Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

Chapter 2

GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF JAIPUR CITY

2.1 LOCATION

Jaipur city is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan.
Its municipal boundary of the city extends from 26⁰46' N latitude to 27⁰01'N
latitude and 75⁰39'E longitude to 75⁰57'E longitude. The city is surrounded by
the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of
Aravalli hills ranges. To its south and west the city is surrounded by isolated and
discontinuous hillocks. The southern end of the city is an open plain stretching
far and wide towards Sanganer and beyond. The city was initially located within
the walls with the rocky streets providing an easy drainage system on either side
of the city but the later extension of the city took place towards the south and
west on the alluvial plains formed in the confluence zone of the Amani Shah
Nala in the west and Jawahar Nagar Nala in the east and beyond.

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY

The general slope of Jaipur city and its surroundings is from north to south
and then to south-east. Nearly all ephemeral streams flow in this direction.
Higher elevations in the north exist in the form of low, flat-topped hills of
Nahargarh (587 meters). Jaigarh, Amber and Amargarh hills are deeply dissected
and eroded. An isolated hillock called ‘Moti Dungri’ upon which an old royal
castle exists is near the Rajasthan University. Further in the south, topographical
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

levels of the plain areas varies between 280 meters along Bandi and Dhund rivers
to some 530 meters in the north-east of Chomu near Samod hills. The overall
trend is a decline of slope from the areas bordering the hills in the north to low
lying gentle plains in the south.

2.3 GEOLOGY AND SOIL

Jaipur city situated in middle part of Jaipur District in Rajasthan. The area
is a pediplain covered with thick alluvium and aeolian deposits of Quaternary
age. A few isolated, linear ridges and hillocks trending ENE-WSW to NE-SW
form prominent landmarks in the northwestern part of the area. The maximum
height near Kalwar is 515m above mean sea level. Meta-sedimentary rocks,
metapellites, migmatites and gneisses of Precambrian age occur in some rocky
outcrops and also concealed under thick cover of alluvium and aeolian sand.

Jaipur city is covered with several soil units and also some other physical
features such as sand dunes, rocky outcrops, water bodies etc. Sandy soil with
severe erosion and high salinity and shallow skeletal soils are major limiting
factors affecting crop choice in the region. Soils of the Aravalli landscape are
mainly derived from the argillaceous deposits composed of slates, phyllites and
mica schist along with granite and quartzite.

2.4 CLIMATE

Jaipur city falls under the semi-arid of climate and experiences a

continental type of climate owing to its proximity to the desert and inland
location. It is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. The mean
temperature of Jaipur is 36⁰C varying from 18⁰C in winter (January) to 45⁰C in
summer (June). The normal rainfall of Jaipur is 600 mm nearly 90 percent of
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

which takes place in the summer monsoon period from (June to September) and
the rest comes from the winter cyclones.

2.4.1. Temperature and Rainfall

The month of May experiences the maximum temperature and January

experiences minimum temperature as evident from Figure 2.1. The data is based
on 7 observation years recorded by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).
Jaipur city recorded the maximum temperature of 45.2°C and minimum
temperature of 2.5°C in the year 2001 and the maximum temperature of 45.7°C
and minimum temperature of 2.2°C in the year 2011.
Temperatue in Degree Celsius

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Mean Maximum Temperature Mean Minimum Temperature

(Source: http://www.imd.gov.in/)
Figure 2.1: Monthly variation in temperature of Jaipur city

Heat wave prevails for a few days when day temperature rises 4°C to 6°C
above normal. During winter season, minimum temperatures remain at about 4°C
to 9°C and fall below 0⁰C when chilly winds (northerly) blow from the
Himalayan region. Mist and Fog occur in the morning hours after passage of

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

western disturbances. The minimum temperature of -2.2°C was recorded on 31 st

January, 1905 and 16th January, 1964. The surge in temperature starts from April
and peaks in the month of June. The downward trend in temperatures commences
in September and continues up to January.

