1

Chapter 1

BACKROUND OF PROJECT

This chapter gives a brief discussion on situation as to why hydro power is

of great importance and how the research and development of the study would

be beneficial in the field of engineering, particularly on renewable energy

systems in Calero, Morong, and Rizal.

Background of the Study

Ever imagined the importance of lighting poles on the edge of the roads?

Whether it is about brightening our surroundings or for security reasons, it is

always important to have good equality street lights. No need to mention that it

will become utmost impossible to find ways in the dark without proper

streetlights. We all know how dangerous it can be to drive at nights if there are

no proper streetlights1.

A street light or street lamp is a raised source of light often mounted on a

lamp column or pole either on the side of the road or within the median or

suspended on a wire above the road to provide illumination. Street lighting can

provide safety benefits at midblock and intersection locations and can also

improve safety for pedestrians, particularly at crossing points2.

In the Philippines vehicular accidents and crime incidents happen usually

in dark places. The streetlights are not functional. Every year, 1.25 million people

die in road crashes – an alarming figure for what experts say is a preventable

global health issue. In its 2015 report on road safety, the World Health
 2

Organization (WHO) estimates that 10,379 people died due to road crashes in

2013 – a figure higher than the 1,513 recorded in the Philippines' Department of

Public Works and Highway-Traffic Accident Recording and Analysis System. In

2015, for instance, the number of reported crimes soared by 46% in the first 5

months compared to the same period the previous year, according to the

Philippine National Police (PNP). The same trend was observed in 2014. By the

end of the first 5 months of that year, crime incidents rose by 18% compared to

2013 numbers3.

Power is reliable, eco-friendly, and renewable source of energy. Possible

source of energy is hydro energy which can derive from rivers, falls etc. likewise

the natural resources including different bodies of water. In this process, as the

water flows it pushes the turbine to rotate and as it rotates the motor connected

to it produces electricity that is stored in the generator, this is a mechanical to

electrical way of operation on making an alternative energy source4.

We live in a tropical country and the common source of income is farming.

Most farmers use irrigation system to supply water to their farms. Irrigation can

produce 50 gpm(minimum) to 600 gpm (maximum) flow of water to distribute in

the field5. This system equally distributed water to the different sides of the farm.

Since standard three-phase, 575V induction motor have ratings less than

200kVA, the focus in Pico-Hydro developments with an installed capacity of less

than 200kVA6. The combination of mechanical engineering foundation especially

 3

in the fluid mechanics, strength of materials and AC/DC machinery are method

used in designing the Pico-Hydro Power Generation7.

In this scenario the researchers come up on using the irrigation system to

produce electricity by installing the Pico-hydro generator to the irrigation canal.

Pico hydro is water power up to 5kw. For these rural communities, Pico hydro is

the lowest cost technology for generating electricity. It can produce direct current

that will supply power to the streetlights that the researchers will install.

Factors to be considered in designing of turbine

Figure 1.
Actual image of irrigation system in Calero, Morong, Rizal.
 4

In figure 1, It is where the research study will be conducted. To gather

necessary information needed in considering what type of turbine is to be used.

Like as the head, the volume flow rate of water, and efficiency of pump based on

its specific speed8.

Figure 2
Graph of head and flow rate for different types of turbine. (Pelton Turbine,
Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine)

As in figure 1 shows that in irrigation is a low head and the flow rate is

minimal. Figure 2 can be the first basis for considering the type of turbine to be

used. As can see Pelton turbine required a highwater head and a minimal

volume flow rate which suites the irrigation canal in Calero.

 5

Figure 3

Graph of efficiency and specific speed for different turbine (Pelton Turbine,
Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine)

In figure 3, shows the efficiency and the speed of the different types of

turbine.

As you can see the Pelton turbine required a minimal speed that is

appropriate in the irrigation.

Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this research is to design and develop PICO-HYDRO

TURBINE for small power generation using water irrigation canal. Specifically,

the study aims to achieve of the following goals:

 6

1. To Design and construct PICO- HYDRO TURBINE GENERATOR for the Road

Illumination of SitioCaleroBrgy. CCL, Morong, Rizal.

2. To test the efficiency of the designed and developed PICO-HYDRO TURBINE

GENERATOR based on the following factors:

2.1 Speed of rotation

2.2 Power Output

3. To provide data using the software that the generated voltage is enough to

supply the ten streetlights.

Theoretical Framework

This study is inclined with the principle of Mechanical Engineering

discipline.

First, hydropower turbines use water pressure to rotate its blade and

generate energy. Selecting the appropriate type of turbine depends primarily on

available head and less so on available flow rate. The three primary types of

turbines are: the Pelton turbine for high heads; the Francis turbine, for low to

medium heads; and the Kaplan turbine for a wide range of heads.

The Hydropower produced by the Road Illumination of SitioCalero,Brgy.

C.C.L,Morong, Rizal powered by Pico-Hydro Turbine Generation through

simulation dependent on the following parameter: the density of water, the

 7

volumetric flow rate. The acceleration due to gravity and the height difference

between the inlet and outlet. The power in the turbine will be equals to two

multiplied by pie and multiplied by the speed and the torque then divided to sixty,

then the power in the produced by the generator will be equals to the voltage

output multiplied by the current.

