BS 171 - 1970

British Standard
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Specification for
BRITISH STANDARD
Power transformers
and 3
Incorporating
BS 171:1970
Amendment Nos. 1, 2
BS 171:1970
Co-operating organizations
The Electrical Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this

British Standard was prepared consists of representatives from the following
Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations:
Associated Offices’ Technical Committee

Association of Consulting Engineers*
Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers

Association of Supervising Electrical Engineers
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers’ Association*
British Radio Equipment Manufacturers’ Association
British Railways Board
Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations
Department of Employment and Productivity
Electric Cable Makers’ Confederation*
Electric Lamp Industry Council
Electric Light Fittings Association
Electrical Contractors’ Association (Incorporated)
Electrical Contractors’ Association of Scotland
Electrical Research Association*
Electricity Council, the Central Electricity Generating Board and the Area
Boards in England and Wales*
Electronic Engineering Association
Engineering Equipment Users’ Association*
Institution of Electrical Engineers
Ministry of Defence
Ministry of Defence, Army Department
Ministry of Defence, Navy Department*
Ministry of Public Building and Works*
Ministry of Technology
Ministry of Technology (Power)
Municipal Passenger Transport Association (Incorporated)
National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting
National Physical Laboratory (Ministry of Technology)
Oil Companies Materials Association
This British Standard, having Post Office
been approved by the Public Transport Association (Incorporated)
Electrical Industry
Standards Committee, was
South of Scotland Electricity Board
published under the authority
of the Executive Board on The Government departments and scientific and industrial organizations
31 March 1970 marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were
directly represented on the committee entrusted with the preparation of this
© BSI 02-2000
British Standard:
First published (as part of BS 72)
July 1915 Engineer Surveyors’ Association
Revised September 1917 London Transport Board
First published as BS 171 National Coal Board
July 1927
Revised July 1936 Amendments issued since publication
Second revision (with change of
title) March 1959
Third revision March 1970
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
1217 July 1973

The following BSI references
relate to the work on this 2685 August 1978
standard:
Committee reference ELE/ELCP/3
Draft for comment 68/4425 3403 August 1980 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
ISBN 0 580 05547 7

BS 171:1970
Contents
Page
Co-operating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword v
Section 1. Scope and service conditions
1 Scope 1
2 Service conditions 1
3 Provision for unusual service conditions 2
Section 2. Definitions
4 Definitions 2
Section 3. Rating
5 General 9
6 Rated power 9
7 Preferred values of rated power 10
Section 4. Tappings
8 General 10
9 Off-circuit tappings 10
10 Principal tapping 10
11 Categories of voltage variation 11
12 Specification of voltage conditions 11
13 Tapping range 11
14 Tapping quantities 12
Section 5. Identification according to cooling method
15 Identification symbols 13
16 Arrangement of symbols 13
Section 6. Limits of temperature rise
17 Temperature rise limits 13
18 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed
for high cooling medium temperatures 15
19 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed
for high altitudes 15
20 General 15
21 Windings with graded insulation 17
22 Transformers for use at high altitudes 17
Section 8. Ability to withstand short circuit
23 General 18
24 Overcurrent conditions 18
25 Mechanical requirements 19
26 Thermal requirements 19
27 Transformers directly associated with other apparatus 20
28 Special transformers 20
29 Short-circuit tests 20
30 Auxiliary windings 20
Section 9. Rating plates
31 Rating plates 21
Section 10. Vector diagrams, connections and terminals
32 Connections of phase-windings 22
33 Phase displacement between sets of windings; marking
and position of terminals 22
© BSI 02-2000 i
BS 171:1970
Page
Section 11. Tolerances
34 Tolerances 24
Section 12. Tests
35 General requirements for type, routine and special tests 24

36 Measurement of winding resistance (routine test) 25
37 Voltage ratio measurement and check of polarity or
vector-group symbol (routine test) 26
38 Measurement of impedance voltages (routine test) 26
39 Measurement of load loss (routine test) 26
40 Measurement of no-load loss and current (routine test) 26
41 Test of temperature rise (type test) 27
42 Application of dielectric tests 32
43 Induced overvoltage withstand test (routine test) 32
44 Separate source voltage-withstand test (routine test) 33
45 Full wave impulse-voltage withstand test (type test) 33
46 Impulse-voltage withstand test including chopped waves
(special test) 34
47 Subsequent dielectric tests 36
48 Measurement of zero phase-sequence impedance (special test) 36
Section 13. Insulating liquids
49 Oil 37
50 Synthetic insulating liquid 37
Section 14. Fittings
51 Provision of fittings 37
Appendix A Information required with enquiry and order 38
Appendix B Selection of insulation levels 39
Appendix C Calculation of voltage drop (or rise) for a
specified load condition 41
Appendix D Transformer connections, winding designations,
terminal markings and vector diagrams 44
Appendix E Parallel operation of 3-phase transformers 61
Appendix F Examples of specifications for transformers
with voltage variation facilities 66
Appendix G Typical connection diagrams for induced voltage
tests on windings with graded insulation 68
Appendix H Fittings 71
Appendix J Supplementary information concerning
high-voltage tests 74
Appendix K Impulse-voltage testing of low-voltage windings Inside back cover
Figure 1 — The use of vector-group symbols 23
Figure 2 — Method for determining final temperature rise of oil 29
Figure 2A — Method for determining temperature of winding
at shut-down 31
Figure 3 — Designation of connections of 3-phase transformers
by vector-group symbols 46
Figure 3A — Example of three single-phase transformers
connected to form a 3-phase bank 44
Figure 3B — Example of designating letters for the windings of a
single-phase transformer, without tappings 47
ii © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Page
Figure 3C — Example of designating letters for the windings of a
single-phase auto-transformer 48
Figure 3D — Example of designating letters for the windings of a
Scott-connected transformer 48
Figure 3E — Single-phase winding with tappings at ends 49

Figure 3F — Single-phase winding with tappings at middle 49
Figure 3G — 3-phase winding with tappings at middle 49
Figure 3H — Typical designating letters and subscript numbers for
auto-transformers, showing also terminal connections 50
Figure 3J — Typical designating letters and subscript numbers for
Scott-connected transformers showing also terminal connections 50
Figure 3K — Marking and relative position of terminals for
two-winding transformers 52
Figure 3L — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group I: phase displacement = 0° 53
Figure 3M — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group II: phase displacement = 180° 54
Figure 3N — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group III: phase displacement = – 30° 55
Figure 3P — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group IV: phase placement: = + 30° 56
Figure 3Q — Vector diagrams for single, 2 and 3/2-phase
transformers 57
Figure 3R — Terminal marking plate for series current-limiting
reactors 58
Figure 3S — Typical terminal marking plate for
delta/star-connected 3-phase transformer 59
Figure 3T — Typical terminal marking plate for single-phase
transformer having HV tapping links and LV series-parallel connections 60
Figure 4 — Parallel operation of transformers of the same group 62
Figure 5 — Parallel operation of transformers of Groups III or IV 63
Figure 5A — Example of parallel operation of transformers as
Figure 3N and Figure 3P (transformers having vector symbols Dy1
and Yd11 operating in parallel) 65
Figure 6 — 3-phase transformer — single-phase supply through
a delta-connected winding 68
a star-connected winding 68
a star-connected winding 69
Figure 11 — 3-phase transformer — 3-phase supply
Figure 12 — Single-phase transformer 70
Figure 13 — Single-phase transformer tested with auxiliary test
transformer 70
Figure 14 — Recommended position of fittings 73
© BSI 02-2000 iii

BS 171:1970
Page
Table 1 — Phase factors 10
Table 2 — Preferred values of rated power for 3-phase
transformers 10
Table 3 — Letter symbols 13
Table 4 — Order of symbols 13

Table 5 — Temperature rise limits for dry-type transformers 14
Table 6 — Temperature rise limits for oil-immersed
type transformers 14
Table 7 — Insulation levels for windings and connected parts
not designed for impulse-voltage tests 15
Table 8 — Insulation levels for windings and connected parts
designed for impulse-voltage tests 16
Table 9 — Categories of graded insulation 17
Table 10 — Insulation levels for the neutral ends of windings
of transformers having graded insulation 17
Table 11 — Overcurrent limits for transformers with two
windings 18
Table 12 — Maximum permissible average winding
temperatures (T2) 19
Table 13 — Values of factor a 20
Table 14 — Tolerances 24
Table 15 — Reference temperatures 25
Table 16 — Correction factors 32
Table 17 — Fittings for oil-immersed type transformers 71
Table 18 — Additional fittings for oil-immersed type
transformers 74
Table 19 — High-voltage tests at reduced levels 74
iv © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Foreword
This standard makes reference to the following British Standards:

BS 148, Insulating oil for transformers and switchgear.
BS 205, Glossary of terms used in electrical engineering.
BS 923, Guide on high-voltage testing techniques. Revision of BS 923:1940. In
course of preparation.
BS 2045, Preferred numbers.

BS 2562, Cable sealing boxes for oil-immersed transformers.
BS 2757, Classification of insulating materials for electrical machinery and
apparatus on the basis of thermal stability in service.
BS 2914, Surge diverters for alternating-current high-voltage power circuits.
CP 1009, Maintenance of insulating oil (with special reference to transformers and
switchgear).
CP 1010, Guide to loading of oil-immersed transformers to BS 171.
This revision of BS 171:1959, issued under the authority of the Electrical
Industry Standards Committee, is based on the recommendations given in
Publication 761), second edition, 1967, of the International Electrotechnical
Commission. The deviations from the IEC Recommendation are, apart from
editorial changes obviously required for the purposes of a British Standard,
mainly editorial and minor technical modifications and additions aimed at
improving the clarity of the standard. More significant deviations include the
following:
35.1, Routine tests. The insulation resistance test is not specified in the
IEC Recommendation.
41.9, Temperature correction for cooling of transformers after
shut-down. Figure 2A does not appear in the IEC Recommendation.
Clause 45, Full-wave impulse-voltage withstand test (type test). Two
additional test methods for low-voltage windings, either of which may be used as
an alternative to the method specified in the IEC Recommendation, are detailed
in Appendix K.
46.2.3, Voltage applications (impulse-voltage test). The sequence of voltage
applications differs from that given in the IEC Recommendation.
Clause 48, Measurement of zero phase-sequence impedance (special
test). This test is not referred to in the IEC Recommendation.
Clause 49, Oil, Clause 50, Synthetic insulating liquid, and Clause 51,
Provision of fittings. These three clauses are not given in the IEC
Recommendation.
Appendix B, Selection of insulation levels. Additional information
on system earthing and a further category of system earthing,
i.e. neutral-impedance-earthed system (non-effectively earthed) are given
in this standard.
Appendix D, Transformer connections. A considerable amount of additional
information on designating letters for windings, and connection diagrams is
included in this standard. This additional information is similar to that given in
BS 171:1959.
Appendix H, Fittings. The information given is similar to that given in
BS 171:1959, and is not given in the IEC Recommendation.
Appendix J, Supplementary information concerning high-voltage tests.
The information given is similar to that given in BS 171:1959, and is not given in
the IEC Recommendation.
1) IECPublication 76:1967, “Power transformers”. Copies may be obtained from the British
Standards Institution, Sales Branch, Newton House, 101–113 Pentonville Road, London,
W1Y 4AA.
© BSI 02-2000 v
BS 171:1970
Appendix K, Impulse-voltage testing of low-voltage windings.

See remarks above on Clause 45.
This British Standard includes a number of appendices which give guidance on
the ordering, application and testing of transformers. Particular attention is
drawn to the following appendices, which are not cross-referred to elsewhere in
the standard:
Appendix A. Information required with enquiry and order.
Appendix C. Calculation of voltage drop (or rise) for a specified load condition.
The following is a list of British Standards which give requirements for certain
transformers of types not covered or only partially covered by BS 171.
BS 355, Mining-type transformers;
BS 587, Motor starters and controllers;
BS 638, Arc welding plant, equipment and accessories;
BS 1538, Intrinsically-safe transformers primarily for bell-signalling circuits;
BS 1698, Mercury-arc rectifier equipments;
BS 2214, The performance of power transformers (not exceeding 2 kVA rating) for
radio and allied electronic equipment;
BS 2538, Air cooled flameproof single-phase lighting transformer units supplied
from high voltage systems;
BS 3399, Transformers for use in ships;
BS 3535, Safety isolating transformers for industrial and domestic purposes;
BS 3938, Current transformers;
BS 3941, Voltage transformers;
BS 4944, Reactors, arc-suppression coils and earthing transformers for electric
power systems;
BS 2G 127, Power and current transformers for use in aircraft electrical power
supply systems.
The foregoing list was correct at the date of publication and will be revised as
successive reprints of BS 171 become necessary, but reference should be made to
the current British Standards Yearbook for up-to-date information.
With the publication in 1978 of Parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the revision of BS 171:1970,
the requirements of BS 171:1970 relating to power transformers are superseded
by those of the new standard. However, Part 3 of the new standard “Insulation
levels and dielectric tests” will not be published for some time as the
corresponding part of the revision of IEC Publication 76:1967 has not yet been
published. In the meantime the following requirements of BS 171:1970 continue
to apply to power transformers:
4.9, Insulation
Section 7. Insulation levels
20, General
21, Windings with graded insulation
22, Transformers for use at high altitudes
Section 12. Tests
35, General requirements for type, routine and special tests2)
42, Application of dielectric tests
43, Induced overvoltage withstand test (routine test)
2) Only those requirements relating to dielectric tests remain valid.
vi © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
44, Separate source voltage-withstand test (routine test)

45, Full wave impulse-voltage withstand test (type test)
46, Impulse-voltage withstand test including chopped waves (special
test)
47, Subsequent dielectric tests

Appendix B, Selection of insulation levels
Appendix G, Typical connection diagrams for induced voltage tests on
windings with graded insulation
Appendix J, Supplementary information concerning high-voltage tests
Appendix K, Impulse-voltage testing of low-voltage windings
Supplementary material relating to power transformers can be found in
BS 5953 “Guide on power transformers” Part 1 “Application of power
transformers”, which is identical with IEC Publication 606. Pending the
publication of additional supplementary material, the following material from
BS 171:1970 remains valid for power transformers for guidance only.
Appendix D, Transformer connections, winding designations, terminal

markings and vector diagrams
D.3 Designating letters for windings
D.4 Subscript numbers for winding ends and tappings
Many of the requirements given in BS 171:1970 are called up in

BS 4944:1973 “Reactors, arc-suppression coils and earthing transformers for
electric power systems”. Therefore, BS 171:1970 will remain applicable to
equipment covered by BS 4944:1973 as specified in that standard until the latter
has been revised to align it with the revision of BS 171:1970. This will follow the
revision of IEC Publication 289 “Reactors” which is being prepared by the
International Electrotechnical Commission.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to viii,
pages 1 to 74, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
© BSI 02-2000 vii

viii
blank
BS 171:1970
Section 1. Scope and service conditions

1 Scope
With the publication in 1978 of parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of the revision of BS 171:1970, the requirements of
BS 171:1970 relating to power transformers are superseded by those of the new standard, except for those
clauses and appendices listed in the Foreword.

This British Standard specifies power transformers (including auto-transformers). The following small and
special transformers are excluded:
Single-phase transformers rated at less than 1 kVA and polyphase transformers rated at less than 2 kVA.
Current transformers.
Voltage transformers.
Constant-current power and lighting transformers.
Testing transformers.
Transformers incorporated in motor starters and controllers.
Induction regulators.
Transformers for use with intrinsically safe apparatus.
Transformers for aircraft purposes.
Transformers for use in ships.
Small power transformers for radio and allied electronic equipment.
Transformers forming part of arc welding plant.
Safety isolating transformers.
Requirements for certain transformers for special applications, such as mining and static convertors, and
requirements for reactors, arc-suppression coils and earthing transformers, are covered in so far as
reference is made to BS 171 in the relevant British Standards. The requirements of BS 171 may also be
applicable, either as a whole or in part, to other special transformers not at present covered by separate
British Standards.
NOTE A list of British Standards which give requirements for power transformers of types not covered or only partially covered by
BS 171 will be found at the end of the Foreword.
2 Service conditions
This British Standard gives detailed requirements for transformers for use under the following conditions:
a) Altitude. A height above sea level not exceeding 1 000 m (3 300 ft) or altitudes in excess of this height
above sea level where specified by the purchaser.
NOTE For greater altitudes, see Clause 3.
b) Temperature of cooling medium. For water-cooled apparatus, cooling water at a temperature not
exceeding 25 °C at the inlet. For air-cooled apparatus, air at a temperature never exceeding 40 °C, or
below – 25 °C, unless specially stipulated by the purchaser.
NOTE For higher temperatures, see Clause 3.
In addition, for air-cooled apparatus, the air temperature never exceeds 30 °C average in any one day,
and 20 °C average in any one year.
Where a conservator is fitted, the standard capacity covers a range of average oil temperature
from – 10 °C to + 80 °C. Where the air temperature is likely to be lower than – 10 °C, the purchaser
should state the actual conditions in the enquiry and order. See A.1.1.2 26).
c) Wave shape of supply voltage. A supply voltage of which the wave shape is approximately sinusoidal.
d) Symmetry of polyphase supply voltages. For polyphase transformers, supply voltages which are
approximately symmetrical.
© BSI 02-2000 1
BS 171:1970
3 Provision for unusual service conditions

Supplementary recommendations are given for the rating and testing of dry-type and oil-immersed type
air-cooled transformers designed for use where the cooling air temperatures exceed those given in 2 b) by
a limited amount. Supplementary recommendations are also given for all types of transformers designed
for use at altitudes in excess of 1 000 m (3 300 ft) above sea level. (See Clauses 18, 19 and 22).
No specific recommendations are given regarding the temperature rises of air-cooled transformers where
the temperature of the cooling air exceeds the values given in 2 b) by more than 10 degC or for water-cooled
transformers where the temperature of the available cooling water exceeds 25 °C. The special
requirements for such transformers are a matter for agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
NOTE For service conditions differing from standard it is recommended that a transformer having a standard temperature rise
conforming to BS 171 be used and loaded in accordance with CP 10103).
4 Definitions
For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions apply. Other terms used have the
meanings ascribed to them in BS 2054).
4.1 General
4.1.1
transformer
a static piece of apparatus which, by electromagnetic induction, transforms alternating voltage and current
between two or more windings at the same frequency and usually at different values of voltage and current
4.1.2
auto-transformer
a transformer in which at least two windings have a common part
4.1.3
booster transformer
a transformer of which one winding is intended to be connected in series with a circuit in order to alter its
voltage
4.1.4
oil-immersed type transformer
a transformer of which the core and windings are immersed in an oil
NOTE For the purposes of this standard a synthetic insulating liquid, e.g. askarel, is regarded as an oil.
4.1.5
dry-type transformer
a transformer of which the core and windings are not immersed in an insulating liquid
4.1.6
sealed transformer
a transformer which is non-breathing, i.e. so sealed that there can be no physical or chemical interchange
between its contents and the external atmosphere
sealed transformers fall into two categories:
a) a transformer in which the total volume of oil, gas, air, or any combination remains constant over the
temperature range;
b) a transformer in which the total volume of oil, gas, air, or any combination varies over the temperature
range, this variation being accommodated by a sealed flexible container.
3)
CP 1010, “Guide to loading of oil-immersed transformers to BS 171”. (The 1959 edition of CP 1010 will be revised in conformity
with the Loading Guide soon to be published by the IEC.)
4) BS 205, “Glossary of terms used in electrical engineering”.
2 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
4.2 Terminals and neutral point