The mean annual rainfall is around 60 mm. Maximum rainfall is 198.8

mm which occurred in the month of August in 2006. Rainfall increases from the
month of June when thundering activities start, and July and August are the
rainiest months. Monsoon withdraws in the middle of September. Rainfall
decreases sharply in October and November.

18.00
16.00
2004
14.00
Rainfall in cm

12.00 2005
10.00 2006
8.00 2007
6.00
2008
4.00
2.00
0.00

Months

(Source: http://www.imd.gov.in/)
Figure 2.2: Monthly average precipitation of Jaipur City

Figure 2.2 shows the month wise average rainfall of Jaipur for the period
from 2004 to 2008. Dust storms occur frequently during summer months leading
to increase in particulate matter in the atmosphere. The monsoon season
witnesses least pollution due to frequent washout of pollutants along with rains.

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

2.4.2. Wind

Wind is also an important climatic factor affecting the environmental

conditions of any region. In Jaipur, the average annual monthly wind speed
varies from 3 to 10 kmph. Wind speed reaches its maximum in summers due to
dust storms (Figure 2.3). Maximum wind speed recorded in Jaipur was 11.3
kmph on 31st May, 2008.

12
10 9.7
10
Speed in Kmph

7.8 8 7.9
8 6.6
6
4.9 5.2
6
3.9 3.8
4
2
2
0

Months

(Source: http://www.imd.gov.in/)
Figure 2.3: Monthly average wind speed of Jaipur city in 2008

2.4.3. Humidity

The higher humidity in urban areas viz. rural areas can be explained by
different moisture sources and by different energy balances in their respective
environments. Studies being carried out with the rural and urban air humidity
differences reveal found that urban humidity is higher than humidity in rural
areas (Unger, 1999). This is due to the fact that the moisture capacity in air in
urban area is higher than the rural area because of the higher urban temperature.

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

Jaipur records the lowest humidity in the month of April. May onward
humidity picks up and increases gradually to reach its highest in the month of
August. Subsequently it decreases slowly up to the month of November. But
again shows an increasing tendency for two months of December and January.
Monthly humidity data have been shown in Figure 2.4. Highest relative humidity
is in the month of August.

90 82
75 72
80 70
70 63 61 61
Humidity (%)

54 52 55 51
60 50
50 42
35 38
40 30 32 32 32 33
28
30 19 17
16
20
10
0

Morning (0300 UTC) Afternoon (1200 UTC)

(Source: http://www.imd.gov.in/)

Figure 2.4: Monthly normal relative humidity in Jaipur city (2008)

2.5 FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY

About 4 percent of total area of district is under forest. Subsidiary

edaphically types of dry tropical forest are found in the district where Dhok or
Dhokra is the most common tree. Other species found are Adossa, Gurjan, Salar,
Jhingha, Babul, Siris, Bar, Gular, Pipal, Shisham Peelu, Hingota, Karaya, Khejra,
Kair and Jamun. The timber obtained from the forest is utilized for the
manufacture of agricultural implements besides being used for roofing as well as
fuel source.
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

Table 2.1: Temporal change in area under forest cover in Jaipur city
Forest 2001 2009 2011
Area (sq. km) Area (sq. km) Area (sq. km)
Moderate Dense Forest 24.07 18.91 18.70
Open Forest 33.05 30.15 29.73
Scrub 11.14 09.59 08.90
Total JMC Area 462 467 467
(Source: Forest Survey of Rajasthan, India (FSI), 2011)

In Jaipur District, total recorded area under forest is 631sq. km, which
includes reserve forest protected forest and other forests (FSI, 2009). The forest
cover estimated from satellite images of Jaipur city were 57.33 sq. km in 2011
shown is in Figure 2.5 (a). Total area under forest has decreased by 10.93 sq. km
in the last decade of 2001-2011.

2.6 DRAINAGE SYSTEM

The natural drainage of the Jaipur city is largely guided by erosion.