The research also used the mechanical efficiency which measure of the

effectiveness with which a mechanical system performs, it is usually the ratio of

the power delivered by a mechanical system to the power supplied to it, and

because of friction, this efficiency is always less than one.

Second, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be

converted from one form to another with the interactive of heat, work and internal

energy, but it cannot be created no destroyed, under any circumstances.

Mathematically, this is represented as: total change in internal energy of a

system is equal to the exchanged between a system and its surroundings and

the work done by the system.

 8

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Gathering of Related Software Road Illumination of

Literature Sitio Calero,Brgy.
Procurement of C.C.L,Morong, Rizal
Experts equipment Powered by Pico-
Procurement of data Fabrication of Hydro Turbine
Material Generator through
Design of turbine Simulation
generator

FEEDBACK

Figure 4

Coomb’s Paradigm of the Road Illumination OfSitioCaleroBrgy. C.C.L, Morong,

Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator Through Simulation
 9

The Conceptual Framework of the research is using the Coomb’s

Paradigm with four phases: Input, Process, Output and Feedback.

In the input block it consists of Gathering related literatures by searching

through books, past researches and through the internet; the input block also

contains the advice and expertise of Mechanical Engineers, Electrical Engineers

and related disciplines; and the procurement of data is needed in the design of

the selected turbine.

In the process block, it consists of the software that will be use by the

researchers which are Multisim 2010 trial version and Dialux 4.13 version; the

procurement of equipment which include the fabrication of material to be use.

The Multisim is formerly Multisim is an electronic schematic capture and

simulation program which is part of a suite of circuit design programs, along with

multi-board. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the

original Berkeley SPICE based software simulation9.

The Dialux is professional lighting design. With this free software you can

design, calculate and visualize light professionally – single rooms, whole floors,

buildings and outdoor scenes10.

In output block is the Road Illumination of SitioCaleroBrgy. CCL, Morong,

Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator through Simulation.

In the Feedback block it contains the suggestions and recommendations

of the Panel and experts to the Researchers.

 10

Significance of the Study

The simulation of the Road Illumination of SitioCaleroBrgy.CCL, Morong,

Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator through Simulation is to lessen

the vehicular accidents in the area. Its specific importance re the following:

University. The University is concern to the security of the residences of Morong,

Rizal.

Residents of Calero. The residents of Calero will not have to worry to pass along

the National Road of Calero and it will lessen the crime incidents about theft and

hold-up.

Future Researchers. The outcome of this research will be the input for the next

generation of researchers.

Scope and Limitations

The researchers are Mechanical Engineering students of University of

Rizal System Morong Campus under the direct supervision of Engr. Norman C.

Francisco. The scope of road illumination of Sitio Calero,Brgy. C.C.L,Morong,

Rizal powered by PICO-HYDRO TURBINE GENERATOR, through simulation

will focus on the design of turbine with the setting of the research in Calero,

Morong, Rizal where the research study will be conducted. (See Figure 5 and

Figure 6 on the next page.)

The span of the research is from second semester of SY 2017-2018 to

First semester of SY 2018-2019. The generator that will be used is suited on the

design of turbine ranging from 12 volts to 16 volts. The research study for the
 11

distribution of power to streetlights is through simulation. Pricing of materials is

during the span of the research, as well.

Figure 5

Aerial View of Calero, Morong, Rizal

Figure 6
Location of Irrigation Canal in Calero, Morong, Rizal
 12

Definition of Terms
The following terms used are hereby defined conceptually and

operationally to have a better understanding of the study.

Acceleration. The rotation of turbine as it catches the water to move continously.

DC Generator. It is were the produced power stored.

Stainless Blades. It catches the water to rotate the turbine easily.

Electricity. The power created by the turbine, from mechanical to electrical

energy.

Gallon per minute (gpm).A unit of volume flow rate.

Hydro Power.Alternative source for generating energy.

Irrigation system. The device served as the source of water for

Mechanical energy.An energy produce by a device mechanically.

Pico-Hydro Turbine.A turbine puts in a running water to produce

electricity.

Renewable energy. Energy that is alternatively created by the flow of the

water in the irrigation canal that pushes the blades of the turbine to create

energy.

Shaft.Rotating Member that is used to transmit power.

 13

Shear stress. Is the force applied in the given shafts.

Strength.The abilityof the turbine to withstand the load of the water from

irrigation.

Torque. A force or energy that is produced by rotating motion of the

turbine.

Vibration. Sounds that travel through air.

Voltmeter.Use to measure the voltage output of the Turbine generator and

battery.

Watts.A unit of power.

