CHAPTER 11

Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross

Flow Heat Exchanger
Contents
11.1 Double Pipe and Multipipe Heat Exchangers 229
11.1.1 Calculation of double pipe and multipipe heat exchangers 229
11.1.2 Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient U and driving temperature gradient
LMTD and the required heat exchanger area A 232
11.2 Helical Coil Heat Exchanger 237
11.3 Cross Flow Bundle 241
Nomenclature 244
References 245

11.1 DOUBLE PIPE AND MULTIPIPE HEAT EXCHANGERS

The calculations of the heat transfer coefficient follow the equations for the heat transfer
in tubes.
On the shell side, the different hydraulic diameters for the determination of the heat
0
transfer coefficient dh and the pressure loss dh must be considered.
Double pipe heat exchangers are applied for low heat loads, small volume flows, and
high pressures (Figure 11.1).
Multitube heat exchangers with a pipe shell and several inner tubes without baffles
have a more exchange area than the double pipe equipments.

11.1.1 Calculation of double pipe and multipipe heat exchangers [1,2]

The calculations are according to the equations for the heat transfer in the tube.
Laminar: Re < 2300

0:33
di
Nu ¼ 1:86  Re 0:33
 Pr 0:33

L
Intermediate region: 2300 < Re < 8000
 
Nu ¼ 0:037  Re0:75  6:66  Pr0:42

Heat Exchanger Design Guide © 2016 Elsevier Inc.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803764-5.00011-0 All rights reserved. 229
230 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Figure 11.1 Double pipe heat exchanger.

Turbulent: Re > 8000

n  c  r  3600
Nu ¼ 0:023  Re0:8  Pr0:33 Pr ¼
l
Nu  l   2 
ai ¼ W m K
di
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 231

Flow velocity and Reynolds number in the tube:

Vt wt  d i
wt ¼ p ðm=sÞ Re ¼
n  di2  n
4
Flow cross-section ashell and flow velocity wshell in the annulus or shell:

p  2   Vshell
ashell ¼  Di  n  do2 m2 wshell ¼ ðm=sÞ
4 ashell  3600

For the calculation of the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure loss, the hydraulic
0
diameter dh for heat exchange and d h for pressure loss are needed.
wshell  dh
Reynolds number for the heat transfer with dh: Re ¼
n
Hydraulic diameter for double tube heat exchanger:

Di2  n  do2
dh ¼ ðmÞ
n  do

Hydraulic diameter for multitube heat exchanger:

Di2  do2
dh ¼ ðmÞ
do
0 wshell  dh0
Reynolds number Re0 for the pressure loss with dh: Re0 ¼
n
Double tube heat exchanger: dh0 ¼ Di  do
D2  n  do2
Multitube heat exchanger: dh0 ¼ i
Di þ n  do
Pressure loss calculation:

wnozz  r
Nozzle pressure loss DPnozz ¼ 1:5 
2


L w2  r
Tube-side pressure loss DPt ¼ f  þ z  t ðPaÞ
di 2
2
L wshell r
Shell-side pressure loss DPshell ¼ f  0  ðPaÞ
dh 2
0:275
Friction factor f ¼
Re0:2
232 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

11.1.2 Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient U and driving

temperature gradient LMTD and the required heat exchanger
area A
1 1 1 s
¼ þ þ þ fi þ fo
U aio ao lwall
Dt1  Dt2  Q  2
LMTD ¼ ð CÞ A ¼ m
Dt1 U  LMTD
ln
Dt2

Example 1: Double pipe heat exchanger design

Heat load Q ¼ 3.53 kW LMTD ¼ 32.46  C
Inner tube 21.3  2 (di ¼ 17.3 mm) Shell pipe 33.7  2 (Di ¼ 29.7 mm)
VT ¼ 0.05 m3/h Vshell ¼ 0.3 m3/h
r ¼ 1000 kg/m3 r ¼ 1000 kg/m3
n ¼ 0.41 mm2/s n ¼ 0.8 mm2/s
c ¼ 1.16 Wh/kg K c ¼ 1.16 Wh/kg K
l ¼ 0.66 W/m K l ¼ 0.61
Pr ¼ 2.594 Pr ¼ 5.476