Figure 2.5 (b) shows the drainage network of JMC area. Intense gully erosion
characterizes the city particularly the northern hilly region. Dhund River and
Amanishah nala form a fork like drainage pattern in the confluence zone in
which the major part of Jaipur city is situated. The Amanishah nala originates
from the western slopes of Jaigarh hills and flows northwards in the upper
reaches, turns south and south-west in its middle course and flows towards east
with a broad semi-circular course. Further downstream it joins the Dhund River.
There is an another small drainage system in the northern foothills which
presently discharges the city’s waste effluents into an artificially impounded lake
called the Jal Mahal (Man Sagar). Jal Mahal Lake is now a large cesspool of
effluent waste water changing its profile from muddy water mixed with effluents
and sludge during rainy season to a dried large puddle surrounded by parched

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

earthen floor during summer season. The Jaipur municipal area has an adequate
planned storm water drainage system.

2.6.1 Surface Water

For Jaipur city, most of the surface water sources originate from nearby
hills which act as drainage channels for rainwater. The city is drained by a
number of seasonal rivers, of which Banganga, Dhundh and Bandi are
prominent. There is no perennial surface water source in the city. Amanishah
Nallah is a seasonal stream that flow from north to south near the city. Dhund
river to the east of the city. Ramgarh Lake was the main source of supply more
than 30 years back but has now dried up.

2.6.2 Ground Water

In Jaipur city ground water quality is variable with some areas largely
within permissible limits as per Indian Standard (IS) 10500, and concentrations
of nitrates and fluorides exceeding limits in other locations. The widespread use
of septic tanks throughout the city is possibly one factor contributing to the high
concentration of nitrates in the groundwater. The wastewater from soak pits
leaches into the ground and contaminates the groundwater strata (LEA & CEPT
2005).The drinking water standards provide for monitoring or regulating only
chemicals and metals in water, but not the bacteriological counts (IS 10500).
Thus the extent of fecal contamination of tube-well drinking water in the city is
not known but the high presence of nitrates could be considered a proxy
indicator.

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Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

Figure 2.5: (a) Forest cover in JMC area and (b) Drainage network of JMC area
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

2.7 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

The population in Jaipur city has increased more than 10 times in the last
50 years. In 1900 the population of city was only 1.6 lakh. In 2001 Jaipur
Municipal Corporation had population of 23.22 lakh which reached to 30.46 lakh
in 2011. Regarded as one of the fastest growing cities in the country, it has an
average annual growth rate of 2.38 percent as compared to the national urban
growth rate of approximately 2 percent in 2011. The annual average population
growth rate from 1971 to 1981 was in the range of 3.67 and 3.73 percent. Thus
population growth rate was the highest in the year 1981 but it declined sharply by
2.69 percent in 2001 and 10.86 percent in 2011. The current sex ratio of Jaipur
city stands at 909 females per 1000 males. The city population is increasing at a
rate of 2 percent every year.

Table 2.2: Rate of population growth in Jaipur City (1941 -2011)

Total Growth rate Annual average growth rate

Years
Population (%) (%)
1941 175,800 ---- ----
1951 291,000 39.59 3.96
1961 403,400 27.86 2.79
1971 636,800 36.65 3.67
1981 1,015,567 37.30 3.73
1991 1,518,743 33.13 3.31
2001 2,322,575 34.61 3.46
2011 3,046,163 23.75 2.38
(Source: Census of India 1941, 1951,1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011)

2.7.1 Population Distribution

The total population of Jaipur city according to the 2011 census is 3.04
million and has shown a consistent increase in the past 50 years. Table 2.2 shows
the trends of city’s population growth over past eight decades. The distribution of

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

population is very uneven at ward level. Detailed ward wise population

distribution of 2000 and 2011 has been enclosed as Appendix 2 & 3. Inter-ward
contrasts are due to varying size of the wards and wide variations in their
resource bases. The population has increased by 7.2 lakh (Figure 2.6) during the
past decade. The area of JMC from 200 sq. km in 1991 to 218 sq. km in 1991
and further to 288 sq km in 2001 due to the addition of Bagru, Bassi and Chomu
tehsils in the municipal area. 86 percent of the total population lives in the JMC
area, of which 14 percent lives in the walled city. While the proportion of
population living within the JMC has increased (primarily due to expansion in
area), the proportion of population in the walled city has declined in 2011. This
can be regarded as positive phenomenon as the walled city is already very
densely populated.