 14

NOTES

1http://toolkit.irap.org/default.asp?page=treatment&id=58

2https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issueroad-safety/163933-philippine-road-

safety- laws-policies
3https://www.rappler.com/nation/118004-crime-drugs-philippines

4https://energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-turbines

5http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Design,%20Fabrication%20and

%20Installation%20of%20PicoHydro%20Power%20in%20Barangay%20S
an%20Andres,%20Tanay%20Rizal.pdf
6http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Design,%20Fabrication%20and

%20Installation%20of%20PicoHydro%20Power%20in%20Barangay%20S
an%20Andres,%20Tanay%20Rizal.pdf
7http://An%20Experimental%20Prototype%20of%20Micro%20Hydro%20Pow

er%20Generation-1366.pdf
8http://An%20Experimental%20Prototype%20of%20Micro%20Hydro%20Pow

er%20Generation-1366.pdf
9https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_enPH733PH733&ei=91L

kW9CkKZLU-
QbUt67oDw&q=multisim+definition&oq=multisim+def&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0j0i22i30k1l5.2016.2599.0.3313.4.4.0.0.0.0.204.528.0j2j1.3.0....0...
1c.1.64.psy- ab..1.3.528...0i67k1.0.-Mg4XITcfMk
10https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_enPH733PH733&q=wha

t+is+dialux&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtiP7Yi8XeAhUMd94KHajRA8gQ1QIIgwEoAA&biw=15
17&bih=730
 15

Chapter 2

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes research technical design, technical and statistical

treatment, procedures and methods of the study, and project technical design

model.

Research Technical Design

Road Illumination ofSitioCaleroBrgy.

CCL, Morong, Rizal Powered By
Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator
Through Simulation

Strength AC/DC Machine

of Machinery Elements
Materials

Fluid Machine
Mechanics
Design
Figure 7
Methods used in the designed turbine
 16

In figure 7 in the previous page, the combination of the mechanical

engineering foundation specifically in the fluid mechanics, strength of materials

and AC / DC machinery are the methods use in designing the Pico-Hydro Power

Generator.

Fluid mechanics needed in conducting the velocity head of the water. In

order to know the aspects of generator to be use, the principle of AC / DC

machinery is needed9.

Strength of materials is considered in making of the dimensions of the

turbine to be selected based on the force by the velocity of the water. If the

output voltage is not enough for the input voltage, the researchers will go back to

the method of designing the turbine dimensions10.

Machine Design is considered in the computations an selection of the

gears that will be used.

Machine Elements is also considered in the terms that is used by the

researchers.
 17

Project Site Investigation at

Calero, Morong, Rizal

Volume Flow Rate

Gathering of Data Dimension of the Canal

Height
Fabrication of appropriate Kaplan
Turbine

Testing of Equipment

Simulation through Multisim and

Dialux

NO

Are Constructability,
Operational, Reliability,
Economical achieved?

YES

Road Illumination of
SitioCalero,Brgy. C.C.LMorong,
Rizal Powered by Pico-Hydro
Turbine Generator through
Simulation

Figure 8

Flow Chart of the Research study

 18

In making the technical design, the researchers follow the flow chart as

shown in Figure 8 in the previous page.

First, the researchers will have a site investigation. There they will gather

the datum that they needed like the volume flow rate, the dimension of the canal

and the height of the water.

Second, they proceed to the Fabrication of their chosen turbine which is

Francis Turbine.

Third, is they will test the Fabricated turbine and the Generator set that

they have obtained.

Fourth, they will get the power output of the turbine generator and will

conduct a simulation of the lighting a maximum of ten streetlights using the

software of Multisim 2010 trial version and Dialux 4.13 version.

Lastly, they will check if the result of the research is Constructability,

Operational, Reliability, and Economical achieved. If NO the researchers will go

back to the Fabrication of the Turbine; if YES the study Road Illumination

OfSitioCaleroBrgy. CCL, Morong, Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine

Generator Through Simulation is finished.

 19

Statistical Treatment

Technical Instruments used in the study where the following and the

function.

Flow meter is used to get the velocity of water current at the irrigation

canal. Multi-tester is used to determine the ampere of the load used for

testing.Tachometer is used to get the speed rotation of the turbine generator.Lay-

out of the small dam consulted to the engineering department of the Municipality

of Morong to determine the elevation or height required for the project design.

Procedure and Methods of the Study

In getting the minimum flow rate of the running water from the irrigation

canal of Calero, Morong, Rizal, one trial will not be enough. Therefore, the

researchers will conduct a continuous observation with each different season.

From the researcher’s point of view, the Volume flow rate or flow of

Volume of water at the tie will be the basis in designing the dimensions of the

components of the Pico-Hydro Generator.

A. Conduct of the Study

On the third and fourth week of November 2017 the researchers

have found a problem to solve and proceed to the first week of December to their

Title Proposal and defended it on the next week. On the third week of December

and first week of January the researchers created the Chapter 1 of their research

and edited it on the second and third week. On the third week Chapter 1 was
 20

submitted. On the first week of February the researchers edited the chapter 1

and they made the chapter 2 and submitted it on the next week. On the third

week of February they edited their chapter 2.

After the completion of the Supervised Industrial Training (SIT) of the

researchers they proceed on the Planning and designing of their turbine

generator on the second and third week of July. And on the whole month of

August the researchers fabricated their designed Kaplan turbine generator. On

the first and second week of September the researchers installed and tested the

turbine generator then on the next two weeks they have identified and found a

solution on the problems that occurred. On the first two weeks of October they

have their final testing of their prototype and made the chapter 3 and 4 of their

research. They have done their final defense on the first week of November. On

the next week the researchers edited their Manuscript and submission of the

revised research and Hardbound.

B. Conducting of Project and Design

First the researchers planned and design their turbine generator.

They have decided to create a Pelton turbine that is suited to Irrigation canal.