Tube side:

0:05
wT ¼ ¼ 0:059 m=s
3600  0:01732  p=4
0:059  0:0173
Re ¼ ¼ 2490
0:41  106
 
Nu ¼ 0:037  24900:75  6:66  2:5940:42 ¼ 9:52

9:52  0:66  17:3 

ai ¼ ¼ 363 W m2 K aio ¼ 363  ¼ 295 W m2 K
0:0173 21:3

Shell side:

p  
ashell ¼  0:02972  1  0:02132 ¼ 336:3  106 m2
4

0:02972  0:02132 0:248  0:0201

dh ¼ ¼ 0:0201 Re ¼ ¼ 6230
0:0213 0:8  106
 
Nu ¼ 0:037  Re0:75  6:66  5:4760:42 ¼ 39:39
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 233

39:39  0:61 
ao ¼ ¼ 1195 W m2 K
0:0201

Overall heat transfer coefficient U:

1 1 1 0:002 
¼ þ þ þ 0:0002 ¼ 0:00457 U ¼ 219 W m2 K
U 1195 295 14
3530 0:5
Areq ¼ ¼ 0:5 m2 Lreq ¼ ¼ 7:5 m pipe
32:46  219 p  0:0213

Pressure loss calculation for 2  3.75 m long tubes:

Tube side:

0:0592  1000 0:275

DPnozz ¼ 1:5  ¼ 2:6 Pa f ¼ ¼ 0:058
2 24900:2


7:5 0:0592  1000
DPt ¼ 0:058  þ1  ¼ 46 Pa
0:0173 2
DPtot ¼ 2:6 þ 46 ¼ 48:6 Pa

Shell side:

2 inlet and 2 outlet nozzles DN 20 wnozz ¼ 0.265 m/s for 0.3 m3/h

0:2652  1000
DPnozz ¼ 3  ¼ 105 Pa
2

dh0 ¼ Di  da ¼ 0:0297  0:0213 ¼ 0:0084 m

0:248  0:0084
Re0 ¼ ¼ 2604
0:8  106

0:275 0:275
Friction factor f ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:057
Re0:2 26040:2


7:5 0:2482  1000
DPshell ¼ 0:057  þ1  ¼ 1596 Pa
0:0084 2

DPtot ¼ 105 þ 1596 ¼ 1701 Pa

234 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Example 2: Shell-side heat transfer coefficient in a multitube heat exchanger

Vshell ¼ 2.3 m3/h Pr ¼ 7.1 l ¼ 0.58 W/m K n ¼ 1 mm2/s

Shell diameter Di ¼ 84 mm with seven inner pipes 20  2, 3 m long

p  
ashell ¼  0:0842  7  0:022 ¼ 0:0033 m2
4

0:0842  7  0:022 0:0842  7  0:022

dh ¼ ¼ 0:0304 m dh0 ¼ ¼ 0:019 m
7  0:02 0:084 þ 7  0:02
2:3 0:194  0:0304
wshell ¼ ¼ 0:194 m=s Re ¼ ¼ 5897
0:0033  3600 1  106

Calculation of the heat transfer coefficient on the shell side with Re ¼ 5897:
 
Nu ¼ 0:037  58970:75  6:66  7:10:42 ¼ 41:5

Nu  l 41:5  0:58 
ao ¼ ¼ ¼ 792 W m2 K
dh 0:0304

Example 3: Comparison of double pipe or multitube heat exchangers

Calculation of the double pipe heat exchanger:
Tube side:

5.2 m3/h 20/30  C Q ¼ 51,480 W

r ¼ 1100 kg/m3 l ¼ 0.4 W/m K c ¼ 0.9 Wh/kg K
n ¼ 2.4 mm2/s wT ¼ 1.248 m/s Pr ¼ 21.38
Inner pipe 42.4  2 mm di ¼ 38.4 mm