35.00 32.61
30.46
30.00
Population in lakhs

25.00 23.22

20.00
15.18
15.00
10.15
10.00

5.00

0.00
1981 1991 2001 2011 2013
Years
(Source: Census of India 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011)
Figure 2.6: Growth in population size of JMC area

The walled city has a spatial extent of only 6.7 sq. km housing nearly four
lakh people. A per 2011 census the population of walled city has declined in
2011 as compared to 2001. The reason for this is out movement of inhabitants

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

from the area to new residential colonies being developed in peripheral part of
the city for better living environment.

2.7.2 Population Density

Population density is an important measure to analyze population

distribution. Jaipur city’s population density of 6523 persons sq. km is much
higher than 1981 population density (2624 persons sq. km). Figure 2.7 clearly
shows that the population density of the walled city area is 42008 persons sq. km
in 2013 as decreased by 16201 persons sq. km in 1981. The total area of the
walled city is 6.7 sq. km (2.32 percent of the total area of JMC) in 2001. This is
despite the fact that density has declined from 1991 to 2013. Figure 2.7 shows
the population density of JMC area as a whole for different years. It is evident
that the rest of the JMC area has relatively low population density. But in 2011 it
was higher as compared to 2001. In 2001 population density of JMC was 5027
persons sq. km which increased phenomenally by 1566 persons sq. km to 6593
persons sq. km in 2011.

Population Density (JMC)

80000 74000
Population Density (Walled city)
70000
Persons sq. km

60126 58209
60000
50000 42164 42008
40000
30000
20000
6593 6982
10000 2624 3695 5027

0
1981 1991 2001 2011 2013
Years
(Source : Census of India 1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011)
Figure 2.7: Temporal change in population density of JMC area

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

2.7.3 Population Growth Rate

Population growth is the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory

during a specific period of time. If the population of a given area increases in a
specific period of time, it is called positive change. At present, in most parts of
the Jaipur city, the population change is almost invariably positive. The Jaipur
city population has been growing at varying rates ever since 1971. Over the
period from 1951 to 2011 overall increase in the city’s population has been 5
times as per census report.

5
Annual average growth rate

4 3.96 3.67 3.73

3.31 3.46
3
(%)

2.79
2.38
2

1
Annual average growth rate
0
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Years
(Source: Census of India, 1951,1961,1971,1981,1991,2001 & 2011)
Figure 2.8: Temporal changes in annual average growth rate of population

The population of Jaipur city grew at an accelerated rate which rose from
3.67 percent in 1971 to 3.46 percent in 2001(figure 2.8). After 1971 it has been
observed declining trend. In 2011, the average annual growth rate of population
declined to 2.38 percent. The major growth has occurred outside the walled city
area. The population growth within the walled city was nearly equal to that of the
rest of the JMC area between 1981-1991. However, between 1991-2001, the
walled city has witnessed a decline in population growth rate as compared to

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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

JMC area which has increased partly due to migration and also due to expansion
in the JMC area.

2.7.4 Migration Pattern

Jaipur city attracts population from all parts of the state. The proportion of
in-migrants to the total population of the city in 1991 was 29 percent which
decreased to 27 percent in 2001. However the absolute number of migrants to the
city has been increasing. From 1991 to 2001 nearly 2 lakh migrants were added
to the city increasing the number of migrants from 4 lakh to 6 lakh. The
characteristics of migration have been briefly assessed in the following sections.