They first bought the generator Recto, Manila. Then on the creating of the turbine

the researchers used a bicycle rim to be the base of their turbine and stainless-

steel cups then connected it the generator and to the battery, then they have

installed two set of chains so the turbine can produce and meet the 12V capacity

of their battery. Then on the final testing of their turbine generator they connected
 21

the light post that they installed on the battery to show that their turbine generator

can produce enough power to supply a streetlight.

Project Design Model

In the design and analysis of the Road Illumination OfSitioCaleroBrgy.

CCL, Morong, Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator Through

Simulation the project will base on the theoretical Computation and standards

must have the following aspects considered individually.

Speed of the Turbine

(R.S Khurmi and J.K. Gupta.“A TEXTBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN”.)

𝑁1 𝑉1
=
𝑁2 𝑉2
Where:

𝑁1 = Theoretical Speed 𝑉1 = Theoretical Voltage Output

𝑁2 = Actual Speed 𝑉2 = Actual Voltage Output

 22

Power of the turbine:

P = VI

Where:

V = Voltage output of the Generator, volts

I = Ampere rating of the system, A

This will show the power output of the turbine that will supply the

battery to light the lamp.

Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatment used in the study of Road Illumination of Sitio

Calero,Brgy. C.C.L,Morong, Rizal Powered by Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator

through Simulation based on their objectives.

 The researchers to Design and construct Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator

for the Road Illumination of Sitio Calero Brgy. CCL, Morong, Rizal.

 The researchers will set to test the efficiency of the designed and

developed turbine based on its speed rotation and power output

 The researchers will show through simulation that the generated power on

the Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator can supply a total of 10 streetlights.

 23

3D Cad Drawing of the Turbine Generator

Figure 9

Right side view, Front view and Top view of the Turbine Generator with
dimension
 24

Figure 10
3D CAD model Drawing of the Turbine Generator
 25

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT

In this chapter shows the variables that we considered in designing our

turbine; The results on what is the power output of the turbine generator in

multiple testing; The modifications that were made by the researchers to obtain

the needed power output and on the design of the turbine based on the power

output results on the trials and testing of the turbine generator.

Project Design and Computation

The design computations were calculated by using the appropriate

formulas/ theoretical equations and by the following procedures/ method of the

study. This computation pertained to the teeth of sprockets (pinion).

Table 1. First trial using only one set of chain

Table 1 presents the results of testing for determining the generated

voltage using only one chain. Which will be installed at Brgy, Calero, Morong,

Rizal for the road safety of the people passing through it.

Number of Trials Gear Teeth Gear Teeth Generated Voltage

1 44 16 5.4 V

2 44 16 5.6 V

3 44 16 6.0 V

Average - - 5.7 V
 26

Based on the table, it shows that the gear having 44 teeth and pinion

having 16 teeth. We researchers undergo some trials using only one set of chain.

In trial 1 the generated voltage is 5.4 it is very far for the necessary voltage. In

the second and the third trial the results increased. To sum up, the average

generated voltage is 5.7 V.

Table 2. Second trial using 2 sets of chain (First Gear Teeth Gear, Pinion

having 44&16 and Second Gear Teeth Gear, Pinion having 40&14)

Table 2 presents the results of testing for determining the generated

voltage using two (2) sets of chain. It shows that the gear having 44 teeth and

pinion having 16 teeth and for another set a gear pinion of 40 and a gear onion of

14. The researchers undergo some trials using 2 sets of chains.

Trial per minute First Gear Teeth Second Gear Generated Voltage
Teeth

Gear Pinion Gear Pinion

1 44 16 40 14 12.9V
2 44 16 40 14 12.8V
3 44 16 40 14 12.9V
4 44 16 40 14 12.5V
5 44 16 40 14 12.7 V
6 44 16 40 14 12.9 V
7 44 16 40 14 12.7 V
8 44 16 40 14 12.6 V
9 44 16 40 14 13.2 V
10 44 16 40 14 13.0 V
11 44 16 40 14 12.9 V
12 44 16 40 14 12.9 V
13 44 16 40 14 13.1 V
14 44 16 40 14 12.9 V
15 - - - - 13.2V
Average - - 12.88 V
 27

In trial 1 the generated voltage is 12.8 V it is enough for the necessary

voltage since there is a converter to gain 16 V. In the second to the fourteenth

trial the generated voltage plays within 12.8 and 12.9 volts and when on the

fifteenth trial it reached 13.1 volts. The generator has an average of 12.9 voltage

output that is being supplied to the battery.

Table 3. Set of chains to get the Average Ampere rating

Table 3 presents the results of testing for determining the generated

voltage using two (2) sets of chain. It shows that the gear having 44 teeth and

pinion having 16 teeth and for another set a gear pinion of 40 and a gear onion of

14. The researchers undergo some trials using 2 sets of chains.

Trial per minute First Gear Teeth Second Gear Generated

Teeth Ampere Rating
Gear Pinion Gear Pinion

1 44 16 40 14 1.10
2 44 16 40 14 1.13
3 44 16 40 14 1.15
4 44 16 40 14 1.17
5 44 16 40 14 1.17
Average 1.144

In trial 1 the generated Ampere is 1.10 it is enough for the necessary

ampere rating to carry the needed voltage to light the streetlight. In the second

and to fifth trial the ampere rating plays within 1.13 A and 1.18. The Average

Ampere rating of the Turbine Generator is 1.144 A that carries the voltage to the

battery.
 28

COMPUTATIONS

Table 4. Theoretical output and Average actual reading of the Turbine Generator.