1:248  0:0384
Re ¼ ¼ 19; 968 Nu ¼ 0:023  19; 9680:8  21:380:33 ¼ 174:14
2:4  106
174:14  0:4  38:4 
ai ¼ ¼ 1814 W m2 K aio ¼ 1814  ¼ 1643 W m2 K
0:0384 42:4
Shell side:
Vshell ¼ 5.2 m3/h 80/71.25  C Pr ¼ 2.35
l ¼ 0.666 W/m K n ¼ 0.385 mm2/s c ¼ 1.16 Wh/kg K r ¼ 974.65 kg/m3
Outer tube 70  2 di ¼ 66 mm

p  
ashell ¼  0:0662  0:04242 ¼ 0:002 m2 wshell ¼ 0:719 m=s
4

0:0662  0:04242 0:719  0:06033

dh ¼ ¼ 0:06033 m Re ¼ ¼ 112; 668
0:0424 0:385  106
335:4  0:666 
Nu ¼ 335:4 a ¼ ¼ 3703 W m2 K
0:06033
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 235

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient U:

1 1 1 0:002 
¼ þ þ þ 0:0002 ¼ 0:001119 U ¼ 894 W m2 K
U 1643 3703 50
LMTD ¼ 50:6  C
51; 480 1:138
Areq ¼ ¼ 1:138 m2 Lreq ¼ ¼ 8:54 m tube
894  50:6 p  0:0424

Chosen: 3  3 m ¼ 9 m pipe.
Pressure loss calculation for double pipe heat exchanger, 3  3 m ¼ 9 m tube length.
Tube side:
1:2482  1100
Nozzle pressure loss DPnozz ¼ 1:5  ¼ 1285 Pa
2

Piping pressure loss DPT with friction factor f ¼ 0.034 for Re ¼ 19,968


9 1:2482  1100
DPt ¼ 0:034  þ2  ¼ 8540 Pa
0:0384 2

DPtot ¼ 1285 þ 8540 ¼ 9825 Pa

Shell side with three inlet and outlet nozzles DN 50

Nozzle flow velocity wSt ¼ 0.736 m/s

0:7362  974:6
DPnozz ¼ 3  1:5  ¼ 1188 Pa
2
dh0 ¼ 0:066  0:0424 ¼ 0:0236 m

0:719  0:0236
Re0 ¼ ¼ 44; 073
0:385  106

Friction factor f ¼ 0.0278 for Re0 ¼ 44,073

9 0:7192  974:6
DPshell ¼ 0:0278   ¼ 2674 Pa
0:0236 2
DPtot ¼ 2674 þ 1188 ¼ 3862 Pa

Calculation of the multipipe heat exchanger:

Shell pipe 76.1  2, di ¼ 72.1 mm with seven inner tubes 16  1
Tube side: Cross-section area aT ¼ 0.0011077 m2
5:2 1:34  0:014
wt ¼ ¼ 1:34 m=s Re ¼ ¼ 7816
0:001077  3600 2:4  106
Pr ¼ 21:38 Nu ¼ 87:2
87:2  0:4  14 
ai ¼ ¼ 2491 W m2 K aio ¼ 2491  ¼ 2179 W m2 K
0:014 16
236 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Shell side:
p  
ashell ¼  0:07212  7  0:0162 ¼ 0:00267 m2
4

wshell ¼ 0:54 m=s Pr ¼ 2:35

0:07212  7  0:0162 0:54  0:0304

dh ¼ ¼ 0:0304 m Re ¼ ¼ 42; 639
7  0:016 0:385  106

Nu ¼ 0:023  42; 6390:8  2:350:33 ¼ 154:2

154:2  0:66 
ao ¼ ¼ 3378 W m2 K
0:0304
1 1 1 0:002 
¼ þ þ þ 0:0002 ¼ 0:000995 U ¼ 1005 W m2 K
U 2179 3378 50
51; 480 1:01
Areq ¼ ¼ 1:01 m2 Lreq ¼ ¼ 2:9 m
1005  50:6 p  7  0:016
A heat exchanger with seven tubes of 16  1, 3 m long is required.
Pressure loss calculation for multipipe heat exchanger:
Tube side:
Nozzles DN 32 wnozz ¼ 1:8 m=s
1:82  1100
DPnozz ¼ 1:5  ¼ 2673 Pa
2
Friction factor f ¼ 0.043 for Re0 ¼ 7816