4.2.1
terminal
a conducting element intended for connecting a winding to external conductors
4.2.2
line terminal
a terminal intended for connection to a line conductor of a system
4.2.3
neutral terminal
this is defined as:
a) For polyphase transformers, the terminal connected to the neutral point of a star-connected or
zigzag-connected winding.
b) For single-phase transformers, the terminal intended for connection to a neutral point of a system.
4.2.4
neutral point
either:
a) The common point of the star in a polyphase system.
b) The point of a symmetrical system which is normally at zero potential.
4.2.5
corresponding terminals
terminals of different windings of a transformer, marked with the same letter or corresponding symbol in
different characters
4.3 Windings
4.3.1
winding
the assembly of turns forming an electrical circuit associated with one of the voltages assigned to the
transformer
NOTE 1 For a polyphase transformer the “winding” is the combination of the phase-windings (see 4.3.2).
NOTE 2 For an auto-transformer the common part of the windings is called the “common winding”; the other part is called the
“series winding”.
NOTE 3 For a booster transformer the winding intended to be connected in series with a circuit is called the “series winding”; the
other is called the “energizing winding”.
4.3.2
phase-winding
the assembly of turns forming one phase of a polyphase winding
NOTE The term “phase-winding” should not be used for identifying the assembly of coils on a certain leg.
4.3.3
high-voltage winding5)
the winding for the highest rated voltage
4.3.4
low-voltage winding5)
the winding for the lowest rated voltage
NOTE For a booster transformer the winding having the lower rated voltage may be that having the higher insulation level.
4.3.5
intermediate-voltage winding5)
a winding of a multi-winding transformer whose rated voltage is intermediate between the highest and
lowest rated voltages
5) Awinding which receives the active power from the supply system is service conditions can be designated a “primary”, that
which delivers the active power to the load circuit a “secondary”.
© BSI 02-2000 3
BS 171:1970
4.3.6
auxiliary winding
a winding intended only for a load small compared with the rated power of the transformer
4.3.7
stabilizing winding
a supplementary delta-connected winding, especially provided on star-star or star-zigzag connected

transformers to decrease the zero-sequence impedance of the star-connected winding (see 4.7.5)
NOTE 1 Decrease of this impedance may be necessary, for example, to reduce the magnitude of third-harmonic voltages or to
stabilize voltages to the neutral.
NOTE 2 A winding is regarded as a stabilizing winding if its terminals are not brought out for connection to an external circuit.
However, one or two points of the winding which are intended to form the same corner point of the delta may be brought out, for
example, for earthing. For a 3-phase transformer, if other points of the winding are brought out, the winding should be regarded as
an auxiliary winding as defined in 4.3.6.
4.4 Rating
4.4.1
rating
those numerical values assigned to the quantities which define the operation of the transformer in the
conditions specified in this British Standard and on which the manufacturer’s guarantees and the tests are
based
4.4.2
rated quantities
quantities (voltage, current, etc.) the numerical values of which define the rating
NOTE 1 Unless otherwise specified rated quantities are related to principal tappings (see 4.5.1). For quantities related to other
tappings, see 4.5 and Section 4.
NOTE 2 Voltages and currents are always expressed by their r.m.s. values, unless otherwise specified.
4.4.3
rating plate
a plate fixed to a transformer, giving its rated and other essential data
NOTE The rated and other data to be given on the rating plate are specified in Section 9.
4.4.4
rated voltage of a winding
the voltage assigned to be applied, or developed at no-load, between the line terminals of a winding of a
polyphase transformer or between the terminals of a winding of a single-phase transformer
NOTE 1 The rated voltages of all windings appear simultaneously at no-load when the voltage applied to one of them has its rated
value.
NOTE 2 For single-phase transformers intended to be associated in a 3-phase bank, the voltage of a winding intended to be
connected in star is indicated by a fraction, in which the numerator is the line-to-line voltage and the denominator isÆ3, for example:
430
-------- V
3
The same applies to series windings of booster transformers
4.4.5
rated voltage ratio
the ratio of the rated voltage of a winding to the rated voltage of another winding associated with a lower
or equal rated voltage
4.4.6
rated frequency
the frequency at which the transformer is designed to operate
4.4.7
rated power
a conventional value of apparent power (in kVA or MVA), establishing a basis for the design, the
manufacturer’s guarantees and the tests, determining a well-defined value for the rated current that may
be carried with rated voltage applied, under the conditions specified in this British Standard
4 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
NOTE 1 Both windings of a two-winding transformer have the same rated power, which by definition is the rated power of the
transformer.
NOTE 2 For multi-winding transformers the rated power for each of the windings should be stated.
NOTE 3 With constant rated voltage applied to one of the windings, the apparent power that can actually be delivered by (one of)
the other winding(s) loaded with its rated current will deviate from the rated power of the latter winding by an amount depending on
the corresponding voltage drop (or rise) (see 4.7.4). This apparent power is equal to the product of the actual voltage on load of the
latter winding, the rated current (see 4.4.8) related to that winding and the appropriate phase factor (see Table 1).
4.4.8
rated current
the current, flowing through a line terminal of a winding, derived by dividing the rated power of the
winding by the rated voltage of the winding and by an appropriate phase factor (see Table 1)
NOTE 1 If the delta or other polygon connection is made externally by linking the terminals of two phase-windings in pairs, this
current corresponds to the value obtained for the pair of terminals thus connected.
NOTE 2 For single-phase transformers intended to be associated in a 3-phase bank, the current of a winding intended to be
connected in delta is indicated by a fraction, in which the numerator is the corresponding line current and the denominator isÆ3, for
example:
500
-------- A
3
4.5 Tappings
4.5.1
principal tapping
the tapping to which the rating of a tapped winding is related
NOTE For the choice of this tapping, see Clause 10.
4.5.2
tapping quantities
quantities related to tappings other than the principal tapping
4.5.3
tapping power
a conventional value of apparent power of a winding which, when the tapped winding is connected on the
tapping concerned and when the appropriate voltages applied or developed have the values corresponding
to no-load, determines the current which may be carried through a line terminal of this winding
NOTE The appropriate voltages depend on the category of voltage variation (see Clause 11 and 14.2).
4.5.4
tapping voltage
the value of the voltage developed at no-load between the line terminals of a tapped polyphase winding, or
between the terminals of a tapped single-phase winding, connected on the corresponding tapping, when
rated voltage is applied to the other winding which, if tapped, is connected on its principal tapping
4.5.5
step voltage
the difference between the tapping voltages of two adjacent tappings
NOTE It may be given as a percentage of the rated voltage.
4.5.6
plus tapping
a tapping so located in a tapped winding as to introduce into this winding a greater number of effective
turns than those corresponding to the principal tapping
4.5.7
minus tapping
a tapping so located in a tapped winding as to introduce into this winding fewer, effective turns than those
corresponding to the principal tapping
© BSI 02-2000 5
BS 171:1970
4.5.8
tapping range
the total tapping range of a tapped winding consists of the plus and minus tapping ranges, which are the
differences between its highest and lowest tapping voltages, on the one hand, and its rated voltage on the
other hand, usually expressed as a plus and a minus percentage of that rated voltage
4.5.9
tapping current
the maximum permissible current through a line terminal of a tapped winding when connected on the
tapping concerned
4.5.10
voltage variation range
the range of the variable (no-load) voltages at the line terminals of a tapped or an untapped winding
4.6 Losses and no-load current
4.6.1
no-load loss
the active power absorbed when rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to the terminals of one of the
windings, the other winding(s) being open-circuited
4.6.2
no-load current
the current flowing through a line terminal of a winding when rated voltage is applied at rated frequency,
the other winding(s) being open-circuited
NOTE 1 The no-load current of a winding is often expressed as a percentage of the rated current of the same winding. For
multi-winding transformers this percentage is referred to the winding with the highest rated power.
NOTE 2 For polyphase transformers the no-load currents through the different line terminals may be unequal. If, in this case, the
values of the different no-load currents are not given separately the no-load current is assumed to be the arithmetic mean value of
these currents.
4.6.3
load loss
this is defined as:
a) Of two-winding transformers, the active power absorbed at rated frequency when rated current is
flowing through the line terminal(s) of one of the windings, the terminals of the other winding being
short-circuited. The value is related to the reference temperature shown in Table 15.
b) Of multi-winding transformers, related to a certain combination of two windings, the active power
absorbed at rated frequency when a current flows through the line terminal(s) of one of the windings of
the combination, corresponding to the smaller of the rated power values of both windings of that
combination, the terminals of the other winding of the combination being short-circuited and the
remaining winding(s) being open-circuited. The various values for the different combinations are related
to the reference temperature shown in Table 15.
4.6.4
total losses
the sum of the no-load loss and the load loss
NOTE 1 For multi-winding transformers the total losses refer to a specified loading combination.
NOTE 2 The losses in auxiliary plant are not included in the total losses. They should be stated separately.
4.7 Impedance voltage and voltage drop
4.7.1
impedance voltage at rated current
this is defined as:
a) Of two-winding transformers, the voltage required to be applied at rated frequency to the line
terminals of a winding of a polyphase transformer or to the terminals of a winding of a single-phase
transformer to cause the rated current to flow through these terminals when the terminals of the other
winding are short-circuited. The value is related to the reference temperature shown in Table 15.
6 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
b) Of multi-winding transformers, related to a certain combination of two windings, the voltage required
to be applied at rated frequency to the line terminals of one of the windings of the combination for a
polyphase transformer or to the terminals of such a winding for a single-phase transformer to cause a
current to flow through these terminals corresponding to the smaller of the rated power values of both
windings of that combination, the terminals of the other winding of the combination being
short-circuited and the remaining winding(s) being open-circuited. The various values for the different
combinations are related to the reference temperature shown in Table 15.
NOTE 1 [Applicable to both a) and b).] The rated impedance voltage is usually expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage of the
winding to which the voltage is applied.
NOTE 2 [Applicable to b) only.] In order to simplify certain calculations it may be convenient to recalculate the impedance voltages
of the various combinations in terms of the same rated power.
NOTE 3 Where in this standard the expression “impedance voltage” is used in a general sense, it means a quantity similar to the
impedance voltage at rated current but possibly related to other values of current and/or to connections to tappings other than the
principal tapping.
4.7.2
resistance voltage
the component of an impedance voltage in phase with the current
NOTE See Note 3 to 4.7.1.
4.7.3
reactance voltage
the component of an impedance voltage in quadrature with the current
NOTE See Note 3 to 4.7.1.
4.7.4
voltage drop (or rise) (regulation) for a specified load condition
the difference between the rated voltage of a winding and the voltage developed at a specified load and
power factor, the voltage supplied to (one of) the other winding(s) being at its rated value. It is generally
expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage of the former winding
NOTE For multi-winding transformers the voltage drop (or rise) depends not only on the load and power factor of the winding itself
but also on the load and power factor of the other windings.
4.7.5
zero-sequence impedance
the impedance, expressed in ohms per phase at rated frequency, between the line terminals of a polyphase
star or zigzag-connected winding connected together and its neutral terminal
NOTE 1 The zero-sequence impedance may have several values, because it depends not only on the method of connection of the
winding itself but also on the way in which the other windings and their terminals are connected.
NOTE 2 The zero-sequence impedance is often dependent on the value of the current.
4.8 Temperature rise
4.8.1
temperature rise
the difference between the temperature of the part under consideration and, for air-cooled transformers,
the temperature of the cooling air; for water-cooled transformers, the temperature of the water at the
intake of the cooling equipment
4.9 Insulation
4.9.1
insulation level
that combination of voltage values (both power-frequency and impulse) which characterizes the insulation
of each of the windings and their associated parts with regard to capability of withstanding dielectric
stresses
NOTE The insulation level is generally expressed by the value of both the power-frequency test voltage and the full-wave impulse
test voltage, but for windings not designed for impulse testing it is expressed by the power-frequency test voltage only.
4.9.2
uniformly-insulated winding
a winding in which the insulation to earth is at all points designed to withstand the separate-source
power-frequency test voltage appropriate to the line end
© BSI 02-2000 7
BS 171:1970
4.9.3
graded-insulated winding
a winding in which the insulation to earth is graded from the amount at the line end to a smaller amount
at the neutral end
NOTE Such a winding therefore will withstand a separate-source power-frequency test voltage of a value appropriate only to the
insulation level of the neutral end.

4.9.4
exposed installation
an installation in which the transformer is exposed to overvoltages of atmospheric origin
NOTE Such installations are usually connected to overhead transmissions lines, either directly or through a short length of cable.
4.9.5
non-exposed installation
an installation in which the transformer is not exposed to overvoltages of atmospheric origin
NOTE Such installations are usually connected to cable networks.
4.9.6
system nominal voltage
the r.m.s. line-to-line voltage by which a system is designated
NOTE This voltage is not necessarily the same as the rated voltage of the winding of the transformer connected to the system.
4.9.7
system highest voltage
the highest r.m.s. line-to-line voltage that can be maintained under normal operating conditions at any
time and at any point on the system
NOTE 1 It excludes temporary voltage variations due to fault conditions or the sudden disconnection of large loads.
NOTE 2 The open-circuit voltage of certain tappings may exceed the system highest voltage. See Appendix B.
4.10 Connections
4.10.1
star connection
the winding connection so arranged that one end of each of the phase-windings of a polyphase transformer
or of each of the windings for the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a polyphase
bank is connected to a common point (the neutral point) and the other end to its appropriate line terminal
4.10.2
delta connection
the winding connection so arranged that the phase-windings of a 3-phase transformer or the windings for
the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a 3-phase bank are connected in series
to form a closed-circuit
4.10.3
open-delta connection
the winding connection in which the phase-windings of a 3-phase transformer or the windings for the same
rated voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a 3-phase bank are connected in series without
closing one corner of the delta
4.10.4
zigzag or interconnected-star connection
the winding connection in star of the phase-windings of a polyphase transformer, each one of which is made
up of parts in which phase-displaced voltages are induced
4.10.5
open windings
phase-windings of a polyphase transformer which are not interconnected within the transformer
NOTE The terminal arrangement frequently used on generator transformers where all phase ends are brought out through
terminals and appropriate terminals are then linked to form a closed-circuit is deemed to be a delta connection, as defined in 4.10.2.
8 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
4.10.6
phase displacement
the angular difference between the vectors representing the voltages between the neutral point (real or
imaginary) and the corresponding terminals of two windings, a positive-sequence voltage system being
applied to the high-voltage terminals following each other in alphabetical sequence if they are lettered or
in numerical sequence if they are numbered. The vectors are assumed to rotate in a counter-clockwise sense
the phase displacement is expressed as the hour number, shown on a clock whose large (minute) hand is
pointing at 12 and coincides with the vector of the voltage between the neutral point (real or imaginary)
and the high-voltage line terminal, and whose small (hour) hand coincides with the vector of the voltage
between the neutral point (real or imaginary) and the corresponding low-voltage or intermediate voltage
terminal
4.10.7
vector-group symbol
a conventional notation indicating the respective connections of the high-voltage, intermediate voltage (if
any) and low-voltage windings and their relative phase displacement(s) expressed as clock-hour figure(s)
4.11 Kinds of tests
4.11.1
acceptance tests
those tests which demonstrate to the satisfaction of the purchaser that the transformer complies with the
specification
4.11.2
routine test
a test to which each individual transformer is subjected
4.11.3
type test
a test made on a transformer which is representative of other transformers, to demonstrate that these
transformers comply with specified requirements not covered by routine tests
NOTE A transformer is considered to be representative of others if it is fully identical in rating and construction, but the type test
is also considered valid if it is made on a transformer which has minor deviations of rating or other characteristics. If the test is an
acceptance test, these deviations should be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
4.11.4
special test
a test other than a type test or a routine test, agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser and applicable
only to one or more transformers of a particular contract
Section 3. Rating
5 General
The manufacturer shall ascribe ratings to the transformer which shall be marked on the rating plate
(see Section 9). These ratings shall be such that the transformer can deliver its rated current under steady
loading conditions without exceeding the limits of temperature rise specified in Section 6, assuming that
the applied voltage is equal to the rated voltage and that the supply is at rated frequency.
6 Rated power
The rated power so assigned shall take into account service conditions corresponding to those specified in
Section 1 and shall be related to the product of rated voltage, rated current and the appropriate phase
factor given in Table 1.
© BSI 02-2000 9
BS 171:1970
Table 1 — Phase factors

Number of phases Phase factor
1 1
2 2
3 3
NOTE 1 The rated power assigned here corresponds to continuous duty. Conditions for other duties should be the subject of an
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
NOTE 2 Although the rating is related to the rated voltage the transformer should be capable of delivering its rated current at an
applied voltage 5 % higher than the rated voltage.
7 Preferred values of rated power

Preferred values of rated power for 3-phase transformers are listed in Table 2, but compliance with this
British Standard does not require the adoption of only the values given in that table. The values should,
however, be adopted whenever possible. They are in the R10 series given in BS 20456).
Table 2 — Preferred values of rated
power for 3-phase transformers
kVA kVA kVA
5 31.5 200
6.3 40 250
8 50 315
10 63 400
12.5 80 500
16 100 630
20 125 800
25 160 1 000, etc.
Section 4. Tappings
NOTE 1 In specifications and on rating plates only no-load voltages should be mentioned. The purchaser when drafting his enquiry
may derive these no-load values from voltages on load by a rough estimation of the voltage drop (or rise), which can be checked
afterwards when exact values of this drop (or rise) are known.
NOTE 2 The asterisk (*) added to “voltage” in this section and in Appendix F means that for a voltage not applied to, but developed
at, the terminals no-load condition is implied.
NOTE 3 In Clauses 11–14 of this section only the case (the most common in practice) of transformers which have only one winding
provided with voltage variation tappings is envisaged.
8 General
Transformers are not provided with tappings unless specifically required. When tappings are required it
shall be stated if they are intended for off-circuit or for on-load tap-changing.
9 Off-circuit tappings
If off-circuit tap-changing is specified but the tapping range and the step voltages are not stated, standard
values of ± 5 % for the tapping range and of 2.5 % for the step voltages are assumed.
10 Principal tapping
Unless otherwise specified, the principal tapping (see 4.5.1) is taken to correspond with the mean tapping
position if the number of tapping positions is odd or, if this number is even, that one of the two middle
tapping positions which is associated with the higher number of effective turns on the tapped winding.
6) BS 2045, “Preferred numbers”.
10 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
11 Categories of voltage variation