Table 4 shows the Computation output and the Average Actual value

Reading of the Turbine Generator in Voltage Output, Speed of Rotation and

Ampere Rating

Description Actual Value Theoretical value

Voltage Output 12.88 volts 16 volts
Speed 339 rpm 420rpm
Ampere Rating 1.144 A 1.25 A

Table 5. The efficiency of the Turbine Generator based on the Speed

Rotation and Power of the Shaft

Table 5 shows the efficiency of the created Pelton Turbine based on the

Speed of rotation and Power of the Shaft of the Turbine in the Actual and

Theoretical values. (See Computation at Appendix E)

Description Efficiency Output of the Turbine

Generator

By Speed 80.714762 %

By Power Output 73.6735%

 29

Simulation through Multisim and Dialux

Figure 11

Multisim simulation before turning on

In the figure 11 above, the Road Illumination of Sitio CaleraBrgy. CCL

Morong, Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator Through Simulation in

the software application Multisim. You will see that the average voltage output of

the Turbine Generator 12.9 volts can supply and light a total of 10 LED

streetlights.
 30

Fugure 12

Road Illumination through Dialux

In figure 12 above, The Road Illumination OfSitioCaleroBrgy. CCL

Morong, Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator Through Simulation in

the software application Dialux. You will see that the installed 10 streetlights is

enough to light the road,

 31

Project Cost

Description Specification QTY Unit Price Total Price

(Php)

Bicycle Rim 26 inches 1 P650.00 P650.00

Stainless Metal 3 inches ∅ 19 P 16.00 P304.00
Cups
C4 Voltmeter 2 P195.00 P390.00
LED Light 12V, 15W 1 P199.95 P199.95
Nuts #22 6 P5.00 P30.00
Diode 10ampere 2 P20.00 P40.00
Spray Paint Blue, Gray 2 P100.00 P200.00
Hub 1 P180.00 P180.00
Sprocket 44 teeth 1 P150.00 P150.00
Sprocket 41 teeth 1 P150.00 P150.00
Sprocket 14 teeth 1 P80.00 P80.00
Sprocket 16 teeth 1 P80.00 P80.00
Orange Pipe 4 in. ∅ x 20 1 P430.00 P430.00
inches
Orange B-red 4x3 in ∅ 1 P50.00 P50.00
Orange elbow 4 in ∅ 1 P96.00 P96.00
H.S Blade 1 P50.00 P50.00
Metal Primer ¼ liter 1 P65.00 P65.00
Red Oxide
Brush ½ 1 P10.00 P10.00
DC Generator 24V 1 P1500.00 P1500.00
Chains 2 P20.00 P40.00
Total P4,694.95
 32

Chapter 4
SUMMARY OF DESIGN RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary of the design result, conclusion and

recommendations.

Summary of the Design Result

Based on the result if the study to a “Road Illumination OfSitioCaleroBrgy.

C.C.L, Morong, Rizal Powered By Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator Through

Simulation” the following summaries was formed.

1. The Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator runs at a different rotational speed that

produces changes on the result of the generated output.

2. The volume flow rate of the water changes on every trial causes the

difference on the result to the voltage output of the turbine that increased

its power output.

3. The turbine increased its speed because of the installation of another set

of chains.
 33

Conclusion

Based on the result and test by the researchers, the study came up with

the following conclusions:

1. The researchers designed developed a Pico-Hydro Turbine Generator

base on their gathered datum from irrigation canal in Calero, Morong, Rizal;

2. The researchers tested and determined the overall performance and

efficiency of a developed Pelton Turbine;

2.2 Based on the Speed is 80.7143%

2.3 Based on the Power Output is 73.53%

3. The researchers conducted the simulation of lighting 10 streetlights with

the use of the Power Output of the turbine through Multisim and Dialux

application.

Recommendations

Based on design created and test concluded using Pelton Turbine for

hydro power generation using irrigation canal at Calero, Morong, Rizal the

following recommendations are hereby offered:

1. We recommend to the future researchers talk and cooperate with the local

Government to the installation of the 10 or more streetlights along the road

of the Sitio Calero, Brgy. CCL, Morong, Rizal that can be powered by the

installed - HYDRO TURBINE GENERATOR;

 34

2. Maximize the 24 volt, 630 rpm generator that is installed in the Turbine

Generator to get a better efficiency of the turbine based of its Speed of

Rotation and Power Output;

3. To use other software applications other than Multisim and Dialux to show

that the generated voltage is enough to supply the ten streetlights;

4. And we recommend to the future researchers to install a voltage regulator

placed in the system before the battery. So whatever the voltage output of

the generator, higher or lower than 12 volts in will supply an exact amount

of 12 volts to the battery;

 35

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Handbook

Alcorcon , Ronnie s. (2002). “Basic Machine Design” Manila:

alcorcon Publisher
Fay, James A. “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”. 1998