2:9 1:342  1100

DPT ¼ 0:043   ¼ 8800 Pa
0:014 2
DPtot ¼ 2673 þ 8800 ¼ 11; 473 Pa
Shell side:
Nozzles DN 50 Nozzle flow velocity wSt ¼ 0:736 m=s
1:5  0:7362  974:6
DPnozz ¼ ¼ 396 Pa
2
dh0 ¼ 0:0185 m wshell ¼ 0:54 m=s

0:54  0:0185
Re0 ¼ ¼ 25; 948
0:385  106
f ¼ 0:032 for Re0 ¼ 25; 948

2:9 0:542  974:6

DPshell ¼ 0:032   ¼ 708 Pa
0:0185 2
DPtot ¼ 708 þ 396 ¼ 1104 Pa
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 237

11.2 HELICAL COIL HEAT EXCHANGER [3,4]

These equipments are used for low and average heat duties or low flow rates in order to
achieve a higher flow velocity for the heat transfer. The heat transfer areas are greater than
that of the double pipe heat exchangers, and the heat transfer is a bit better due to the
centrifugal effect.

Geometrical calculations:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Spiral total tube length L L ¼ N  ðDH  pÞ2 þ T 2 ðmÞ
Q
Spiral total surface area A A ¼ ðm2 Þ
U  Dt
A
Number of spiral windings N N ¼
p  do  NL
Spiral height H H ¼ N  T þ do (m)

Tube-side heat transfer coefficient calculation:

Re > 8000


Nu  l di
Nu ¼ 0:023  Re 0:8
 Pr 0:33
ai ¼ aSP ¼ ai  1 þ 3:5 
di DH
di
aSPa ¼ aSP 
do
238 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient:

1 1 1 sW
¼ þ þ þ fi þ fo
U aSPo ashell lW
Calculation of the shell-side flow cross-section ashell and the flow velocity wshell:
p    2   2 
ashell ¼  Di2  DK 2
 DHo  DHi 2
m
4
Vshell
wshell ¼ ðm=sÞ
ashell  3600
Calculation of ashell with the hydraulic diameter De:
4  Vf 4  ðVa  Vc Þ
De ¼ ¼ ðmÞ
p  do  L p  do  L
p     p  
Va ¼  Di2  DK
2
 T  N m3 Vc ¼  do2  L m3
4 4
wshell  De
Re ¼
n
Nu ¼ 0:6  Re0:5  Pr0:31

Nu  l   2 
ashell ¼ W m K
De
Alternative calculation of ashell with the outer tube diameter do:
wshell  do
Re ¼
n
Nu ¼ 0:196  Re0:6  Pr0:33
Nu  l   2 
ashell ¼ W m K
do

Example 4: Design of a helical coil heat exchanger

Di ¼ 0:46 m DK ¼ 0:34 m DH ¼ 0:4 m
do ¼ 30 mm di ¼ 25 mm
T ¼ 45 mm ¼ 1:5  da

Tube side : 1:55 m3 h 127  C/100  C

Shell side : 2:3 m3 h 30  C/47  C
Q ¼ 42; 400 W LMTD ¼ 74:9  C F ¼ 0:99 CMTD ¼ 0:99  74:9 ¼ 74:1  C
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 239

Tube-side calculation:

di ¼ 25 mm V ¼ 1.55 m3/h r ¼ 870 kg/m3

n ¼ 0.719  106 m2/s c ¼ 1.16 Wh/kg K l ¼ 0.486 W/m K
w ¼ 0.877 m/s
0:877  0:025 0:719  106  1:16  870  3600
Re ¼ ¼ 30; 513 Pr ¼ ¼ 5:37
0:719  106 0:486