With respect to the influence of voltage variation on several characteristics of a transformer having
tappings inserted in only one winding, three categories of voltage variation should be distinguished:
a) Constant-flux voltage variation (C.F.V.V.). Voltage7) substantially constant at the untapped
winding(s) and variable at the tapped winding. This type of voltage variation is associated with a
constant voltage7) per turn and, consequently, with a constant magnetic flux (at no-load).
b) Variable-flux voltage variation (V.F.V.V.). Voltage7) substantially constant at the tapped winding and
variable at the untapped winding(s). This type of voltage variation is associated with a variable voltage7)
per turn and, consequently, with a variable magnetic flux (at no-load).
c) Mixed voltage variation (M.V.V.). Voltage7) variable at the tapped winding and at the untapped
winding(s). For a given constant value of the voltage7) at the untapped winding(s), the voltage variation
is associated with a constant magnetic flux (at no-load) but, when passing from this value to another one,
with a variable magnetic flux (at no-load).
NOTE 1 The purchaser should specify which category of voltage variation is wanted. If nothing is specified the manufacturer chooses
a certain category. The category of voltage variation applied should be clearly indicated, using the symbols C.F.V.V., V.F.V.V. or
M.V.V. given above. If nothing is indicated category C.F.V.V. is assumed to be applied.
NOTE 2 For transformers of category C.F.V.V. a variation of the magnetic flux (at no-load) up to 5 % is permissible. If this value is
not exceeded the regulation is considered to be C.F.V.V.
NOTE 3 If a transformer, designed under one category, should be used under another category, certain operating limitations should
be recognized. If a transformer is destined for service conditions according to more than one category it should be designed to meet
the most onerous conditions of magnetic flux and load current.
NOTE 4 For examples of specifying transformers for the different categories of voltage variation, see Appendix F.
12 Specification of voltage conditions

If a tapped or untapped winding is to be designed for a variable voltage7), the voltage variation range
(see 4.5.10) shall be specified.
The voltage variation range of a winding is indicated either by showing its rated voltage, followed by the
extreme plus and minus voltage7) variations expressed as percentages of that rated voltage, or by showing,
in a decreasing order, the values of its extreme voltages7) and of its rated voltage.
NOTE 1 Certain intermediate values of voltages required by the purchaser may be incompatible with the design. In this case the
manufacturer should provide the purchaser with information on the values which can be obtained in practice.
NOTE 2 Percentages are indicated as follows:
if the range contains equal plus and minus components (e.g. a %), by: ± a %;
if the components are unequal (e.g. + a % and – b %), by: + a % – b %;
if there is only a plus or only a minus component (e.g. only + a % or only – b %), by: + a % or by – b % respectively
It should be quite clearly indicated which of the values is related to the rated voltage (e.g. by underlining this value).
In the case of untapped windings, all values, whether of percentages or voltages, should be put between parentheses (round brackets),
values of rated voltages excepted.
For category M.V.V. it is advisable to specify those combinations of the variable voltages7) that are required
simultaneously in both the tapped and the untapped windings, which determine the extreme values of the
ratio. If these combinations are not specified it is to be assumed that the extreme values of the voltage ratio
should cover all the combinations of voltages up to the opposite limits of the voltage variation ranges of the
windings.
13 Tapping range
The tapping range (see 4.5.8) to be provided for the tapped winding is determined by the specified voltage
variation range(s) (and if necessary by the limits of combinations of variable voltages7) as mentioned in
Clause 12).
The tapping range is usually made up of a number of step voltages (see 4.5.5).
The number of tapping positions required should be mentioned in the specification.
7) See Note 2 at the beginning of this section.
© BSI 02-2000 11
BS 171:1970
For the different categories of voltage variation the relation between the tapping range to be provided and
the voltage variation range(s) required is as follows:
C.F.V.V. The tapping range is identical with the voltage variation range, because both are related to the
tapped winding.
V.F.V.V. The tapping range (of the tapped winding) is not identical with the voltage variation range or
ranges (of the untapped winding or windings), but can be derived directly from them (see F.2).
M.V.V. The tapping range (of the tapped winding) is not identical with the voltage variation ranges (of the
tapped and untapped windings), but can be derived from the extreme value of the ratio required,
determined according to Clause 12 (see F.3).
NOTE 1 Certain modifications of the voltage variation range(s) may be desirable in order to obtain a tapping range compatible with
an appropriate design. Such modifications are subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. (See F.2.1.)
NOTE 2 For categories V.F.V.V. and M.V.V., where the tapping range is not identical with the voltage variation range(s), it is
recommended that only the voltage variation range(s) be mentioned in a specification or on a rating plate. The addition of tapping
voltages, which generally do not correspond to actual voltages, or of the tapping range may give rise to confusion. For category M.V.V.,
however, more explicit information as mentioned in Appendix F is required.
14 Tapping quantities
14.1 Temperature rise. It is recognized that the transformer may not completely meet the relevant
temperature rise limits at full rated power when connected on certain tappings other than the principal
tapping. Unless otherwise specified this condition is assumed to be satisfactory with a tapping range not
exceeding ± 5 %, but if this range exceeds this value the tapping power of the transformer relative to
connection on certain tappings other than the principal tapping shall be specified.
14.2 Tapping power. The value of the tapping power (for both tapped and untapped windings) related to
the connection of the tapped winding on a certain tapping is valid for the following appropriate voltages
(see 4.5.3).
C.F.V.V. Rated voltage at the untapped winding(s), and the tapping voltage of the tapping concerned at the
tapped winding.
V.F.V.V. Rated voltage at the tapped winding, and the variable voltage8) at the untapped winding(s),
specified for the tapping connection concerned.
M.V.V. The combination of the variable voltages8) at the terminals of the windings, specified for the tapping
connection concerned.
NOTE For the various combinations of voltages8) specified for the same tapping connection different values for the tapping power
may be specified (see Appendix F).
14.3 Currents. The values of the currents through the line terminals of tapped and untapped windings,
relative to a certain tapping connection, are always derived from the values of the corresponding tapping
power of the transformer by dividing by the appropriate voltage8) relative to the winding concerned
(see 14.2) and by an appropriate phase factor (see Table 1).
14.4 Load loss and impedance voltage. If the tapping range exceeds ± 5 %, it shall be subject to
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser for which tapping connections, in addition to that
on the principal tapping, values for load loss and impedance voltage should be stated by the manufacturer,
and what tolerances should be applied.
The value of the current for which such quantities are valid and the base for the percentage value of the
impedance voltage should be clearly stated.
14.5 No-load loss. For categories V.F.V.V. and M.V.V. it shall be subject to agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser for which tapping connections and corresponding voltages, in addition to
those on the principal tapping, and values for
no-load loss should be stated by the manufacturer, and what tolerances should be applied.
14.6 Auto-transformers and booster transformers. For auto-transformers and booster transformers
with tapped windings, the specification of values for load losses and impedance voltages and, as far as
categories V.F.V.V. or M.V.V. are implied, for no-load losses, and of the tolerances to be applied, shall
always be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, independent of the voltage
variation range.
8) See Note 2 at the beginning of this section.
12 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Section 5. Identification according to cooling method

15 Identification symbols
Transformers shall be identified according to the cooling method employed. Letter symbols for use in
connection with each cooling method shall be as given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Letter symbols

Kind of cooling medium Symbol
Mineral oil O
Synthetic insulating liquid L
Gas G
Water W
Air A
Solid insulant S
Kind of circulation
Natural N
Forced F
16 Arrangement of symbols
With the exception of dry-type transformers in protective enclosures, for which the symbols shall be “AN”
or “AF” as appropriate, transformers shall be identified by four symbols for each cooling method for which
a rating is assigned by the manufacturer. An oblique stroke shall be used to separate each group of symbols.
The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in Table 4.
Table 4 — Order of symbols
1st letter 2nd letter 3rd letter 4th letter
Indicating the cooling Indicating the cooling

medium that is in medium that is in
contact with the contact with the
windings external cooling system
Kind of Kind of Kind of Kind of
medium circulation medium circulation
For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced oil and air circulation would be designated “OFAF”,
whereas a dry-type transformer with cooling fans would be designated “AF”. For oil-immersed
transformers in which the alternatives of natural or forced cooling are possible, typical designations are:
ONAN/ONAF ONAN/OFAF
NOTE The identification system specified in Clauses 15 and 16 differs somewhat from that specified in BS 17:1959. The following
examples show some equivalent designations in accordance with the two editions of the British Standard.
BS 171:1970: designation, OFAF AF ONAN/ONAF ONAN/OFAF OFWF
BS 172:1959: designation, OFB AB ON/OB ON/OFB OFW
Section 6. Limits of temperature rise

17 Temperature rise limits
The temperature rises of the windings, cores and oil of transformers designed for operation at altitudes not
exceeding those given in 2 a) and with cooling medium temperatures as described in 2 b) shall not exceed
the limits specified in Table 5 and Table 6, when tested in accordance with Clause 41.
For multi-winding transformers the temperature rise of the top oil refers to the specified loading
combination for which the total losses are highest. Individual winding temperature rises shall be
considered relative to that specified loading combination which is the most severe for the particular
winding under consideration.
© BSI 02-2000 13
BS 171:1970
Table 5 — Temperature rise limits for dry-type transformers

1 2 3 4
Part Cooling method Temperature class Temperature rise
degC
Windings (measured Air, natural or A 60

by resistance forced E 75
B 80
F 100
H 125
C 150a
Cores and other partsb:
a) adjacent to windings All — a) Same values as for windingsc
b) not adjacent to b) a value that will not adversely

windings affect insulating parts that may be in
contact with the windings
NOTE Insulating materials may be used separately or in combination, provided that in any application each material will not be
subjected to a temperature in excess of that for which it is suitable, if operated under rated conditions. Six of the temperature classes
listed in BS 2757, “Classification of insulating materials for electrical machinery and apparatus on the basis of thermal stability in
service”, are recognized for dry-type transformers. These are A, E, B, F, H and C.
a
For certain insulating materials temperature rises in excess of 150 degC may be adopted by agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
b
Surface temperature measured by thermometer, thermocouple or other agreed means.
c
This means the same temperature as adjacent winding.
Table 6 — Temperature rise limits for oil-immersed type transformers

1 2 3 4
Part Cooling method Oil circulation Temperature rise
degC
Windings — Natural air

temperature Class A Forced air Water Natural 65
(measured by (internal coolers)
resistance) Forced air
Water (external Forced 65
coolers)
Top oil (measured by — — 60, when the transformer
thermometer) is sealed or equipped with
a conservator
55, when the transformer
is not so sealed or
equipped
Cores and other parts — — The temperature in no
case to reach a value that
will injure the core itself
or adjacent materials
14 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
18 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed for high cooling

medium temperatures
If the transformer is designed for service where the temperature of the cooling medium exceeds one of the
maximum values shown in 2 b) by not more than 10 degC, the allowable temperature rises for the
windings, cores and oil shall be reduced:
by 5 degC if the excess temperature is less than or equal to 5 degC;

by 10 degC if the excess temperature is greater than 5 degC and less than or equal to 10 degC.
19 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed for high altitudes

For air-cooled transformers designed for operation at an altitude greater than 1 000 m (3 300 ft) but tested
at normal altitudes, the limits of temperature rise given in Table 5 and Table 6 are reduced by the following
amounts for each 500 m (1 650 ft) by which the intended working altitude exceeds 1 000 m (3 300 ft):
oil-immersed, natural-air-cooled transformers 2.0 %
dry-type, natural-air-cooled transformers 2.5 %
oil-immersed, forced-air-cooled transformers 3.0 %
dry-type, forced-air-cooled transformers 5.0 %
NOTE 1 These reductions in temperature rise limits are not applicable to water-cooled transformers.
NOTE 2 An additional or modified rating plate is required, see Clause 31.
NOTE 3 Selection of a transformer with standard rating and temperature rise limits in accordance with Table 6, for operation in
accordance with CP 1010, “Guide to loading of oil-immersed transformers to BS 171”, is preferable to the selection of a transformer
with a special rating. The 1959 edition of CP 1010 will be revised in conformity with the Loading Guide soon to be published by
the IEC.
Section 7. Insulation levels

20 General
The insulation levels for dry-type transformers9) and, in oil-immersed type transformers, those of the
windings and connected parts which are not designed for impulse-voltage testing, shall be those given in
Table 7. For oil-immersed type transformers the insulation levels of windings and connected parts which
are designed for impulse-voltage testing shall be those given in Table 8. (See Appendix B.)
NOTE For transformers with a high-voltage winding tested according to Table 8 and a low-voltage winding rated at 1.1 kV or less,
the appropriate test voltage for the low-voltage winding is selected from Table 7.
Table 7 — Insulation levels for windings
and connected parts not designed for
impulse-voltage tests
Insulation level
System highest voltage (power-frequency test
voltage)
kV r.m.s. kV r.m.s.
Less than 1.1 2.5
1.1 3
3.6 8
7.2 15
12 25
17.5 36
9) Impulse-voltage tests are not as yet specified for dry-type transformers. Such transformers are not intended for use in exposed
installations. (See B.4.)
© BSI 02-2000 15
BS 171:1970
Table 8 — Insulation levels for windings and connected parts designed for impulse-voltage tests
Series I (based on current practice other than in North America)
Insulation level
System highest voltage Impulse test voltage Power-frequency test voltage
Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 2 Standard 2

kV r.m.s. kV peak kV r.m.s.
3.6 45 16
7.2 60 22
12 75 28
17.5 95 38
24 125 50
36 170 70
52 250 95
72.5 325 140
100 450 380 185 150
123 550 450 230 185
145 650 550 275 230
170 750 650 325 275
245 1 050 900 460 395
300 — 1 050 — 460
362 — 1 175 — 510
420 — 1 425 — 630
Series II (based on current practice in North America)

Insulation level
System highest voltage Impulse test voltage Power-frequency
test voltage
kV r.m.s. kV peak kV r.m.s.
500 kVA Above

and below 500 kVA
2.75 45 60 15
5.5 60 75 19
9.52 75 95 26
15.5 95 110 34
25.8 150 50
38.0 200 70
48.3 250 95
72.5 350 140
Above 72.5 the values of Series I are applicable
NOTE 1 Values for Series II are applicable only to the internal insulation of oil-immersed transformers.
NOTE 2 With reference to Series II, single-phase transformers for system highest voltages between terminals of 9.52 kV and below
are designed for both star and delta connection and are insulated for the test voltage corresponding to the star connection. The test
voltages for such transformers when operated delta-connected are therefore one step higher than needed for their system highest
voltage.
16 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
21 Windings with graded insulation

When windings are specified by the purchaser to have graded insulation, the grading shall correspond to
one of the categories given in Table 9, the corresponding separate source test voltages being those listed in
Table 10.
22 Transformers for use at high altitudes

When dry-type transformers are specially ordered for operation at altitudes between 1 000 m (3 300 ft)
and 3 000 m (10 000 ft) above sea level, but tested at normal altitudes, the separate source
power-frequency test voltage shall be increased by 6.25 % for each 500 m (1 650 ft) by which the altitude of
the installation exceeds 1 000 m (3 300 ft).
For oil-immersed transformers, whilst it is unnecessary to alter the insulation level of internal parts, it
may be necessary to select a type of bushing designed for an insulation level higher than the level
corresponding to the winding.
Table 9 — Categories of graded insulation
Category Recognized conditions of earthing
1 Neutral end of winding solidly connected to earth through a connection where no

impedance has been added intentionally.
NOTE Connection to earth through a current transformer is deemed to meet this condition.
2 Neutral end of winding connected to a regulating transformer of which the neutral is or is
not connected to earth and is provided with an appropriate voltage-limiting device.
3 Neutral point of winding not connected to earth or connected to earth through an
impedance or a resistance, with an appropriate voltage-limiting device connected between
the neutral point of the winding and earth.
4 Neutral point of winding connected to earth through an arc-suppression coil with a suitable
voltage-limiting device between the neutral point of the winding and earth.
Table 10 — Insulation levels for the neutral ends of windings of transformers having graded
insulation (for system highest voltages of 72.5 kV and above)
Insulation Separate source power-frequency test voltage
to earth kV r.m.s.
Category 1 38
Additional voltage due to regulating transformer
ENR + (ELT – ENR) × ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rated voltage of transformer winding
with a minimum of 38 kV,
Category 2 where ENR = test voltage of neutral point of regulating transformer, and
ELT = test voltage of line end of transformer winding.
Category 3 36 % to 65 % of the test voltage of the line end, determined according to the characteristics
of the apparatus and the system.
Category 4 58 % to 65 % of the test voltage of the line end.
NOTE When choosing the category of neutral insulation, the possibility that the neutral earthing may be altered at a later stage,
or that transformers may be interchanged, should be considered.
© BSI 02-2000 17
BS 171:1970
Section 8. Ability to withstand short circuit