G. Biswas “Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines,2e”

. 1995
R.S Khurmi and J.K. Gupta.“A TEXTBOOK OF MACHINE
DESIGN”.
 36

B. Computer Materials

http://toolkit.irap.org/default.asp?page=treatment&id=58December 12, 2017

https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issueroad-safety/163933-philippine-road-
safety-laws-policies January 25, 2018
https://www.rappler.com/nation/118004-crime-drugs-philippines January 25,
2018
https://energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-turbines February 25, 2018

http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Design,%20Fabrication%20and
%20Installation%20of%20PicoHydro%20Power%20in%20Barangay%20S
an%20Andres,%20Tanay%20Rizal.pdf March 9, 2018
http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Design,%20Fabrication%20and
%20Installation%20of%20PicoHydro%20Power%20in%20Barangay%20S
an%20Andres,%20Tanay%20Rizal.pdf July 13, 2018
http://An%20Experimental%20Prototype%20of%20Micro%20Hydro%20Powe
r%20Generation-1366.pdf August 27, 2018
http://An%20Experimental%20Prototype%20of%20Micro%20Hydro%20Powe
r%20Generation-1366.pdf October 2, 2018
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_enPH733PH733&ei=91Lk
W9CkKZLU-QbUt67oDw&q=multisim+definition&oq=multisim+def&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0j0i22i30k1l5.2016.2599.0.3313.4.4.0.0.0.0.204.528.0j2j1.3.0....0...1c.
1.64.psy-ab..1.3.528...0i67k1.0.-Mg4XITcfMk November 5, 2018

https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1CHNY_enPH733PH733&q=what+
is+dialux&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtiP7Yi8XeAhUMd94KHajRA8gQ1QIIgwEoAA
&biw=1517&bih=730 November 5, 2018
 37

APPENDICES
 38

APPENDIX A

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

Office of Research and Development

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

October26, 2018

Engr.Norman C. Francisco
Faculty, College of Engineering
This University

Sir:

In consideration of your qualifications in the field of research, the College

Research Council represented by the undersigned, upon recommendations of
the Research Professor has approved your appointment asThesis Adviser.

The following are the responsibilities of the Thesis Adviser.

1. Supervises and monitors the research work of the advisees upon

accepting the assignments as the adviser;
2. Sees that thesis meets requirements of research before endorsing to the
members of the panel and research instructor for consultation;
3. Certifies to the readiness of the advisees to render the final defense;
4. Requires the advisees to give a copy of the manuscript to the panel
members one week before the scheduled defense;
5. Works closely with the advisees and monitors the revision of the
manuscript considering the suggestions of the panel and certifies the
 39

correctness of the same before referring to the members of the panel and
research instructors;
6. Coordinates with the college research coordinator matters related to
research activities; and
7. Undertakes the function of the recorder who records proceedings of the
defense and supplies the advisees with the summarized
recommendations/suggestion of the panel.

The students who shall be under your security include:

Names
Darren R. Abenoja Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Jomark D. Durin Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Philip June M. Capistrano Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
John Kevin Cueto Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Lester Peralta Gutierrez Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Their thesis proposal entitled, “ROAD ILLUMINATION OF SITIO CALERO

BRGY. CCL, MORONG, RIZAL POWERED BY PICO-HYDRO TURBINE
GENERATOR THROUGH SIMULATION”

Thank you for the usual support to the research program/s of the College.

Very truly yours,

JOAN BAEZ D. OBIEN, ECE

Research Professor

Conforme:

NORMAN C. FRANCISCO, EE
Thesis Adviser
 40

APPENDIX B

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

Office of Research and Development

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
October 26, 2018

Engr. Ver Ian J. Victorio

Faculty, College of Engineering
This University

Sir:

In consideration of your qualifications in the field of research, the College

Research Council represented by the undersigned, upon recommendations of
the Research Professor has approved your appointment as Panel Chairman.

The following are the responsibilities of the Panel Chairman.

1. Acts as presiding officer;

2. Decides on the procedures of the defense;
3. Settles disagreement among panel members and/or comments and
suggestions;
4. Solicits the decision of the panel; and consolidates and announces the
rating.

As Panel Chairman, you are expected to possess expertise in research and at

least Master’s degree holder or equivalent and must serve a maximum of ten
(10) undergraduate thesis groups per school year.
 41

The students who shall be under your scrutiny include:

Names
Darren R. Abenoja
Jomark D. Durin
Philip June M. Capistrano
John Kevin Cueto
Lester Peralta Gutierrez
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Their thesis proposal entitled, “ROAD ILLUMINATION OF SITIO CALERO

BRGY. CCL, MORONG, RIZAL POWERED BY PICO-HYDRO TURBINE
GENERATOR THROUGH SIMULATION”

Thank you for the usual support to the research program/s of the College.

Very truly yours,

JOAN BAEZ D. OBIEN, ECE

Research Professor

Conforme:

VER IAN J. VICTORIO, ME

Panel Chairman
 42

APPENDIX C

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

Office of Research and Development

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

October 26, 2018

Engr. Allan P. Anorico

Faculty, College of Engineering
This University

Ma’am:

In consideration of your qualifications in the field of research, the College

Research Council represented by the undersigned, upon recommendations of
the Research Professor has approved your appointment as Critic Reader.

The following are the responsibilities of the Critic Reader.