Nu ¼ 0:023  Re0:8  Pr0:33 ¼ 0:023  30; 5130:8  5:370:33 ¼ 155:7

155:7  0:486 
ai ¼ ¼ 3027 W m2 K
0:025


0:025 
aSP ¼ 3027  1 þ 3:5  ¼ 3690 W m2 K
0:4
25 
aSPo ¼ 3690  ¼ 3075 W m2 K
30
Shell-side calculation with the hydraulic diameter De:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L ¼ N  ðDH  pÞ2 þ T 2 ¼ N  ð0:4  pÞ2 þ 0:0452 ¼ 1:257  N

p  
Va ¼  0:462  0:342  0:045  N ¼ 0:0034  N
4
p
Vc ¼  0:032  1:257  N ¼ 0:0009  N
4

Vf ¼ Va  Vc ¼ ð0:0034  0:0009Þ  N ¼ 2:504  103  N

4  2:504  103  N
De ¼ ¼ 84:52  103 m
p  0:03  1:257  N
240 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Calculation of the flow cross-section ashell:

DHa ¼ Di  da ¼ 460  30 ¼ 430 mm
DHi ¼ DK þ da ¼ 340 þ 30 ¼ 370 mm
p    
ashell ¼  0:462  0:342  0:432  0:372 ¼ 0:0377 m2
4
Calculation of the flow velocity wshell for Vshell ¼ 2.3 m3/h:
2:3
wshell ¼ ¼ 0:017 m=s
0:0377  3600

Calculation of the heat transfer coefficient ashell with De:

 
v ¼ 1:71  106 m2 s c ¼ 1:16 Wh=kg K r ¼ 935 kg m3 l ¼ 0:473 W=m K

1:71  106  1:16  935  3600

Pr ¼ ¼ 14:11
0:473
w  De 0:017  0:0845
Re ¼ ¼ ¼ 840
n 1:71  106

Nu ¼ 0:6  Re0:5  Pr0:31 ¼ 0:6  8400:5  14:110:31 ¼ 39:5

39:5  0:473 
ashell ¼ ¼ 221 W m2 K
0:0845

Calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient U:

aSPo ¼ 3075 W/m2 K ashell ¼ 221 W/m2 K

1 1 1 0:0025 
¼ þ þ þ 0:0002 ¼ 0:0051 U ¼ 196 W m2 K
U 3075 221 50
42; 400 2:92
Areq ¼ ¼ 2:92 m2 Nreq ¼ ¼ 24:6
74:1  196 p  0:03  1:257

Chosen: N ¼ 25

L ¼ 25  1.257 ¼ 31.4 m H ¼ 25  0.045 þ 0.03 ¼ 1.155 m

Alternative calculation of ashell with do ¼ 30 mm:

0:017  0:03
Re ¼ ¼ 298:2
1:71  106

Nu ¼ 0:196  Re0:6  Pr0:33 ¼ 0:196  298:20:8  14:110:33 ¼ 14:46

14:46  0:473 
ashell ¼ ¼ 228 W m2 K
0:03
U ¼ 201 W/m2 K
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 241

11.3 CROSS FLOW BUNDLE [5,6,7]

Cross stream bundles are rectangular tube bundles which are predominantly used for gas
cooling or heating. It will be shown how the heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses
in flows through the cross stream bundles are determined.
The convective heat transfer coefficient in the tubes is treated in Chapter 3.

Application cases:
• air cooler for cooling or condensing of products in the tubes
• air or water preheater with hot flue gases
Due to the poor heat transfer coefficients on the gas side, finned tubes are often used
to increase the efficiency.
Calculation of the heat transfer coefficients according to Grimison [5]:

Nu ¼ K  ReM  fR

Nu  l   2 
a ¼ W m K
d
The constants K and M as a function of the cross and longitudinal ratio for inline and
staggered arrangement are listed in Table 11.1.
As from 10 tube rows, the correction factor is fR ¼ 1.
PC
Cross pitch ratio sC ¼
do
PL
Longitudinal pitch ratio sL ¼
do