23 General
The transformer shall be designed and constructed to withstand, without damage, the effects of external
short circuit under the conditions specified in Clauses 24 to 29.
Tap-changing equipment, where fitted, shall be capable of carrying the same currents, due to external short
circuit, as windings. Restraint devices may be fitted by agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser to prevent tap-changing at currents deemed to be excessive.
24 Overcurrent conditions
The respective overcurrents that can flow in a winding under short-circuit conditions shall:
a) For transformers with two windings, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, not exceed the
values given in Table 11.
b) For transformers with more than two windings, be determined from separate consideration of each
winding, assuming that one or more of the other windings intended for connection to an external source
of power are energized. Account shall be taken of the effect of possible feed-back from rotating machinery
or from other transformers. For auxiliary windings, see Clause 30.
c) For auto-transformers and booster transformers, be determined from consideration of the different
forms of system fault that can arise in service, e.g. line-to-earth and line-to-line, associated with the
relevant system earthing conditions.
NOTE Auto-transformers and booster transformers may be subjected to extremely severe overcurrent conditions.
d) For stabilizing windings, be determined, for the maximum value flowing in the stabilizing winding,
from consideration of the different forms of system fault that can arise in service associated with the
relevant system earthing conditions.
In the case of single-phase transformers for connection to form a 3-phase bank, the stabilizing winding
shall be capable of withstanding a short-circuit at its terminals.
For units covered by b), c) and d), allowance if necessary shall be made by the manufacturer for relevant
values of system impedance, including, where applicable, the sub-transient reactance of any connected
rotating machines, to be specified in all cases by the purchaser, combined with that of the transformer,
auto-transformer or booster transformer.
When the combined impedance of the transformer, auto-transformer or booster transformer and system
results in an excessive overcurrent, the manufacturer shall advise the purchaser of the maximum
overcurrent that the transformer can withstand. In this case provision shall be made by the purchaser to
limit the short-circuit current to the overcurrent indicated by the manufacturer.
Table 11 — Overcurrent limits for transformers with two windings
Upper limit of overcurrent
Rated power (symmetrical r.m.s. value) Equivalent impedance
as a multiple of rated current
kVA %
Up to 630 25 4.0
631 – 1 250 20 5.0
1 251 – 3 150 16 6.25
3 151 – 6 300 14 7.15
6 301 – 12 500 12 8.35
12 501 – 25 000 10 10.0
25 001 – 100 000 8 12.5
NOTE 1 For values of rated power greater than 100 000 kVA the upper limits of overcurrent are subject to agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
NOTE 2 In the case of single-phase units connected to form a 3-phase bank, the value for rated power applies to the 3-phase bank.
NOTE 3 The value of equivalent impedance includes the impedance of the system combined with that of the transformer.
NOTE 4 If the short-circuit impedance of the transformer is higher than the equivalent impedance mentioned in the third column,
the overcurrent is limited by the transformer impedance itself.
18 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
25 Mechanical requirements
The transformer shall be capable of withstanding, on any tapping, without damage under service
conditions, the electromagnetic forces arising under short-circuit conditions, as determined from the
asymmetrical peak value of the current in the windings, which shall be taken as not greater
than 2.55 (= 1.8 × Æ2) times the overcurrent r.m.s. value derived for the appropriate conditions specified
in Clause 24.
NOTE In the case of a transformer where the value of resistance relative to that of reactance is significant a figure lower
than 2.55 may be more realistic.
26 Thermal requirements
The transformer shall be capable of withstanding, on any tapping, without damage under service
conditions, the thermal effects of a short-circuit at the terminals of any winding, for the following duration:
a) 2 s if the symmetrical r.m.s. short-circuit current is greater than twenty times rated current.
b) 3 s if the symmetrical r.m.s. short-circuit current is twenty times rated current, or less.
For transformers with more than two windings the permitted duration shall be that appropriate to the
maximum overcurrent associated with any winding.
The highest average temperature, T1, attained by the winding shall be calculated by the formula:
T1 T0 + aJ 2s × 10–3 C
where:
T0 the initial temperature in degrees Celsius,
J the short-circuit current density in amperes per square millimetre,
s the duration in seconds, and
aa is a function of 1/2 (T2 + T0), in accordance with Table 13, where
T2 the maximum permissible average winding temperature in degrees Celsius, as specified
in Table 12.
a
This factor a takes into account the resistivity, temperature coefficient, density and thermal capacity of the conductor
materials.
The initial winding temperature, T0, shall be the sum of the appropriate maximum temperature of the
cooling medium [see 2 b)] and the relevant temperature rise, measured by change in resistance, specified
in Section 6. For example, for an oil-immersed transformer with natural cooling and natural oil circulation,
T0 (40 + 65) °C 105 °C
The highest average temperature, T1, calculated as described above, shall not exceed the appropriate
maximum permissible value of T2 as specified in Table 12.
Table 12 — Maximum permissible average winding temperatures (T2)
Value of T2
Temperature class
Copper windings Aluminium windings
°C °C
Dry-type transformers
A 180 180
E 250 200
B 350 200
F and H 350 —
C 350a —
Oil-immersed type transformers

A 250 200
a
May be increased subject to agreement between manufacturer and purchaser.
© BSI 02-2000 19
BS 171:1970
Table 13 — Values of factor a

a = function of 1/2 (T2 + T0) °C
1/2 (T2 + T0) °C
Copper windings Aluminium windings
140 7.41 16.5
160 7.80 17.4
180 8.20 18.3
200 8.59 —
220 8.99 —
240 9.38 —
NOTE For standard temperature rises and standard service conditions (allowing for maximum temperature of cooling medium)
the maximum permissible current densities (calculated from the formula and Table 12 and Table 13, extrapolated where necessary)
are given below:
Maximum current density
Copper Aluminium
A/mm2 kA/in 2 A/mm 2 kA/in2
2s 3s 2s 3s 2s 3s 2s 3s
Dry-type
transformers:
Class A 73.5 60.0 47.4 38.7 49.2 40.2 31.8 25.9
E 90.4 73.8 58.3 47.6 49.6 40.5 32.0 26.1
B 111.0 90.8 71.7 58.6 47.9 39.1 30.9 25.2
F 105.0 85.9 67.7 55.4 — — — —

H 97.4 79.5 62.8 51.3 — — — —
Oil-immersed
transformers:
air-cooled 94.3 77.0 60.8 49.7 52.8 43.1 34.0 27.8
water-cooled 98.1 80.1 63.3 51.7 55.8 45.6 36.0 29.4
27 Transformers directly associated with other apparatus

Where a transformer is directly associated with other apparatus, the impedance of which would limit the
current under short-circuit conditions, the impedance of the directly associated apparatus may, by
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, be combined with that of the transformer (plus,
if necessary, that of the system). In such cases the requirements of Clauses 25 and 26 shall apply to the
short-circuit current derived from the combination.
28 Special transformers
The ability of a transformer to withstand frequent short-circuits at its terminals arising from the method
of operation or particular application (e.g. a furnace transformer) shall be the subject of special agreement
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
29 Short-circuit tests
Short-circuit tests are not included as a requirement of this British Standard. Any verification required as
to the ability of the transformer to withstand the mechanical stresses arising under short-circuit conditions
shall be the subject of special agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
30 Auxiliary windings
Auxiliary windings may not be capable of withstanding a short-circuit at their terminals and it is assumed
that such windings will be protected against short-circuits by externally connected series impedance, or
suitable externally connected fuses. In such cases care must be taken to guard against faults occurring in
the zone between the protective apparatus and the windings.
20 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Section 9. Rating plates

31 Rating plates
Each transformer shall be provided with a rating plate of weatherproof material, fitted in a visible position,
showing the appropriate items indicated below. The entries on the rating plate shall be indelibly marked
(e.g. by etching, engraving or stamping).

a) Kind of transformer (e.g. transformer, auto-transformer, booster transformer, regulating transformer,
etc.).
b) Number and year of this British Standard (BS 171:1970).
c) Manufacturer’s name.
d) Manufacturer’s serial number.
e) Year of manufacture.
f) Number of phases.
g) Rated power.
h) Rated frequency.
i) Rated voltages.
j) Rated currents.
k) Vector-group symbol.
l) Impedance voltage per cent at rated current (measured value) and, if necessary, the reference power.
m) Type of cooling.
n) Total mass.
o) Mass of insulating oil.
If the transformer has more than one rating, depending upon cooling arrangements or connections of
windings which have been specifically allowed for in the design, the additional ratings shall all be given
on the rating plate.
In addition, the following information shall be given for certain types of transformers, as indicated:
p) Temperature class for dry-type transformers, and temperature rise for all types of transformer, if it
is not a normal value.
q) Connection diagram (in cases where the vector-group symbols will not give complete information
regarding the internal connections).
r) Insulation levels (applicable to windings rated for voltages of 3 kV and above and to the neutral end
of all graded-insulated windings).
s) Transportation mass (for transformers exceeding 5 t total mass).
t) Untanking mass (for transformers exceeding 5 t total mass).
u) Insulating liquid, if not mineral oil.
v) Details regarding tappings other than the principal tapping:
1) Tapping power. (Only if different from the rated power and for a tapping range exceeding ± 5 %.
The corresponding tapping should be indicated.)
2) Extreme values of (no-load) voltages on both sides. (These voltages are the extreme values of the
appropriate voltages mentioned in 14.2. In cases of variable flux or mixed voltage variation
(see Clauses 11 and 12 and Appendix F) the values other than the rated value of voltages at untapped
windings are put between parentheses, i.e. round brackets.)
3) Corresponding currents.
4) Corresponding impedance voltages. (Only if the tapping range exceeds ± 5 % and the rated power
exceeds 1 000 kVA. The values are related to the corresponding currents and expressed as
percentages of the corresponding appropriate voltages mentioned in 14.2.)
NOTE 1 In complicated cases more detailed information may be given on a special plate, by agreement between the manufacturer
and the purchaser. If necessary a list of all characteristics should be given on a special plate, preferably in tabular form.
© BSI 02-2000 21
BS 171:1970
Section 10. Vector diagrams, connections and terminals

32 Connections of phase-windings
The star, delta, or zigzag connection of a set of phase-windings of a 3-phase transformer or of windings of
the same voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a 3-phase bank shall be indicated by the letters
“Y”, “D” or “Z” for the high-voltage winding and “y”, “d” or “z” for the intermediate and low-voltage
windings. If the neutral of a star or a zigzag-connected winding is brought out, the indication shall be “YN”
or “ZN”, and “yn” or “zn” respectively.
33 Phase displacement between sets of windings: marking and position of

terminals
33.1 Vector relationships. The vector relating to the high-voltage winding is taken as the vector of origin.
Examples of vector diagrams showing the use of the clock-hour figure (see 4.10.6) are given in Figure 1.
For multi-winding transformers, the vector for the winding for the highest rated voltage remains the
reference vector and the symbol for this winding is given first. Other symbols follow in diminishing
sequence of the rated voltages of the windings.
NOTE 1 Appendix D gives details of a number of connections that are in general use.
NOTE 2 Appendix E gives information about the operation of transformers in parallel.
Example 1. In the case of a transformer with three sets of windings for 150 000 V (delta), 60 000 V (star)
and 10 000 V (star), the designation (for the case where the two star voltages are in phase with one another
and lag by 30° on the delta voltage) would be:
D, y1, y1.
Example 2. In the case of another transformer with three sets of windings for 6 000 V (star), 380 V (star)
and 220 V (zigzag), the designation (for the case where the two star voltages are in phase with one another
and the zigzag voltage lags by 30°) would be:
Y, y0, z1.
33.2 British system of winding designations, terminal markings and vector diagrams. The
detailed system of winding designations, terminal markings and vector diagrams adopted for the purposes
of this British Standard is given in Appendix D. It is in accordance with the international convention
described above and shall be used unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
33.3 Marking and position of terminals. Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, the marking and position of terminals shall be as described in D.5 and D.6, and a marking plate
shall be provided, as described in D.8.
22 © BSI 02-2000
© BSI 02-2000
Figure 1 — The use of vector-group symbols
23
BS 171:1970
BS 171:1970
Section 11. Tolerances

34 Tolerances
Table 14 gives tolerances to be applied to certain rated quantities and to other quantities when they are
the subject of manufacturers’ guarantees referring to this British Standard. Where a tolerance in one
direction is omitted there is no restriction on the value in that direction.

Table 14 — Tolerances
Item Tolerance
1. a) Total losses + /10 of the total losses

1
b) Component losses + 1/7 of each component loss, provided that

the tolerance for total losses is not exceeded
2. Voltage ratio at no-load on the The lower of the following values:
principal tapping ± 1/200 of the declared ratio, or a percentage
(Rated voltage ratio) of the declared ratio equal to 1/10 of the
NOTE Tolerances on other tappings should be actual percentage impedance voltage at
the subject of agreement between manufacturer rated current
and purchaser.
3. Impedance voltage
a) For the principal tapping
(impedance voltage at rated current)
1) Two-winding transformers ± 1/10 of the declared impedance voltage for
that tapping
2) Multi-winding transformers ± 1/10 of the declared impedance voltage for one specified pair of
windings
± 1/7 of the declared impedance voltage for a second specified
pair of windings
Tolerance to be agreed and stated for further pairs of windings
b) For tappings other than the ± 1/7 of the stated value for each tapping within ± 5 % of the
principal tapping principal tapping
For other tappings, tolerance to be agreed between
manufacturer and purchaser.
4. No-load current + 3/10 of the declared no-load current
Section 12. Tests

35 General requirements for type, routine and special tests
In this section, the titles of clauses indicate which tests are type tests, routine tests and special tests.
Each group of tests shall be made as specified in the appropriate sub-clause.
Tests shall be made at the manufacturer’s works at any ambient temperature between 10 °C and 40 °C and
with cooling water (if required) at any temperature not exceeding 25 °C.
All external components and fittings that are likely to affect the performance of the transformer shall be
in place.
Tapped windings shall be connected on their principal tapping, unless the relevant test clause requires
otherwise or unless the manufacturer and purchaser agree otherwise.
The test basis for all characteristics, other than insulation, is the rated condition, unless the test clause
states otherwise.
Where it is required that test results are to be corrected to a reference temperature, the reference
temperature shall be in accordance with Table 15.
24 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Table 15 — Reference temperatures

Class of temperature Reference temperature
°C
A
E 75
B
F
H
115
C
35.1 Routine tests10). All transformers shall be subjected to routine tests at the manufacturer’s works.
The tests shall comprise:
1) measurements of winding resistance (Clause 36);
2) ratio, polarity and phase relationships (Clause 37);
3) impedance voltage (Clause 38);
4) load losses (Clause 39);
5) no-load losses and no-load current (Clause 40);
6) induced overvoltage withstand (Clauses 42 and 43);
7) separate source voltage withstand (Clauses 42 and 44);
8) the insulation resistance of each winding in turn to all the other windings, core and frame or tank
connected together and to earth shall be measured and recorded. The oil and winding temperatures shall
be measured immediately prior to the test and recorded.
35.2 Type tests10). In addition to the routine tests, the following type tests shall be made if specified by
the purchaser:
1) temperature-rise test (Clause 41);
2) impulse-voltage withstand test
(on oil-immersed type transformers) (Clauses 42 and 45).
If the purchaser will accept evidence of type tests, instead of actual tests, the manufacturer may submit
records of tests on a transformer which, in essential details, is representative of the one being purchased.
35.3 Special tests10). If specified at the time of ordering, one or both of the following special tests shall be
made:
1) impulse-voltage withstand test, including chopped waves (Clauses 42 and 46);
2) measurement of zero phase-sequence impedance (Clause 48).
36 Measurement of winding resistance (routine test)

The resistance of each winding, the terminals between which it is measured and the temperatures of the
windings shall be recorded. Direct current shall be used for the measurement.
In all resistance measurements care shall be taken that self-inductive effects are minimized.
During these cold resistance measurements, the time for the measuring current to become steady should
be noted and used for guidance when making hot resistance measurements following a temperature-rise
type test.
36.1 Dry-type transformers. The temperature recorded shall be the average reading of several (at least
three) thermometers placed on the winding surface.
Winding resistance and temperature shall be measured simultaneously, and the temperature of the
winding, as measured by thermometer, should approximately equal the temperature of the surrounding
medium.
10) If
any of these tests are required to be made at the manufacturer’s works in the presence of the purchaser, this should be
stated by the purchaser at the time of ordering.
© BSI 02-2000 25
BS 171:1970
36.2 Oil-immersed type transformers. After the transformer has been under oil without excitation for at
least 3 h, the average oil temperature shall be determined and the temperature of the winding shall be
deemed to be the same as the average oil temperature.
37 Voltage ratio measurement and check of polarity or vector-group symbol

(routine test)
The voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping. The polarity of single-phase transformers and
vector-group symbol of 3-phase transformers shall be checked.
38 Measurement of impedance voltages (routine test)

The impedance voltage shall be measured at rated frequency, using an approximately sinusoidal supply,
the windings being connected on the principal tappings. The measurement may be made at any current
between 25 % and 100 % of the rated current. The measured value shall be corrected by increasing it in the
ratio of rated current to test current. The value so derived shall be corrected to the appropriate reference
temperature shown in Table 15.
The measurement of impedance voltages for connection on certain tappings other than the principal
tappings (see 14.4) shall be related to the appropriate value of current instead of the rated current.
On three-winding transformers the impedance voltage shall be measured between windings taken in pairs:
between winding 1 and winding 2 

the other winding
between winding 2 and winding 3  being
 open-circuited.
between winding 3 and winding 1 
For transformers with more than three windings the windings shall be taken in pairs and the principle of
the method specified for three-winding transformers shall be followed.
39 Measurement of load loss (routine test)

The load loss shall be measured at rated frequency with the windings connected on the principal tappings.
The measurement may be made at any current between 25 % and 100 % of the rated current. The
measured value shall be corrected by multiplying it by the square of the ratio of rated current to test
current. The value so derived shall be corrected to the appropriate reference temperature as given in
Table 15, taking the I 2R loss (R = d.c. resistance) as varying directly with resistance and all other losses as
varying inversely with resistance. The resistance shall be determined as specified in Clause 36.
The measurement of load loss for connection on certain tappings other than the principal tappings
(see 14.4) shall be related to the appropriate value of current instead of the rated current.
On three-winding transformers the load losses shall be measured between windings taken in pairs:
between winding 1 and winding 2 

the other winding
between winding 2 and winding 3  being

between winding 3 and winding 1  open-circuited.
For transformers with more than three windings the windings shall be taken in pairs and the principle of
the method specified for three-winding transformers shall be followed.
NOTE The resistance of the test connections should be sufficiently low not to affect the measurement. If it is impracticable to employ
connections in which the loss can be neglected in relation to the load loss of the transformer, allowance should be made for such losses
40 Measurement of no-load loss and current (routine test)

The no-load loss and the no-load current shall be measured at rated voltage and rated frequency, the wave
form of the applied voltage being approximately sinusoidal. The voltage shall be applied to the terminals
of one of the windings and the other winding(s) shall be left open-circuited. Windings in open-delta
connection shall be closed during the measurement. (See 4.10.3.)
If it is necessary to connect a tapping other than the principal tapping, the applied voltage shall be the
appropriate tapping voltage.
26 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
For 3-phase transformers without a delta-connected winding the applied voltage shall be measured by a
voltmeter responsive to the r.m.s. value of the voltage wave, and it shall be ascertained that the wave form
of the line-to-line applied voltage does not contain fifth and seventh harmonics amounting in total to more
than 5 % of the r.m.s. value of the applied voltage.
For all transformers, other than 3-phase transformers without a delta-connected winding, the applied
voltage shall be measured using a voltmeter responsive to the mean value of the voltage but scaled to read
the r.m.s. value of a sinusoidal wave having the same mean value.
To determine the no-load losses at voltage U when the applied voltage is not sinusoidal, the no-load losses
Pm are measured at voltage U using a voltmeter as described in the previous paragraph. During the same
test the r.m.s. value Um of the same voltage is also measured.
The no-load losses with sinusoidal voltage are then given by the formula:
Pm
P = -----------------------
-
P 1 + kP 2
where: P1 = ratio of hysteresis losses to total iron losses,

P2 = ratio of eddy current losses to total iron losses, and
2
k = U m-
 --------
U
NOTE For flux densities normally used at 50 Hz or 60 Hz the following values should be taken:
P1 P2
Cold-rolled steel (oriented) 0.5 0.5

Hot-rolled steel 0.7 0.3
41 Test of temperature rise (type test)

41.1 Measurement of temperature of cooling air. The cooling air temperature shall be measured by
means of several thermometers (at least three) placed at different points around the transformer and at a
level approximately half way up the cooling surface.
The thermometers shall be arranged at a distance of 1–2 m (3–6 ft) from the cooling surface and they shall
be protected from draughts and abnormal heat radiation.
When the transformer has forced-air cooling the temperature of the air shall be taken at the intake to the
cooler.
The value to be adopted for the temperature of the cooling air for a test is the average of the readings taken
on these thermometers at equal intervals of time during the last quarter of the test period.
Precautions shall be taken to avoid errors due to the time lag between variations in the temperature of
large transformers and that of the cooling air.
For instance, the thermometers measuring the temperature of the cooling air may be inserted in metal cups
filled with oil, having about the same time constant as the transformer.
41.2 Measurement of temperature of cooling water. The cooling water temperature shall be
measured at the intake of the cooler and the temperature shall be taken as the average of at least three
readings taken at approximately equal intervals not greater than one hour. The readings shall be taken in
the last quarter of the test period.
41.3 Measurement of winding temperature. The winding temperatures shall in principle be
ascertained using the resistance method.
The temperature of a winding (T2) at the end of a test period shall be calculated from its measured
resistance (R2) at that temperature and its measured resistance (R1), at some other temperature (T1) using
the formula, valid for copper and aluminium:
R
T2 = -------2- (235 + T1) – 235
R1
© BSI 02-2000 27
BS 171:1970
where T1 and T2 are measured in degrees Celsius.