1. Reviews all grammatical aspects;

2. Certifies that the manuscript is already free of grammatical errors and
is ready for submission to the Dean of the College;

As Critic Reader, you are expected to master the thesis format required by the
University and must critic a maximum of ten (10) undergraduate thesis per year.
 43

The students who shall be under your scrutiny include:

Names
Darren R. Abenoja
Jomark D. Durin
Philip June M. Capistrano
John Kevin Cueto
Lester Peralta Gutierrez
Course/Major
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Their thesis proposal entitled, “ROAD ILLUMINATION OF SITIO CALERO

BRGY. CCL, MORONG, RIZAL POWERED BY PICO-HYDRO TURBINE
GENERATOR THROUGH SIMULATION”

Thank you for the usual support to the research program/s of the College.

Very Truly yours,

JOAN BAEZ D. OBIEN, ECE

Research Professor

Conforme:

ALLAN P. ANORICO,CPE
Critic Reader
 44

APPENDIX D

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

Office of Research and Development

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

October 26, 2018

Engr. Lean Jo B.Anievas

Faculty, College of Engineering
This University

Sir:

In consideration of your qualifications in the field of research, the College

Research Council represented by the undersigned, upon recommendations of
the Research Professor has approved your appointment as Statistician.

The following are the responsibilities of the Statistician.

1. To make sure that the statistical treatment is accurate base on the

statement of the problem;
2. Assist the researchers in processing data for their study.

The students who shall be under your scrutiny include:

Names Course/Major
Darren R. Abenoja Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Jomark D. Durin Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Philip June M. Capistrano Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
John Kevin Cueto Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
 45

Lester Peralta Gutierrez Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Their thesis proposal entitled, “ROAD ILLUMINATION OF SITIO CALERO

BRGY. CCL, MORONG, RIZAL POWERED BY PICO-HYDRO TURBINE
GENERATOR THROUGH SIMULATION”

Their thesis proposal entitled, “ROAD ILLUMINATION OF SITIO CALERO

BRGY. CCL, MORONG, RIZAL POWERED BY PICO-HYDRO TURBINE
GENERATOR THROUGH SIMULATION”

Thank you for the usual support to the research program/s of the College.

Very truly yours,

JOAN BAEZ D. OBIEN, RECE

Research Professor

Conforme:

LEAN JO B. ANIEVAS, ME
Statistician
 46

APPENDIX E
COMPUTATIONS

By ratio and proportion

V1 V2
=
N1 N2

24 16
= N2
630

NTHEORETICAL= 420 rpm

NACTUAL= 338 rpm

N1−N2
 Efficiency in Speed = [1 − ( )] x 100
𝑁1

420−338
= [1 − ( )] x 100
420

 Efficiency in Speed = 80.714762 %

Power output of the Turbine Generator

By theory:

P1 = VI
= (16 volts) (1.25 A)

P1 = 20 W

By Actual:

P1 = VI
= (12.88 volts) (1.14 A)

P2= 14.7347kW
P1−P2
 Efficiency in Power = [1 − ( )] x 100
P1

20−14.7347
= [1 − ( )] x 100
20

 Efficiency in Power = 73.6735%

 47

Water Power of the Irrigation Canal: F = Force produced by the water

P=𝛾QH g = gravitational pull (9.81 m/s)

Where: 𝜌 = Density of Water (1000 kg/m^3)

𝛾 = Specific Weight of Water V = Volume flow rate of the water in

(9.81 kN/m^3 or 62.4 lb/ft^3) the Irrigation (0.020 m^3/s)

Q = Volume flow rate of the t = time

water in the Irrigation, m^3/s
m=𝜌*V*t
H = elevation Head, m
= (1000 kg/m^3) ( 0.020 m^3/s)
P = (9.82 kN/m^3) (0.020 (900 s)
m^3/s) (1 m)
m = 18000 kg
P = 0.1962 kW
F=m*g

F = (18000 kg) (9.81 m/s)

Mechanical Power of the Turbine
Generator (In 15 minutes) F = 176580 N

2𝜋𝑇𝑁 T=F*r
P= T=F*r
60
T = (176580 N) (0.1016 m)
F=m*g m=𝜌*V*t
T = 17940.528 N-m
Where:
2𝜋𝑇𝑁
P=
P = Mechanical Power of the 60

Turbine (kW)
N = Speed of Turbine (338 rpm)
(2) (𝜋)(17940.528)(338)
P=
T = Torque (N-m) 60 (1000)

P = 635 kW
 48

APPENDIX F

Fabrication, Installation and Testing of the Turbine Generator

Fabrication of the Turbine Generator

 49

Installation of the Pipe to

The site location

Installation of the Turbine Generator to

the site location
 50

Installation of the Turbine Generator

to the site location

Installation of the Turbine Generator

to the site location
 51

Installation of the LED light

Reading of the voltage input

to the battery
 52

Ampere reading of the Turbine Generator

 53

APPENDIX G

ACTIVITY November 2017 – March 2018

Month November December January February

Week 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Finding a
problem to be
solved
Title Proposal

Title Defended

Background and
Significance of
the study, Scope
and Limitations

Editing
(Background
and Significance
of the study,
Scope and
Limitations)and
making of
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Submitted
Editing (Chapter
1) and making of
Chapter 2