PC ¼ Cross pitch PL ¼ Longitudinal pitch

242 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

Table 11.1 K- and M-values for air at different cross- and longitudinal pitch ratios according
to Grimison [5]
SC 1.25 1.5 2 3
K M K M K M K M
SL Inline tube banks
1.25 0.348 0.592 0.275 0.608 0.704 0.0633 0.752
0.100
1.5 0.367 0.586 0.250 0.620 0.702 0.0678 0.744
0.101
2 0.418 0.570 0.299 0.602 0.632 0.198 0.648
0.229
3 0.290 0.601 0.357 0.584 0.581 0.286 0.608
0.374
SL Staggered tube banks
0.6 e e e e e e 0.213 0.636
0.9 e e e e 0.446 0.571 0.401 0.581
1.0 e e 0.497 0.558 e e e e
1.125 e e e e 0.478 0.565 0.5l8 0.560
1.25 0.518 0.556 0.505 0.554 0.519 0.556 0.522 0.562
1.5 0.451 0.568 0.460 0.562 0.452 0.568 0.488 0.568
2 0.404 0.572 0.416 0.568 0.482 0.556 0.449 0.570
3 0.310 0.592 0.356 0.580 0.440 0.562 0.421 0.574

For the pressure loss, the following holds:

w2  r
DP ¼ 2  n  ðPaÞ
2

2 ¼ pressure loss constant n ¼ number of tube rows

w ¼ velocity (m/s) r ¼ density (kg/m3)

According to Jakob [7], the following holds for aligning arrangement:

" #
0:15 0:32  sL
2 ¼ Re  0:176 þ
ðsC  1Þð0:43þ1:13=sL Þ

According to Jakob, the following holds for the staggered arrangement:

" #
0:16 0:47
2 ¼ Re  1þ
ðsC  1Þ1:08
Example 5: Heat transfer coefficients and the pressure drop in a cross flow
bundles
air at 200  C and 1 bar Pr ¼ 0.685 9 ¼ 0.7457 kg/m3
l ¼ 0.0368 W/mK n ¼ 34.63 mm2/s d ¼ 38 mm
n ¼ 20 sC ¼ 1.5 sL ¼ 1.5
The heat transfer coefficients and the pressure losses at different flow velocities w are calculated.
w (m/s) 5 10 15 20 25
Re 5486 10,973 16,460 21,946 27,433
Aligned arrangement: K ¼ 0.25 M ¼ 0.62
Nu 52 79.97 102.8 122.9 141.1
a (W/m2 K) 52.8 81.2 104.5 124.8 143.4
z 0.348 0.313 0.295 0.282 0.273
DP (Pa) 65 233.9 495 843 1274
Staggered arrangement: K ¼ 0.46 M ¼ 0.562
Nu 58.1 85.8 107.7 126.6 143.6
a (W/m2 K) 59 87.1 109.4 128.6 145.8
z 0.5027 0.449 0.421 0.4027 0.3886
DP (Pa) 93.7 335.5 707.5 1201.3 1811

Example 6: Calculation of the heat transfer coefficient for 18,000 m3/h air with
the physical properties of Example 5 for a tube bundle with Atot ¼ 1 m2 face area
with different cross and longitudinal pitches
a) sC ¼ 3 sL ¼ 1.5 K ¼ 0.0678 M ¼ 0.744 Ages ¼ 1 m2
sC  1 31
Afree ¼ Atot  ¼ 1 ¼ 0:666 m2
sC 3
18; 000 wd 7:5  0:038
w ¼ ¼ 7:5 m=s Re ¼ ¼ ¼ 8230
0:666  3600 n 34:63  106