The resistance is measured either after cutting off the supply, having regard to the corrections indicated
in 41.9, or without interruption of the supply by means of the superposition method, which consists of
injecting into the winding a d.c. measuring current of low value superposed on the load.
If the variation of resistance method is not applicable (for example, in the case of a low-resistance winding
where the resistance of the joints and connections constitutes a considerable part of the total resistance) as
far as possible use is made of thermometers (during the test) on the external face of the windings and the
temperature rise limit given in the table applies.
The two methods shall not, in principle, be used concurrently.
NOTE Thermometers containing mercury should not be used in places where there is a magnetic field that is varying in intensity
or moving in space.
41.4 Measurement of top oil temperature. The temperature of the top oil shall be measured by a
thermometer placed in an oil-filled thermometer pocket. The temperature rise so determined shall not
exceed the limiting value for oil given in Table 6.
41.5 Duration of test. The test shall be continued until one of the following requirements has been met.
The method to be followed shall be chosen by the manufacturer.
41.5.1 Evidence shall be obtained that the highest temperature rise will not exceed the value given in
Table 5 or Table 6, as appropriate, even if the test were continued until thermal equilibrium is reached.
Temperatures shall be taken where possible during operation, as well as when the transformer is shut
down. The test may be regarded as completed when the temperature rise does not increase by more
than 3 degC in 1 h.
The method shown in Figure 2 shall be employed for the determination of the final temperature rise.
41.5.2 It shall be demonstrated that the top oil temperature rise does not vary more than 1 degC per hour
during four consecutive hourly readings. If the test is performed initially with reduced cooling or without
any cooling, it shall be continued for sufficient time to ensure that the transformer temperature falls when
the cooling is restored, in order to prevent errors in the measurement of the final oil temperature rise.
41.6 Loading dry-type transformers. The method shall be one involving excitation of the core at normal
flux density. The input test current It shall be held constant at a value as near as possible to the rated value
Ir and at least equal to 90 % of this value, and the run continued until the temperature rise, Tt, of the
windings, measured by resistance, is steady.
The temperature rise (by resistance) of the windings above the temperature of the cooling air, for rated load
conditions, Tr, is calculated from the formula:
I  q
Tr = Tt  ----r-
 I t
The value of q shall be taken as:
AN transformers = 1.6,
AF transformers = 1.8.
28 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
NOTE All three scales are linear.

Figure 2 — Method for determining final temperature rise of oil
41.7 Loading oil-immersed type transformers. Temperature rise tests include the following:
Determination of top oil temperature rise.
Determination of winding temperature rises.
41.7.1 Top oil temperature rise. The top oil temperature rise shall be obtained by subtracting the cooling
medium test temperature from the measured top oil temperature, the transformer being supplied with the
total losses. The input power shall be maintained at a steady value.
If the total losses (taken as the sum of the measured load losses, corrected to 75 °C, and the measured
no-load losses) cannot be obtained, different losses, as near as possible to the above losses but in any case
within a range of ± 20 %, shall be supplied and the following correction factor applied to the determined
top oil temperature rise:
x
 total losses
------------------------------
 test losses 
The value of x is:
for natural air circulation: 0.8,
for forced air or water circulation: 1.0.
41.7.2 Winding temperature rises. Winding temperature rises shall be obtained on all windings by
subtracting the cooling medium test temperature from the average temperature of the windings as
measured by resistance, after circulating the rated current at rated frequency in the winding under test.
If the rated current cannot be supplied, the tests may be performed with a current within ± 10 % of the
rated current and the following correction factor applied to the determined temperature rise of the
windings above average oil temperature:
y
 rated current
-------------------------------------
 test current 
The value of y is:
for natural oil circulation: 1.6,
for forced oil circulation: 1.8.
© BSI 02-2000 29
BS 171:1970
The average oil temperature may be determined by subtracting half the temperature drop in the cooling
equipment from the top oil temperature.
For tanks with tubes or radiators mounted on them the temperature drop shall be taken as the difference
between the surface temperatures at the top and bottom of a cooling tube or radiator element, the tube or
radiator element chosen being as near as practicable to the middle of a side. In the case of a separate cooler
and forced circulation, the temperature drop shall be taken as the difference in readings of thermometers
in thermometer pockets adjacent to the main tank in the inlet and outlet pipes to and from the cooler.
Allowances shall be made for variation in average oil temperature during tests, if needed, as explained in
detail in 41.8.3.
41.8 Testing methods. At the choice of the manufacturer any one of the following methods may be
applied:
direct loading;
back-to-back method;
short-circuit method.
41.8.1 Direct loading. Rated load is applied to the transformer windings. No correction for average oil
temperature need be applied to the winding temperature rise.
41.8.2 Back-to-back method. Rated currents and rated exciting voltages are applied to the transformer
under test. No correction for average oil temperature need be applied to the winding temperature rise.
41.8.3 Short-circuit method. To determine the temperature rise of the oil, the sum of the no-load and load
losses at 75 °C are supplied to the transformer, one of its windings being excited and another
short-circuited at its terminals. The top oil temperature rise and the average oil temperature rise are
recorded.
The input is then reduced to a value which results in the circulation of rated current at rated frequency in
the windings and this value is maintained for 1 h. The temperature of the windings is then determined by
the resistance method. The drop in average oil temperature during this hour is taken into account when
calculating the temperature rise of the windings above the average oil temperature.
The temperature rise of the windings above the average oil temperature, determined in the second part of
the test, added to the average oil temperature rise, determined in the first part of the test, will give the
temperature rise of the windings above the cooling medium temperature for total losses at rated current,
rated frequency and rated voltage.
Alternatively, the temperature rise of the windings above the cooling medium temperature for total losses
at rated current and rated voltage may be derived from the temperature rise of the windings at the end of
the run with total losses, mentioned in the first sentence of the first paragraph, by correcting the difference
in temperature between the windings and the oil to the condition corresponding to rated current and rated
frequency.
41.9 Temperature correction for cooling of transformers after shut-down. Winding temperature
measurement may be made while the transformer is in operation by the superposition method described
in 41.3 or by taking resistance readings after the transformer is shut down.
In the latter case, to provide for the interval between the instant of cutting off the power and the
measurement of the temperature, a suitable correction shall be applied so as to obtain as nearly as
practicable the temperature at the instant of turning off the power.
Readings should be taken as soon as possible after shut-down, after allowing sufficient time for the
inductive effect to disappear, as indicated from the cold resistance measurements.
When the transformer is shut down the fans and water pumps shall be stopped but the oil pumps shall
remain running.
Correction of the temperature rise as measured by resistance to the instant of switching off the power shall
be made either by extrapolation from time/temperature curves or time/resistance curves, or by correction
factors.
41.9.1 Method of extrapolation. The correction may be determined approximately by making a series of
resistance measurements and from this plotting a time/resistance curve, which is extrapolated back to the
instant of shut-down. The highest winding temperature is then calculated from the resistance at the
instant of shut-down.
One graphical method is shown in Figure 2A.
30 © BSI 02-2000
Licensed Copy: Puan Ms. Norhayati, Petroliam Nasional Berhad 4397000, 15 September 2003, Uncontrolle
© BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
NOTE Whilst values of resistance or temperature increments are shown at equal time intervals, this is only necessary for the graphical construction. In taking actual resistance
measurements by some bridge methods it is more accurate to determine times for fixed changes in resistance, i.e. time as noted at the moment the indicator of the pre-set bridge
passes through zero.
Figure 2A — Method for determining temperature of winding at shut-down
31
BS 171:1970
Table 16 — Correction factors

Factor to be used when the load loss is expressed in
Time from shut-down
W/kg W/lb
to measurement
Cu Al Cu Al
min.
1 0.09 0.032 0.19 0.07

1.5 0.12 0.045 0.26 0.10
2 0.15 0.064 0.32 0.14
3 0.20 0.091 0.43 0.20
4 0.23 0.113 0.50 0.25
NOTE 1 The values for aluminium are provisional only.
NOTE 2 For intermediate times, values of the factors are obtained by interpolation.
NOTE 3 The factors given in the table are approximate and represent average results from usual commercial designs. It should be
recognized that for some transformers, particularly those designs which deviate considerably from current practice, these factors
may not give sufficiently close results. In such cases a cooling curve should be taken.
41.9.2 Method of correction factors. When the load loss of oil-immersed transformers with copper windings
does not exceed 66 W/kg (= 30W/lb) or 20 W/kg (= 9W/lb) with aluminium windings, the correction in
degrees Celsius for each winding may be taken as the product of the loss in watts per kilogramme or per
pound multiplied by the factor given in Table 16.
42 Application of dielectric tests

The object of these tests is to test the insulation between the phase-windings, turns, coils, tappings, tapping
connections and terminals, for windings with either uniform or graded insulation, and also between these
parts and earth.
Induced overvoltage tests in accordance with Clause 43 and separate source power-frequency tests in
accordance with Clause 44 shall be routine tests.
Full-wave impulse-voltage tests in accordance with Clause 45 shall be type tests and shall be made only on
oil-immersed type transformers designed for such tests. Impulse tests including chopped waves, in
accordance with Clause 46, shall be special tests.
For windings arranged for connection in series or in parallel, according to application, routine tests shall
be made with one of the connections only, provided that a successful corresponding type test has been made
for both connections and evidence of the type test is available.
NOTE The test procure for dielectric tests on auto-transformers, booster transformers and regulating transformers may require
special agreement.
43 Induced overvoltage withstand test (routine test)

An alternating voltage shall be applied to the terminals of one winding of the transformer. The voltage shall
be, as nearly as possible, of sine wave form and at a frequency suitably increased above the rated frequency
to avoid excessive excitation current during the test.
The peak value of the induced test voltage in the high-voltage windings shall be measured. The peak value
divided by Æ2 shall be in accordance with the appropriate table.
The test shall be commenced at a voltage not greater than one third of the test value, which shall be
increased to the appropriate value as rapidly as is consistent with its exact magnitude being indicated by
the measuring instrument. At the end of the test the voltage shall be reduced rapidly to less than one third
of its full value before switching off.
The duration of the test shall be 60 s for any test frequency up to and including twice the rated frequency.
When the test frequency exceeds twice the rated frequency the duration of the test in seconds shall
be 120 times the rated frequency divided by the test frequency, or 15 s, whichever is the greater.
43.1 Uniformly-insulated windings. Any uniformly-insulated winding may be earthed at any point
during this test.
32 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
The voltage developed between line terminals of the high-voltage winding shall be the test voltage given in
Table 7 or Table 8, provided that the voltage between the different parts of the winding does not exceed
twice the voltage which appears when rated voltage is applied to the line terminals.
43.2 Graded-insulated windings. A winding having graded insulation shall be earthed during this test
at such a point as will ensure the required test voltage arising between each of the line terminals and earth,
the test being repeated under other earthing conditions, when this is necessary, to ensure the application
of the specified test voltage to every relevant terminal.
The tests shall be made so as to produce between line terminals, and also between each line terminal and
the core, frame and tank or casing connected together and to earth, a voltage of the appropriate value given
in Table 8, Column 3.
With 3-phase transformers it is permissible to apply the test voltage to the individual phases in succession
(i.e. between each line terminal and earth) and, if desired, so to connect the other phases as to avoid
abnormally high voltage between adjacent line terminals. There are several ways of achieving this.
(See examples in Appendix G.)
44 Separate source voltage-withstand test (routine test)

The separate source voltage test shall be made with single-phase alternating voltage as nearly as possible
of sine-wave form and of any convenient frequency not less than 80 % of the rated frequency.
The peak value of the test voltage shall be measured. The peak value divided by Æ2 shall be in accordance
with the appropriate table. (See Table 7, Table 8 and Table 10.)
The test shall be commenced at a voltage not greater than one third of the test value and shall be increased
to the appropriate value given in Table 7, Table 8 or Table 10, as rapidly as is consistent with its exact
magnitude being indicated by the measuring instrument. At the end of the test the voltage shall be reduced
rapidly to less than one third of its full value before switching off.
The appropriate voltage, obtained from a separate source, shall be applied for 60 s to each winding in turn,
between the winding under test and the remaining windings, core, frame and tank or casing of the
transformer, connected together and to earth.
For dry-type transformers Table 7 is applicable. For oil-immersed type transformers with uniform
insulation, Table 8 is applicable. For oil-immersed type transformers with graded insulation, Table 10 is
applicable.
a) Windings of unlike rated voltages which are interconnected within the transformer.
The test voltage shall be based on the highest voltage of the system or of the circuits to which the
windings are to be connected. The test shall be made with the windings interconnected as for service.
b) Windings designed to operate in series with the supply lines feeding or fed front other apparatus.
The test voltage shall be based on the highest voltage of the system resulting from the combination of
the series windings and the apparatus.
45 Full wave impulse-voltage withstand test (type test)

The impulse-voltage withstand test on the high-voltage winding shall be made as described below. The test
on the low-voltage winding may be made by any one of the three methods described in Appendix K, unless
a particular one of these is specified at the time of tender.
Impulse test voltages shall be applied to the line terminal of the winding to be tested. The test shall be
applied successively to each line terminal of a polyphase transformer.
The peak value of the applied voltage shall be that specified in Table 8.
The wave shape shall be 1.2/50 4s as defined in BS 92311). A tolerance of not more than ± 30 % on the
duration of the wave front and ± 20 % on the time to half-value of the wave tail is permissible, but where
the characteristics of the transformer under test are such that it is impracticable to obtain the standard
wave shape within the above tolerances, for example, where the inductance of the winding is very low or
its capacitance is very high, wider tolerances may be permissible by agreement between the manufacturer
and the purchaser.
11) BS 923, “Guide on high-voltage testing techniques”. (Revision of BS 923:1940, in course of preparation.)
© BSI 02-2000 33
BS 171:1970
45.1 Preparation of transformer for test. Preparations for the tests shall be made as specified below.
45.1.1 Earthing the transformer tank. The transformer tank shall be effectively earthed either directly or
through an impedance of low value.
45.1.2 Test connections. One line terminal of the winding under test shall be connected to the impulse
generator and its other line terminals shall be earthed either directly or through an impedance of low value.
If the purchaser specifies that the transformer may operate in service with the neutral connected to earth
it shall be so connected for the test; otherwise it may be left unconnected to earth.
The transformer under test, together with all measuring and recording devices, shall be connected to the
impulse generator as recommended in BS 92312).
45.1.3 Protection of terminals and windings not under test. All the terminals of windings not under test
shall be earthed either direct or through resistors which will limit the voltage appearing on them to less
than 75 % of the full wave test level of the associated winding.
NOTE An exception is the method of test in Appendix K, Method 3.
45.1.4 Bushing gaps. Such gaps may be removed or their spacing increased to prevent flashover during the
test.
45.2 Test procedure
45.2.1 Adjustment of voltage wave shape and calibration of the impulse generator. With the impulse
generator connected to the terminal of the transformer winding under test and to the voltage measuring
and recording devices, the parameters of the circuit shall be adjusted at a reduced voltage to give the
required 1.2/50 4s wave form.
At a voltage between 50 % and 75 % of the full wave voltage test level, oscillographic records shall be
obtained of the applied voltage between the line terminal under test and earth, and a supplementary record
of current or voltage (see 45.2.2). The record of applied voltage may be used to verify the wave shape and
to determine the peak value of the applied voltage and, together with the supplementary record of current
or voltage, to aid in the interpretation of test results.
45.2.2 Records of test. Recordings shall be made of the applied voltage wave and of at least one other
quantity selected from the more important quantities.
NOTE It is undesirable to standardize these additional records. For example, supplementary records may be taken either of the
current flowing in the earthed end of the winding under test, or of the current flowing to earth from the tank insulated from the earth
but connected to the earth end of the winding under test, or the transferred voltage appearing across another winding. The quantity
which is considered to be the most appropriate to the transformer under test should be recorded.
45.2.3 Voltage applications. Unless agreed otherwise between the manufacturer and the purchaser the test
voltage shall be of negative polarity and shall be unchanged throughout the test. The impulse generator
shall be set to deliver a voltage corresponding to the full wave impulse test level of the line end of the
transformer winding under test. Two full waves shall be applied. If, during any application, flashover of a
bushing gap occurs, that particular application shall be discounted and a further application made.
45.3 Interpretation of test results. Evidence of insulation failure arising from the test may be given by:
a) Significant variations of wave shape, apart from intended amplitude changes, indicated by the records
of applied voltage and of supplementary current or voltage for all full wave applications at the test level
and at reduced level.
If there is any doubt as to the interpretation of discrepancies in records, by agreement between
manufacturer and purchaser three subsequent waves shall be applied at 100 % of the test value. If the
discrepancies are not enlarged by these tests, the impulse test is deemed to have been withstood.
b) Clearly indicated noise within the transformer during the test.
46 Impulse-voltage withstand test including chopped waves (special test)

