- Both have same ultrastructure
MOVEMENT
Three principle kinds:
1. Amoeboid
 Unicellular forms
 White blood cells
2. Cilliary and flagellar
Ciliar
 Minute hairlike motile
processes
 Occur in large numbers
 Ciliate protistans
 Found in all major
groups of animals
 Aquatic envi
 Propel fluids and
materials across surfaces
Flagellar
 Whiplike
 Small numbers
 Unicellular eukaryotes
 Animal spermatozoa,
sponges
- A core of microtubules sheathed
by the plasma membrane
- 9 + 2 pattern
- Anchored in cell by basal body
- Bending is driven by the arms of
a motor protein, dynein
- Addition and removal of dynein
causes conformation changes
(arms alternately grab, move and
release outer microtubules)
- Protein crosslink limit sliding and
the force is expressed as bending
- Flagellum: undulatory movement
(parallel to axis)
- Cilia: oars with alternating power
and strokes (perpendicular)
3. Muscular
Invertebrate muscle
Bivalve molluscan muscles
- 2 kinds:
1. Fast muscle- striated, can
contract rapidly
2. Smooth muscle= capable of
slow longlasting contractions
 Sliding filament model
- Actin filaments at both ends of
sarcomere
Insect flight 1. On end: attached to z-
muscles (fibrillar plate at one end of
muscle) sarcomere
-Limited 2. Other end: suspended in
extensibility and sarcoplasm
shorten only - Myosin filaments in between z
slightly plates
1. Myosin contain cross
bridges which pull the
actin filaments in ward
2. shortens sarcomere
vertebrate muscle 3. sarcomeres are stacked
- types: together in series and
1. striated cause myofiber to
shorten
- working muscles require atp
1. myosin breaks down atp
2. sustained exercise
 requires cellular
respiration and
regenerates atp
muscle innervation
1. neuromuscular junction
 Synaptic contact
between a nerve fiber
and a muscle fiber
 Nerve impulses bring
about the release of
neurotransmitter that
crosses synaptic cleft
 Signals muscle fiber to
contract

Human muscular system

Skeletal muscles
 Attached to the skeleton
by cable like fibrous
tissue called tendons
 Arranged in antagonistic
pairs
 When one muscle
contracts, it stretches
the antag partner
  A muscle at rest: exhibits
tone (minimal
contraction)
 A m uscle at tetany is at
max sustained
contraction

Muscle performance
 Slow oxidative fibers (red
muscles)
o For slow sustained
contractions without
fatigue high density of
mitochondria
o Abundant stored
myoglobin
 Fast fibers
o Fast glycolytic- white
muscles, anaerobically,
fatigues easily
o Fast oxidative- extensive
blood supply, high
density of mito and
myoglobin, for rapid
sustained activities
Energy for contraction
- ATP= source of energy
- Glucose broken down during
aerobic metabolism
- Glycogen stores can supply
glucose
- Muscles have creatinine
phosphate, energy reserve
- Slow oxidative fibers rely heavily
on glucose and oxygen
- Fast rely on anaerobic glycolysis
- Muscles incur oxygen debt
during anaerobic glycolysis