipe DR Selection

421-461.indd 427 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

Normally, the designer starts the DR selection process by determining the DR

Figure 1 Borehole Deformation

Design Considerations for Net External Loads

421-461.indd 428 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

s head may be subtracted from the external pressureHorizontal dueDirectional

In addition to determining the load, careful consideration must be given to the

Earth and Groundwater Pressure

The designer may wish to consult a geotechnical engineer for assistance in

Stable Borehole - Groundwater Pressure Only

421-461.indd 430 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

Borehole Deforms/Collapse With Arching Mobilized

421-461.indd 431 1/16/09 10:15:04 AM

PE (9)PGW gBHC  g W H (8)

Hydrostatic Buckling or Collapse Ring Deformation

Figure 2 Performance Limits of HDD Pipe Subjected to Service Loads

Performance Limits of HDD Installed Pipe

421-461.indd 434 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

result in rebounding or an apparent gain in stiffness. The result is a higher resistance

Typical Safe Pull Stress (psi) @ 73ºF

1 1050 1350 1400

12 850 1100 1150

24 800 1050 1100

Ring Deflection (Ovalization)

421-461.indd 435 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

Ring Deflection Due to Earth Load

421-461.indd 436 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

published by Watkins and Anderson (1995). (Coincidentally, Equation

aulic capacity, and the pipe’s7.5geometric

Pua = Allowable unconstrained pressure, psi

ν = Horizontal Directional Drilling

Figure 3 Ovality Compensation Factor=fo

he buckling pressure of a dimension ratio (DR) series polyethylene pipe (i.e., a

Wall Compressive Stress

421-461.indd 438 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

e applied to a buried pipe creates a compressive thrust stress

Earth load pressures,

Installation Design Considerations

421-461.indd 439 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

421-461.indd 440 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

ow for a greater total pull-force, but the thicker wall also

o pullback in Frictional Drag Resistance

421-461.indd 441 1/16/09 10:15:06 AM

orehole, the force can be factored into horizontal and vertical

PE (9)PGW gBHC g W H (8)