If specified by the purchaser (see Appendix A), as an addition to the full waves specified in Clause 45 the
sequence of voltage waves applied in turn to each line terminal of the transformer shall include two
chopped waves.
The peak value of the voltage applied for the chopped waves shall be at least equal to the peak value of the
specified full wave. The applied voltage shall be chopped on the wave tail. The time to chopping shall be
between 2 4s and 6 4s from the nominal start of the waves.
12) BS 923, “Guide on high-voltage testing techniques”. (Revision of BS 923:1940, in course of preparation.)
34 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Except where modified below, the preparation and procedure for the test shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Clause 45.
46.1 Chopping gap. To provide the chopped waves, a spark gap shall be connected between the line
terminal under test and earth. The chopping gap shall be located as close as practicable to the line terminal
under test. Any form of gap giving the requisite chopping characteristics is permissible.
NOTE 1 The use of a chopping device whereby the time-to-chop of each application is sensibly the same is advantageous.
NOTE 2 Voltage stresses developed as a result of the chop are influenced by:
a) The rate of voltage collapse.
b) The amount of voltage overswing.
These two quantities depend on the form of chopping gap, the characteristics of the transformer and test circuit, and the location of
the chopping gap relative to the terminal under test. In view of these variables it is not practicable at the present time to specify
precise limits for the above quantities, but in order that tests on different transformers may be reasonably comparable every
precaution should be taken to ensure that a is a maximum, and b is a minimum for the particular circumstances of the test. The
measurement of both the above quantities may be considerably influenced by the voltage divider employed.
46.2 Test procedure
46.2.1 Adjustment of test circuit. The parameters of the circuit shall be adjusted to give the required wave
form with the chopping gap in circuit as described in 45.2.1. Thereafter no change shall be made to this
circuit, except that the setting of the chopping gap shall be increased to prevent flashover during the full
wave voltage applications and adjusted, as necessary, to obtain flashover within the specified time limits
during the chopped wave voltage applications. If a controlled chopping gap is used, additional
oscillographic records at a reduced voltage, with the same chopping time as for the chopped wave test
applications, and oscillographic records of supplementary current or voltage, shall be taken to aid
interpretation of test results.
46.2.2 Records of test applications. Recordings shall be made of the applied voltage and, where a controlled
chopping gap is used, a form of supplementary current or voltage record as detailed in Clause 45. When a
chopping gap which does not give controlled chopping times is used, supplementary chopped wave current
or voltage records need not be taken unless specified by the purchaser.
NOTE The wave form of the supplementary current or voltage record is affected by the time-to-chop.
When a controlled chopping gap is employed, records of similar form should be obtained for the different
values of applied voltage, apart from intended differences in amplitude. If, by reason of the chopping gap
used, differences in chopping time occur, the supplementary records will not be directly comparable in
form, but with experienced interpretation such records can provide an aid to fault detection.
With uncontrolled chopping an aid to direct comparison can be achieved by supplementary records taken
at a reduced voltage, with different chopping times, selection being made of the particular record most
closely approximating to the chopping time resulting during the actual test.
46.2.3 Voltage applications. The sequence of voltage applications shall be:
a) one reduced level full wave (as specified in Clause 45);
b) one full wave at the test level (as specified in Clause 45);
c) two chopped waves;
d) one full wave at the test level (as specified in Clause 45).
If, during any chopped wave voltage application, the chopping time is greater or less than that
permitted (2 4s to 6 4s), that particular application shall be discounted and a further application made.
46.3 Interpretation of test results. Evidence of insulation failure arising from the test may be given by:
a) Significant variations of wave shape, apart from intended amplitude changes, indicated by the records
of applied voltage of both full waves and chopped waves and, where applicable, by the supplementary
current or voltage records, between the applications at the test level and at reduced level.
If there is any doubt as to the interpretation of discrepancies in records, by agreement between
manufacturer and purchaser three subsequent waves of the type in question shall be applied at 100 %
of the original test value. If the discrepancies are not enlarged by these tests, the impulse test is
deemed to have been withstood.
b) Clearly indicated noise within the transformer during the test.
© BSI 02-2000 35
BS 171:1970
47 Subsequent dielectric tests

If subsequent acceptance tests are made on a transformer which has already satisfactorily withstood all
the dielectric acceptance tests required in accordance with this British Standard, the subsequent test
voltage should not exceed 75 % of the original test voltage. (See also Appendix J.)
48 Measurement of zero phase-sequence impedance (special test)

Tests shall be made on the completely assembled transformer in its tank (if any).
Zero phase-sequence impedance is expressed on ohms/phase and is given by 3 V/I, where V is the test
voltage and I is the test current. The phase test current I/3 shall be stated.
48.1 Earthing transformers. The three line terminals of the winding intended for earthing the system
shall be connected together and a rated frequency single-phase voltage shall be applied between these
terminals and the neutral terminal (see diagram below). Any auxiliary or other separate winding or
terminals shall be open-circuited. The resultant current shall be measured and the zero phase-sequence
impedance recorded.
48.2 Transformers where a neutral terminal is provided. The test described in 48.1 shall be made,
using an appropriate current in turn on each winding provided with a neutral terminal (see diagram
below). Two readings shall be taken, at the same current, on each such winding:
a) with the terminals of all other windings left disconnected;
b) with the other windings, if any, on which the neutral is brought out, individually short-circuited from
their line terminals to their own neutral terminals.
48.3 Auto-transformers where a neutral terminal is not provided. The test shall be made by
connecting together the three high-voltage terminals and applying a rated frequency single-phase voltage
between that connection and the three low-voltage terminals connected together (see diagram below).
Two readings shall be taken with the same current:
a) with the terminals of all other windings left disconnected;
b) with all other windings individually short-circuited.
36 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Section 13. Insulating liquids

49 Oil
Mineral oil, when provided, shall comply with BS 14813).
NOTE Oil in service is subject to deterioration and possible contamination and therefore may require periodic treatment —
see CP 1009, “Maintenance of insulating oil (with special reference to transformers and switchgear)”.
50 Synthetic insulating liquid

In the absence of a British Standard covering synthetic insulating liquids the provision of such liquids is a
matter for arrangement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
NOTE Oil and synthetic insulating liquid should not be interchanged or mixed.
Section 14. Fittings

51 Provision of fittings
Standard and additional fittings for dry-type and oil-immersed type transformers are listed in
Appendix H. Fittings for sealed-type transformers are not standardized.
13) BS 148, “Insulating oil for transformers and switchgear”.
© BSI 02-2000 37
BS 171:1970
Appendix A Information required with enquiry and order

A.1 Rating and general data
A.1.1 Two-winding transformers
A.1.1.1 Normal
1) Particulars of the specification to be complied with, i.e. BS 171:1970.

2) Number of transformers required.
3) Single or polyphase units.
4) Number of phases in system.
5) Frequency.
6) Dry-type or oil-immersed type. If oil-immersed, whether mineral oil or synthetic insulating liquid.
7) Indoor or outdoor type.
8) Rated power (in kVA) and, for voltage variation ranges exceeding ± 5 %, required power on extreme
tappings. If the transformer is to have different values of rated power for different types of cooling, these
should be stated.
9) Rated voltages (for each winding).
10) State if tappings are required and if on-load or off-circuit tap-changers or links are required. Give
the category of voltage variation wanted, the voltage variation ranges and the number of tapping
positions required. If an on-load tap-changer is requited state whether the power flow will be
bi-directional or unidirectional.
11) System highest voltage (for each winding). (See Table 7 and Table 8 and Appendix B.)
12) Method of system earthing (for each winding). (See Table 9 and Appendix B, if applicable.)
13) Insulation level, i.e. value of impulse and power-frequency test voltages (for line ends and neutral if
necessary) for which the transformer is to be designed. (See Table 7, Table 8 and Table 10, as applicable.)
14) For an oil-immersed type transformer for a system highest voltage not exceeding 17.5 kV, whether
or not it is to be of a design suitable for impulse testing. (See Appendix B.)
15) Vector-group symbols. (See Appendix D.)
16) Neutral terminals, if required (for each winding).
17) Type of cooling. (See Section 514).)
18) Information concerning any special points to be considered during installation, e.g. assembly,
transport and handling.
19) Any other appropriate information.
A.1.1.2 Special
20) Category of graded insulation required, if applicable. (See Table 9.)
21) If an impulse-voltage test is required, whether or not the test is to include chopped waves.
(See Clause 46.)
22) Whether a stabilizing winding is required and, if so, the relevant system earthing conditions.
[See 24 d).]
23) Impedance voltage at rated current, if specific value is required.
24) Whether transformer is to be directly associated with other apparatus which may affect
short-circuit considerations. (See Clause 24.)
25) Altitude above sea level, if in excess of 1 000 m (3 300 ft).
26) Temperature of cooling medium if above or below the values given in 2 b). State if the air
temperature is likely to be below – 10 °C.
27) Whether any of the windings are to be auto-connected.
14) Unless specifically stated otherwise it is assumed that, for water-cooled transformers, the outlet from the coolers discharges
freely to atmosphere.
38 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
A.1.2 Multi-winding transformers. Generally as in A.1.1, but information in respect of the additional
windings is required, and also:
28) Required loading combinations, stating, when necessary, the active and reactive outputs
separately, (or loads and power factors), especially in the case of a multi-winding auto-transformer.
29) Any impedance voltages that are specified for particular pairs of windings.
A.2 Parallel operation

If parallel operation with existing transformers is required, this should be stated and the following
information given:
1) Rated kVA of existing transformers.
2) Rated voltage ratio.
3) Voltage ratios (at no-load) corresponding to tappings other than the principal tapping.
4) Load loss at rated current and rated voltage on the principal tapping, corrected to the appropriate
reference temperature.
5) Impedance voltage at rated current (on the principal tapping).
6) Impedance voltages on extreme tappings if the voltage variation range exceeds ± 5 %.
7) Diagram of connections, or vector-group symbol or both.
NOTE 1 On multi-winding transformers, supplementary information will generally be required.
NOTE 2 For satisfactory parallel operation it is desirable that the manufacturer’s name and serial number of the existing
transformer(s) be given at the order stage.
A.3 Constructional data
1) Type of installation: indoor, outdoor, pole (hanger, single-bolt fixing or platform) or vault.
2) Terminal details. For each winding separately it should be stated whether bushings, glands, cable
boxes15), or sealing ends are required. If glands for the entry of metal-sheathed, cambric, or similar
cables are required, the number of glands and the diameter over the metal sheath should be given.
If provision for accommodating sealing ends for gas-pressure or oil-filled cables is required, the length
and diameter of the sealing and bushing should be given, together with the diameter of the flange. If
series-parallel connections are required, any special arrangement of terminals that is required should
be stated.
Details should be given if any accommodation is required for current transformers, and it should be
stated whether these current transformers are to be supplied under the transformer or any other
contract.
3) Position of external fittings, if a specific arrangement is required.
4) Additional fittings, if any, required. (See Appendix H.)
5) Any special clearances required for birds or vermin.
6) Transport limitations (dimensions or mass).
7) Any special requirements regarding frame or tank earthing terminals.
Appendix B Selection of insulation levels

B.1 General
The insulation level should be specified by the purchaser.
Selection of the insulation level is governed by the following factors:
1) System highest voltage.
2) System earthing conditions.
3) Degree of exposure of transformer to overvoltages, and protective level of protective device. Guidance
on the choice of insulation levels may be obtained from IEC Publication 71, Recommendations for
insulation co-ordination.
15) If
cable boxes are required in accordance with BS 2562, “Cable sealing boxes for oil-immersed transformers”, information in
accordance with the relevant appendix to that standard should be supplied.
© BSI 02-2000 39
BS 171:1970
B.2 System highest voltage

The system highest voltage should not be confused with any of the following voltages:
1) The nominal voltage of the system.
2) The rated voltage of the transformer.
3) The open-circuit voltage on any tapping.

Certain tapping voltages may exceed the system highest voltage, but this does not, by itself, require any
increase in the insulation level or test voltage.
B.3 System earthing
Two standards of insulation level are recognized, namely, Standard 1 and Standard 2 (see Table 8).
Selection of Standard 1 or Standard 2 is a function of the protective level used, which depends mainly on
the earthing coefficient of the system.
The coefficient of earthing at a selected location of a 3-phase system (generally the point of installation of
an equipment) for a given system layout, is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the highest r.m.s.
line-to-earth power-frequency voltage on a sound phase at the selected location during a fault to earth
affecting one or more phases, to the line-to-line r.m.s. power-frequency voltage which would be obtained at
the selected location with the fault removed.
The usual conditions for system earthing are as follows:
a) Isolated neutral system. A system which has no intentional connection to earth except through
indicating, measuring, or protective devices of very high impedance. For such a condition, a Standard 1
insulation level is generally indicated except where special circumstances require the adoption of a
higher level.
b) Resonant earthed system (a system earthed through an arc-suppression coil). A system earthed
through a reactor, the reactance being of such value that during a single line-to-earth fault the
power-frequency inductive current passed by this reactor practically cancels the power-frequency
capacitance component of the earth-fault current.
It is usually the intention that line-to-earth faults shall be:
either self-clearing without interruption of the supply, or cleared by automatic disconnection within
a few seconds,
or cleared by manual disconnection but allowed to persist until it is convenient to locate and
isolate the fault.
Standard 1 insulation level is normally applicable to both these conditions, but if, under the second, it
is contemplated that the system will be operated with one line earthed for a period exceeding 8 h in
any 24 h, or an aggregate of 125 h in any year, consideration should be given to selecting a higher
insulation level than Standard 1, appropriate to the system highest voltage.
c) Earthed neutral system (effectively earthed). A system in which the neutral is connected to earth, either
solidly or through a resistance or reactance of low enough value to reduce materially transient
oscillations and to give a current sufficient for selective earth fault protection, i.e. earthed in such a
manner that during a single line-to-earth fault the voltage to earth of the sound lines will not
exceed 80 % of the normal line-to-line voltage. This condition is met when, for all switching, operating
and supply conditions, the ratio of the zero-sequence reactance of the system to its positive-sequence
reactance is less than three, and the ratio of the zero-sequence resistance to the positive-sequence
reactance is less than one.
The standard 2 insulation level appropriate to the system highest voltage is normally applicable to this
condition.
NOTE 1 A system on which all transformers have star-connected windings with all neutrals solidly (directly) earthed is regarded
as being effectively earthed.
NOTE 2 A system on which some of the transformers have star-connected windings without solidly earthed neutrals, or have
delta-connected windings, can be considered as being effectively earthed if calculations by the method of symmetrical components
show that the above 80 % criterion is met.
NOTE 3 The inclusion of a single-turn bar primary current transformer between the transformer neutral and earth does not
preclude the system from being classified as effectively earthed. Similarly, the inclusion of a multi-turn primary current
transformer between the transformer neutral and earth does not preclude the system from being classified as effectively earthed,
provided that, after allowance for the effective reactance of the current transformer primary, the 80 % criterion is met.
40 © BSI 02-2000
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d) Neutral-impedance-earthed system (non-effectively earthed). A system earthed through resistors or

reactors other than those covered by condition b), or earthed directly at a limited number of points so
that during a single line-to-earth fault the voltage to earth of the sound lines may exceed 80 % of the
normal line-to-line voltage.
e) The Standard 1 insulation level appropriate to the system highest voltage is applicable to this
condition.
B.4 Exposure to overvoltages
Transformers for electrically exposed situations should be designed to withstand an impulse-voltage test.
On a system with effectively earthed neutral, the use of a surge diverter with suitable characteristics16)
may permit the choice of a transformer with an insulation level lower than Standard 2.
In addition to overvoltages of atmospheric origin to which transformers in electrically exposed areas may
be subjected there may be overvoltages originating within the transformer or elsewhere in the system and
these will affect transformers installed both in electrically exposed and electrically non-exposed positions.
Such internal overvoltages may result from the operation of a circuit-breaker or fuse when switching an
inductive or capacitive circuit.
NOTE In all instances it is desirable to ensure that any overvoltages are limited to values not exceeding 80 % of the impulse test
level of the windings, by installing suitable protective devices, e.g. surge diverters or protective rod gaps.
B.5 Choice of impulse tests
The impulse test specified in Clause 45 comprises full wave voltage applications only, but, if specified by
the purchaser as an addition, chopped wave applications specified in Clause 46 can be included.
All flashovers in a station result in chopped surges of various amplitudes and steepness. If these are liable
to occur in service to a dangerous degree the strength of the transformer against such surges can be
determined only by a chopped wave test.
A transformer designed to withstand only the full wave test is vulnerable to an unknown extent to waves
chopped in the vicinity of the transformer, because higher internal stresses between turns and coils may
be developed than under full wave conditions.
If this condition is prevented by suitable protective devices, for example, by lightning arresters or by rod
gaps set sufficiently low, chopped wave tests are unnecessary.
B.6 Insulation to earth
Graded insulation should not be selected for delta-connected windings or for star or interconnected-star
windings where earthing of the neutral ends of the windings is not specified.
Graded insulation may be selected for system highest voltages of 72.5 kV and above for star and
interconnected-star windings if either the neutral end of the windings is specified for connection to earth
according to Clause 21, category 1, 2, 3 and 4, or the neutral point is protected by a suitable surge diverter.
Single-phase transformers which form part of, or may be used in, a 3-phase bank should have an insulation
level appropriate to the system highest voltage of the 3-phase system and to the method of system earthing,
whatever the mode of connection (star, delta, interconnected-star, etc.).
Appendix C Calculation of voltage drop (or rise) for a specified load condition
C.1 Two-winding transformers
The voltage drop (or rise) with load between no-load and a symmetrical load of any assumed value and
power factor can be calculated from the measurement of the impedance voltage at rated current (Clause 38)
and the load loss (Clause 39).
Let ez = impedance voltage at rated current as percentage of rated voltage, consisting of components:
er = resistance voltage at rated current as percentage of rated voltage — load loss as percentage of
rated power of transformer;
ex = reactance voltage at rated current as percentage of rated voltage.
16) See BS 2914, “Surge diverters for alternating-current high-voltage power circuits”.
© BSI 02-2000 41
BS 171:1970
The voltage drop (or rise) as a percentage of the rated voltage, for an assumed fractional load value n and
power factor cos Í, is:
where: U½Í = er cos Í + ex sin Í, and