Nu ¼ 55.5 a ¼ 56.4 (W/m2 K)

b) sC ¼ 3 sL ¼ 3 K ¼ 0.286 M ¼ 0.608
Nu ¼ 68.7 a ¼ 69.8 W/m2 K
c) sC ¼ 2 sL ¼ 1.5 K ¼ 0.101 M ¼ 0.702 a ¼ 70.4 W/m2 K
Afrei ¼ 0.5 m2 w ¼ 10 m/s Re ¼ 10,973 Nu ¼ 69.28
d) sC ¼ 2 sL ¼ 2 K ¼ 0.229 M ¼ 0.632
Nu ¼ 81.9 a ¼ 83.2 W/m2 K
e) sC ¼ 1.5 sL ¼ 1.5 K ¼ 0.25 M ¼ 0.62 a ¼ 104.5 W/m2 K
Afrei ¼ 0.333 m2 w ¼ 15 m/s Re ¼ 16,460 Nu ¼ 102.8
f) sC ¼ 1.5 sL ¼ 3 K ¼ 0.357 M ¼ 0.584
Nu ¼ 103.5 a ¼ 105 W/m2 K
g) sC ¼ 1.25 sL ¼ 1.5 K ¼ 0.367 M ¼ 0.586 a ¼ 148.7 W/m2 K
Afrei ¼ 0.2 m2 w ¼ 25 m/s Re ¼ 27,433 Nu ¼ 146.4
h) sC ¼ 1.25 sL ¼ 3 K ¼ 0.29 M ¼ 0.601
Nu ¼ 134.8 a ¼ 137 m2 K
244 Heat Exchanger Design Guide

NOMENCLATURE
Ashell flow cross-section in the shell (m2)
aio tube-side heat transfer coefficient based on the tube outer surface area (W/m2 K)
ao shell-side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
ai tube-side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
h dynamic viscosity (mPa s)
l heat conductivity of the flowing product (W/m K)
lwall heat conductivity of the tube wall (W/m K)
n kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
r density (kg/m3)
Areq required heat exchange area (m2)
c specific heat capacity (Wh/kg K)
do tube outer diameter (m)
dh hydraulic diameter for heat transfer coefficient calculation (m)
0
dh hydraulic diameter for pressure drop calculation (m)
Di shell inner diameter (m)
di tube inner diameter (m)
f friction factor (-)
fi, fo fouling factors tube and shell side (m2K/W)
U overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
L tube length (m)
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature difference (K)
n number of inner tubes (-)
Nu Nubelt number (-)
Pr Prandtl number (-)
Dpshell pressure loss in the shell (Pa)
DpT pressure loss in the tube (Pa)
Dpnozz pressure loss in the nozzle (Pa)
Q heat load (W)
Re Reynolds number (-)
Vshell volumetric flow in the shell (m3/s)
VT volumetric flow in the tube (m3/s)
wshell flow velocity in the shell (m/s)
wT flow velocity in the tube (m/s)
wnozz flow velocity in the nozzle (m/s)
z number of the 180 -turns (-)
Di shell inner diameter
DK core tube outer diameter
DH average spiral diameter
do tube outer diameter
di tube inner diameter
T spiral pitch ¼ 1.5  do
N number of spiral windings
DHo outer spiral diameter ¼ Di  do
DHi inner spiral diameter ¼ DK þ do
a inner gap w15 mm or do/2
b outer gap w15 mm or do/2
L total tube length
 Double Pipe, Helical Coil, and Cross Flow Heat Exchanger 245

REFERENCES
[1] G.P. Purohit, Thermal and hydraulic design of hairpin and finned-bundle exchangers, Chem. Eng.
90 (1983) 62e70.
[2] D.A. Donohue, Heat transfer and pressure drop in heat exchangers”, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 (1949), 2499
and Petrol.Ref. 34(1955), No. 10 and No. 11.
[3] R.K. Patil, B.W. Shende, P.K. Ghosh, Designing a helical-coil heat exchanger, Chem. Eng. 13 (12)
(1982).
[4] S.S. Haraburda, Consider helical-coil heat exchangers, Chem. Eng. 102 (1995) 149e152.
[5] E.D. Grimison, Trans. ASME 59 (1937) 583e594.
[6] O.L. Pierson, Trans. ASME 59 (1937) 563.
[7] M. Jakob, Trans. ASME 60 (1938) 381e392.