Chapter 2
Submitted
Editing of
Chapter 2
 54

ACTIVITY July 2019 – November 2019

July AugustSeptembe October November

Month
r
Week 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Planning and
Designing of
the Turbine
Generator
Fabrication
of the
Designed
Kaplan
Turbine
Generator
Installation
and Testing
of the
Turbine
Generator
Identifying
the Problems
and finding a
solution
Final Testing
of the
Turbine
Generator
and start of
the
manuscript
Final
Defense
Editing
(Whole
manuscript)

Submission
of Revised
research and
Hardbound
 55

CURRICULUM
VITAE
 56

CURRICULUM VITAE

DARREN R. ABENOJA
GENDER
Male EDUCATION
CIVIL STATUS
Single
ADDRESS
Blk 104 Lot 13
Angelica Dr. Street
Robinson Homes East Isaias S. Tapales 2004-2010
Brgy. San Jose
Antipolo City
AGE San Jose National High School 2010-2014
20 years old
DATE OF BIRTH
November 22, 1997 University Of Rizal System 2014-2019

PLACE OF BIRTH
Sta. Maria Bulacan
AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION
MOBILE NUMBER
ORGANIZATION POSITION YEAR
E-MAIL PSME-URSSU 5th Year Representative 2018-2019

Citizenship :Filipino
Religion SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
: Roman Catholic
National Mechanical Engineering Student Convergence
Father’s Name: (NMESC) 20017-2018
Michael R. Abenoja
Up Diliman, Quezon City
Mother’s Name:
AnalynR. Abenoja
Annual PSME National Convention
2018-2019
SMX Convention Center
SM Mall of Asia
 57

CURRICULUM VITAE

PHILIP JUNE M. CAPISTRANO

GENDER
Male EDUCATION

CIVIL STATUS
Single
ADDRESS
301 Doña Nieves St.
Brgy. San Vicente San Vicente Elementary School 2004-2010
Angono, Rizal

Angono National High School 2010-2014

AGE
21 years old University of Rizal System 2014-2019
DATE OF BIRTH
June 20, 1997
PLACE OF BIRTH
Angono, Rizal
AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION
MOBILE NUMBER
ORGANIZATION POSITION YEAR
E-MAIL PSME-URSSU Vice President External 2018-2019

Future Engineering Club Member

Citizenship :
Filipino 2014-2019

Religion SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

: Roman Catholic
National Mechanical Engineering Student Convergence
Father’s Name: (NMESC) 20017-2018
Raul G. Capistrano
Up Diliman, Quezon City

Mother’s Name: Annual PSME National Convention

Teodora R. Manalo 2018-2019
SMX Convention Center
SM Mall of Asia
 58

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOHN KEVIN B. CUETO

GENDER
Male EDUCATION

CIVIL STATUS
Single
ADDRESS
27 La Solidaridad St.,
Tanay, Rizal JalaJala Elementary School 2006-2010

JalaJalaNational High School 2010-2014

AGE
21 years old
University Of Rizal System 2014-2019
DATE OF BIRTH
October 28, 1996
PLACE OF BIRTH
Morong, Rizal
MOBILE NUMBER AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATION POSITION YEAR

E-MAIL
PSME-URSSU Member 2018-2019
Citizenship :
Future Engineering Club Member 2014-2019
Filipino
Religion
: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name:
Celso V. Cueto

Mother’s Name:
Eleonor B. Cueto
 59

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOMARK D. DURIN
GENDER
Male EDUCATION

CIVIL STATUS
Single
ADDRESS San Luis Elementary School
SitioTagbac,
2004-2010
Riverside Brgy. San
Jose AntipoloCiy
San Isidro National High School 2010-2014

AGE
20 years old University Of Rizal System 2014-2019

DATE OF BIRTH
July 22, 1997
PLACE OF BIRTH
San Pablo, Laguna
AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION
MOBILE NUMBER
ORGANIZATION POSITION YEAR

E-MAIL PSME-URSSU 5Th year Representative 2018-2019

Future Engineering Club Member 2014-2019

Citizenship :
Filipino
Religion
: Roman Catholic SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Father’s Name: National Mechanical Engineering Student Convergence

Domingo D. Durin (NMESC) 2017-2018

Up Diliman, Quezon City

Mother’s Name:
Mylene D. Durin Annual PSME National Convention
2018-2019
SMX Convention Center
SM Mall of Asia
 60

CURRICULUM VITAE

LESTER P. GUTIERREZ
GENDER
Male EDUCATION

CIVIL STATUS
Single
ADDRESS Marikina Elementary School
B5 L11
SitioHopevilleBrgy. 2003-2009
Sta Cruz, Antipolo
City, Rizal
Antipolo National High School 2009-2013

AGE University of Rizal System 2013-2019

21 years old
DATE OF BIRTH
December 5, 1996
PLACE OF BIRTH
Sta. Maria, Laguna AFFILIATED ORGANIZATION
MOBILE NUMBER ORGANIZATION POSITION YEAR
09161433661
PSME-URSSU Sergeant at Arms 2018-2019
E-MAIL
retselg64@gmail.com Future Engineering Club Member 2014-2019
Citizenship :
Filipino
Religion SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
: Roman Catholic
National Mechanical Engineering Student Convergence
Father’s Name: (NMESC) 20017-2018
Estelito P. Gutierrez/
Up Diliman, Quezon City
Mother’s Name: Annual PSME National Convention
Jocely P. Gutierrez 2018-2019
SMX Convention Center
SM Mall of Asia