U½½Í = er sin Í – ex cos Í
If the impedance voltage at rated current is less than 20 % , the third term may be ignored. If the
impedance voltage at rated current is less than 4 %, the second term may also be ignored.
C.2 Three-winding transformers
C.2.1 Application of formulae. The formulae given above for two-winding transformers can be applied to
three-winding transformers and their voltage drop (or rise) calculated with an accuracy comparable to that
of the data available by assuming the currents in the windings remain constant, both in magnitude and
phase angle, even though the output terminal voltages change, due to voltage drop or rise, from their
no-load values.
On a three-winding transformer the open circuit no-load voltage of a winding will change with current in
the other windings (even though it remains itself unloaded).
Therefore the voltage drop (or rise) of a winding on a three-winding transformer is expressed with reference
to its no-load voltage obtained from its turns ratio.
For the frequent case of two output windings (W2 and W3) and one input winding (W1), the voltage drop
(or rise) is usually required for three loading conditions, viz:
W2 only loaded,
W3 only loaded,
both W2 and W3 loaded.
For each condition two separate figures should be quoted, i.e. the voltage drop (or rise) of each output
winding W2 and W3 (whether carrying current or not) for constant voltage supplied to the first winding W1.
NOTE The voltage drop (or rise) between W2 and W3 relative to each other for this simple and frequent case is implicit in the values
(W1 to W2) and (W1 to W3) and nothing is gained by expressing it separately.
C.2.2 Data required. The data required are the impedance voltage and load losses derived by testing the
three windings in pairs and expressing the results on a basic kVA, which can conveniently be the rated kVA
of the winding of the lowest rating. They should be determined from the transformer as built.
From the data an equivalent circuit is derived as shown below.
42 © BSI 02-2000
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C.2.3 Equivalent circuit for three-winding transformer. The equivalent circuit is derived as follows.
Let a12 and b12 be respectively the percentage resistance and reactance voltages referred to the basic
kVA and obtained on a test, short-circuiting either winding W1 or W2 and supplying the
other, with the third winding, W3, on open-circuit.
Let a23 and b23 similarly apply to a test on the winding pair W2 and W3 (with W1 on open-circuit).
Let a31 and b31 similarly apply to a test on the pair of windings W3 and W1 (with W2 on open-circuit).
Let d = the sum (a12 + a23 + a31).
Let f = the sum (b12 + b23 + b31).
Then the mathematical values to be inserted in the equivalent circuit are;

Arm W1: a1 = d/2 – a23 b1 = f/2 – b23
Arm W2: a2 = d/2 – a31 b2 = f/2 – b31
Arm W3: a3 = d/2 – a12 b3 = f/2 – b12
It is to be noted that some of these mathematical quantities may be negative or may even be zero
(depending on the actual physical relative arrangement of the windings on the core). For the desired
loading conditions the kVA operative in each arm of the equivalent circuit is determined and the voltage
drop (or rise) of each arm is calculated separately. The voltage drop (or rise) with respect to the terminals
of any pair of windings is the algebraic sum of the voltage drops (or rises) of the corresponding two arms of
the equivalent circuit.
C.2.4 Detailed procedure. The detailed procedure to be followed for the case of two output windings and one
supply winding is as follows:
a) Determine the kVA in each winding corresponding to the loading being considered. For the output
windings W2 and W3 this is the specified loading under consideration.
b) Deduce n2 and n3, where n is the ratio of the actual loading to the basic kVA used in the equivalent
circuit for each arm.
c) The input kVA of the winding W1 should be taken as the vectorial sum of the outputs from the
windings W2 and W3. The corresponding power factor and quadrature factor (sin Í) are deduced from
the in-phase and quadrature components.
When greater accuracy is required in the determination of the apparent power of the winding W1, an
addition should be made to the above-mentioned vectorial sum, as follows. Add to the quadrature
component, to obtain the effective input kVA to winding W1, the following quantities:
b2
(the output kVA from winding W2) × ---------
- × n2
100
b3
plus (the output kVA from winding W3) × ---------
- × n3
100
A still more accurate solution is obtained by adding the corresponding quantities (a × n × output kVA) to
the in-phase component of the vectorial sums of the outputs, but the difference is rarely appreciable.
C.2.4.1 Method of calculation. Apply the final formula of C.1 separately to each arm of the network, taking
separate values of n for each arm as defined above.
C.2.4.2 Voltage drop (or rise). To obtain the voltage drop (or rise) between the supply winding and either of
the loaded windings, add the separate voltage drops (or rises) determined for the corresponding two arms,
noting that one of these may be negative. (Note that the summation is algebraic and not vectorial.)
NOTE A positive value for the sum determined indicates a voltage drop from no-load to the loading considered, while a negative
value for the sum indicates a voltage rise.
Repeat this operation for the other loaded winding.
C.2.5 Supply to two windings. In the case of a supply to two windings and output from one winding the
procedure described in C.2.4.2 can be applied if the division of loading between the two supplies is known.
C.2.6 Auto-transformers. The above procedure is applicable to auto-transformers if the equivalent circuit
is based on the effective impedances measured at the terminals of the auto-transformer.
© BSI 02-2000 43
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Appendix D Transformer connections, winding designations, terminal

markings and vector diagrams
D.1 3-phase transformers
Figure 3 gives details of the international convention of three-phase transformer connections that are in
general use and the angle of phase shift associated with them17).
In the figure the terminal markings I, II, III, and i, ii, iii are used in the diagrams for purposes of
illustration only. The markings correspond to markings designated by letter symbols which differ between
various countries.
It should be remembered that phase displacements different from clock hours 0, 4 and 8 are not suitable
for use with star-connected auto-transformers.
D.2 Example of three single-phase transformers connected to form a 3-phase bank
In this case both ends of each winding of each single-phase transformer are brought out to terminals and
given markings. A diagram of such a 3-phase bank is given in Figure 3A, by way of example, the terminal
markings (I), (II), and (i), (ii) being used for purposes of illustration only.
Figure 3A — Example of three single-phase transformers connected to form a 3-phase bank
D.3 Designating letters for windings

In the system of winding designations adopted for the purposes of this standard, letters are assigned to
phase-windings. The same letter is used for all windings on one limb of the core.
17) Thevector diagrams in Figure 3L–Figure 3P are based on Figure 3 and illustrate the preferred method of drawing. Vector
diagrams other than those shown in Figure 3L–Figure 3P may be logically derived from those shown in Figure 3.
44 © BSI 02-2000
45 © BSI 02-2000
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© BSI 02-2000 46
Figure 3 — Designation of connections of 3-phase transformers by vector-group symbols
BS 171:1970
BS 171:1970
The high-voltage winding is described by a capital (or block) letter and the low-voltage winding of the same
phase by the corresponding small letter. A third winding is described by the capital letter appropriate to
its phase preceded by the numeral 3. Additional windings are marked in like manner using higher numbers
in sequence.
The letters used are:
a) For a single-phase transformer:

A: high-voltage winding;
3A: third winding (if any);
a: low-voltage winding.
b) For a 2-phase two winding transformer on a common core or on separate cores in a common tank:
A B: high-voltage windings;
a b: low-voltage windings.
c) For a 3-phase transformer on a common core or on separate cores in a common tank:
A B C: high-voltage windings;
3A 3B 3C: third windings (if any);
a b c: low-voltage windings.
An example of the above for a single-phase transformer is given in Figure 3B.
Figure 3B — Example of designating letters for the windings of a

single-phase transformer, without tappings
d) When a terminal connected to a stabilizing winding is provided for earthing purposes, it is assigned
the letter “T”. When two terminals are provided for closing the delta connection of the stabilizing
winding externally they are assigned the letters “TA, TB”; “TB, TC”; or “TC, TA”, as appropriate.
e) For an auto-transformer:
1) Single-phase:
A: high-voltage (series) winding;
a: low-voltage (common) winding.
2) 2-phase:
A B: high-voltage (series) winding;
a b: low-voltage (common) winding.
3) 3-phase:
A B C: high-voltage (series) winding;
a b c: low-voltage (common) winding.
An example of the above for a single-phase transformer is given in Figure 3C.
© BSI 02-2000 47
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Figure 3C — Example of designating letters for the windings of a single-phase

auto-transformer
f) For 3-phase/2-phase transformation using the Scott connection, the letter “A” or “a” applies to the
winding associated with the teaser transformer and “B” or “b” to the winding associated with the main
transformer.
1) 3-phase side. The main winding (100 % voltage) is that which has its extremities connected to two
of the 3-phase line terminals and the teaser (86 % voltage) winding that which has one extremity
connected to the third 3-phase line terminal and the other connected to the mid point of the main
winding.
2) 2-phase side. Both windings are phase-windings and the letters use are:
A B: high-voltage windings;
a b: low-voltage windings.
An example of the above is given in Figure 3D.
NOTE The Leblanc connection which employs a 3-1imbed core may also be used.
Figure 3D — Example of designating letters for the windings of a

Scott-connected transformer
g) For reactors:
1) Series reactors: as for the higher voltage winding of a transformer, except where the reactor forms
part of an on-load tap changing equipment, in which case the manufacturer may select markings to
suit the particular circuit arrangement.
2) Shunt reactors: as for the high-voltage winding of a transformer.
D.4 Subscript numbers for winding ends and tappings
Subscript numbers are applied to distinguish between the ends and tappings brought out from the winding.
The subscript numbers, beginning with unity, are so assigned, when considering windings on one
transformer which are described by the same letter (for instance, primary and secondary of one phase, or
two or more sections of one primary or secondary winding, or any portion of these lying between tappings)
that one sequence of numbers will represent the same direction of induced voltage in all such circuits at
the same instant.
When a phase-winding is divided into sections, the subsequent numbers assigned to the ends and tappings
of the windings should be consistent with the conditions which would arise if the sections were connected
in series to increase the induced voltage.
For tappings on auto-transformers the higher subscript numbers correspond to higher voltages and the
lower subscript numbers to lower voltages.
Typical examples of subscript numbering are given in Figure 3E, Figure 3F, Figure 3G, Figure 3H
and Figure 3J.
48 © BSI 02-2000
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NOTE For high-voltage and low-voltage windings without taps, for which the letters “A a” are appropriate, the ends of the two
windings will be designated respectively “A1, A2”, and “a1, a2”. If in the high-voltage winding the direction of induced voltage is at a
given instant from “A1” to “A2”, or in the sequence of the lower to the higher subscript number, the direction of the induced voltage
generated in the low-voltage winding at the same instant will also be in the sequence 1 to 2 that is, from “a1” to “a2”.
With the two windings in question connected in series by joining “A2” to “a1” and a single-phase alternating voltage applied to the
remaining free ends, the induced voltage measured between the ends “A1” and “A2t” will be less than the applied voltage, if the letters
and numbers are correct.
Figure 3E — Single-phase winding with tappings at ends
Figure 3F — Single-phase wing with tappings at middle
Figure 3G — 3-phase winding with tappings at middle
© BSI 02-2000 49
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Typical designating letters and subscript numbers for tapped windings, showing also terminal connections.
NOTE 1 The markings are shown for Phase A only. For the other phases the markings would be “B”, “b”, “C”, “c”, etc.
NOTE 2 Where the three neutral ends are brought out the terminals are marked “Na”, “Nb”, “Nc”.
Figure 3H — Typical designating letters and subscript numbers for
auto-transformers, showing also terminal connections
Figure 3J — Typical designating letters and subscript numbers for

Scott-connected transformers showing also terminal connections
50 © BSI 02-2000
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D.5 Terminal and sub-terminal markings

D.5.1 Transformers. The appropriate designation letter and subscript numbers assigned to the windings
and tappings should be clearly and indelibly marked upon, or adjacent to, the terminals and sub-terminals
with which they are associated.
a) Line terminals for single-phase and polyphase transformers. The markings for line terminals of
single-phase and polyphase transformers, both letter and subscript, are the same as those of the
phase-winding to which the line terminal is connected. Typical examples are shown in Figure 3E, and
Figure 3G. When the terminal is connected to more than one sub-terminal, as in the case of a delta
connection, the marking selected should be shown on the relevant diagram.
Where the line terminal is not connected to a fixed position on the winding, i.e. where tappings are at
the line end, the markings for line terminals will have no subscript number and reference should be
made to the diagram plate (see Figure 3H).
If, with polyphase banks of single-phase transformers, it is not desired to mark the terminals of all the
single-phase transformers with the same letter (“A”), the markings should follow the appropriate
polyphase markings.
b) Line terminals for Scott-connected transformers. The markings of the terminals of Scott-connected
transformers, without tappings for voltage adjustment, are as follows:
Teaser transformer: when high-voltage, A S;
when low-voltage, a s.
Main transformer: when high-voltage, B S C;
when low-voltage, b s c.
“S” and “s” are the tee connection points which will appear on the 3-phase side.
Terminal “A” or “a” is connected to the winding end with designating letter “A3” or “a3”.
Terminal “B” or “b” is connected to the winding end with designating letter “B3” or “b3”.
Terminal “C” or “c” is connected to the winding with designating letter “B1” or “b1”.
The terminal “S” or “s” of the tee connection to the teaser winding is connected to the winding tapping
having the designation “A1” or “a1”.
The terminal “S” or “s” forming the tee connection to the main winding is connected to the main
winding tapping having the designation “B2” or “b2”.
An example is given in Figure 3J.
Neutral terminals. The connection which is common to all the phase-windings, if brought out to a
neutral terminal, is marked:
YN or ZN (without a subscript number): high-voltage;
yn or zn (without a subscript number): low-voltage.
D.5.2 Series current-limiting reactors. The terminals are marked “A1, A2”; “B1, B2”; “C1, C2”, as appropriate.
An example is given in Figure 3R.
D.6 Position of terminals
The arrangement of all terminals is decided by considering the case of a two-winding transformer where
the high-voltage and low-voltage terminals are mounted on opposite sides of the tank.
Viewed from the high-voltage side, the arrangement for both sets of terminals is alphabetical from left to
right for the phase terminals. Where a neutral terminal is fitted it should be on the extreme left unless
otherwise agreed (see Figure 3K).
© BSI 02-2000 51
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Figure 3K — Marking and relative position of terminals for two-winding transformers

For single-phase transformers the terminal subscript numbers are arranged in descending order from left
to right.
Where it is required to position a group of terminals on an end of the tank, or on the same side of the tank
as the other group, the sequence of the terminals of the re-positioned group is decided by considering the
sequence in the ideal position referred to above and by transferring the group without re-arrangement
around the perimeter of the tank until the desired position is reached.
On multi-winding transformers the lowest-voltage winding is treated as the low-voltage winding of a
two-winding transformer and all other windings are treated as the high-voltage winding of a two winding
transformer.
D.7 Vector diagrams, vector symbols and winding connections for windings without tappings
Figure 3L, Figure 3M, Figure 3N and Figure 3P give vector symbols, terminal markings, vector diagrams
and winding connections for selected 3-phase transformers in each of the four connection groups
(see Appendix E). Similar information for single-phase, 2-phase and Scott-connected transformers is given
in Figure 3Q.
52 © BSI 02-2000
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NOTE In these diagrams the vector rotation is counter-clockwise (see Figure 1).
Figure 3L — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group I: phase displacement = 0°
© BSI 02-2000 53
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Figure 3M — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group II: phase displacement = 180°
54 © BSI 02-2000
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Figure 3N — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group III: phase displacement = – 30°
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Figure 3P — Vector diagrams for 3-phase transformers of
Group IV: phase placement = + 30°
56 © BSI 02-2000
© BSI 02-2000
Figure 3Q — Vector diagrams for single, 2 and 3/2-phase transformers
57
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D.8 Terminal marking plates

D.8.1 Information to be given. The terminal marking plate should show the relative physical position of the
terminals, their markings and the approximate position of one external fitting.
When tapping switches or links are provided the plate should show the relative position number or link
connection corresponding to the different voltages. The switch position corresponding to the maximum
number of turns in the tapped winding should be position No. 1.

The terminal marking plate should include the manufacturer’s drawing number of the diagram of
connections. The information to be given on such diagrams is listed in D.9.
D.8.2 Arrangement of information. The general arrangement of terminal marking plates should be as given
in the following figures:
Figure 3R, for current-limiting reactors;
Figure 3S, for 3-phase transformers;
Figure 3T, for single phase transformers.
Figure 3R — Terminal marking plate for series current-limiting reactors
58 © BSI 02-2000
© BSI 02-2000
NOTE The appropriate letters “HV” or “LV” should be entered in the space provided at the head of the Turns % column. In the above example the terminal markings indicate that
the tappings are in the HV winding.
Figure 3S — Typical terminal marking plate for delta/star-connected 3-phase transformer
BS 171:1970
59
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© BSI 02-2000
Figure 3T — Typical terminal marking plate for single-phase transformer having HV tapping links and LV
series-parallel connections
BS 171:1970
D.9 Connection diagrams

Connection diagrams should include the following information:
1) the information given on the terminal marking plate;
2) the vector diagram and group number;
3) markings of sub-terminals and tappings, if any, together with an indication of their relative electrical
position in the windings;
4) the information given on the rating plate;
5) the insulation level of each winding;
6) where graded insulation is used, the insulation level of the neutral point, if a neutral terminal is
provided;
7) interconnections, when three single-phase transformers form a 3-phase group.
Appendix E Parallel operation of 3-phase transformers