54 53.4

52 51.3
50.5
Total Percentage

49.5
50 48.7

48 46.6 Rural
46 Urban

44

42
1991 2001 2011
Years
(Source: Census of India 1991, 2001 , 2011 & CDP report 2001)
Figure 2.9: Comparison of rural-urban migrants in 1991, 2001 and 2011

The rural–urban migration pattern shows that almost equal of number of

people from both villages and different towns and cities came to Jaipur in the
census year 1991. As per 2001 census the in-migrants from urban area increased
to 53.4 percent and the share of rural in-migrants decreased to 46.6 percent
(Figure 2.9). This implies that population from lower order urban centers are
migrating to Jaipur for better opportunities. 70 percent of the in-migrants to
Jaipur were from Rajasthan in 1991 and 30 percent from other parts of the
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

country. In 2001 the state share decreased by 2 percent and the national figure
rose to 32 percent. Nearly 35 percent migrants in 1991 were from within Jaipur
district and nearly 65 percent from other districts of the state. In 2001 the in-
district figures decreased by 10 percent and outside-district figure grew by 10
percent. Trends suggest that Jaipur is gaining importance as a favored destination
not only within the state but also at the national level.

The main force causing migration to the city have been employment,
marriage and members moving along with the households which include mostly
the old, the females, children and domestic helps. Employment accounts for
nearly one-fourth of the total migrants to Jaipur. The second important reason for
migration is marriage. However, the number of in-migrants in this category has
decreased from 28 percent in 1991 to 17 percent in 2001. The increase in number
of in-migrants is due to increase in number of jobs especially in commerce and
services and in industries to a lesser extent. As per the Master Plan 2011 nearly
36 percent of the migrants work in the informal sector.

2.7.5 Other Socio-Economic Characteristics

In 1981 and 1991 Jaipur was an urban agglomeration (UA) consisting of the
JMC, Sanganer Municipality, and Amber Notified Area Committee (ANAC). In
2001 the city lost the UA status and became a Municipal Corporation. Since
Jaipur was not as UA in 2001, all socio-economic data are of the JMC. Its
literacy rate as per the 2001 census was 78 percent, consistent with the national
trend and higher than in 1991 (70 percent). The workforce participation rate in
2001 was less than one-third (30 percent), which is lower than the national
average but higher than that for municipality in 1991 (28 percent). Main workers
constitute 81 percent of total workers. The percentage of JMC’s marginal
workers (out of total workers) was only 0.71 percent in 1991 but increased to 7.3
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 Assessment of Impact of Urbanization on Micro-Climate in Jaipur Urban Complex based on Satellite Derived Parameters

percent in 2001, which shows increasing incidence of unemployment. The

classification of workers in different categories shows that the share of the
cultivators and agricultural laborers in the total workers increased from 2 percent
in 1991 to nearly 5 percent in 2001.

2.8 TRANSPORT

Figure 2.10 shows the transport network of the city. National Highway
No.8 links Delhi to Mumbai, National Highway 12 links to Kota, and National
Highway 11 links Bikaner to Agra, passing through Jaipur . RSRTC operates bus
services to all the parts of Rajasthan and New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Jaipur is well connected to Delhi and all main
cities viz. Alwar, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata,
Coimbatore, Chennai, Chandigarh etc through railway network.

Figure 2.10: Road and railway network of JMC area

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 REFERENCES

Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (1981) http://www.censusindia.netAcessed

August, 2011.

Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (1991) http://www.censusindia.netAcessed

August, 2011.

Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (2001) http://www.censusindia.netAcessed

August, 2011.

Census of India, Census of Rajasthan (2011)

http://www.censusindia.netAccessed August, 2011.

Census of India, 1951, 1961, 1971,1981,1991, 2001 & 2011.

City town Planning Department (2008) : City developments plan report of Jaipur.

Jaipur Development Authority (2009) : Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Jaipur,

Survey Analysis Report (CMPJ).

FSI, Jaipur (2009): The state of forest report 2009, Rajasthan: Forest Survey of
India,GovernmentofIndia.http://fsi.nic.in/sfr2009/rajasthan.pdf.netAccessed

IMD, India (2011) http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf. netAccessed

Unger, J., (1999) : “Urban-rural air humidity differences in Szeged, Hungry”.

International Journal of Climatology, Vol. 19, pp.1509-1515.

Websites

http://www.imd.gov.in
www.waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in
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