E.1 Essential conditions
Parallel operation applies to the operation of transformers with direct terminal-to-terminal connections for
two of their windings (these having to be specified), the windings not connected in parallel being assumed
on open-circuit. In other cases, parallel operation should form the subject of a special study. In order that
two transformers can operate in parallel under the conditions specified above the following conditions must
be met for the pairs of windings to be put in parallel.
E.1.1 Connections. The connections shall be compatible with each other.
a) Transformers of the same phase-angle relations, i.e. showing the same hour number in the vector
diagram, can be operated in parallel by connecting together, on the primary and secondary sides
respectively, the terminals with the same symbol, i.e. both letter and numeral the same.
b) From the point of view of possibilities of operation in parallel when the hour numbers are different,
connections can be classified in groups:
Group I contains hour numbers 0, 4 and 8;
Group II contains hour numbers 6, 10 and 2;
Group III contains hour numbers 1 and 5;
Group IV contains hour numbers 7 and 11.
c) The parallel operation of two transformers belonging to the same group is always possible under
substantially balanced load conditions. If they have different hour numbers (the difference in hour
numbers in the same group always being 4 or 8, i.e. a difference in phase angle of 120° or 240°, which is
the same as between two lines of a 3-phase system), on the one side (high-voltage or low-voltage) the
terminals having the same marking (letter or number) on the two transformers will be connected, and
on the other side the terminals will be connected in cyclic rotation according to the appropriate diagram
in Figure 4.
d) A transformer of Group III can be operated in parallel with a transformer of Group IV if the phase
sequence of one transformer is reversed relatively to that of the other. The change of terminal
connections is as given in Figure 5.
e) The parallel operation of two transformers belonging to different groups (the III-IV combination
mentioned above excepted) is not possible. The following combinations therefore cannot be operated in
parallel:
Group I with II or with III or with IV;
Group II with I or with III or with IV;
Group III with I or with II;
Group IV with I or with II.
© BSI 02-2000 61
© BSI 02-2000 62
Figure 4 — Parallel operation of transformers of the same group
BS 171:1970
63 © BSI 02-2000
Figure 5 — Parallel operation of transformers of Groups III or IV
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BS 171:1970
E.1.2 Voltage ratios. The voltage ratios shall be equal within the limits of the permissible tolerances.
E.1.3 Impedance voltages. The impedance voltages at rated current shall be equal within the limits of the
permissible tolerances. In most practical cases, however, it is unnecessary to ensure that resistance
voltages and reactance voltages are respectively equal.
E.2 Guarantees
The correct operation in parallel of a given transformer with another might form the subject of guarantees,
subject to the ratio of the rated powers for parallel windings being between 0.5 and 2.
If the transformers are provided with tappings, the guarantee applies for operation on the principal
tappings of transformers connected in parallel and should form the subject of an agreement between the
manufacturer and the purchaser for operation on the other tappings.
E.3 Parallel operation with British Standard terminal markings
E.3.1 3-phase transformers. Since terminal positions are specified (see D.6) a pair of 3-phase transformers
of similar characteristics and having the same phase displacement can be operated in parallel by
connecting together the terminals which correspond both physically and alphabetically.
Further, it is possible to operate a 3-phase transformer connected according to any one of the diagrams
shown in Figure 3N in parallel with another 3-phase transformer of similar characteristics connected
according to any one of the diagrams shown in Figure 3P, without changing in either transformer any
internal interconnection between phase-windings, by simply transposing the external connections of one of
the transformers. (See Figure 5A.)
Transformers connected in accordance with Vector-Groups I and II cannot be operated in parallel with one
another without altering the internal connection of one of them, thus bringing the transformer so altered
within the other group of connections.
E.3.2 Single-phase transformers and 2-phase transformers. By connecting together the corresponding
terminals, i.e. the terminals marked with the same letters and subscript numbers, a pair of single-phase
transformers or 2-phase transformers respectively having similar characteristics may be operated in
parallel. (See Figure 3Q.)
64 © BSI 02-2000
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Method. For transformers as Figure 3N and Figure 3P on one transformer, irrespective of whether the windings are delta or
star-connected, interchange two of the external HV connections to the supply, also the two corresponding LV external connections.
NOTE The vector diagram of the transformer with vector symbols Dy1 is identical with that in Figure 3N, but that for the
transformer with symbols Yd11 differs from that in Figure 3P because for that transformer the phase sequence has been reversed
from A-B-C to A-C-B.
Figure 5A — Example of parallel operation of transformers as Figure 3N and Figure 3P
(transformers having vector symbols Dy1 and Yd11 operating in parallel)
© BSI 02-2000 65
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Appendix F Examples of specifications for transformers with voltage variation

facilities
(For the meaning of asterisks, underlining of values and parentheses, see Note 2 at the beginning of
Section 4 and Note 2 to Clause 12.)
F.1 Constant flux voltage variation

F.1.1 First example. A transformer for rated voltages of 50 kV and 10 kV, constant voltage* at the
high-voltage winding, voltage variation range at the low-voltage winding equal to 10 ± 10 % kV effected
with 9 tapping positions at the low-voltage winding:
category of voltage variation: C.F.V.V.;
number of tapping positions: 9;
indication of voltages*: 50/10 ± 10 % kV or 50/11, 10, 9 kV.
F.1.2 Second example. A transformer as under F.1.1 but with a voltage variation range at the low-voltage
winding equal to 10 + 10 % kV effected with 5 tapping positions at the low-voltage winding:
category of voltage variation: C.F.V.V.;
indication of voltages*: 50/10 + 10 % kV or 50/11, 10 kV.
F.2 Variable flux voltage variation
F.2.1 First example. A transformer as under F.1.1 but the voltage variation effected with 9 tapping
positions at the high-voltage winding:
category of voltage variation: V.F.V.V.;
indication of voltages*: 50/10 ± (10 %) kV or 50/(11), 10, (9) kV.
NOTE The tapping range of the tapped high-voltage winding corresponding to this voltage variation range of the low-voltage
winding would be:
10 – 9- × 100 %; 10
--------------- – 11 × 100 % or 11.1 %; – 9.1 %.
-------------------
9 11
If a symmetrical tapping range is preferred for the design, the manufacturer can deal with the voltage variation range required at the
untapped winding by a symmetrical tapping range of ± 11.1 %, the actual voltage variation range becoming:
10 (+ 11.2 %); (p 10 %) kV or (11.2), 10, (9) kV.
F.2.2 Second example. A transformer as under F.1.2 but the voltage variation effected with 5 tapping
positions at the high-voltage winding:
category of voltage variation: V.F.V.V.;
indication of voltages: 50/10 (+ 10 %) kV or 50/(11), 10 kV.
NOTE The corresponding tapping range of the tapped high-voltage winding would be;
10 – 11 × 100 % or – 9.1 %.
-------------------
11
F.3 Mixed voltage variation
A 3-phase transformer for rated voltages of 44 000 V and 11 200 V may have 13 tapping positions on
the high-voltage side for a voltage variation range of 46 200, 44 000, 41 800 V at the tapped winding
and (12 300), 11 200, (10 350) V at the untapped winding.
The extreme ratios of variable voltages* required simultaneously prevail for the combinations of the
opposite extreme values of the voltage variation ranges. Therefore they are calculated to be:
46 200/10 350 = 4.47 and 41 800/12 300 = 3.40.
The mean tapping position should correspond with the principal tapping.
The tapping range is thereby defined. (The figures of the example are chosen in such a way that a
symmetrical tapping range is obtained.)
NOTE At certain tapping positions values for voltages* are obtainable outside the range required: such values need not, however,
be taken into consideration for the design.
66 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Two cases may be considered.

F.3.1 First example. The tapping power should be equal to the rated power for connection on all tappings.
In this case only the voltage variation ranges on both sides have to be specified:
44 000 ± 5 %/11 200 (+ 9.8 %); (p 7.6 %) V,
or 46 200, 44 000, 41 800/(12 300), 11 200, (10 350) V.

F.3.2 Second example. For certain tapping positions the tapping power differs from the rated power. In this
case the values of the tapping power should also be specified.
For more complicated cases, especially where the tapping power has variable values, a table will be the
most appropriate way of giving a clear survey of all items, but the exact figures for such a table can be given
only when the design has been completed.
When such a table is so applied for an additional rating plate, the measured values of impedance voltages
for certain tapping positions may be added. These impedance voltages are given as percentages of the
appropriate voltages* concerned and for the corresponding currents. An example of such a table for a
transformer as mentioned above is given.
High-voltage 46 200 V 44 000 V 41 800 V
winding 375 A for 30 MVA 394 A for 30 MVA 414 A for 30 MVA
Tap-
changer
on high- Low-voltage winding Low-voltage winding Low-voltage winding
voltage Transformation
winding ratio
Position
MVA V A U0 % MVA V A U0 % MVA V A U0 %
number
1 4.47 28.4 10 350 1 585 9.6 — — — — — — — —

2 4.38 29.0 10 550 1 585 — — — — — — — — —
3 4.29 29.6 10 780 1 585 — 28.2 10 250 1 585 9.7 — — — —
4 4.20 30.0 11 000 1 575 — 28.7 10 470 1 585 — — — — —
5 4.11 30.0 11 240 1 545 — 29.4 10 700 1 585 — — — — —
6 4.02 30.0 11 500 1 510 — 30.0 10 940 1 585 — 28.6 10 400 1 585 9.6
7 3.93 30.0 11 750 1 475 — 30.0 11 200 1 545 8.6 29.2 10 640 1 585 —
8 3.84 30.0 12 020 1 440 — 30.0 11 460 1 515 — 30.0 10 890 1 585 —
9 3.75 30.0 12 320 1 405 7.0 30.0 11 730 1 475 — 30.0 11 150 1 555 —
10 3.66 — — — — 30.0 12 000 1 445 — 30.0 11 420 1 520 —
11 3.57 — — — — 30.0 12 320 1 405 7.2 30.0 11 700 1 480 —
12 3.48 — — — — — — — — 30.0 12 020 1 440 —
13 3.40 — — — — — — — — 30.0 12 300 1 410 7.2
Rated values are underlined.
Figures outside the voltage variation range are omitted; they are not considered in the design.
By way of simplification, no figures are put before parentheses (round brackets). The fact that the tappings
are provided on the high-voltage winding is indicated at the top of the first column.
Instead of giving complete data for all tapping positions, as shown in the above table, it may be preferred
to mention only part of it, for instance, in the following abbreviated form:
Rating: principal tapping position 7
30 MVA: 44 000/11 200 V
394/1 545 A
imp. volt 8.6 %.
© BSI 02-2000 67
BS 171:1970
Data for other tapping positions:

46 200/(10 350) to 44 000/(10 250) to 41 800/(10 400) to
(12 320) V (12 320) V (12 320) V
355 to 375/1 585 to 370 to 394/1 585 to 394 to 414/1 585 to
1 405 A 1 410 A 1 410 A

Positions 1 to 9 Positions 3 to 11 Positions 6 to 13
28.4 to 30 MVA 28.2 to 30 MVA 28.6 to 30 MVA
NOTE If desired, the voltages for operation at constant flux and rated low-voltage may be given (for this example, by
indicating 44 000 ± 13.8 %/11 200). It should be recognized that certain limitations to power and current values are necessary in this
case (see 11 c), Note 3).
Appendix G Typical connection diagrams for induced voltage tests on windings

with graded insulation
NOTE 1 In Figure 6 to Figure 13 the test voltage is indicated by the symbol Uc.
NOTE 2 The tests shown in Figure 6 to Figure 10 should be repeated for each phase.
Figure 6 — 3-phase transformer — single-phase supply through a delta-connected winding
Figure 7 — 3-phase transformer — single-phase supply through a star-connected winding
68 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Figure 9 — 3-phase transformer — single-phase supply through a star-connected winding
© BSI 02-2000 69
70
BS 171:1970
Figure 12 — Single-phase transformer

Figure 11 — 3-phase transformer — 3-phase supply
© BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Figure 13 — Single-phase transformer tested with auxiliary test transformer
Appendix H Fittings
H.1 Standard fittings
H.1.1 Dry-type transformers. The following fittings are regarded as a standard for dry-type transformers:
rating plate,
terminal marking plate,
lifting lugs,
earthing terminal for frame.
H.1.2 Oil-immersed type transformers. The fittings listed in Table 17 are regarded as standard for
oil-immersed type transformers.
Table 17 — Fittings for oil-immersed type transformers
Recommended
Item Transformers to which fitted position
(see Figure 14)
Rating plate All 1
Terminal marking plate All 2
Lifting lugs All 3
Earthing terminal for tank All 4
Oil filling hole and plug All 11 or 11a
Oil level indicator All: marked to indicate the level at a temperature
of 15 °C
On transformers fitted with a conservator, two
12 or 12a
additional markings “empty” and “full” corresponding
to the upper and lower temperatures for which the
transformer is required to operate on site
Drain plug with sampler Rated power up to and including 80 KVA 13
and all pole-mounting
© BSI 02-2000 71
BS 171:1970
Table 17 — Fittings for oil-immersed type transformers

Recommended
Item Transformers to which fitted position
(see Figure 14)
Drain valve with plug or Rated power above 80 kVA other than 14
cover plate pole-mounting

Conservator with detachable Rated voltage 11 kV and below: 2 MVA 15
end plate and above only and 28
Rated voltage above 11 kV: all
Air vent Below 2 MVA only 16 or 16a
Dehydrating breather 2 MVA and above only 17
Thermometer pocket All 18 or 18a
Jacking lugs Above 1 MVA only 19
72 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
NOTE 1 The drawing shows as an example bushings for a 3-phase Y-y transformer. The same positions are also typical when cable
boxes are provided.
NOTE 2 The figure does not purport to show constructional details.
NOTE 3 The relative positions of the fittings and terminals are typical only. If a particular arrangement is required it should be
specified in the enquiry and order.
Figure 14 — Recommended position of fittings
(Item numbers with subscript “a” refer to transformers without conservators)
© BSI 02-2000 73
BS 171:1970
H.2 Additional fittings for oil-immersed type transformers

The fittings listed in Table 18 are regarded as additional fittings, to be supplied when required by the
purchaser. If any of these additional fittings are required this should be stated in the enquiry and order.
Table 18 — Additional fittings for oil-immersed type transformers
Position
Item Remarks
(see Figure 14)
Oil thermometer, dial type 21 Pocket to be of the closed type

Winding-temperature indicator 22 Enquiry and order to state whether
alarm, trip or control facilities are
required
Rollers 23 Direction of rolling to be stated with
enquiry and order
Skids 24 —
Filter valves 25 —
or 25a
Gas and oil-actuated relay 26 Type to be stated
Pressure-relief vent 27 —
Appendix J Supplementary information concerning high-voltage tests

J.1 When for any reason it is desired to make additional high-voltage tests on a new transformer or
assembled apparatus which has already passed its test in accordance with Section 12 and is installed on
site, such tests should if practicable be made as required by Section 12, except that the test voltage should
be reduced as indicated in Column 3 of Table 19.
J.2 When d.c. testing sets are used for insulation tests the peak voltage of the rectified a.c. supply should
not exceed the peak value of the applicable a.c. test voltage.
NOTE Where the d.c. testing of cables associated with transformers introduces voltages in excess of those given in Table 19, the
transformer should be disconnected and insulated from the cable for the duration of the test.
J.3 If, for special reasons, the duration of the high-voltage test is longer than that required under
Section 12, the test voltage should not exceed the values indicated by Column 2 of Table 19.
Table 19 — High-Voltage tests at reduced levels
1 2 3
Multiple of test Per cent of test voltage according

period according to to Section 12
Section 12
Test at works Test on site
% %
1 100 75
2 83 70
3 75 66
4 70 62
5 66 60
10 60 54
15 57 50
J.4 After repairs affecting the windings of a transformer which has been in service, the transformer should
not be put back into service until it has passed induced high-voltage and separate source high-voltage tests
at voltages equal to 75 % of the original test voltages.
74 © BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
Appendix K Impulse-voltage testing of low-voltage windings

In accordance with Clause 45 the impulse test on the low-voltage winding may be made by any one of the
three methods described below, unless a particular one of these is specified at the time of tender.
Because, on the one hand, the directly applied impulse test (Method 1) may produce overstressing within
the other winding(s) and, on the other hand, the method of applying the impulse test between the
low-voltage line terminals (connected together) and earth (Method 2) may produce excessive stresses
within the tested and other winding(s), the method of testing by transferred surge (Method 3), which is
more representative of service conditions, may be used in appropriate cases.
Method 1. Normal directly applied impulse test. (As described in Clause 45.)
Method 2. Directly applied impulse test with all low-voltage line terminals connected together. Where the
characteristics of the transformer under test are such that it is impracticable to obtain the required wave
shape, for example, where the inductance of the winding is very low or its capacitance is very high, the
required test may be applied between all the low-voltage line terminals (connected together) and earth.
Method 3. Transferred surge method of impulse test. (Applicable only to low-voltage windings designed for
connection to non-exposed installations). Low-voltage windings designed for connection to non-exposed
installations may be tested simultaneously with the physically adjacent high-voltage exposed-installation
winding by connecting each low-voltage terminal to earth through a resistance of 5 000 7.
Preliminary full wave measurements (e.g. using a recurrent-surge generator) may establish that the
transferred peak voltage between the terminals, from the terminals to earth, or across any phase-winding,
would be greater than the appropriate full wave insulation level, in this event the resistance may be
reduced (equally between each terminal and earth) until the maximum transferred voltage would
approximate to the appropriate full wave insulation level.
NOTE 1 For 3-phase transformers the highest transferred voltage may occur between terminals or to earth on a phase other than
the one under test.
NOTE 2 Where a winding is designed as for connection to a non-exposed installation, but the terminals are not brought out initially
or for test purposes, it is normal and permissible to earth one point of the winding.
NOTE 3 Proof of the actual peak voltage produced during the full-level impulse test is not required, because the circuit parameters
will have been determined by previous recurrent-surge generator tests or other reduced-level tests. During the full-level impulse test
the actual amplitude and wave shape may differ slightly from those predicted from previous tests.
In the special case where the manufacturer can show that for the chopped wave test the peak value of
transferred voltage (appearing at about the time of chop) would be more than 1.5 times the full wave
insulation level, the resistance may be reduced (or further reduced) until the transferred peak voltage is
limited to 1.5 times the full wave insulation level. The same value of resistance should be used for the full
wave and chopped wave tests.
© BSI 02-2000
BS 171:1970
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British Standard

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

The Electrical Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this

Associated Offices’ Technical Committee

Association of Mining Electrical and Mechanical Engineers

1217 July 1973

ISBN 0 580 05547 7

35 General requirements for type, routine and special tests 24

Figure 3E — Single-phase winding with tappings at ends 49

© BSI 02-2000 iii

Table 4 — Order of symbols 13

This standard makes reference to the following British Standards:

BS 2045, Preferred numbers.

Appendix K, Impulse-voltage testing of low-voltage windings.

2) Only those requirements relating to dielectric tests remain valid.

44, Separate source voltage-withstand test (routine test)

47, Subsequent dielectric tests

Appendix D, Transformer connections, winding designations, terminal

Many of the requirements given in BS 171:1970 are called up in

© BSI 02-2000 vii

Section 1. Scope and service conditions

clauses and appendices listed in the Foreword.

3 Provision for unusual service conditions

4.2 Terminals and neutral point

a supplementary delta-connected winding, especially provided on star-star or star-zigzag connected

insulation level of the neutral end.

Table 1 — Phase factors

7 Preferred values of rated power

6) BS 2045, “Preferred numbers”.

11 Categories of voltage variation

12 Specification of voltage conditions

7) See Note 2 at the beginning of this section.

8) See Note 2 at the beginning of this section.

Section 5. Identification according to cooling method

Table 3 — Letter symbols

Indicating the cooling Indicating the cooling

BS 172:1959: designation, OFB AB ON/OB ON/OFB OFW

Section 6. Limits of temperature rise

Table 5 — Temperature rise limits for dry-type transformers

Part Cooling method Temperature class Temperature rise

Windings (measured Air, natural or A 60

b) not adjacent to b) a value that will not adversely

Table 6 — Temperature rise limits for oil-immersed type transformers

Part Cooling method Oil circulation Temperature rise

Windings — Natural air

18 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed for high cooling

by 5 degC if the excess temperature is less than or equal to 5 degC;

19 Reduced temperature rises for transformers designed for high altitudes

Section 7. Insulation levels

Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 2 Standard 2

Series II (based on current practice in North America)

kV r.m.s. kV peak kV r.m.s.

500 kVA Above

21 Windings with graded insulation

22 Transformers for use at high altitudes

1 Neutral end of winding solidly connected to earth through a connection where no

Section 8. Ability to withstand short circuit

purchaser to prevent tap-changing at currents deemed to be excessive.

Oil-immersed type transformers

Table 13 — Values of factor a

Maximum current density

A/mm2 kA/in 2 A/mm 2 kA/in2